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  • 1
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    Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-01
    Description: The manner in which terrestrial ecosystems are regulated is controversial. The "top-down" school holds that predators limit herbivores and thereby prevent them from overexploiting vegetation. "Bottom-up" proponents stress the role of plant chemical defenses in limiting plant depredation by herbivores. A set of predator-free islands created by a hydroelectric impoundment in Venezuela allows a test of these competing world views. Limited area restricts the fauna of small (0.25 to 0.9 hectare) islands to predators of invertebrates (birds, lizards, anurans, and spiders), seed predators (rodents), and herbivores (howler monkeys, iguanas, and leaf-cutter ants). Predators of vertebrates are absent, and densities of rodents, howler monkeys, iguanas, and leaf-cutter ants are 10 to 100 times greater than on the nearby mainland, suggesting that predators normally limit their populations. The densities of seedlings and saplings of canopy trees are severely reduced on herbivore-affected islands, providing evidence of a trophic cascade unleashed in the absence of top-down regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terborgh, J -- Lopez, L -- Nunez, P -- Rao, M -- Shahabuddin, G -- Orihuela, G -- Riveros, M -- Ascanio, R -- Adler, G H -- Lambert, T D -- Balbas, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 30;294(5548):1923-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Tropical Conservation, Duke University, Box 90381, Durham, NC 27708, USA. manu@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11729317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ants/physiology ; Anura/physiology ; Birds/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; *Food Chain ; Fresh Water ; *Geography ; Haplorhini/physiology ; Iguanas/physiology ; Lizards/physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Power Plants ; Reproduction ; Rodentia/physiology ; Spiders/physiology ; Swine/physiology ; Trees/*physiology ; Venezuela
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Rates of evolution in ancient DNA from Adelie penguins (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: Well-preserved subfossil bones of Adelie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, underlie existing and abandoned nesting colonies in Antarctica. These bones, dating back to more than 7000 years before the present, harbor some of the best-preserved ancient DNA yet discovered. From 96 radiocarbon-aged bones, we report large numbers of mitochondrial haplotypes, some of which appear to be extinct, given the 380 living birds sampled. We demonstrate DNA sequence evolution through time and estimate the rate of evolution of the hypervariable region I using a Markov chain Monte Carlo integration and a least-squares regression analysis. Our calculated rates of evolution are approximately two to seven times higher than previous indirect phylogenetic estimates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lambert, D M -- Ritchie, P A -- Millar, C D -- Holland, B -- Drummond, A J -- Baroni, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2270-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. D.M.Lambert@massey.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Birds/*genetics ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Calibration ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Ecosystem ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Markov Chains ; Monte Carlo Method ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Regenerative proliferation in inner ear sensory epithelia from adult guinea pigs and humans (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-03-12
    Description: Supporting cells in the vestibular sensory epithelia from the ears of mature guinea pigs and adult humans proliferate in vitro after treatments with aminoglycoside antibiotics that cause sensory hair cells to die. After 4 weeks in culture, the epithelia contained new cells with some characteristics of immature hair cells. These findings are in contrast to expectations based on previous studies, which had suggested that hair cell loss is irreversible in mammals. The loss of hair cells is responsible for hearing and balance deficits that affect millions of people.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warchol, M E -- Lambert, P R -- Goldstein, B J -- Forge, A -- Corwin, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 12;259(5101):1619-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8456285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aging/physiology ; Animals ; Autoradiography ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured/drug effects ; DNA Replication ; Epithelial Cells ; Epithelium/physiology ; Gentamicins/pharmacology ; Guinea Pigs ; Hair Cells, Auditory/*cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Humans ; Neomycin/pharmacology ; Regeneration ; Saccule and Utricle/cytology/*physiology ; Thymidine/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Isolation of the cyclosporin-sensitive T cell transcription factor NFATp (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-10-29
    Description: Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a transcription factor that regulates expression of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) in activated T cells. The DNA-binding specificity of NFAT is conferred by NFATp, a phosphoprotein that is a target for the immunosuppressive compounds cyclosporin A and FK506. Here, the purification of NFATp from murine T cells and the isolation of a complementary DNA clone encoding NFATp are reported. A truncated form of NFATp, expressed as a recombinant protein in bacteria, binds specifically to the NFAT site of the murine IL-2 promoter and forms a transcriptionally active complex with recombinant protein fragment react with T cell NFATp. The molecular cloning of NFATp should allow detailed analysis of a T cell transcription factor that is central to initiation of the immune response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCaffrey, P G -- Luo, C -- Kerppola, T K -- Jain, J -- Badalian, T M -- Ho, A M -- Burgeon, E -- Lane, W S -- Lambert, J N -- Curran, T -- CA42471/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM46227/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS25078/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Oct 29;262(5134):750-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Tumor Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; DNA, Complementary ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology ; Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology ; Interleukin-2/genetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/analysis ; Recombinant Proteins ; T-Lymphocytes/*chemistry ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*isolation & purification/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Neutrophil trails guide influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells in the airways (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-05
    Description: During viral infections, chemokines guide activated effector T cells to infection sites. However, the cells responsible for producing these chemokines and how such chemokines recruit T cells are unknown. Here, we show that the early recruitment of neutrophils into influenza-infected trachea is essential for CD8(+) T cell-mediated immune protection in mice. We observed that migrating neutrophils leave behind long-lasting trails that are enriched in the chemokine CXCL12. Experiments with granulocyte-specific CXCL12 conditionally depleted mice and a CXCR4 antagonist revealed that CXCL12 derived from neutrophil trails is critical for virus-specific CD8(+) T cell recruitment and effector functions. Collectively, these results suggest that neutrophils deposit long-lasting, chemokine-containing trails, which may provide both chemotactic and haptotactic cues for efficient CD8(+) T cell migration and localization in influenza-infected tissues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lim, Kihong -- Hyun, Young-Min -- Lambert-Emo, Kris -- Capece, Tara -- Bae, Seyeon -- Miller, Richard -- Topham, David J -- Kim, Minsoo -- AI102851/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HHSN272201400005C/PHS HHS/ -- HL087088/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 4;349(6252):aaa4352. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa4352.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. ; Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA. minsoo_kim@urmc.rochester.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Chemokine CXCL12/*immunology/pharmacology ; Chemotaxis/*immunology ; Heterocyclic Compounds/pharmacology ; Influenza A virus/*immunology ; Lung/immunology/virology ; Male ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/immunology ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neutropenia/immunology ; Neutrophils/*immunology/virology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/*immunology ; Trachea/*immunology/virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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