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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (41)
  • *Computer Simulation  (2)
  • 1
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    The projected timing of climate departure from recent variability (2013)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-11
    Description: Ecological and societal disruptions by modern climate change are critically determined by the time frame over which climates shift beyond historical analogues. Here we present a new index of the year when the projected mean climate of a given location moves to a state continuously outside the bounds of historical variability under alternative greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Using 1860 to 2005 as the historical period, this index has a global mean of 2069 (+/-18 years s.d.) for near-surface air temperature under an emissions stabilization scenario and 2047 (+/-14 years s.d.) under a 'business-as-usual' scenario. Unprecedented climates will occur earliest in the tropics and among low-income countries, highlighting the vulnerability of global biodiversity and the limited governmental capacity to respond to the impacts of climate change. Our findings shed light on the urgency of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions if climates potentially harmful to biodiversity and society are to be prevented.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mora, Camilo -- Frazier, Abby G -- Longman, Ryan J -- Dacks, Rachel S -- Walton, Maya M -- Tong, Eric J -- Sanchez, Joseph J -- Kaiser, Lauren R -- Stender, Yuko O -- Anderson, James M -- Ambrosino, Christine M -- Fernandez-Silva, Iria -- Giuseffi, Louise M -- Giambelluca, Thomas W -- England -- Nature. 2013 Oct 10;502(7470):183-7. doi: 10.1038/nature12540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822, USA. cmora@hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Computer Simulation ; *Global Warming ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Mora et al. reply (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mora, Camilo -- Frazier, Abby G -- Longman, Ryan J -- Dacks, Rachel S -- Walton, Maya M -- Tong, Eric J -- Sanchez, Joseph J -- Kaiser, Lauren R -- Stender, Yuko O -- Anderson, James M -- Ambrosino, Christine M -- Fernandez-Silva, Iria -- Giuseffi, Louise M -- Giambelluca, Thomas W -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jul 3;511(7507):E5-6. doi: 10.1038/nature13524.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. ; 1] Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA [2] Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Hawaii 96744, USA. ; 1] Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Hawaii 96744, USA [2] Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA. ; 1] Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA [2] Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Hawaii 96744, USA. ; 1] Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kane'ohe, Hawaii 96744, USA [2] Trans-disciplinary Organization for Subtropical Island Studies (TRO-SIS), University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24990758" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Computer Simulation ; *Global Warming
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphological and structural studies of poly(gly-gly-ala) (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 10 (1971), S. 1049-1057 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ultrastructural morphology and x-ray and electron diffraction of poly (Gly-Gly-Ala) have been studied. The polymer has two forms; the first, form I possesses a super-folded cross-β structure, long fibers of which show some twisting and intertwining. Form II precipitates in a less distinct fibrous form from aqueous solution. The x-ray diffraction and oriented electron diffraction data suggest that form II is a polyglycine II helix situated in a monoclinic cell with dimensions a = 8.86 Å, b = 22.0 Å, c = 9.42 Å, and β = 90°. Combined with the morphological evidence it appears likely that form II is also in an antiparallel superfolded array.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.360100611
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The infuence of interchain compositional heterogeneity on the conformation in random copolymers of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate and L-valine (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2851-2864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Variation in the solvent used for the copolymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate and L-valine N-carboxyanhydrides provides copolymers which have variable interchain compositions, and this variation in interchain compositional heterogeneity is reflected in the solid-state conformations of the respective copolymers. Poly[Glu(OBzl)29Val71] prepared in dioxane exhibits a β-structure, whereas a copolymer of the same average composition prepared in benzene/methylene chloride shows predominantly an β-helix conformation with a small amount of β-structure. The use of the monomer reactivity ratio permits the calculation of the average and incremental copolymer compositions at any conversion; thus, correlations between conformation and interchain compositional heterogeneity can be made. In general, copolymers prepared in dioxane show a greater distribution of chain composition and therefore permit a wider variety of conformation than copolymers prepared in benzene/methylene chloride under identical conditions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360171208
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The random copolymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate and L-valine N-carboxyanhydrides: Reactivity ratio and heteogeneity studies (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 2835-2849 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The random copolymerization of the N-carboxyhydrides of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate and L-valine using triethylamine as the initiator in low dielectric media reults in high-molecular-weight copolymers at low convenrson. This behavior makes it possible to apply the monomer reactivity ration theory, which was dervied for addition polymerizations, and from the use of the copolymer composition equation, the respective monomer reactivity ratios, the average and incremental copolymer compositions, and the monomer feed ratio at any conversion can be determined. A comparison of the reactivity ratios for the copolymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA and L-valine NCA in benzene/methylene chloride (rG = 2.1, rV = 0.6) with those obtained using dioxane (rG = 2.7, rV = 0.3) indicates that the interchain compositional heterogeneity is greater for copolymers prepared in the dioxane. For Example, at 100% conversion of the monomeric NCAs, Poly[Glu(OBzl)50Val50] prepared in dioxance has an interchain composition ranging from 74 to 0 mol % γ-benzyl-L-glutamate, whereas in benzene/methylene chloride the interchain composition of γ-benzyl-L-glutamae ranges from 65 to 0 mol %. Once the reactivity ratios are obtained for any pair of α-amino and N-carboxyanhydrides, the use of the aforementioned parameters relating to interchain composition can give insight into the compositional heterogeneity between chains as a function of conversion and provide a basis for the preparation of random α-amino acid copolymers that are homogeneous.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360171207
