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  • General Chemistry  (1,723)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (974)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1980-1984  (2,958)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1983  (1,573)
  • 1981  (1,385)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
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  • 1980-1984  (2,958)
  • 1970-1974
Year
  • 1
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    Large-scale anisotropy at centimeter wavelengths (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Intrinsic effects in the case of large-scale anisotropy measurements could possibly provide much information about the early universe. Techniques for experimental investigations at centimeter wavelengths are discussed, taking into account the basic problem to measure the difference in the radiation temperature form two directions in the sky with an accuracy of better than 0.0001 K. The largest anisotropy in the 2.7 K background radiation is a dipole distribution, most of which is due to the sun's velocity with respect to the radiation frame. It is pointed out that two very recent results how good agreement with older dipole data. A cooled 3 mm mixer radiometer and a 1.2 cm maser radiometer were flown in balloon. The results of a search for evidence of a quadrupole distribution in the 2.7 K radiation are also reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 2
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    Searches for gamma ray emission from radio pulsars (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Searches were made for pulsed high energy (E greater than 35 MeV) gamma radiation from 43 pulsars using the SAS-2 data base and radio parameters. No positive results were found, and the upper limits are consistent with the concept that gamma ray production efficiency increases with increasing apparent age. Two limits suggest that efficiency cannot be a simple function of apparent age beyond 1,000,000 years. Previously announced in STAR as N83-24463
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 127; 1, Oc
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  • 3
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    The e(+)-e(-) annihilation line and the cosmic X-ray background (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possibility that the processes responsible for the cosmic X ray background (CXB) would also produce an a positron-electron annihilation feature is examined. Under the assumption that these processes are thermal, the absence of a strong electron-positron annihilation feature places constraints on the compactness (L/R ratio) of these sources. Observations favor sources of small compactness ratio.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 4
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    Distributed acceleration of cosmic rays (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is proposed that the acceleration of cosmic rays is distributed over their propagation through interstellar space. Thus after most nuclear fragmentation reactions in the interstellar medium, cosmic rays gain about a factor of 5 in energy. This hypothesis resolves several discrepancies in composition at different energies. The present results suggest that after the principal acceleration and during their galactic confinement, cosmic rays are further accelerated by the weak shocks of widely distributed old supernova remnants.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 51; Sept. 26
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  • 5
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    Earth's magnetic field as a radiator to detect cosmic ray electrons of energy greater than 10 to the 12th eV (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Synchrotron emission by a high-energy electron in the geomagnetic field and its dependence upon different arrival directions over Palestine, Texas, where major balloon-borne experiments are being conducted, is studied. The dependence of detector response on the arrival direction of electron, the different criteria which are adopted to identify an electron event, the area of the detector, and the energy of the electron are discussed. An omnidirectional circular detector is used to examine whether it is possible to determine the energy of an electron without knowing its arrival direction. The collecting power of a detector is estimated as a function of the energy of electrons for different detector areas with different selection criteria, and this information is used to calculate the event rates expected by folding in the energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons to show the viability of detecting cosmic ray electrons at energies greater than a few TeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; Oct. 1
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  • 6
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    Implioations of HEAO 3 data for the acceleration and propagation of galactic cosmic rays (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The energy dependence of the mean escape length of cosmic rays from the galaxy in the light of recent measurements of cosmic ray abundances from the Danish-French experiment on HEAO-3 is re-examined. The energy dependence is found to be steeper than previously thought.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 272; Sept. 15
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  • 7
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    Photon and helium energy spectra above 1 TeV for primary cosmic rays (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Energy spectra of protons and helium nuclei in primary cosmic rays were measured above 1 TeV in a series of balloon flights carrying emulsion chambers. Differential spectra may be represented by power laws of indices -2.81 + or - 0.13 and -2.83 + or - 0.20 for protons and He, respectively. No index change was observed for either species over the energy ranges 5-500 TeV for protons and 2-50 TeV/nucleon for He. Intensities were consistent with extrapolations of previously published data below 1 TeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 51; Sept. 12
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  • 8
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    The Spectral Properties of Gamma-ray Bursts: a Review of Recent Development (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Developments in the spectroscopy of gamma ray bursts (GRB) are reviewed. The general question of the validity of the spectral results, particularly with regard to features in the spectrum, is discussed. Confirmations of these spectral features are summarized. Results from the KONUS experiments on Venera 13 and 14 are reviewed. The status of models of the continuum spectrum is summarized. A number of different radiation mechanisms appear capable of fitting the data. These include thermal bremsstrahlung, thermal synchrotron and inverse Compton. Rapid variability of the spectra shape on time scales 76] 0.25 sec. was reported. The characteristic energy of the spectrum was observed to vary over nearly an order of magnitude during individual events. A strong correlation between spectral hardness and luminosity was found. Low-energy (50 keV) absorption features and high-energy (400 keV) emission features continue to appear in GRB spectra. Understanding the origin of these lines in the context of the existing continuum models remains a difficult problem.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz Summer Workshop on High Energy Transients; 15 p
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  • 9
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    Frequency of Fast, Narrow Gamma-ray Bursts and Burst Classification (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Evidence from the Vela satellites that very brief, approximately 0.1 s, gamma-ray bursts constitute a class distinct from the longer, highly structured bursts has been strengthened by the results of the Venera 11 and 12 KKONUS experiments. The Goodard ISEE-3 gamma-ray burst spectrometer, utilizing a trigger criterion which is more likely to be independent of duration than previous experiments, detected a sample of events which enhances this bimodal distribution. The ISEE-3 result is corroborated by an increase in the frequency of detection of short bursts in the KONUS 13/14 database over KONUS 11/12, an effect attributable to the use of a shorter trigger integration time in the later experiments. Considerations such as repeating bursters complicate a simple dichotomous classification of gamma-ray bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz Summer Workshop on High Energy Transients; 6 p
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  • 10
