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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiachromic film as a detector for intense MeV proton beams : Proceedings of the 12th topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 1201-1204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple technique has been developed to image intense pulsed proton beams with radiachromic film and to measure their spatial distribution. The optical density (OD) of 50 μm thick film, sufficient to stop 1.5 MeV protons, is measured to infer the incident beam fluence. The OD increases nearly linearly with fluence up to 0.25 cal/cm2. This film is used to measure the uniformity of large-area beams as well as the detector in a multiple-pinhole camera to determine the source uniformity and divergence of applied-magnetic field and pinched-beam ion diodes. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149298
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A magnetic spectrometer for intense pulsed proton beams : Proceedings of the tenth topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (1995), S. 342-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A magnetic spectrometer has been constructed and used to measure energy distributions of intense proton beams in the range ∼0.3–2.5 MeV from ion diodes. Rutherford scattering foils are used to attenuate the beam before magnetic analysis. CR-39 track detectors provide time-integrated records, while an array of p-i-n diode detectors provides time-resolved data at discrete energies. The spectrometer was calibrated in the range between 0.3 and 2.0 MeV with monoenergetic protons from a Van de Graaff accelerator. The overall precision of this calibration is better than ±10 keV. Spectral measurements of intense proton beams transported in low-pressure gases are presented. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146406
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Rutherford scattering diagnostic for intense pulsed proton beams transported in low-pressure gases : Proceedings of the eleventh topical conference on high temperature plasma diagnostics (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Rutherford scattering of pulsed 1 MeV proton beams is developed as a time-resolved fluence diagnostic for proton transport experiments. The incident beam is scattered from a thin aluminum target and recorded with a silicon PIN detector. For a pinched-beam diode, fluences of protons transported in 1 Torr air are consistent with fluences determined with calorimeters, provided the proton energy is smaller than expected from the measured ion current and voltage. Beam bunching is observed as the flight path increases, consistent with reduced proton energy at the head of the beam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147823
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute calibration of nuclear activation diagnostics for intense pulsed ion beams (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2182-2188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Absolute calibration of an annihilation-radiation NaI coincidence detection system for short-lived ion-induced radioactivity is described. Calibration with a 22Na radioactive source is compared with an independent calibration using the 12C(p,γ)13N(β+) reaction with 1 MeV protons from a Van de Graaff accelerator. These calibrations are consistent, provided correction for summing of the 0.51 and 1.27 MeV gamma rays from the 22Na source in the NaI detectors is included. This summing correction depends on the total efficiency for detecting 1.27 MeV gamma rays and can alter the calibration by as much as a factor of 2, depending on the size and separation of the detectors. A procedure to determine this correction using 60Co and 22Na radioactive sources is described. These two calibrations give a thick-target yield for the 12C(p,γ)13N reaction at 1 MeV of (8.0±0.4)×10−10 reactions/proton. Intense pulsed proton fluences of 0.08 to 3.7 cal/cm2, determined by coincidence counting β+ annihilation radiation produced by the 12C(p,γ)13N(β+) reaction, are in agreement with ion-beam fluences measured independently with carbon calorimeters on the same carbon sample. © 1996 American Institute of Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147048
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative x-ray spectroscopy of neon Z-pinch plasmas (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3427-3432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Spatially resolved soft x-ray spectra were collected for neon plasmas produced by imploding hollow annular gas puffs with MA level driving currents. The Z-pinch imploded plasmas were studied for different risetime currents produced with or without the use of a plasma erosion opening switch (PEOS). Selected spectrograms were processed and analyzed to obtain absolute energies for the radiation emitted in the Ne ix and Ne x discrete transitions, as well as for total emission over the spectral range 900–1600 eV. The neon plasmas radiate 1–2.5 kJ in this energy range predominantly in the α transitions of both ions. The plasma uniformity inferred from spatially resolved spectral lines improves significantly using a faster rise-time driving current.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337591
