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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indiscriminate oophagy by ant larvae: an explanation for brood serial organization? (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 229-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Oophagy ; cannibalism ; kin selection ; social organization ; ants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Last instar larvae ofLasius niger under standard laboratory conditions and abundant food supply feed on conspecific eggs and, if forced to a choice, show a significant statistical preference for trophic versus fertilized eggs (approx. 60% of the trials observed). On the other hand, they are unable to discriminate between kin and non-kin eggs, both fertilized and trophic. Fertilized eggs killed by freezing and trophic eggs handled in the same way are also selected in a random manner. Last instar larvae ofMessor semirufus regularly failed to discriminate in a significant way between trophic and fertilized and between kin and non-kin eggs. Substantial experimental evidence confirms that larvae of both these species — as already suggested in the literature for other ants-rely on trophic eggs as an essential component of their diet in order to be able to develop. Additionally,L. niger last instar larvae appear to be able to attack and pierce the egg chorion with their own mandibles, while this capacity is at least very reduced or very rare inM. semirufus. First and second instar larvae of both species never succeeded in piercing the egg membrane alone. These findings imply that the “right” (i.e. trophic) eggs should be presented to the larvae by the workers (i.e. worker discrimination should be assumed) and, at least in the case of youngLasius larvae, and probably for all stages ofMessor larvae, the egg membrane must be pierced by the workers in order to allow the larvae to feed. The following evolutionary sequence is suggested to explain the origin of trophic eggs in ants: 1) larval oophagy (obligatory at least for the species founding new colonies in an independent claustral manner), 2) generalized facultative or obligatory larval oophagy for larvae of all colonial stages, 3) production of trophic eggs by the queen(s) and/or workers in order to avoid cannibalism of nestmates. Lack of discrimination or weak discrimination capacity between trophic and fertilized eggs and the consequent larval cannibalism in form of oophagy, as demonstrated in this paper, is suggested to explain age segregation among eggs and larvae from workers, a widespread phenomenon in ants which must have been selected to avoid the oophagy of viable eggs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314909
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diversity and evolution of recruitment behaviour in ants, with a discussion of the usefulness of parsimony criteria in the reconstruction of evolutionary histories (1993)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 233-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Evolution of behaviour ; cladistic analyses ; parsimony ; recruitment ; ants ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three alternative hypotheses about the evolution of recruitment behaviour in ants, based on accounts in the literature, are compared by means of a cladistic analysis. The three hypotheses are the following:Hypothesis 1. Increasingly efficient recruitment behaviours exhibited by different ant species have been shaped by or are correlated with ant phylogeny.Hypothesis 2. Increasingly efficient recruitment behaviours represent necessary evolutionary steps independently followed during the evolution of different ant clades.Hypothesis 3. Differently efficient recruitment behaviours have been selected in a convergent way among different species by similar population/environmental constraints. In a first stage of the analysis, these hypotheses have been compared in terms of parsimony (i.e. in terms of tree length = TL) of alternative cladograms based on recruitment behaviour only. The analysis gave the following results: Hypothesis 1, TL = 4; Hypothesis 2, TL = 18; Hypothesis 3, TL = 11. At least in terms of parsimony, hence, Hypothesis 1 appears to be the “best”. This hypothesis, however, cannot be retained for its total lack of congruence with current views on ant phylogeny. Among the remaining two hypotheses, Hypothesis 3 is again much (ca. 40%) more parsimonious than Hypothesis 2, but the retention index for recruitment behaviour on the relative cladogram is 0.2 as compared with 0.7 for Hypothesis 2. Practically, this implies biologically very implausible behavioural evolution indicated by very improbable ancestors for the species included in the analysis. In the case of recruitment evolution the biological credibility of each hypothesis is inversely proportional to its parsimony. The three hypotheses on the evolution of recruitment behaviour are compared again taking into account the morphological and behavioural correlates of recruitment. The results confirm those obtained by simple cladistic analysis of behaviour alone, namely that an obligatory (i. e. neither reversible nor random) increase in recruitment efficiency has been repeatedly selected within different ant clades. Inclusion of the recruitment correlates allows, in addition, a more precise formulation of the implications of each hypothesis and a tentative test of two other alternatives deduced from the literature. Most papers dealing with recruitment assume this behaviour to be controlled by a single gland, while at least two experimental analyses show that more than one gland is likely to be involved as behavioural releaser. A cladistic approach allowed testing of the following two adaptational hypotheses: A) Synergic behavioural control by several glands, allowing shift of the dominant role from one gland to another. B) Single gland control, making improbable the replacement of one gland by another that performs the same function. The results of the analysis appear to favour alternative A slightly, though neither alternative results in implausible evolutionary paths. It is stressed that parsimony remains the sole decisional criterion when no other criteria are available but it can by no way be preferred to the slightest trace of biological common sense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242361
