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  • 1
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    Projection of changes in the frequency of heavy rain events over Hawaii based on leading Pacific climate modes (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-23
    Description: This study investigates the frequency of heavy rainfall events in Hawaii during the wet season (October-April) 1958–2005 and their conditional dependence on the Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Heavy rain events are defined by the 95% quantile in the rainfall distribution of the wet seasons. Twelve stations with daily reports of rainfall amounts were used to count the number of heavy rain days during wet seasons. Multiple linear regression (MLR) indicated that the PNA index (PNAI) and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) can explain a significant amount of the interannual to interdecadal variability for 9 out of 12 stations. Cross validation showed that PNAI and SOI together explain about 18–44% of the variability in the number of heavy rain events. Furthermore, the MLR model reproduces the trend toward fewer heavy rain events in the years after the Pacific climate shift in the mid-1970s. The MLR model was applied to the projected PNAI and SOI indices that were obtained from six IPCC AR4 climate models. The current suite of AR4 simulations based on the A1B and A2 emissions scenarios projects small and equivocal changes in the mean state of the SOI and PNAI during the 21st century. The covariance between PNAI and SOI in these simulations appears to be stable. To the extent that variations in the frequency and magnitude of ENSO and the PNA mode are responsible for modulating extreme rainfall occurrence in Hawaii, our results indicate small changes in the projected number of heavy rainfall days with large uncertainties resulting from disparities among the climate models.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-11
    Description: Ecological and societal disruptions by modern climate change are critically determined by the time frame over which climates shift beyond historical analogues. Here we present a new index of the year when the projected mean climate of a given location moves to a state continuously outside the bounds of historical variability under alternative greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Using 1860 to 2005 as the historical period, this index has a global mean of 2069 (+/-18 years s.d.) for near-surface air temperature under an emissions stabilization scenario and 2047 (+/-14 years s.d.) under a 'business-as-usual' scenario. Unprecedented climates will occur earliest in the tropics and among low-income countries, highlighting the vulnerability of global biodiversity and the limited governmental capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change. Our findings shed light on the urgency of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions if climates potentially harmful to biodiversity and society are to be prevented.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mora, Camilo -- Frazier, Abby G -- Longman, Ryan J -- Dacks, Rachel S -- Walton, Maya M -- Tong, Eric J -- Sanchez, Joseph J -- Kaiser, Lauren R -- Stender, Yuko O -- Anderson, James M -- Ambrosino, Christine M -- Fernandez-Silva, Iria -- Giuseffi, Louise M -- Giambelluca, Thomas W -- England -- Nature. 2013 Oct 10;502(7470):183-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822, USA. cmora@hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Computer Simulation ; *Global Warming ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Mora et al. reply (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mora, Camilo -- Frazier, Abby G -- Longman, Ryan J -- Dacks, Rachel S -- Walton, Maya M -- Tong, Eric J -- Sanchez, Joseph J -- Kaiser, Lauren R -- Stender, Yuko O -- Anderson, James M -- Ambrosino, Christine M -- Fernandez-Silva, Iria -- Giuseffi, Louise M -- Giambelluca, Thomas W -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 3;511(7507):E5-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13524.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA [2] Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Hawaii 96744, USA. ; 1] Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Hawaii 96744, USA [2] Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. ; 1] Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA [2] Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Hawaii 96744, USA. ; 1] Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Hawaii 96744, USA [2] Trans-disciplinary Organization for Subtropical Island Studies (TRO-SIS), University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24990758" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Computer Simulation ; *Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determinants of thermal balance in the Hawaiian giant rosette plant, Argyroxiphium sandwicense (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 98 (1994), S. 412-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Argyroxiphium sandwicense ; Energy balance ; Heat tolerance ; Leaf pubescence ; Silversword
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of leaf pubescence and rosette geometry on thermal balance were studied in a subspecies of a Hawaiian giant rosette plant, Argyroxiphium sandwicense. This species, a member of the silversword alliance, grows above 2000 m elevation in the alpine zone of two Hawaiian volcanoes. Its highly pubescent leaves are very reflective (absorptance in the 400–700 nm waveband=0.44). Temperature of the expanded leaves was very similar to, or even lower than, air temperature during clear days, which was somewhat surprising given that solar radiation at the high elevation sites where this species grows can exceed 1100 W m−2. However, the temperature of the apical bud, which is located in the center of the parabolic rosette, was usually 25°C higher than air temperature at midday. Experimental manipulations in the field indicated that incoming solar radiation being focussed towards the center of the rosette resulted in higher temperatures of the apical bud. Attenuation of wind speed inside the rosette, which increased the thickness of the boundary layer surrounding the apical bud, also contributed to higher temperatures. The heating effect on the apical bud of the large parabolic rosette, which apparently enhances the rates of physiological processes in the developing leaves, may exclude the species from lower elevations by producing lethal tissue temperatures. Model simulations of apical bud temperatures at different elevations and laboratory estimates of the temperature threshold for permanent heat injury predicted that the lower altitude limit should be approximately 1900 m, which is reasonably close to the lower limit of distribution of A. sandwicense on Haleakala volcano.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324231
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosynthetic gas exchange and temperature-induced damage in seedlings of the tropical alpine species Argyroxiphium sandwicense (1996)
    Springer