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    Cosmic-ray antimatter - A primary origin hypothesis (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the possibility that the observed cosmic-ray protons are of primary extragalactic origin, taking into account the significance of the current antiproton data. Attention is given to questions regarding primary antiprotons, antihelium fluxes, and the propagation of extragalactic cosmic rays. It is concluded that the primary origin hypothesis should be considered as a serious alternative explanation for the cosmic-ray antiproton fluxes. Such extragalactic primary origin can be considered in the context of a baryon symmetric domain cosmology. The fluxes and propagation characteristics suggested are found to be in rough agreement with the present antiproton data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 96; 1, Oc
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  • 11
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    Developments in high-precision gamma-ray burst source studies (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The source location data analyzed by the first and second interplanetary gamma ray burst spacecraft networks are reviewed. The possibilities of additional networks and of related studies in other disciplines, and the prospects for real time optical transient observations and for the definition of gamma ray burst sources by optical transient astronomy are also reviewed. Previously announced in STAR as N82-31290
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 12
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    Status and future of high energy diffuse gamma-ray astronomy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: There are two distinctly different high energy diffuse gamma-ray components, one well correlated with broad galactic features and the other apparently isotropic and presumably extragalactic. The observed diffuse galactic high energy gamma radiation is generally thought to be produced in interactions between the cosmic rays and the interstellar matter and photons. It should then ultimately be possible to obtain from the diffuse galactic emission a detailed picture of the galactic cosmic-ray distribution, a high contrast view of the general structure of the galaxy, and further insight into molecular clouds. Two of the candidates for the explanation of the extragalactic diffuse radiation are the sum of emission from active galaxies and matter-antimatter annihilation. A major advancement in the study of the properties of both galactic and extragalactic gamma radiation should occur over the next decade.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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  • 13
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    Cosmic-ray modulation and the anomalous component (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experimental and theoretical studies of cosmic-ray-modulation phenomena reported in the open literature by US researchers during the 1979-1982 period are reviewed. Areas covered include microscopic diffusion theory, gradient and curvature drift, global modulation theory, the anomalous component, and general modulation observations (such as the Pioneer-10 Forbush-decrease-propagation observations and studies on the time variation of the electron-to-proton ratio). An impressionistic overview of current and future trends in this area of study is also provided.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: (ISSN 0034-6853)
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  • 14
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    Measurements of galactic plane gamma-ray emission in the energy range 10-80 MeV (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A spark chamber gamma ray telescope was developed and flown to observe diffuse gamma ray emission from the central region of the galaxy. The extension of observations down to 10 MeV provides important new data indicating that the galactic diffuse gamma ray spectrum continues as a power law down to about 10 MeV, an observation in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions. Data from other experiments in the range from 100 keV to 10 MeV show a significant departure from the extension of the power-law fit to the medium energy observations reported here, possibly indicating that a different mechanism may be responsible for the emissions below and above a few MeV. The intensity of the spectrum above 10 MeV implies a galactic electron spectrum which is also very intense down to about 10 MeV. Electrons in this energy range cannot be observed in the solar cavity because of solar modulation effects. The galactic gamma ray data are compared with recent theoretical predictions. Previously announced in STAR as N83-17444
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 270; July 1
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  • 15
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    Extremely high multiplicities in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two unusually-high-multiplicity interactions of high-energy heavy nuclei were observed in a balloon-borne emulsion chamber: an Si(+)AgBr event (4 TeV/nucleon) and a Ca(+)C event (100 TeV/nucleon), with 1015 and 760 charged particles, respectively. The multiplicities and rapidity distributions favor the multichain model but not the wounded-nucleon superposition model. The high average transverse momentum (550-700 MeV/c) and the rapid fluctuations of the events are not readily understood in terms of any superposition models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 50; June 27
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  • 16
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    Active galaxies and the diffuse gamma-ray background (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Active galaxies are shown to account for the observed gamma ray background radiation if a steepening of the spectra above about 100 keV is present. An analytical model is discussed in which protons undergo Fermi acceleration at a shock in a spherical accretion flow onto a massive black hole. Relativistic protons with power law spectra, nuclear interactions producing gamma rays from neutal pion decay and electrons from pion-mu meson-electron decay, with a power law spectrum above several hundred MeV, synchrotron and inverse Compton losses steepening the electron spectrum, a photon spectrum close to the pion gamma spectrum and a high-energy gamma ray spectrum steepened by photon-photon pair production interactions with X rays are covered in the model. Comparisons are made with HEAO 2 data on active galaxies, which have estimated luminosities and radii consistent with the compactness necessary for producing the steepening predicted by the model. The active galaxies spectra would be described by a spherical accretion-shock model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 302; Mar. 17
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  • 17
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    N49: The site of a gamma-ray burst - Preliminary results from X-ray observations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The error box of the unusual gamma-ray burst of Mar. 5, 1979 falls completely inside the optical and radio image of the supernova remnant N49 in the Large Magellanic Cloud. This region was observed twice in X-rays with the High-Resolution Imager of the Einstein Observatory, six weeks and nearly two years after the gamma-ray burst. A comparison between the two observations is shown.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 18
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    A statistical study of interplanetary shock associated proton intensity increases (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: Large intensity increases of low-energy protons are frequently observed in connection with interplanetary forward shocks. Essentially two different particle acceleration mechanisms to explain these 'ESP events' are presently under discussion. To find out which is the dominant process for particle acceleration a large number of these events observed on ISEE-3 was analyzed. The events with the highest fluxes of 35-56 keV protons are associated with shocks which are quasi-parallel and originate close to the central meridian of the sun, and it is concluded that they are produced by a first order Fermi acceleration process.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 19
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    Implications of the Three GRB Optical Flashes (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: The implications of three optical transients associated with gamma ray bursts are discussed. Data on the duration, fluence, E sub gamma/E sub opt, optical recurrence time scale, presence of optical precursors or afterflows, and the identification of quiescent gamma ray burst candidates are addressed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz Summer Workshop on High Energy Transients; 3 p
