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  • Springer  (79)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)
  • 1995-1999  (79)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Future multimedia user interfaces (1996)
    Springer
    Multimedia systems 4 (1996), S. 250-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1882
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract. No matter how powerful or elegant the technologies underlying multimedia computing, it is the user interface that ultimately determines how these systems will be used. We provide an overview of two emerging areas of user-interface research that will play major roles in future multimedia systems: virtual environments and ubiquitous computing. We discuss what they are and why they are important, and describe their relationship to current multimedia systems. While mouse and window-based user interfaces provide access to 2D graphics, video, and sound, virtual environments not only involve interactive 3D graphics, but further address all our senses through the use of spatial audio, haptics, and other modalities. While it is still a research goal to provide high-throughput video on demand, ubiquitous computing will require that multimedia network infrastructure also support extremely low-latency interaction among large numbers of mobile wireless users. To arrive at an understanding of the needs, capabilities, and potential of these new paradigms, we introduce their terminology and technology, and explain the basic system architectures being explored, leading up to a discussion of key current research issues and future directions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005300050027
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trematode and Monogenean rRNA ITS2 Secondary Structures Support a Four-Domain Model (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 47 (1998), S. 406-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Secondary structure — Trematode — Monogenean — ITS2 — Ribosomal RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The secondary structure of rRNA internal transcribed spacer 2 is important in the process of ribosomal biogenesis. Trematode ITS sequences are poorly conserved and difficult to align for phylogenetic comparisons above a family level. If a conserved secondary structure can be identified, it can be used to guide primary sequence alignments. ITS2 sequences from 39 species were compared. These species span four orders of trematodes (Echinostomiformes, Plagiorchiformes, Strigeiformes, and Paramphistomiformes) and one monogenean (Gyrodactyliformes). The sequences vary in length from 251 to 431 bases, with an average GC content of 48%. The monogenean sequence could not be aligned with confidence to the trematodes. Above the family level trematode sequences were alignable from the 5′ end for 139 bases. Secondary structure foldings predicted a four-domain model. Three folding patterns were required for the apex of domain B. The folding pattern of domains C and D varies for each family. The structures display a high GC content within stems. Bases A and U are favored in unpaired regions and variable sites cluster. This produces a mosaic of conserved and variable regions with a structural conformation resistant to change. Two conserved strings were identified, one in domain B and the other in domain C. The first site can be aligned to a processing site identified in yeast and rat. The second site has been found in plants, and structural location appears to be important. A phylogenetic tree of the trematode sequences, aligned with the aid of secondary structures, distinguishes the four recognized orders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006398
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of earthworms on nitrogen mineralization (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; N mineralization ; Agroecosystems ; Soil structure ; Microbial biomass ; Lumbricus terrestris ; Aporrectodea tuberculata ; Soil cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata) on the rate of net N mineralization was studied, both in soil columns with intact soil structure (partly influenced by past earthworm activity) and in columns with sieved soil. Soil columns were collected from a well drained silt loam soil, and before the experiment all earthworms present were removed. Next, either new earthworms (at the rate of five earthworms per 1200 cm3, which was only slightly higher than field numbers and biomass) were added or they were left out. At five points in time, the columns were analyzed for NH 4 + , NO 3 − , and microbial biomass in separate samples from the upper and lower layers of the columns. N mineralization was estimated from these measurements. The total C and N content and the microbial biomass in the upper 5 cm of the intact soil columns was higher than in the lower layer. In the homogenized columns, the C and N content and the microbial biomass were equally divided over both layers. In all columns, the concentration of NH 4 + was small at the start of the experiment and decreased over time. No earthworm effects on extractable NH 4 + were observed. However, when earthworms were present, the concentration of NO 3 − increased in both intact and homogenized cores. The microbial biomass content did not change significantly with time in any of the treatments. In both intact and homogenized soil, N mineralization increased when earthworms were present. Without earthworms, both type of cores mineralized comparable amounts of N, which indicates that mainly direct and indirect biological effects are responsible for the increase in mineralization in the presence of earthworms. The results of this study indicate that earthworm activity can result in considerable amounts of N being mineralized, up to 90 kg N ha−1 year−1, at the density used in this experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335819
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Responses of soil microarthropods to changes in soil water availability in tallgrass prairie (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acari ; Climate change ; Grassland soils ; Soil microarthropods ; Soil water content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Changes in precipitation and soil water availability predicted to accompany global climate change would impact grasslands, where many ecosystem processes are influenced by water availability. Soil biota, including microarthropods, also are affected by soil water content, although little is known about how climate change might affect their abundance and distribution. The goal of this study was to examine soil microarthropod responses to altered soil water availability in tallgrass prairie ecosystems. Two separate experiments were done. The first utilized control and irrigated plots along a topographic gradient to examine the effects of soil water content on microarthropod densities. Microarthropods, mainly Acari, were significantly less abundant in irrigated plots and were generally less abundant at the wetter lowland sites. The second study utilized reciprocal core transplants across an east-west regional precipitation gradient. Large, intact cores were transplanted between a more mesic tallgrass site (Konza Prairie) and a more arid mixed-grass site (Hays) to determine the effects of different soil water regimes on microarthropod abundance and vertical distribution. Data from non-transplanted cores indicated greater total microarthropod densities at the drier Hays site, relative to the wetter Konza Prairie site. Data from the transplanted cores indicated significant effects of location on Acari densities in cores originating from Hays, with higher densities in cores remaining at Hays, relative to those transplanted to Konza. Acari densities in cores originating from Konza were not affected by location; however, oribatid mite densities generally were greater in cores remaining at Konza Prairie. These results confirm the importance of soil water content in affecting microarthropod densities and distributions in grasslands, and suggest complex, non-linear responses to changes in water availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050546
