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  • 1998  (70)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 1998-03-07
    Description: The spindle checkpoint regulates the cell division cycle by keeping cells with defective spindles from leaving mitosis. In the two-hybrid system, three proteins that are components of the checkpoint, Mad1, Mad2, and Mad3, were shown to interact with Cdc20, a protein required for exit from mitosis. Mad2 and Mad3 coprecipitated with Cdc20 at all stages of the cell cycle. The binding of Mad2 depended on Mad1 and that of Mad3 on Mad1 and Mad2. Overexpression of Cdc20 allowed cells with a depolymerized spindle or damaged DNA to leave mitosis but did not overcome the arrest caused by unreplicated DNA. Mutants in Cdc20 that were resistant to the spindle checkpoint no longer bound Mad proteins, suggesting that Cdc20 is the target of the spindle checkpoint.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hwang, L H -- Lau, L F -- Smith, D L -- Mistrot, C A -- Hardwick, K G -- Hwang, E S -- Amon, A -- Murray, A W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 13;279(5353):1041-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9461437" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Anaphase ; Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome ; Cadherins ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cdc20 Proteins ; Cdh1 Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Replication ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Ligases/metabolism ; Mad2 Proteins ; *Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Spindle Apparatus/*metabolism ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: Surveys of risk behaviors have been hobbled by their reliance on respondents to report accurately about engaging in behaviors that are highly sensitive and may be illegal. An audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (audio-CASI) technology for measuring those behaviors was tested with 1690 respondents in the 1995 National Survey of Adolescent Males. The respondents were randomly assigned to answer questions using either audio-CASI or a more traditional self-administered questionnaire. Estimates of the prevalence of male-male sex, injection drug use, and sexual contact with intravenous drug users were higher by factors of 3 or more when audio-CASI was used. Increased reporting was also found for several other risk behaviors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turner, C F -- Ku, L -- Rogers, S M -- Lindberg, L D -- Pleck, J H -- Sonenstein, F L -- R01-HD30861/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):867-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Health and Behavior Measurement at the Research Triangle Institute, 1635 M Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; *Computers ; Data Collection/*methods ; Ethnic Groups ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic/*methods ; Male ; Privacy ; Risk-Taking ; *Sexual Behavior ; Socioeconomic Factors ; *Substance-Related Disorders ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States ; *Violence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: The T cell receptor (TCR) inherently has dual specificity. T cells must recognize self-antigens in the thymus during maturation and then discriminate between foreign pathogens in the periphery. A molecular basis for this cross-reactivity is elucidated by the crystal structure of the alloreactive 2C TCR bound to self peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigen H-2Kb-dEV8 refined against anisotropic 3.0 angstrom resolution x-ray data. The interface between peptide and TCR exhibits extremely poor shape complementarity, and the TCR beta chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) has minimal interaction with the dEV8 peptide. Large conformational changes in three of the TCR CDR loops are induced upon binding, providing a mechanism of structural plasticity to accommodate a variety of different peptide antigens. Extensive TCR interaction with the pMHC alpha helices suggests a generalized orientation that is mediated by the Valpha domain of the TCR and rationalizes how TCRs can effectively "scan" different peptides bound within a large, low-affinity MHC structural framework for those that provide the slight additional kinetic stabilization required for signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia, K C -- Degano, M -- Pease, L R -- Huang, M -- Peterson, P A -- Teyton, L -- Wilson, I A -- AI42266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI42267/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA58896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1166-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; H-2 Antigens/*chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Ligands ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998-09-25
    Description: Evolutionary conflict occurs when the deterministic spread of an allele lowers the fitness either of its bearer or of other individuals in the population, leading to selection for suppressors. Sex promotes conflict because associations between alleles are temporary. Differing selection on males and females, sexual selection, and differences in transmission patterns between classes of nuclear and cytoplasmic genes can all give rise to conflict. Inert Y chromosomes, uniparental inheritance of cytoplasmic genes, mating strains and sexes, and many features of sexual behavior may have evolved in part as a result of evolutionary conflict. Estimates of its quantitative importance, however, are still needed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Partridge, L -- Hurst, L D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 25;281(5385):2003-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, London NW1 2HE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9748155" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Male ; Meiosis ; Organelles/genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; *Sex ; Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Y Chromosome/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: Working memory is the process of maintaining an active representation of information so that it is available for use. In monkeys, a prefrontal cortical region important for spatial working memory lies in and around the principal sulcus, but in humans the location, and even the existence, of a region for spatial working memory is in dispute. By using functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans, an area in the superior frontal sulcus was identified that is specialized for spatial working memory. This area is located more superiorly and posteriorly in the human than in the monkey brain, which may explain why it was not recognized previously.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Courtney, S M -- Petit, L -- Maisog, J M -- Ungerleider, L G -- Haxby, J V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 27;279(5355):1347-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Building 10, Room 4C104, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-1366, USA. Susan_Courtney@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9478894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Brain Mapping ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Saccades ; *Space Perception
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1998-11-13
