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  • Springer  (1,104)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
Collection
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-09-28
    Description: We present our current best estimate of the plausible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next several years, with the intention of providing information to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals for the third (O3), fourth (O4) and fifth observing (O5) runs, including the planned upgrades of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. We study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source for gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary systems of compact objects, that is binary neutron star, neutron star–black hole, and binary black hole systems. The ability to localize the sources is given as a sky-area probability, luminosity distance, and comoving volume. The median sky localization area (90% credible region) is expected to be a few hundreds of square degrees for all types of binary systems during O3 with the Advanced LIGO and Virgo (HLV) network. The median sky localization area will improve to a few tens of square degrees during O4 with the Advanced LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA (HLVK) network. During O3, the median localization volume (90% credible region) is expected to be on the order of $$10^{5}, 10^{6}, 10^{7}mathrm { Mpc}^3$$ 10 5 , 10 6 , 10 7 Mpc 3 for binary neutron star, neutron star–black hole, and binary black hole systems, respectively. The localization volume in O4 is expected to be about a factor two smaller than in O3. We predict a detection count of $$1^{+12}_{-1}$$ 1 - 1 + 12 ($$10^{+52}_{-10}$$ 10 - 10 + 52 ) for binary neutron star mergers, of $$0^{+19}_{-0}$$ 0 - 0 + 19 ($$1^{+91}_{-1}$$ 1 - 1 + 91 ) for neutron star–black hole mergers, and $$17^{+22}_{-11}$$ 17 - 11 + 22 ($$79^{+89}_{-44}$$ 79 - 44 + 89 ) for binary black hole mergers in a one-calendar-year observing run of the HLV network during O3 (HLVK network during O4). We evaluate sensitivity and localization expectations for unmodeled signal searches, including the search for intermediate mass black hole binary mergers.
    Electronic ISSN: 1433-8351
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-04-26
    Description: We present possible observing scenarios for the Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA gravitational-wave detectors over the next decade, with the intention of providing information to the astronomy community to facilitate planning for multi-messenger astronomy with gravitational waves. We estimate the sensitivity of the network to transient gravitational-wave signals, and study the capability of the network to determine the sky location of the source. We report our findings for gravitational-wave transients, with particular focus on gravitational-wave signals from the inspiral of binary neutron star systems, which are the most promising targets for multi-messenger astronomy. The ability to localize the sources of the detected signals depends on the geographical distribution of the detectors and their relative sensitivity, and $$90\%$$ 90 % credible regions can be as large as thousands of square degrees when only two sensitive detectors are operational. Determining the sky position of a significant fraction of detected signals to areas of 5–$$20~mathrm {deg}^2$$ 20 deg 2 requires at least three detectors of sensitivity within a factor of $$sim 2$$ ∼ 2 of each other and with a broad frequency bandwidth. When all detectors, including KAGRA and the third LIGO detector in India, reach design sensitivity, a significant fraction of gravitational-wave signals will be localized to a few square degrees by gravitational-wave observations alone.