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  • 20
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    Gamma Ray Bursts: a 1983 Overview (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Gamma ray burst observations are reviewed with mention of new gamma-ray and optical transient measurements and with discussions of the controversial, contradictory and unresolved issues that have recently emerged: burst spectra appear to fluctuate in time as rapidly as they are measured, implying that any one spectrum may be incorrect; energy spectra can be obligingly fitted to practically any desired shape, implying, in effect, that no objective spectral resolution exists at all; burst fluxes and temporal quantities, including the total event energy, are characterized very differently with differing instruments, implying that even elementary knowledge of their properties is instrumentally subjective; finally, the log N-log S determinations are deficient in the weak bursts, while there is no detection of a source direction anisotropy, implying that Ptolemy was right or that burst source distance estimates are basically guesswork. These issues may remain unsolved until vastly improved instruments are flown.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Univ. of Calif., Santa Cruz Summer Workshop on High Energy Transients; 10 p
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  • 21
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    A Southern Hemisphere VLBI Survey on a 275-km Baseline (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-12
    Description: A very long base interferometry (VLBI) survey at 2.29 GHz was conducted using a 275 km baseline consisting of the NASA Deep Space Network tracking site in Tidbinbilla, Australia, and the 64 m antenna located at Parkes, Australia. The purpose of the survey was to identify sources in the southern sky possessing strong compact cores ( 0.1 arcseconds). Such sources will be used to form a reference frame for conducting VLBI geodesy experiments in the Southern Hemisphere. The 70 candidate sources were chosen to be south of -39 degrees declination, and only four had been previously observed from the northern hemisphere. Of the observed sources, 49 were found to have compact structure. In addition to determining correlated flux densities, the delay and delay rate observables of several detected sources were used to determine an estimate of the three dimensional location of the Parkes antenna relative to the Tidbinbilla site with a 1-sigma accuracy of 10 meters.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 183-187
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  • 22
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    Electron-positron Annihilation and the Cosmic X-ray Background (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: The possibility that the processes responsible for the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) would also produce an e(-)-e(+) annihilation feature is examined. Under the assumption that these processes are thermal, the absence of a strong e(-)-e(=) annihilation feature places constraints on the compactness (L/R ratio) of these sources. Observations favor souces of small compactness ratio.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA(Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Workshop on Positron-Electron Pairs in Astrophys.; p 51-55
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  • 23
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    Low-temperature Positron Annihilation (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: For a satisfactory understanding of astrophysical annihilation radiation, especially that observed from the galactic center direction, the interaction of positrons with the ambient medium must be carefully investigated. Although hot, ionized regions may be important sources of annihilation radiation, the simpler processes occurring in low-temperature neutral hydrogen gas are mainly addressed. The goal is to set limits on conditions in the annihilation region by using the predictions of atomic theory compared with the observed gamma-ray line width, continuum strength and time dependence.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA(Goddard Space Flight Center Contrib. to the Workshop on Positron-Electron Pairs in Astrophys.; p 27-38
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  • 24
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    Anuglar distribution of shower particles produced in the collisions of 20-GeV/c and 300-GeV negative pions with emulsion nuclei (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: For 435 accelerator produced antipions jets of 20 GeV/c and 300 GeV, in nuclear emulsion, eta(theta)'s have been individually calculated for each jet, where eta(theta) is a kinematic parameter introduced in order to approximate the LS (laboratory system) rapidity, eta = arctan h (beta cos theta). By taking further averages by dividing the samples into groupings of the LS energy E sub pi = m cos h eta sub pi N sub h, the number of heavy prongs with LS velocity beta 0.7, and n , the number of charged shower particles with LS velocity beta 0.7, much less than eta (theta) much greater than are obtained. By use of the KNO (Koba-Nielsen-Olesen) scaling variable, xi = n sub s/,n sub s. good fit is found of data to regression function.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 72-75; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 25
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    A quantitative test of solar modulation theory - The proton, helium, and electron spectra from 1965 through 1979 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The predictions of a conventional, spherically symmetric model of solar modulation have been compared with the measured spectra of positively and negatively charged galactic cosmic-ray particles at 1 AU throughout the 1965-1976 solar cycle and through the enhanced modulation of 1979. For the proton/helium, proton/electron, and helium/electron flux ratios, there is remarkably good agreement between theory and experiment, except for small differences in 1965 and 1969. Possible systematic experimental errors are discussed, and it is concluded that: (1) the 11 year modulation process is largely independent of the sign of the particle charge; and (2) the assumption of steady state is a fairly good approximation for long term modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 275; L15-L18
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  • 26
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    A measurement of the energy spectra and relative abundance of the cosmic-ray H and He isotopes over a broad energy range (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The measurements reported of these isotopes were made using two sets of detectors during the same minimum modulation period in 1977. One measurement was made with a balloon-borne telescope, the other with telescopes on the Voyager spacecraft. It is noted that together they provide the widest energy range yet available for studying these isotopes: 14-150 MeV per nucleon for H2 and 10-290 MeV per nucleon for He-3. The simultaneous helium isotope observations are used to give a mutually consistent picture of galactic propagation and solar modulation. The data define the form of the interstellar H-1 and He-4 spectra, an interstellar matter path length for both H-1 and He-4, and a total residual modulation for He-4. The H-2 observations suggest a picture that is very similar for the galactic propagation of H-1 and He-4.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 275; 391-404
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  • 27
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    Studies of highly variable galactic X-ray sources with HEAO-1 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Analysis HEAO-Al data on MXB1659-29 revealed a 7.1 hour period from this X-ray burst source. The erratic dips seen in both SAS-3 and HEAO-Al data were concentrated within 1.5 hours (about 25%) of the orbital cycle. There appeared to be a stable dip at the end of the 1.5 h of erratic varibility. It was established that the stable dip was a true eclipse of the central X-ray emitting object. MXB1659-29 is the first X-ray burster to show eclipses and a precise orbital clock.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-170941 , NAS 1.26:170941
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  • 28