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sodium-fluoride discharge for fast Z-pinch experiments (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 65 (1989), S. 2664-2672 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A capillary-discharge plasma source has been developed to produce a sodium-bearing plasma for fast Z-pinch implosion experiments. Peak currents of 40–50 kA from a 0.5-kJ capacitor bank were driven through a 0.5-mm-diam, few cm long capillary drilled in packed sodium-fluoride powder to form the source. A nozzle was used to collimate plasma ejected from one end of the capillary to produce a 1–2-cm-diam, several cm long cylindrical plasma. Ions with velocities of 2.2–3.4 cm/μs and densities of up to 5×1015 cm−3 were measured with biased charge collectors located at least 5 cm from the nozzle. Measurements of visible light from neutrals near the nozzle exit gave velocities of 1.5–1.7 cm/μs. Indications of axial and radial nonuniformities of the plasma were observed in framing photographs of visible-light emission and in spatially resolved spectral measurements. Neutral-sodium and neutral-fluorine lines were identified in the spectral range from 2300 to 6700 A(ring). Also, impurity lines of carbon, copper, and hydrogen were identified and used to characterize the plasma. Stark broadening of the Balmer alpha line of hydrogen was used to deduce a peak electron density of 8×1016 cm−3 at the exit of a 2-cm-diam nozzle. Electron temperatures of 1.4–1.6 eV at the nozzle exit were inferred from relative intensities of the C i and C ii lines. At this density and temperature, Saha-equilibrium-model calculations indicate that the plasma consists primarily of singly ionized sodium and neutral fluorine. A total mass per unit length (sodium and fluorine) of at least 15 μg/cm is deduced from this analysis of the plasma constituents. This capillary discharge has been used to produce 50–100 GW of sodium K-shell x rays in fast Z-pinch experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.342749
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Filtered x-ray diodes for imploding plasma experiments (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2174-2176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Vacuum x-ray diodes with μm-thick filters have been developed to measure specific x-ray line emissions from plasmas imploded by megampere driving currents. Detector–filter combinations are presented for argon L-shell radiation (0.25–0.46 keV), for the 0.92-keV neon He-α line, and for the 1.13-keV sodium He-α line. For example, a power of 50 GW is measured in the neon He-α line.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138721
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence in the second-harmonic emission for self-focusing of a laser pulse in a plasma (1985)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 28 (1985), S. 2563-2569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Short-pulse (300 psec), high-intensity (1014−1015 W/cm2) Nd-laser light was propagated into variable scale length plasmas (Ln≡n/∇n=200–400 μm at 0.1 critical density) preformed by long-pulse (4 nsec), low-intensity ((approximately-equal-to)6×1012 W/cm2) irradiation of planar targets. For high short-pulse intensities (≥5×1014 W/cm2), time-integrated images show filament-shaped regions of second-harmonic (2ω0) emission from the low density (0.01≤ne/nc≤0.2) region of the ablation plasma. Two-dimensional computer calculations of the hyrodynamics and laser beam propagation indicate that these filaments are consistent with ponderomotive self-focusing of the short pulse. A theoretical model that explains the 2ω0 generation mechanism within low-density filaments is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.865264
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-ray damage to optical components using a laser-plasma source (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 5432-5436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: X-ray damage to optical surfaces consisting of melting, fracturing, cracking, and cratering is produced, and then analyzed using interference contrast microscopy and stylus profilometery. The test samples are irradiated by 0.5–1.6 keV x rays at fluence levels up to 5.5 cal/cm2. The x rays originate from L-shell transitions in copper ions, produced when 1.25-μm-thick targets are irradiated at 1.3 kJ energy by a 1.054 μm wavelength laser. The x-ray emission is found to be nearly isotropic over 2π sr, while the plasma mass-flow distribution is peaked along the laser axis. Hence, contamination of the test sample by target debris or plasma is greatly reduced by placing the samples off axis from the laser beam, in addition to the use of beryllium shields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.354250
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intense ion-beam-transport experiments using a z-discharge plasma channel (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 176-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A z-discharge plasma channel is used to confine and transport an intense proton beam. A pinch-reflex ion diode on the NRL Gamble II accelerator focuses a proton beam onto the entrance aperture of a 2.5 cm diam, 1.2 m long z-discharge transport system. The beam ions are charge and current neutralized in the discharge plasma, and execute betatronlike orbits in the magnetic field of the discharge. Ion beam diagnostics include shadowbox imaging and prompt-γ radiation measurements from LiF targets. Under appropriate conditions, 95% particle transport and 90% energy transport are observed, with the only energy loss attributed to classical stopping in the channel gas. The transverse phase-space distribution of the beam measured by the shadowbox is consistent with full charge and current neutralization of the transported beam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860851
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