    Electronic ISSN: 1433-8351
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2021-02-22
    Description: To understand the behavior of gas escaping a rapidly decompressed particle bed, an experimental study is performed in a cylindrical (D = 41 mm) glass vertical shock tube containing a densely packed particle bed. The bed is comprised of spherical glass beads. Two sets of beads are used, with median diameters of 67.5 and 254.5 m. The volume fraction of the glass beads is approximately 60%. High-speed pressure sensors capture the shock wave and expansion wave fronts. Optical measurements based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) are developed to examine the velocity of gas initially above the bed as well as gas initially within the interstices of the particle bed using both quantitative and qualitative visualization techniques. For above-bed gas flow analysis, passive tracer particles are seeded above the bed, whereas for interstitial gas measurements, lightweight but non-passive particles are mixed into the upper layers of the bed itself. Development of this technique to optically measure interstitial escape flow is utilized herein to measure the gas rise velocity in response to variation in bead diameter, with faster gas velocities observed as bead diameter increases. For the experiments performed herein, an initial acceleration of the gas velocity is observed at the earliest stages of particle bed decompression, whereas the gas velocity begins to decelerate between 1.25 and 2.25 ms of the estimated arrival of the expansion wave at the particle bed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 236
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 15 (1978), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Lagrange Multipliers ; Constrained Convex Optimization ; Kuhn—Tucker Theorem ; Duality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The duality theorem of linear programming is used to prove several results on convex optimization. This is done without using separating hyerplane theorems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 71 (1995), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Parametric optimization ; Mixed-integer program ; Value functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We identify a class of formulas computable in polynomial time such that the functions defined by these formulas are precisely the value functions of mixed-integer programs with rational constraint coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 113 (1992), S. 177-181 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For a surface free of points of vanishing Gaussian curvature in Euclidean space the second Gaussian curvature is defined formally. It is first pointed out that a minimal surface has vanishing second Gaussian curvature but that a surface with vanishing second Gaussian curvature need not be minimal. Ruled surfaces for which a linear combination of the second Gaussian curvature and the mean curvature is constant along the rulings are then studied. In particular the only ruled surface in Euclidean space with vanishing second Gaussian curvature is a piece of a helicoid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 20 (1970), S. 602-609 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Group-O plaice,Pleuronectes plattessa L., were grown on partially defined diets containing different levels of protein. 2. The growth rate appeared to increase linearly as the protein content of the diet was increased up to the highest level used (70% of the dry diet). 3. A conversion rate of 1.6 was obtained with diets containing 50% or more of protein. 4. The protein efficiency ratio on all diets was near unity. The maximum value obtained being 1.16 with the 50% protein diet.
    Notes: Extrait Ce travail étudie la croissance de plies,Pleuronectes platessa, soumises à des régimes partiellement définis et examine la relation existant entre la richesse en protéines du régime et la vitesse de croissance. Les groupes-O de plies, individuellement marquées par injection de latex coloré, étaient gardés dans des reservoirs en fibre de verre (approximativement: 90 × 60 × 42,5 de profondeur) sous un système fermé de circulation d'eau de mer. Six groupes de plies recevaient un régime dont la richesse protéique (caséine enrichie d'arginine, cystine, méthionine et tryptophane afin de ressembler à la protéine intégrale de l'oeuf de poule) était différente; respectivement 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 et 70% du poids sec de la nourriture. Ces différents régimes étaient isocaloriques et contenaient 3.7 calories par gramme. L'expérience a été réalisée à 15° C. Le poids initial moyen des poissons utilisés était compris entre 2 et 3 g. La croissance a été presque linéaire avec chaque régime et les vitesses moyennes de croissance par semaine, pendant la durée de l'expérience (28 semaines) ont été de 0.19, 0.22, 0.49, 0.56, 0.73, 0.75 g avec les régimes contenant respectivement de 20% à 70% de protéines. La vitesse de croissance apparait donc augmenter linéairement avec la richesse en protéines du régime jusqu'à la valeur la plus élevée testée. Les taux de conversion (grammes de nourriture sèche nécessaires pour produire une augmentation de poids d'un gramme) ont été de 5.5, 3.5, 2.9, 1.7, 1.6 et 1.6 pour les régimes contenant respectivement de 20% à 70% de protéines. Les rapports d'efficacité protéique (P.E.R. = augmentation — en grammes — du poids vif par gramme de protéines ingeré) ont été de l'ordre de 1.0, la valeur optimum étant de 1.16 pour le régime à 50% protéique. Ces résultats sont discutés et comparés avec ceux trouvés pour le saumon et le poisson chat,Ictalurus punctatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 481-488 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Photochromism ; Photoresponses ; Spiropyrans ; Monomolecular Layers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Surface pressure-area isotherms of two spiropyrans were determined under different conditions of illumination. It was found that the photomerocyanine forms produced stable films whilst this was not always the case with the spiro forms. Photomerocyanine monolayers were stabilized by the polar aqueous subphases and photoinduced ring-opening could be effected on the water surface by U. V. irradiation. The ring-closing reaction, however, was inhibited in monolayers. Photomechanical responses occurred as a consequence of the spiropyran → photomerocyanine reaction and these were catalysed on acidic subphases. Factors influencing the magnitude of such responses were assessed. Photoregulation of surface tension at the air-water interface was inferred from measurements on stearic acid monolayers spread on ‘photochromic subphases’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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