    Description: The ectodomains of numerous proteins are released from cells by proteolysis to yield soluble intercellular regulators. The responsible protease, tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), has been identified only in the case when tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) is released. Analyses of cells lacking this metalloproteinase-disintegrin revealed an expanded role for TACE in the processing of other cell surface proteins, including a TNF receptor, the L-selectin adhesion molecule, and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha). The phenotype of mice lacking TACE suggests an essential role for soluble TGFalpha in normal development and emphasizes the importance of protein ectodomain shedding in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peschon, J J -- Slack, J L -- Reddy, P -- Stocking, K L -- Sunnarborg, S W -- Lee, D C -- Russell, W E -- Castner, B J -- Johnson, R S -- Fitzner, J N -- Boyce, R W -- Nelson, N -- Kozlosky, C J -- Wolfson, M F -- Rauch, C T -- Cerretti, D P -- Paxton, R J -- March, C J -- Black, R A -- CA43793/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK53804/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 13;282(5392):1281-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Immunex Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. peschon@immunex.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9812885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADAM Proteins ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; L-Selectin/metabolism ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Metalloendopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor alpha/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: Human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) replicate optimally in activated memory CD4(+) T cells, a cell type that is abundant in the intestine. SIV infection of rhesus monkeys resulted in profound and selective depletion of CD4+ T cells in the intestine within days of infection, before any such changes in peripheral lymphoid tissues. The loss of CD4+ T cells in the intestine occurred coincident with productive infection of large numbers of mononuclear cells at this site. The intestine appears to be a major target for SIV replication and the major site of CD4+ T cell loss in early SIV infection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Veazey, R S -- DeMaria, M -- Chalifoux, L V -- Shvetz, D E -- Pauley, D R -- Knight, H L -- Rosenzweig, M -- Johnson, R P -- Desrosiers, R C -- Lackner, A A -- AI25328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI38559/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK50550/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):427-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Pine Hill Drive, Post Office Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9545219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/virology ; Colon/*immunology/virology ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunologic Memory ; Intestinal Mucosa/immunology/virology ; Intestine, Small/*immunology/virology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocytes/immunology/virology ; Lymphoid Tissue/immunology/virology ; Macaca mulatta ; Macrophages/virology ; Male ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology/*virology ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Viral Load ; Virulence ; Virus Replication
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1998-09-22
    Description: Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) mutations that prevent entry into the mitotic cell cycle of budding yeast fail to block meiotic DNA replication, suggesting there may be fundamental differences between these pathways. However, S phase in meiosis was found to depend on the same B-type cyclins (Clb5 and Clb6) as it does in mitosis. Meiosis differs instead in the mechanism that controls removal of the Cdk inhibitor Sic1. Destruction of Sic1 and activation of a Clb5-dependent kinase in meiotic cells required the action of the meiosis-specific protein kinase Ime2, thereby coupling early meiotic gene expression to control of DNA replication for meiosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dirick, L -- Goetsch, L -- Ammerer, G -- Byers, B -- GM 18541/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1854-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Box 357360, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7360, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9743499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: CDC28 Protein Kinase, S cerevisiae/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; *Cyclin B ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Proteins ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/*metabolism ; Cyclins/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA Replication ; Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, Fungal ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; *Meiosis ; Mutation ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; *S Phase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*cytology/genetics/metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1998-08-26
    Description: A fundamental question about human memory is why some experiences are remembered whereas others are forgotten. Brain activation during word encoding was measured using blocked and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine how neural activation differs for subsequently remembered and subsequently forgotten experiences. Results revealed that the ability to later remember a verbal experience is predicted by the magnitude of activation in left prefrontal and temporal cortices during that experience. These findings provide direct evidence that left prefrontal and temporal regions jointly promote memory formation for verbalizable events.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wagner, A D -- Schacter, D L -- Rotte, M -- Koutstaal, W -- Maril, A -- Dale, A M -- Rosen, B R -- Buckner, R L -- AG05778/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG08441/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- DC03245-02/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 21;281(5380):1188-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital NMR Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. adwagner@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9712582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/*physiology ; Perception ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are critical for protection against intracellular pathogens but often have been difficult to induce by subunit vaccines in animals. DNA vaccines elicit protective CD8+ T cell responses. Malaria-naive volunteers who were vaccinated with plasmid DNA encoding a malaria protein developed antigen-specific, genetically restricted, CD8+ T cell-dependent CTLs. Responses were directed against all 10 peptides tested and were restricted by six human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) class I alleles. This first demonstration in healthy naive humans of the induction of CD8+ CTLs by DNA vaccines, including CTLs that were restricted by multiple HLA alleles in the same individual, provides a foundation for further human testing of this potentially revolutionary vaccine technology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, R -- Doolan, D L -- Le, T P -- Hedstrom, R C -- Coonan, K M -- Charoenvit, Y -- Jones, T R -- Hobart, P -- Margalith, M -- Ng, J -- Weiss, W R -- Sedegah, M -- de Taisne, C -- Norman, J A -- Hoffman, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 16;282(5388):476-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Malaria Program, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5607, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9774275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Antigens, Protozoan/genetics/immunology ; Female ; Genes, MHC Class I ; HLA Antigens/genetics ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Malaria Vaccines/genetics/*immunology ; Male ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics/*immunology ; Protozoan Proteins/*genetics/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, DNA/*immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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