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    A search for the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect at millimeter wavelengths (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is believed that X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies represents thermal bremsstrahlung from a hot plasma. According to Sunyaev and Zel'dovich (1972), the plasma column density and temperature derived from this model imply a measurable distortion of the cosmic background radiation (CBR) in the cluster direction. This distortion results from the Compton scattering of the CBR photons by the electrons in the plasma, resulting in an average increase of each photon. This process, known as the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, is photon conserving and 'shifts' the CBR spectrum to higher frequencies. The result is a decrease of flux at frequencies below 7.5 per cm (the Rayleigh-Jeans region), and an increase above. The investigation is concerned with measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect at frequencies in the range from 3 to 10 per cm. Attention is given to the employed observing and analysis technique, and an initial null result for the cluster Abell 1795.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 271; Aug. 1
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  • 29
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    Ionic composition of the earth's radiation belts (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several different ion species have been positively identified in the earth's radiation belts. Besides protons, there are substantial fluxes of helium, carbon and oxygen ions, and there are measurable quantities of even heavier ions. European, American and Soviet space experimenters have reported ion composition measurements over wide ranges of energies: at tens of keV (ring-current energies) and below, and at hundreds of keV and above. There is still a gap in the energy coverage from several tens to several hundreds of keV where little observational data are available. In this review emphasis is placed on the radiation belt ionic structure above 100 keV. Both quiet time conditions and geomagnetic storm periods are considered, and comparison of the available space observations is made with theoretical analysis of geomagnetically trapped ion spatial, energy and charge state distributions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysics - Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik (ISSN 0340-062X); 52; 3 19; 1983
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  • 30
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    The elemental and isotopic composition of galactic cosmic ray nuclei (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A directly accessible sample of matter which originates outside the solar system is provided by galactic cosmic rays. The present investigation is primarily concerned with progress related to questions raised regarding the similarity or difference between solar system matter and matter coming from outside the solar system. The investigation takes into account U.S. contributions to this topic over the period from 1979 to 1982. The cosmic ray (CR) abundances of all the elements from H to Ni (atomic number Z=1 to 28) have now been measured. Cosmic ray source (CRS) and solar system (SS) elemental compositions are listed in a table, and the ratio of CRS to SS abundance for 21 elements is shown in a graph. There is now clear evidence from CR isotope studies that the nucleosynthesis of CRS material has differed from that of SS material.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: (ISSN 0034-6853)
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    Onion-shell model of cosmic ray acceleration in supernova remnants (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method is devised to approximate the spatially averaged momentum distribution function for the accelerated particles at the end of the active lifetime of a supernova remnant. The analysis is confined to the test particle approximation and adiabatic losses are oversimplified, but unsteady shock motion, evolving shock strength, and non-uniform gas flow effects on the accelerated particle spectrum are included. Monoenergetic protons are injected at the shock front. It is found that the dominant effect on the resultant accelerated particle spectrum is a changing spectral index with shock strength. High energy particles are produced in early phases, and the resultant distribution function is a slowly varying power law over several orders of magnitude, independent of the specific details of the supernova remnant.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 122; 1-2; June 198
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  • 32
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    The soft X-ray diffuse background (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Maps of the diffuse X-ray background intensity covering essentially the entire sky with approximately 7 deg spatial resolution are presented for seven energy bands. The data were obtained on a series of ten sounding rocket flights conducted over a seven-year period. The different nature of the spatial distributions in different bands implies at least three distinct origins for the diffuse X-rays, none of which is well-understood. At energies of approximately 2000 eV, an isotropic and presumably extragalactic 500 and 1000 eV, an origin which is at least partially galactic seems called for. At energies 284 eV, the observed intensity is anticorrelated with neutral hydrogen column density, but we find it unlikely that this anticorrelation is simply due to absorption of an extragalactic or halo source. Previously announced in STAR as N83-20892
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 269; June 1
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  • 33
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    Decay of long-lived particles in the early universe (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is pointed out that radiative decay of massive fermions can distort the cosmic background radiation. The present investigation is concerned with a study of decay lifetimes in the range from 10 to 100,000 years. Attention is given to the physics involved in determining the effect of radiative decay of massive fermions on observed photon backgrounds. The case of particles which decoupled when the effective number of species in equilibrium was in the range from 50 to 100 is considered, and constraints on particle masses and lifetimes are placed on the basis of observed photon fluxes. This approach provides results with special applications to particles predicted by supersymmetry theories and to right-handed neutrinos. Implications for galaxy formation are also discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 269; June 1
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  • 34
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    On the nature of two gamma bursts with spectral evolutions observed by the KONUS experiment (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several unique features of the evolving spectra of the April 2, 1979B, and November 11, 1979 gamma-ray bursts observed by the Konus experiment can be used to determine a number of critical parameters of the sources, within the context of the thermal synchrotron model, including their luminosity distance. These results shed much light on the origin of these events and possibly gamma bursts in general. Previously announced in STAR as N83-14057
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 268; May 15
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    Radial diffusion in Saturn's radiation belts - A modeling analysis assuming satellite and ring E absorption (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A modeling analysis is carried out of six experimental phase space density profiles for nearly equatorially mirroring protons using methods based on the approach of Thomsen et al. (1977). The form of the time-averaged radial diffusion coefficient D(L) that gives an optimal fit to the experimental profiles is determined under the assumption that simple satellite plus Ring E absorption of inwardly diffusing particles and steady-state radial diffusion are the dominant physical processes affecting the proton data in the L range that is modeled. An extension of the single-satellite model employed by Thomsen et al. to a model that includes multisatellite and ring absorption is described, and the procedures adopted for estimating characteristic satellite and ring absorption times are defined. The results obtained in applying three representative solid-body absorption models to evaluate D(L) in the range where L is between 4 and 16 are reported, and a study is made of the sensitivity of the preferred amplitude and L dependence for D(L) to the assumed model parameters. The inferred form of D(L) is then compared with that which would be predicted if various proposed physical mechanisms for driving magnetospheric radial diffusion are operative at Saturn.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 88; Feb. 1
