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  • Humans  (42)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (42)
  • 1
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    Factors that alter rumen microbial ecology (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-16
    Description: Ruminant animals and ruminal microorganisms have a symbiotic relationship that facilitates fiber digestion, but domestic ruminants in developed countries are often fed an abundance of grain and little fiber. When ruminants are fed fiber-deficient rations, physiological mechanisms of homeostasis are disrupted, ruminal pH declines, microbial ecology is altered, and the animal becomes more susceptible to metabolic disorders and, in some cases, infectious disease. Some disorders can be counteracted by feed additives (for example, antibiotics and buffers), but these additives can alter the composition of the ruminal ecosystem even further.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, J B -- Rychlik, J L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1119-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/anatomy & histology/microbiology/parasitology/physiology ; Bacteria/metabolism/pathogenicity ; Digestive System/anatomy & histology/*microbiology/parasitology/physiopathology ; *Digestive System Physiological Phenomena ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; *Ecology ; Eukaryota/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Homeostasis ; Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ruminants/anatomy & histology/*microbiology/parasitology/*physiology ; Symbiosis/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Inattentional blindness versus inattentional amnesia for fixated but ignored words (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: People often are unable to report the content of ignored information, but it is unknown whether this reflects a complete failure to perceive it (inattentional blindness) or merely that it is rapidly forgotten (inattentional amnesia). Here functional imaging is used to address this issue by measuring brain activity for unattended words. When attention is fully engaged with other material, the brain no longer differentiates between meaningful words and random letters, even when they are looked at directly. These results demonstrate true inattentional blindness for words and show that visual recognition wholly depends on attention even for highly familiar and meaningful stimuli at the center of gaze.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rees, G -- Russell, C -- Frith, C D -- Driver, J -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2504-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. geraint@klab.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617465" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Attention/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Mental Processes/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Some of the tough decisions required by a national health plan (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-11-17
    Description: The goals of providing coverage for everyone in the United States and controlling the growth in national health expenditures require difficult decisions about what medical services to provide. Currently accepted practices vary enormously in the amount of health they produce for a given expenditure. Studies of the health effects of several major interventions in relation to their costs--Pap smears, mammography, coronary care units, bypass surgery, and cholesterol reduction--indicate the kinds of choices to be made.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, L B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Nov 17;246(4932):892-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Health Care Policy, and Aging Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2510299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Humans ; *National Health Insurance, United States/economics ; *Resource Allocation ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Mentoring. Linking student interests to science curricula (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Denofrio, Lauren A -- Russell, Brandy -- Lopatto, David -- Lu, Yi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Dec 21;318(5858):1872-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18096791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; Chemistry/*education ; *Curriculum ; Humans ; *Mentors ; Teaching/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    The global circulation of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: Antigenic and genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin of approximately 13,000 human influenza A (H3N2) viruses from six continents during 2002-2007 revealed that there was continuous circulation in east and Southeast Asia (E-SE Asia) via a region-wide network of temporally overlapping epidemics and that epidemics in the temperate regions were seeded from this network each year. Seed strains generally first reached Oceania, North America, and Europe, and later South America. This evidence suggests that once A (H3N2) viruses leave E-SE Asia, they are unlikely to contribute to long-term viral evolution. If the trends observed during this period are an accurate representation of overall patterns of spread, then the antigenic characteristics of A (H3N2) viruses outside E-SE Asia may be forecast each year based on surveillance within E-SE Asia, with consequent improvements to vaccine strain selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, Colin A -- Jones, Terry C -- Barr, Ian G -- Cox, Nancy J -- Garten, Rebecca J -- Gregory, Vicky -- Gust, Ian D -- Hampson, Alan W -- Hay, Alan J -- Hurt, Aeron C -- de Jong, Jan C -- Kelso, Anne -- Klimov, Alexander I -- Kageyama, Tsutomu -- Komadina, Naomi -- Lapedes, Alan S -- Lin, Yi P -- Mosterin, Ana -- Obuchi, Masatsugu -- Odagiri, Takato -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Shaw, Michael W -- Skepner, Eugene -- Stohr, Klaus -- Tashiro, Masato -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- Smith, Derek J -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- MC_U117512723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):340-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1154137.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigenic Variation ; Asia/epidemiology ; Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Europe/epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Forecasting ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification/genetics/immunology/isolation & ; purification ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/virology ; North America/epidemiology ; Oceania ; Phylogeny ; Population Surveillance ; Seasons ; South America/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Pre-Columbian urbanism, anthropogenic landscapes, and the future of the Amazon (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: The archaeology of pre-Columbian polities in the Amazon River basin forces a reconsideration of early urbanism and long-term change in tropical forest landscapes. We describe settlement and land-use patterns of complex societies on the eve of European contact (after 1492) in the Upper Xingu region of the Brazilian Amazon. These societies were organized in articulated clusters, representing small independent polities, within a regional peer polity. These patterns constitute a "galactic" form of prehistoric urbanism, sharing features with small-scale urban polities in other areas. Understanding long-term change in coupled human-environment systems relating to these societies has implications for conservation and sustainable development, notably to control ecological degradation and maintain regional biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heckenberger, Michael J -- Russell, J Christian -- Fausto, Carlos -- Toney, Joshua R -- Schmidt, Morgan J -- Pereira, Edithe -- Franchetto, Bruna -- Kuikuro, Afukaka -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 29;321(5893):1214-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1159769.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. mheck@ufl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/history ; *Archaeology ; Biodiversity ; Brazil ; Cities/*history ; *Culture ; Ecosystem ; Environment Design ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics ; Rivers ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Tuberculosis: what we don't know can, and does, hurt us (2010)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-15
