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  • Rats  (79)
  • Phylogeny  (38)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (116)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2010-05-01
    Description: The evolution of grasses using C4 photosynthesis and their sudden rise to ecological dominance 3 to 8 million years ago is among the most dramatic examples of biome assembly in the geological record. A growing body of work suggests that the patterns and drivers of C4 grassland expansion were considerably more complex than originally assumed. Previous research has benefited substantially from dialog between geologists and ecologists, but current research must now integrate fully with phylogenetics. A synthesis of grass evolutionary biology with grassland ecosystem science will further our knowledge of the evolution of traits that promote dominance in grassland systems and will provide a new context in which to evaluate the relative importance of C4 photosynthesis in transforming ecosystems across large regions of Earth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edwards, Erika J -- Osborne, Colin P -- Stromberg, Caroline A E -- Smith, Stephen A -- C4 Grasses Consortium -- Bond, William J -- Christin, Pascal-Antoine -- Cousins, Asaph B -- Duvall, Melvin R -- Fox, David L -- Freckleton, Robert P -- Ghannoum, Oula -- Hartwell, James -- Huang, Yongsong -- Janis, Christine M -- Keeley, Jon E -- Kellogg, Elizabeth A -- Knapp, Alan K -- Leakey, Andrew D B -- Nelson, David M -- Saarela, Jeffery M -- Sage, Rowan F -- Sala, Osvaldo E -- Salamin, Nicolas -- Still, Christopher J -- Tipple, Brett -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Apr 30;328(5978):587-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1177216.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. erika_edwards@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20431008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; *Photosynthesis ; Phylogeny ; *Poaceae/classification/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Temperature ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences were analyzed from 162 wolves at 27 localities worldwide and from 140 domestic dogs representing 67 breeds. Sequences from both dogs and wolves showed considerable diversity and supported the hypothesis that wolves were the ancestors of dogs. Most dog sequences belonged to a divergent monophyletic clade sharing no sequences with wolves. The sequence divergence within this clade suggested that dogs originated more than 100,000 years before the present. Associations of dog haplotypes with other wolf lineages indicated episodes of admixture between wolves and dogs. Repeated genetic exchange between dog and wolf populations may have been an important source of variation for artificial selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vila, C -- Savolainen, P -- Maldonado, J E -- Amorim, I R -- Rice, J E -- Honeycutt, R L -- Crandall, K A -- Lundeberg, J -- Wayne, R K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1687-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180076" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Carnivora/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Dogs/classification/*genetics ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1987-12-11
    Description: One mechanism considered responsible for the hypercalcemia that frequently accompanies malignancy is secretion by the tumor of a circulating factor that alters calcium metabolism. The structure of a tumor-secreted peptide was recently determined and found to be partially homologous to parathyroid hormone (PTH). The amino-terminal 1-34 region of the factor was synthesized and evaluated biologically. In vivo it produced hypercalcemia, acted on bone and kidney, and stimulated 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 formation. In vitro it interacted with PTH receptors and, in some systems, was more potent than PTH. These studies support a long-standing hypothesis regarding pathogenesis of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horiuchi, N -- Caulfield, M P -- Fisher, J E -- Goldman, M E -- McKee, R L -- Reagan, J E -- Levy, J J -- Nutt, R F -- Rodan, S B -- Schofield, T L -- AR 36446/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR 39191/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1987 Dec 11;238(4833):1566-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Regional Bone Center, Helen Hayes Hospital (New York State Department of Health), West Haverstraw 10993.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3685994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Calcium/blood ; Humans ; Hypercalcemia/etiology ; Neoplasms/*physiopathology ; Parathyroid Glands/physiology ; Parathyroid Hormone/pharmacology/*physiology ; Peptides/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Thyroidectomy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: Species richness in the tropics has been attributed to the gradual accumulation of species over a long geological period in stable equatorial climates or, conversely, to speciation in response to late Tertiary geological events and unstable Pleistocene climates. DNA sequence data are consistent with recent diversification in Inga, a species-rich neotropical tree genus. We estimate that speciation was concentrated in the past 10 million years, with many species arising as recently as 2 million years ago. This coincides with the more recent major uplifts of the Andes, the bridging of the Isthmus of Panama, and Quaternary glacial cycles. Inga may be representative of other species-rich neotropical genera with rapid growth and reproduction, which contribute substantially to species numbers in the world's most diverse flora.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richardson, J E -- Pennington, R T -- Pennington, T D -- Hollingsworth, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2242-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20a Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567135" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Central America ; DNA, Chloroplast/genetics ; DNA, Plant/genetics ; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; *Fabaceae/classification/genetics/growth & development ; Fossils ; Genes, Plant ; Phylogeny ; *Plants, Medicinal ; South America ; Time ; *Trees/classification/genetics/growth & development ; *Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1998-12-04
    Description: The M-current regulates the subthreshold electrical excitability of many neurons, determining their firing properties and responsiveness to synaptic input. To date, however, the genes that encode subunits of this important channel have not been identified. The biophysical properties, sensitivity to pharmacological blockade, and expression pattern of the KCNQ2 and KCNQ3 potassium channels were determined. It is concluded that both these subunits contribute to the native M-current.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, H S -- Pan, Z -- Shi, W -- Brown, B S -- Wymore, R S -- Cohen, I S -- Dixon, J E -- McKinnon, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1890-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9836639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Anthracenes/pharmacology ; Brain/metabolism ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Indoles/pharmacology ; KCNQ2 Potassium Channel ; KCNQ3 Potassium Channel ; Kinetics ; Neurons/drug effects/physiology ; Oocytes ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Sympathetic Nervous System/drug effects/physiology ; Tetraethylammonium/pharmacology ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-03-24