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of earthworms on nitrogen mineralization (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworms ; N mineralization ; Agroecosystems ; Soil structure ; Microbial biomass ; Lumbricus terrestris ; Aporrectodea tuberculata ; Soil cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata) on the rate of net N mineralization was studied, both in soil columns with intact soil structure (partly influenced by past earthworm activity) and in columns with sieved soil. Soil columns were collected from a well drained silt loam soil, and before the experiment all earthworms present were removed. Next, either new earthworms (at the rate of five earthworms per 1200 cm3, which was only slightly higher than field numbers and biomass) were added or they were left out. At five points in time, the columns were analyzed for NH4 +, NO3 –, and microbial biomass in separate samples from the upper and lower layers of the columns. N mineralization was estimated from these measurements. The total C and N content and the microbial biomass in the upper 5 cm of the intact soil columns was higher than in the lower layer. In the homogenized columns, the C and N content and the microbial biomass were equally divided over both layers. In all columns, the concentration of NH4 + was small at the start of the experiment and decreased over time. No earthworm effects on extractable NH4 + were observed. However, when earthworms were present, the concentration of NO3 – increased in both intact and homogenized cores. The microbial biomass content did not change significantly with time in any of the treatments. In both intact and homogenized soil, N mineralization increased when earthworms were present. Without earthworms, both type of cores mineralized comparable amounts of N, which indicates that mainly direct and indirect biological effects are responsible for the increase in mineralization in the presence of earthworms. The results of this study indicate that earthworm activity can result in considerable amounts of N being mineralized, up to 90 kg N ha–1 year–1, at the density used in this experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335819
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Co-Evolution in the Successful Learning of Backgammon Strategy (1998)
    Springer
    Machine learning 32 (1998), S. 225-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0885-6125
    Keywords: coevolution ; backgammon ; reinforcement ; temporal difference learning ; self-learning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Following Tesauro's work on TD-Gammon, we used a 4,000 parameter feedforward neural network to develop a competitive backgammon evaluation function. Play proceeds by a roll of the dice, application of the network to all legal moves, and selection of the position with the highest evaluation. However, no backpropagation, reinforcement or temporal difference learning methods were employed. Instead we apply simple hillclimbing in a relative fitness environment. We start with an initial champion of all zero weights and proceed simply by playing the current champion network against a slightly mutated challenger and changing weights if the challenger wins. Surprisingly, this worked rather well. We investigate how the peculiar dynamics of this domain enabled a previously discarded weak method to succeed, by preventing suboptimal equilibria in a “meta-game” of self-learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007417214905
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress Rupture of PMC's in End-Loaded Bending (1998)
    Springer
    Applied composite materials 5 (1998), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4897
    Keywords: end-loaded bending ; stress rupture ; matrix characterization ; polymer matrix composites ; carbon fiber/polyphenylene sulfide (PPS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a method to study the time dependent behavior of polymer matrix composites. An end-loaded bending method and fixture are developed to emphasize the contribution of changes in matrix properties to the behavior of fiber dominated composites loaded in the fiber direction. This method has distinct advantages over other methods such as tensile stress rupture and three- and four-point bending rupture methods. This paper discusses the design and fabrication of an end-loaded bending fixture. A brief analysis is presented which relates strain level to end-to-end distance, eliminating the need for strain gauges. Time-dependent rupture in bending of polymer matrix composites is reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008887321616
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identifying Participants in a Price-fixing Conspiracy: Output & Market Share Tests Reexamined – Reply (1997)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 12 (1997), S. 291-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007728122498
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restraints of trade by durable good producers (1996)
    Springer
    Review of industrial organization 11 (1996), S. 339-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7160
    Keywords: antitrust ; durable goods ; tying ; vertical restraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Whether they face competition or not, durable good producers may have an incentive to impose vertical restraints on their customers in order to protect quasi-rents in the aftermarkets for maintenance and repair. In this paper, we show that these vertical restraints have little to do with the usual antitrust concerns regarding tying arrangements. Nonetheless, imposing such restraints involves antitrust risks. We examine these risks and the associated antitrust policy questions in light of the Supreme Court's recent Kodak decision. We also offer some suggestions for the appropriate antitrust policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414403
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A closed-form representation of mixed-integer program value functions (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematical programming 71 (1995), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Parametric optimization ; Mixed-integer program ; Value functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We identify a class of formulas computable in polynomial time such that the functions defined by these formulas are precisely the value functions of mixed-integer programs with rational constraint coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01585994
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