    Description: Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a penetrance of its host population that would be the envy of most human pathogens. About one-third of the human population would have a positive skin test for the infection and is thus thought to harbor the bacterium. Globally, 22 "high-burden" countries account for more than 80% of the active tuberculosis cases in the world, which shows the inequitable distribution of the disease. There is no effective vaccine against infection, and current drug therapies are fraught with problems, predominantly because of the protracted nature of the treatment and the increasing occurrence of drug resistance. Here we focus on the biology of the host-pathogen interaction and discuss new and evolving strategies for intervention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872107/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872107/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, David G -- Barry, Clifton E 3rd -- Flynn, JoAnne L -- AI057086/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI067027/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI080651/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI50732/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL055936/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL075845/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL092883/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL100928/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL71241/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI037859/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI050732/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI050732-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI057086/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI057086-06A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI067027/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI067027-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI080651/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI080651-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL055936/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL055936-14/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL075845/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL075845-05/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL100928/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL100928-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R33 HL092883/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R33 HL092883-02/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 May 14;328(5980):852-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1184784.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. dgr8@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20466922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antitubercular Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage/immunology ; Biomarkers ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Discovery ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Mice ; *Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development/immunology/metabolism ; Public Health Practice ; *Tuberculosis/drug therapy/immunology/microbiology/prevention & control ; Vaccination
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Promoting the Middle East peace process by changing beliefs about group malleability (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: Four studies showed that beliefs about whether groups have a malleable versus fixed nature affected intergroup attitudes and willingness to compromise for peace. Using a nationwide sample (N = 500) of Israeli Jews, the first study showed that a belief that groups were malleable predicted positive attitudes toward Palestinians, which in turn predicted willingness to compromise. In the remaining three studies, experimentally inducing malleable versus fixed beliefs about groups among Israeli Jews (N = 76), Palestinian citizens of Israel (N = 59), and Palestinians in the West Bank (N = 53)--without mentioning the adversary--led to more positive attitudes toward the outgroup and, in turn, increased willingness to compromise for peace.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halperin, Eran -- Russell, Alexandra G -- Trzesniewski, Kali H -- Gross, James J -- Dweck, Carol S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1767-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1202925. Epub 2011 Aug 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy and Strategy, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya 46150, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Arabs ; *Attitude ; *Consensus ; *Culture ; Female ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; Israel ; *Jews/psychology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Middle East ; *Negotiating
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-23
    Description: The molecular basis of antigenic drift was determined for the hemagglutinin (HA) of human influenza A/H3N2 virus. From 1968 to 2003, antigenic change was caused mainly by single amino acid substitutions, which occurred at only seven positions in HA immediately adjacent to the receptor binding site. Most of these substitutions were involved in antigenic change more than once. Equivalent positions were responsible for the recent antigenic changes of influenza B and A/H1N1 viruses. Substitution of a single amino acid at one of these positions substantially changed the virus-specific antibody response in infected ferrets. These findings have potentially far-reaching consequences for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms that govern influenza viruses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koel, Bjorn F -- Burke, David F -- Bestebroer, Theo M -- van der Vliet, Stefan -- Zondag, Gerben C M -- Vervaet, Gaby -- Skepner, Eugene -- Lewis, Nicola S -- Spronken, Monique I J -- Russell, Colin A -- Eropkin, Mikhail Y -- Hurt, Aeron C -- Barr, Ian G -- de Jong, Jan C -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- Smith, Derek J -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- HHSN266200700010C/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):976-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1244730.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, 3015GE Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution/genetics/immunology ; Antigens, Viral/genetics/*immunology ; Binding Sites/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics/*immunology ; Mutation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Archaeology and indigenous history of Native Amazonian peoples in the Upper Xingu region of Brazil reveal unexpectedly complex regional settlement patterns and large-scale transformations of local landscapes over the past millennium. Mapping and excavation of archaeological structures document pronounced human-induced alteration of the forest cover, particularly in relation to large, dense late-prehistoric settlements (circa 1200 to 1600 A.D.). The findings contribute to debates on human carrying capacity, population size and settlement patterns, anthropogenic impacts on the environment, and the importance of indigenous knowledge, as well as contributing to the pride of place of the native peoples in this part of the Amazon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heckenberger, Michael J -- Kuikuro, Afukaka -- Kuikuro, Urissapa Tabata -- Russell, J Christian -- Schmidt, Morgan -- Fausto, Carlos -- Franchetto, Bruna -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1710-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. mheckenb@anthro.ufl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Archaeology ; Brazil ; *Culture ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Humans ; *Population Density ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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