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of two sequential polytripeptides containing glycine and ethyl-glutamate residues (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 11 (1972), S. 1411-1419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The polytripeptides poly(glu(OEt)-gly-gly) and poly(glu(OEt)-glu(OEt)-gly) have been synthesized and characterized using infrared linear dichroism, ultraviolet circular dichroism spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Both polymers have been obtained in a cross β conformation with antiparallel chains, however, there appear to be significant differences in the stability of this conformation for the two polymers. Poly(glu(OEt)-gly-gly) has also been shown to exist in a 31 polyglycine II type helix in aqueous solution whereas films cast from this solution appear to be random. Finally this same polymer can be obtained in either a random or an extended form trifluoroacetic acid depending on the nature of the substrate used for film casting.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1972.360110709
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An FTIR-ATR investigation of in vivo poly(ether urethane) degradation (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 46 (1992), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Surface degradation of implanted poly(ether urethane)s was studied quantitatively with a micro-ATR-FTIR technique. Substantial degradation was observed particularly in the soft segment at the α-carbon adjacent to the ether linkage. The degradation caused changes in the concentration profiles of the soft-segment groups in the depth direction, and the affected depth was up to 10 microns after implantation for 10 weeks. Inhibition of degradation by antioxidants indicated the oxidative nature of degradation. An in vivo poly(ether urethane) degradation mechanism was proposed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460202
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro monocyte adhesion and activation on modified FEP copolymer surfaces (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 1741-1749 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The functional group content and the ionic state of functional groups present on a series of surface modified poly(tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene) (FEP) copolymers were characterized by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), contact angle, and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Additionally, after a protein was preadsorbed on these surfaces, in vitro cell (monocyte) adhesion and activation were analyzed. The two proteins in this study were fibrinogen and immunoglobulin-G (IgG). Four modified FEP surfaces were prepared with increasing concentration of carboxyl groups relative to amide groups; ESCA was used to quantify the functional group content. To characterize the ionic state of the functional groups at physiological pH (7.1), the ATR-FTIR spectra were collected at various pH levels. Collectively, the contact angle, ESCA, and ATR-FTIR results suggested that the amide groups were unprotonated and the carboxyl groups were ionized at the physiological pH. The results from the in vitro studies showed that on the fibrinogen preadsorbed surfaces, monocyte adhesion was higher and monocyte activation was lower on the three surfaces that contained carboxyl groups compared to the FEP surface that had only amide groups. Conversely, the results indicated that the surface chemistry had no significant effect on monocyte adhesion or activation on the IgG preadsorbed surfaces. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070581012
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of an oxidative environment on the creep compliance of poly(ether urethane urea) (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 53 (1994), S. 1037-1049 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Secondary creep of unstabilized poly(ether urethane urea) (PEUU) in an oxidative environment appears as a linear time-dependent component superimposed on the logarithmic, viscoelastic response. The surfaces of unstabilized PEUU crept in H2O2/CoCl2 have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy and ATR-FTIR. By examining PEUU crept for various periods of time, it is found that surface damage proceeds at gradually increasing size scales, culminating in large voids. It is hypothesized that the initial chain scission creates a flaw that grows in size under the influence of the applied load into a “nano-pit,” which grows further by coalescence into a pit and, finally, a void. The initial stages of voiding occur during an induction period when there is no measurable effect on the creep response. It is possible to estimate the average compliance of the damaged PEUU by assuming a composite model with an undamaged center layer sandwiched between damaged surface layers. When the contribution of the surface layers to the creep compliance is estimated from the creep curves, the average compliance of the damaged layer is found to be about 1.6 times higher than that of the undamaged PEUU. Independent calculations of the damaged layer compliance from the void fraction indicate that the damaged layer behaves as a flexible foam in the early stages, then as a more rigid foam at longer creep times. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1994.070530806
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential for poly-α-amino acids as biomaterials (1974)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8 (1974), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly-α-amino acids have been investigated for possible use in a wide variety of biomedical applications. These range from dialysis membranes to artificial skin substitutes to degradable sutures. The large number of available α-amino acids potentially provides an extremely large number of poly-α-amino acids. The majority of materials investigated to date are copolymers composed of two components, one of which usually provides the desired property for the given application.This paper deals with the further examination of a series of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate-L-leucine copolymers. Evidence is provided on the effect of these copolymers on the biological environment as determined by implantation in rats up to 200 days. In vitro tests were also performed and the effect of these tests on the stress-strain properties of one of the copolymers is presented.Preliminary evidence on biodegradable copolymer films is also included. These materials have free γ-carboxyl groups on the glutamate components.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820080320
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