    Oecologia 106 (1996), S. 298-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Argyroxiphium sandwicense ; Photosynthesis ; Seedlings ; Supercooling ; Temperature acclimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The capacity of Argyroxiphium sandwicense (silverword) seedlings to acclimate photosynthetic processes to different growing temperatures, as well as the tolerance of A. sandwicense to temperatures ranging from −15 to 60° C, were analyzed in a combination of field and laboratory studies. Altitudinal changes in temperature were also analyzed in order to explain the observed spatial distribution of A. sandwicense. A. sandwicense (Asteraceae) is a giant rosette plant that grows at high elevation on two Hawaiian volcanoes, where nocturnal subzero temperatures frequently occur. In addition, the soil temperatures at midday in the open alpine vegetation can exceed 60° C. In marked contrast to this large diurnal temperature variation, the seasonal variation in temperature is very small due to the tropical maritime location of the Hawaiian archipelago. Diurnal changes of soil and air temperature as well as photosynthetic photon flux density were measured on Haleakala volcano during four months. Seedlings were grown in the laboratory, from seeds collected in ten different A. sandwicense populations on Haleakala volcano, and maintained in growth chambers at 15/5, 25/15, and 30/25° C day/night temperatures. Irreversible tissue damage was determined by measuring electrolyte leakage of leaf samples. For seedlings maintained at each of the three different day/night temperatures, tissue damage occurred at −10° C due to freezing and at about 50° C due to high temperatures. Tissue damage occurred immediately after ice nucleation suggesting that A. sandwicense seedlings tend to avoid ice formation by permanent supercooling. Seedlings maintained at different day/night temperatures had similar maximum photosynthetic rates (5 μmol m−2 s−1) and similar optimum temperatures for photosynthesis (about 16° C). Leaf dark respiration rates compared at identical temperatures, however, were substantially higher for seedlings maintained at low temperatures, but almost perfect homeostasis is observed when compared at their respective growing conditions. The lack of acclimation in terms of frost resistance and tolerance to high temperatures, as well as in terms of the optimum temperature for photosynthesis, may contribute to the restricted altitudinal range of A. sandwicense. The small seasonal temperature variations in the tropical environment where this species grows may have prevented the development of mechanisms for acclimation to longterm temperature changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334557
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  • 6
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    Transpiration characteristics of a rubber plantation in central Cambodia (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: The rapid and widespread expansion of rubber plantations in Southeast Asia necessitates a greater understanding of tree physiology and the impacts of water consumption on local hydrology. Sap flow measurements were used to study the intra- and inter-annual variations in transpiration rate ( E t ) in a rubber stand in the low-elevation plain of central Cambodia. Mean stand sap flux density ( J S ) indicates that rubber trees actively transpire in the rainy season, but become inactive in the dry season. A sharp, brief drop in J S occurred simultaneously with leaf shedding in the middle of the dry season in January. Although the annual maxima of J S were approximately the same in the two study years, the maximum daily stand E t of ~2.0 mm day –1 in 2010 increased to ~2.4 mm day –1 in 2011. Canopy-level stomatal response was well explained by changes in solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, soil moisture availability, leaf area, and stem diameter. Rubber trees had a relatively small potential to transpire at the beginning of the study period, compared with average diffuse-porous species. After 2 years of growth in stem diameter, transpiration potential was comparable to other species. The sensitivity of canopy conductance ( g c ) to atmospheric drought indicates isohydric behavior of rubber trees. Modeling also predicted a relatively small sensitivity of g c to the soil moisture deficit and a rapid decrease in g c under extreme drought conditions. However, annual observations suggest the possibility of a change in leaf characteristics with tree maturity and/or initiation of latex tapping. The estimated annual stand E t was 469 mm year –1 in 2010, increasing to 658 mm year –1 in 2011. Diagnostic analysis using the derived g c model showed that inter-annual change in stand E t in the rapidly growing young rubber stand was determined mainly by tree growth rate, not by differences in air and soil variables in the surrounding environment. Future research should focus on the potentially broad applicability of the relationship between E t and tree size as well as environmental factors at stands different in terms of clonal type and age.
    Print ISSN: 0829-318X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-4469
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 7
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    Water relations and microclimate around the upper limit of a cloud forest in Maui, Hawai'i (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-14
    Description: The goal of this study was to determine the effects of atmospheric demand on both plant water relations and daily whole-tree water balance across the upper limit of a cloud forest at the mean base height of the trade wind inversion in the tropical trade wind belt. We measured the microclimate and water relations (sap flow, water potential, stomatal conductance, pressure–volume relations) of Metrosideros polymorpha Gaudich. var. polymorpha in three habitats bracketing the cloud forest's upper limit in Hawai‘i to understand the role of water relations in determining ecotone position. The subalpine shrubland site, located 100 m above the cloud forest boundary, had the highest vapor pressure deficit, the least amount of rainfall and the highest levels of nighttime transpiration ( E N ) of all three sites. In the shrubland site, on average, 29% of daily whole-tree transpiration occurred at night, while on the driest day of the study 50% of total daily transpiration occurred at night. While E N occurred in the cloud forest habitat, the proportion of total daily transpiration that occurred at night was much lower (4%). The average leaf water potential ( leaf ) was above the water potential at the turgor loss point ( TLP ) on both sides of the ecotone due to strong stomatal regulation. While stomatal closure maintained a high leaf , the minimum leaf water potential ( leafmin ) was close to TLP , indicating that drier conditions may cause drought stress in these habitats and may be an important driver of current landscape patterns in stand density.
    Print ISSN: 0829-318X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-4469
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Determinants of thermal balance in the Hawaiian giant rosette plant, Argyroxiphium sandwicense (1994)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Photosynthetic gas exchange and temperature-induced damage in seedlings of the tropical alpine species Argyroxiphium sandwicense (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Uncertainty of Groundwater Vulnerability Assessments for Agricultural Regions in Hawaii: Review (1996)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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