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  • 36
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    Optical characteristics of young quasars as sources of the cosmic X-ray background (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The sources which dominate the thermal cosmic X-ray background cannot have X-ray spectra similar to the power laws measured for bright active galactic nuclei. The optical consequences of this disparity are pursued by considering a standard model for the photoexcitation and heating of the line emitting gas surrounding a central source (e.g., such as a quasar). The optical line emission to be associated with compact young quasar sources having the same X-ray spectrum as the X-ray background is found to be substantially different from that characteristic of typical quasars. Implications on quasar source counts and the identification of such new objects are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85069 , NAS 1.15:85069
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  • 37
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    Rapporteur paper for sessions MG1, MG3 and MG4: Modulation theory, interplanetary propagation and interplanetary acceleration (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Theories and reported results from investigations of cosmic ray modulation and acceleration are summarized. Aspects considered include microscopic or fundamental theory; gradient and curvature drifts in modulation; and interplanetary acceleration of shocks and particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-86047 , NAS 1.15:86047
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  • 38
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    Interplanetary flow systems associated with cosmic ray modulation in 1977 - 1980 (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The hydromagnetic flow configurations associated with cosmic ray modulation in 1977 to 1980 were determined using solar wind plasma and magnetic field data from Voyagers 1 and 2 and Helios 1. The modulation was related to two types of large scale systems of flows: one containing a number of transients such as shocks, post shock flows and magnetic clouds; the other consisting primarily of a series of quasi-stationary flows following interaction regions containing a stream interface and often bounded by a forward reverse shock pair. Each of the three major episodes of cosmic ray modulation was characterized by the passage of the system of transient flows. Plateaus in the cosmic ray intensity time profile were associated with the passage of systems of corotating streams.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85120 , NAS 1.15:85120
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  • 39
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    Energy and charge distribution of energetic helium ions in the outer radiation belt of the earth (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The first direct measurement of the charge states of helium at energies greater than 0.5 MeV/nucleon in the outer radiation belt, obtained aboard the ISEE-1 spacecraft in 1977, is reported. High abundances of singly ionized helium, with He(+)/He(2+) = 0.4 + or - 0.1 at L = 3.3 was found during one perigee pass, with a sudden decrease of that ratio by a factor of about 10 between L = 3.3 and 3.7. It is shown that nonstationary and/or nonadiabatic processes may play an important role for the distribution of helium ions in the outer radiation belt.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysics - Zeitschrift fuer Geophysik (ISSN 0340-062X); 52; 3 19; 1983
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  • 40
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    Spatial Fluctuations in the Diffuse Cosmic X-Ray Background (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The bright, essentially isotropic, X-ray sky flux above 2 keV yields information on the universe at large distances. However, a definitive understanding of the origin of the flux is lacking. Some fraction of the total flux is contributed by active galactic nuclei and clusters of galaxies, but less than one percent of the total is contributed by the or approximately 3 keV band resolved sources, which is the band where the sky flux is directly observed. Parametric models of AGN (quasar) luminosity function evolution are examined. Most constraints are by the total sky flux. The acceptability of particular models hinges on assumptions currently not directly testable. The comparison with the Einstein Observatory 1 to keV low flux source counts is hampered by spectral uncertainties. A tentative measurement of a large scale dipole anisotropy is consistent with the velocity and direction derived from the dipole in the microwave background. The impact of the X-ray anisotropy limits for other scales on studies of large-scale structure in the universe is sketched. Models of the origins of the X-ray sky flux are reviewed, and future observational programs outlined.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85029 , NAS 1.15:85029
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  • 41
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    Constraints on gamma-ray bursters from soft X-ray transients (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory's Einstein imaging proportional counter database has been searched for possible X-ray counterparts to gamma ray bursts. The limiting sensitivity was about 10 to the 10th erg/sq cm with a total exposure of about 3 x 10 to the 6th s divided among about 1000 1 deg x 1 deg fields. Four events with a pointlike spatial distribution were detected but their extremely soft spectra makes them unlikely candidates for gamma ray burst counterparts. The results are used to place limits on the X-ray and gamma ray luminosity ratio and log(number)N-log(flux)S relation for gamma ray bursts. The constraints placed on models for their origin are commented on.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 304; July 7
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  • 42
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    Preferential perpendicular acceleration of heavy ionospheric ions by interactions with electrostatic hydrogen cyclotron waves (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations in recent years indicate the presence of energetic ions of ionospheric origin in various parts of the magnetosphere. These energetic ions have been found at all latitudes. Observations from the S3-3 satellite have made a great contribution toward an understanding of the energization of ionospheric ions. One of the most interesting observations is related to the finding that ion beams and electrostatic hydrogen cyclotron (EHC) waves are highly correlated and that they show an abrupt increase in their occurrence rate at an altitude of about 5000 km. A statistical survey of upward flowing ion (UFI) events occurring between 6000 and 8000 km has shown that the average energy of O(+) has a strong correlation with that of the H(+) ions. The present investigation has the objective to examine critically the energetics of UFI events in view of the theory of the interaction of a single coherent EHC wave with O(+), He(+), and H(+) ions. It is found that preferential acceleration of heavy ions occurs when such ions interact with an EHC wave.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; May 1
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  • 43
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    Nuclear cascades in Saturn's rings - Cosmic ray albedo neutron decay and origins of trapped protons in the inner magnetosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The nearly equatorial trajectory of the Pioneer 11 spacecraft through Saturn's high energy proton radiation belts and under the main A-B-C rings provided a unique opportunity to study the radial dependence of the greater than 30 MeV proton intensities in the belts in terms of models for secondary nucleon production by cosmic ray interactions in the rings, in situ proton injection in the radiation belts by neutron beta decay, magnetospheric diffusion, and absorption by planetary rings and satellites. Maximum trapped proton intensities measured by Pioneer 11 in the radiation belts are compared with calculated intensities and found consistent with trapping times of roughly 40 years and a radial diffusion coefficient of about 10 to the -15th L to the 9th R sub s squared/s. Differential energy spectra proportional to E to the -2 estimated from integral measurements of trapped photons with E greater than 100 MeV are consistent with the beta decay model, but an inferred turndown of the spectra toward lower energies and reported integral proton anisotropies of a specified form both indicate the need for more realistic calculations of the neutron source from the rings and the radiation belt loss processes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; May 1