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pollen Eating, Storing, and Spitting by Ants (1997)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 84 (1997), S. 256-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050392
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel mechanism for jumping in the indian antHarpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae) (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Insect ; behaviour ; high-speed cinematography ; jumping ; electrophysiology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Indian antHarpegnathos saltator may be unique among insects in using its jumping capacity not only as an escape mechanism but also as a normal means of locomotion, and for catching its prey in flight. High-speed cinematography used to analyse the various phases of the jump suggests thatHarpegnathos employs a novel jumping mechanism to mediate these behaviours: namely the synchronous activation of its middle and hindlegs. Electrophysiological recordings from muscles or nerves in pairs of middle and hindlegs show remarkably synchronous activity during fictive jumping, supporting the synchronous activation hypothesis.Harpegnathos is not the only ant to jump, and a cladistic analysis suggests that jumping behaviour evolved independently three times during ant evolutionary history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01992052
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  • 5
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    A novel mechanism for jumping in the indian antHarpegnathos saltator (Jerdon) (Formicidae, Ponerinae) (1994)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
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    Rates of evolution in ancient DNA from Adelie penguins (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-23
    Description: Well-preserved subfossil bones of Adelie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, underlie existing and abandoned nesting colonies in Antarctica. These bones, dating back to more than 7000 years before the present, harbor some of the best-preserved ancient DNA yet discovered. From 96 radiocarbon-aged bones, we report large numbers of mitochondrial haplotypes, some of which appear to be extinct, given the 380 living birds sampled. We demonstrate DNA sequence evolution through time and estimate the rate of evolution of the hypervariable region I using a Markov chain Monte Carlo integration and a least-squares regression analysis. Our calculated rates of evolution are approximately two to seven times higher than previous indirect phylogenetic estimates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lambert, D M -- Ritchie, P A -- Millar, C D -- Holland, B -- Drummond, A J -- Baroni, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 22;295(5563):2270-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. D.M.Lambert@massey.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Birds/*genetics ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Calibration ; Carbon Radioisotopes ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Ecosystem ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; Haplotypes/genetics ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Markov Chains ; Monte Carlo Method ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    17O-excess at Vostok indicates stratospheric input [Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-30
    Description: Combined measurements of water isotopologues of a snow pit at Vostok over the past 60 y reveal a unique signature that cannot be explained only by climatic features as usually done. Comparisons of the data using a general circulation model and a simpler isotopic distillation model reveal a stratospheric signature...
    Keywords: Chemistry and Applications in Nature of Mass Independent Isotope Effects Special Feature
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Pollen Eating, Storing, and Spitting by Ants (1997)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-30
    Print ISSN: 0028-1042
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1904
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistence of Rosette-forming Cells in Long Term Spleen Cell Tissue Cultures (1969)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 221 (1969), S. 766-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We describe here evidence for the persistence in vitro for as long as 6 months of spleen cells from mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes, in conditions allowing studies of morphology and immunological activity. Sixty to ninety day old BrVr mice of both sexes were used. Mice in group A received ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/221766a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pituitary control of mouse testis in hereditary dwarfism: Histological and cytochemical observations
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    General and Comparative Endocrinology 3 (1963), S. 636-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 0016-6480
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(63)90096-0
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