    Description: The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) class of excitatory amino acid receptors regulates the strength and stability of excitatory synapses and appears to play a major role in excitotoxic neuronal death associated with stroke and epilepsy. The conductance increase gated by NMDA is potentiated by the amino acid glycine, which acts at an allosteric site tightly coupled to the NMDA receptor. Indole-2-carboxylic acid (I2CA) specifically and competitively inhibits the potentiation by glycine of NMDA-gated current. In solutions containing low levels of glycine, I2CA completely blocks the response to NMDA, suggesting that NMDA alone is not sufficient for channel activation. I2CA will be useful for defining the interaction of glycine with NMDA receptors and for determining the in vivo role of glycine in excitotoxicity and synapse stabilization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huettner, J E -- HL-35034/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Mar 24;243(4898):1611-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2467381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspartic Acid/*analogs & derivatives/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Electric Conductivity ; Glycine/*antagonists & inhibitors ; In Vitro Techniques ; Indoles/*pharmacology ; Ion Channels/drug effects ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neural Inhibition ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/*drug effects ; Structure-Activity Relationship
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1991-10-25
    Description: The action of dopamine and other monoamine neurotransmitters at synapses is terminated predominantly by high-affinity reuptake into presynaptic terminals by specific sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transport proteins. A complementary DNA encoding a rat dopamine transporter has been isolated that exhibits high sequence similarity with the previously cloned norepinephrine and gamma-aminobutyric acid transporters. Transient expression of the complementary DNA in HeLa cells confirms the cocaine sensitivity of this transporter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kilty, J E -- Lorang, D -- Amara, S G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 25;254(5031):578-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1948035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/drug effects/*genetics/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cocaine/*pharmacology ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Gene Expression ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Kinetics ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ; Rats ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1992-11-27
    Description: Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are polyamide oligomers that can strand invade duplex DNA, causing displacement of one DNA strand and formation of a D-loop. Binding of either a T10 PNA or a mixed sequence 15-mer PNA to the transcribed strand of a G-free transcription cassette caused 90 to 100 percent site-specific termination of pol II transcription elongation. When a T10 PNA was bound on the nontranscribed strand, site-specific inhibition never exceeded 50 percent. Binding of PNAs to RNA resulted in site-specific termination of both reverse transcription and in vitro translation, precisely at the position of the PNA.RNA heteroduplex. Nuclear microinjection of cells constitutively expressing SV40 large T antigen (T Ag) with either a 15-mer or 20-mer PNA targeted to the T Ag messenger RNA suppressed T Ag expression. This effect was specific in that there was no reduction in beta-galactosidase expression from a coinjected expression vector and no inhibition of T Ag expression after microinjection of a 10-mer PNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanvey, J C -- Peffer, N J -- Bisi, J E -- Thomson, S A -- Cadilla, R -- Josey, J A -- Ricca, D J -- Hassman, C F -- Bonham, M A -- Au, K G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 27;258(5087):1481-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Glaxo Inc. Research Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1279811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics ; Base Sequence ; DNA/*metabolism ; Deoxyribonuclease HindIII/antagonists & inhibitors ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Peptide Nucleic Acids ; Plasmids ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; RNA/metabolism ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1990-02-23
    Description: Substance P is a member of the tachykinin peptide family and participates in the regulation of diverse biological processes. The polymerase chain reaction and conventional library screening were used to isolate a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the rat substance P receptor from brain and submandibular gland. By homology analysis, this receptor belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. The receptor cDNA was expressed in a mammalian cell line and the ligand binding properties of the encoded receptor were pharmacologically defined by Scatchard analysis and tachykinin peptide displacement as those of a substance P receptor. The distribution of the messenger RNA for this receptor is highest in urinary bladder, submandibular gland, striatum, and spinal cord, which is consistent with the known distribution of substance P receptor binding sites. Thus, this receptor appears to mediate the primary actions of substance P in various brain regions and peripheral tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hershey, A D -- Krause, J E -- NS21937/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Feb 23;247(4945):958-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2154852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Brain Chemistry ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA/*genetics/isolation & purification ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Intestine, Small/analysis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Rats ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1 ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Submandibular Gland/analysis ; Tissue Distribution ; Urinary Bladder/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1989-07-14
    Description: Vasodilators are used clinically for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. The effects of some vasodilators seem to be mediated by membrane hyperpolarization. The molecular basis of this hyperpolarization has been investigated by examining the properties of single K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle cells. The presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channels in these cells was demonstrated at the single channel level. These channels were opened by the hyperpolarizing vasodilator cromakalim and inhibited by the ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker glibenclamide. Furthermore, in arterial rings the vasorelaxing actions of the drugs diazoxide, cromakalim, and pinacidil and the hyperpolarizing actions of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and acetylcholine were blocked by inhibitors of the ATP-sensitive K+ channels, suggesting that all these agents may act through a common pathway in smooth muscle by opening ATP-sensitive K+ channels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Standen, N B -- Quayle, J M -- Davies, N W -- Brayden, J E -- Huang, Y -- Nelson, M T -- HL 35911/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jul 14;245(4914):177-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2501869" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/pharmacology ; Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Benzopyrans/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology ; Cerebral Arteries ; Cromakalim ; Diazoxide/pharmacology ; Glyburide/pharmacology ; Guanidines/pharmacology ; Mesenteric Arteries ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/*metabolism ; Pinacidil ; Potassium Channels/*drug effects/metabolism ; Pyrroles/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Tolbutamide/pharmacology ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology ; Vasodilator Agents/antagonists & inhibitors/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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