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  • 44
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    Proton-nucleus total inelastic cross sections - An empirical formula for E greater than 10 MeV (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An empirical formula for the total inelastic cross section of protons on nuclei with charge greater than 1 is presented. The formula is valid with a varying degree of accuracy down to proton energies of 10 MeV. At high energies (equal to or greater than 2 GeV) the formula reproduces experimental data to within reported errors (about 2%).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; 51; Mar. 198
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  • 45
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    Jovian radio emission below 5 mHz (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The GS2 and GS3 operational modes of the planetary radio astronomy experiment on the Voyager 1 spacecraft are described as well as the dynamic spectra obtained. Repeated pulses of unpolarized emission (P bursts) recorded by GS2 were studied and attempts were made to correlate their occurrences, which have sudden onset and conclusion, with features in the GS3 dynamic spectra. The influence of the phase of any of the Galilean satellites or the subspacecraft system 3 longitude on P bursts was also investigated. Tables show Voyage 1 GS2 frequencies, high quality Jovian P bursts, and the geometry and pulse repetition frequency of the P burst groups. Plotted bursts are included.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-169978 , NAS 1.26:169978
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  • 46
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    Corequake and shock heating model of the 5 March 1979 gamma ray burst (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Ramatry, et al. proposed a model to account for the 5 March 1979 gamma ray burst in terms of a neutron star corequake and subsequent shock heating of the neutron star atmosphere. This model is extended by examining the overall energetics and characteristics of these shocks, taking into account the e(+)-e(-) pair production behind the shock. The effects of a dipole magnetic field in the shock jump conditions are also examined and it is concluded that the uneven heating produced by such a field can account for the temperature difference between pole and equator implied by the pulsating phase of the burst. The overall energetics and distribution of energy between e(+)-(-) pairs and photons appears to be in agreement with observations if this event is at a distance of 55 kpc as implied by its association with the Large Magellanic Cloud.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85059 , NAS 1.15:85059
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    A study of the temporal and spectral characteristics of gamma ray bursts (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Gamma-ray burst data obtained from the ISEE-3 Gamma Ray Burst Spectrometer and the Solar Maximum Mission's Hard X-ray Burst Spectrometer (HXRBS) were analyzed to yield information on burst temporal and spectral characteristics. A Monte Carlo approach was used to simulate the HXRBS response to candidate spectral models. At energies above about 100 keV, the spectra are well fit by exponential forms. At lower energies, 30 keV to 60 keV, depressions below the model continua are apparent in some bursts. The depressions are not instrumental or data-reduction artifacts. The event selection criterion of the ISEE-3 experiment is based on the time to accumulate a present number of photons rather than the photon count per unit time and is consequently independent of event duration for a given burst intensity, unlike most conventional systems. As a result, a significantly greater percentage of fast, narrow events have been detected. The ratio of count rates from two ISEE-3 detectors indicates that bursts with durations or approx. one second have much softer spectra than longer bursts.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85031 , NAS 1.15:85031
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  • 48
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    Solar radio burst and in situ determination of interplanetary electron density (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A few interplanetary electron density scales which were derived from the analysis of interplanetary solar radio burst are discussed and compared to a model derived from 1974 to 1980 Helios 1 and 2 in situ density observations made in the 0.3 to 1.0 AU range. The Helios densities were normalized to 1976 with the aid of IMP and ISEE data at 1 AU, and were then sorted into 0.1 AU bins and logarithmically averaged within each bin. The best fit to these 1976-normalized, bin averages is N(R(AU)) = 6.1 R(-2.10)/cu cm. This model is in rather good agreement with the solar burst determination if the radiation is assumed to be on the second harmonic of the plasma frequency. This analysis also suggests that the radio emissions tend to be produced in regions denser than the average where the density gradient decreases faster with distance than the observed R(-2.10).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85094 , NAS 1.15:85094
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  • 49
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    The gamma-ray spectrum of Centaurus A: A high-resolution observation between 70 keV and 8 MeV (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Low Energy Gamma ray Spectrometer (LEGS) observed the nearby active nucleus galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128) during a balloon flight on 1981 November 19. There is no evidence of a break in the spectrum or of any line features. The 1.6 MeV limit is a factor of 8 lower than the 1974 line flux, indicating that, if the 1974 feature was real, and, if it was narrow, then the line intensity decreased significantly between 1974 and 1981. The lack of observed annihilation radiation from Cen A, combined with the temporal variations that are seen in the X-ray and gamma-ray intensities, constrain the size of the emission region to be between 10 to the 13th power and 5 x 10 to the 17th power cm.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85081 , NAS 1.15:85081
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  • 50
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    Implications of HEAO-3 data for the acceleration and propagation of galactic cosmic rays (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The energy dependence of the mean escape length of cosmic rays from the galaxy in the light of recent measurements of cosmic ray abundances from the Danish-French experiment on HEAO-3 is re-examined. The energy dependence is found to be steeper than previously thought.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-84964 , NAS 1.15:84964
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  • 51
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    Searches for gamma ray emission from radio pulsars (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Searches were made for pulsed high energy (E 35 MeV) gamma radiation from 43 pulsars using the SAS-2 data base and radio parameters. No positive results were found, and the upper limits are consistent with the concept that gamma ray production efficiency increases with increasing apparent age. Two limits suggest that efficiency cannot be a simple function of apparent age beyond 10,000,000 years.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-84970 , NAS 1.15:84970
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    Heavy ion transport in the straight ahead approximation (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An as yet unsolved problem in space radiation protection is the necessary relation between the external cosmic ray heavy ion fluence and the resultant environment within the spacecraft. Such a relation involves the transport of such ions through extended materials. Presented is a derivation of the solution of the transport equation for heavy ions in the straight ahead approximation for directed beam applications. An iterative scheme for the solution of the inhomogeneous integral transport equations is applied to a neon ion beam in water. The iterative scheme requires transport coefficients as input, which are determined from the available data on ion nuclear reactions. The iteration converged for the neon beam in water. Thus this iterative scheme appears to be a suitable approximation of heavy ion transport.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TP-2178 , L-15623 , NAS 1.60:2178
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  • 53
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    The broad-band X-ray spectrum of a QSO sample (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A sample of 25 QSOs was used to investigate the average spectrum between the soft X-ray energy band of the Einstein Observatory image proportional counter, and the higher energy band of the HEAO 1 A2 experiment. The spectrum is similar to thoe exhibited by Seyfert galaxies and narrow emission line galaxies above 2 keV. The spectrum is soft enough that if these objects are typical of the higher redshift, more radio-quiet QSOs, then it is possible to exclude QSOs as being the dominant origin of the diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-85071 , NAS 1.15:85071
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  • 54
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    A search for X-ray polarization in cosmic X-ray sources (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Fifteen strong X-ray sources were observed by the X-ray polarimeters on board the OSO-8 satellite from 1975 to 1978. The final results of this search for X-ray polarization in cosmic sources are presented in the form of upper limits for the ten sources which are discussed elsewhere. These limits in all cases are consistent with a thermal origin for the X-ray emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173635 , NAS 1.26:173635
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  • 55
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    Abundance of cosmic-ray elements from sulfur to nickel as a function of atmospheric depth (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The measured elemental composition of cosmic rays with charge Z from 16-28 as a function of atmospheric depth was compared with a propagation calculation including energy loss. The resulting composition at the top of the atmosphere has better precision than previously possible on balloon borne experiments, and agrees well with the only satellite data available in this charge range. The extrapolation method also provides checks on assumed cross-sections for interactions of cosmic rays in air.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 94; 1 Ju; July 198
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  • 56
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    Interaction mean-free-path of cosmic-ray Fe in air (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The interaction mean-free-path of cosmic-ray iron in air has been determined by observing the change in flux as a function of atmospheric depth. A large detector and a large variation in altitude during the balloon flight result in a high precision measurement. The result is in agreement, though slightly larger than the mean-free-path deduced from the measurements of interactions of iron on different targets at the Bevalac accelerator.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 94; 1 Ju; July 198
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    The propagation of ultraheavy cosmic ray nuclei (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The propagation of ultraheavy cosmic ray nuclei (Z greater than 30) has been studied using a model based on the leaky-box formalism. This model has been used to examine the possible composition of the source, the path length distribution, and the mean escape length of the confinement region. Various abundance ratios have been found that have a sensitive dependence on one or more of these factors. Comparison of the theoretical values of these ratios with published data suggests that the source composition is similar to that of solar system matter, but that in the Pt-Pb region, enrichment in material produced by the r-process cannot be ruled out. Data for the secondary-to-primary ratio (Ru-44 - Cd-48)/(Sn-50 - Ba-56) show the presence of significantly more secondaries than are predicted, even when a truncated path length distribution is used in the model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 264
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  • 58
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    Cosmic-ray record in solar system matter (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The interaction of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar cosmic rays (SCR) with bodies in the solar system is discussed, and what the record of that interaction reveals about the history of the solar system is considered. The influence of the energy, charge, and mass of the particles on the interaction is addressed, showing long-term average fluxes of solar protons, predicted production rates for heavy-nuclei tracks and various radionuclides as a function of depth in lunar rock, and integral fluxes of protons emitted by solar flares. The variation of the earth's magnetic field, the gardening of the lunar surface, and the source of meteorites and cosmic dust are studied using the cosmic ray record. The time variation of GCR, SCR, and VH and VVH nuclei is discussed for both the short and the long term.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science; 219; Jan. 14
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  • 59
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    Latitudinal and field-aligned cosmic ray gradients 2 to 5 AU Voyagers 1 and 2 and IMP 8 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results are presented showing that the contemporary picture of a relatively small heliocentric radial gradient is generally correct. They emphasize that such a gradient should really be thought of in terms of field-aligned structures since the cosmic ray populations tend to 'corotate' locally with the interplanetary field structure. Nonuniform latitudinal gradients of approximately 2 to 5 percent/deg in structures lasting 10 to 30 days are identified unambiguously. Additional evidence is seen for somewhat smaller latitudinal gradients often north to south and probably mixed with small field-aligned gradients of less than 1 percent/AU that persist for several solar rotations. It is suggested that these smallest ephemeral latitudinal gradients manifest themselves by affecting the degree of irregularity in diurnal variations of high latitude neutron monitors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9889-990
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    Galactic absorption of high-energy gamma-rays from Cygnus X-3 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The importance of cosmic blackbody photons as an absorbing gas for the attenuation of high-energy photons via pair production in photon-photon collision is examined for the specific case of gamma rays from Cyg X-3. Recent observational results on this photon flux in the range from 2 x 10 to the 15th to 2 x 10 to the 16th eV are corrected for this attenuation. The absorption optical depth to the source is about unity, and the corrected flux is about a factor of three higher; as a result, it does not extrapolate from the data at lower energies (10 to the 12th eV).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 274; L23-L25
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    Acceleration and transport processes - Verification and observations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The general problem of diffusive transport and acceleration of energetic charged particles is considered. The transport of solar-flare particles, solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays and shock acceleration processes on the solar wind are examined and observational tests are summarized. It is concluded that the basic diffusive transport equation is a useful approximation in situations like the solar wind, where turbulent scattering by magnetic irregularities is sufficient to maintain near isotropy. The application of this equation to the interstellar medium andd other, more distant astrophysical regimes is then discussed and implications for gamma-ray astrophysics are outlined. Finally the evidence for interstellar turbulence is reviewed and its consequences briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews (ISSN 0038-6308); 36; 27-40
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    The soft X-ray background (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Soft-X-ray maps in the B, C, and M (130-188, 160-284, and 440-1100-eV) bands, based on sounding-rocket observations obtained in the Wisconsin all-sky survey over a 10-yr period are presented and discussed. The B and C band maps are found to be similar, and comparison with the H I column densities of Cleary et al. (1979) shows an anticorrelation of B and C emission with neutral gas, implying hot-interstellar-gas emission from within 100 pc of the sun. The M-band pattern is different, and may be due to extragalactic high-energy diffuse emission and/or M dwarfs, although extragalactic sources are not specifically required to explain the data.
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  • 63
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    Large scale solar modulation of 500 MeV/N galactic cosmic rays seen from 1-30 AU (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Using measurements of cosmic rays obtained by Cerenkov counters on Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 and neutron monitor data from Earth, the spatial and temperal development of cosmic ray modulation during the last solar maximum were observed. The large-scale features of modulation and recovery are similar at these three sites and thus appear rotationally symmetric near the ecliptic plane. Outward propagating features characterize the radial dependence. The decline of the old cosmic ray cycle is marked by steplike decreases that propagate outward at nearly the solar wind velocity. During the start of the new cosmic ray cycle, recovery occurs first in the inner heliosphere and, after a lag comparable with that of the declining phase, appears later farther out. However, the direction of diffusive propagation is still inward, because the gradient remains positive. Forbush decreases are common at all three sites, and are evidently of great importance in understanding modulation. The largest decrease occurred during a short series of events in the summer of 1982 and had half the amplitude of the eleven year cycle.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173993 , NAS 1.26:173993
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  • 64
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    Solar modulation of energetic particles and cosmic-ray deposition (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The intensity of energetic charged particles (cosmic rays) in the inner solar system is observed to vary with time over a variety of time scales. The sun is the ultimate cause of these variations, although in some cases the precise mechanism leading to the change is not yet known. Cosmic rays of solar origin are produced sporadically in solar flares. The events can be intense and last for hours (high energies) to days (lower energies), and the variation from event to event is large. Below roughly 200 MeV energy the intensity averaged over a solar cycle is dominated by solar cosmic rays, so that time variations below this energy are governed by the variations in the frequency and intensity of solar flares. Galactic cosmic rays are present continuously and dominate the average intensity above about 200 MeV. They are 'modulated' by the sun and have their lowest intensity during high solar activity. The physical agent causing changes in the galactic cosmic ray intensity is the solar-wind-entrained magnetic field. The impact of our still somewhat limited understanding of shorter-term variations (over one or two solar cycles) upon the interpretation of longer-term variations is briefly discussed.
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    Temporal development of diffuse ion events upstream of the earth's bow shock - The October 31, 1977, event (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The origin of the intensity-time profile characteristic of diffuse ion events upstream of the earth's bow shock is investigated. It is believed that the profile results from a rotation of the interplanetary magnetic field that produces as a systematic variation in the connection time of field lines with the bow shock. If the connection time exceeds the time needed to reach equilibrium between the shock acceleration and ion loss processes, a plateau in the ion intensity is formed. The upstream diffusion ion event of October 31, 1977, for which simultaneous magnetic field and ion intensity data have been published is used to test this scenario. This event is analyzed using a two-dimensional Gleeson-Axford equation to describe the shock acceleration process and a model bow shock whose nose serves as a uniform source of ions injected into the acceleration process. Intensity-time profiles are calculated for 30-keV and 120-keV protons for a range of diffusion coefficients using connection times that are based on the shock geometry and the magnetic field data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9975-998
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    Solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. V - Time-dependent modulation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A numerical technique is introduced for the solution of the time-dependent equation for the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays, in which transport in heliographic latitude is ignored. We illustrate this method with a model for the solar cycle variation in cosmic ray intensity. The variation is assumed to result from changes in the number of enhanced cosmic ray scattering regions, which are produced by flare-generated shock waves in the solar wind. The model can account for the observed solar cycle variation in intensity at different energies as well as the observed spatial gradients. This model also provides a natural explanation for the cosmic ray hysteresis effect.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9033-903
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  • 67
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    Linear and circular polarization of the cosmic background radiation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: New data which consist of continued measurements of the linear polarization of the cosmic background radiation as well as the first measurement of the circular polarization are examined. Eleven declinations have been surveyed for linear polarization and one declination for circular polarization, all at 9 mm wavelength. No evidence is found for either a significant linear or circular component with statistical errors on the linear component of 20-60 microK for various models. For linear polarization, a 95 percent confidence level limit of 0.1 mK (0.00003) for an axisymmetric anisotropic model is achieved, while for spherical harmonics through third order, a corresponding limit of 0.2 mK is achieved. For a declination of 37 deg, a limit of 12 mK is placed on the time-varying component and 20 mK on the dc component of the circular polarization at the 95 percent confidence level. At 37 percent declination, the sensitivity per beam patch (7 deg) is 0.2 mK.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X); 273; L51-L54
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  • 68
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    A Cerenkov - Delta E/Delta X experiment for measuring cosmic-ray isotopes from neon through iron (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Cosmic-ray isotope masses are measured in a balloon-borne cosmic-ray experiment. Two Cerenkov counters and an NaI scintillator stack are used to determine changes in energy and in the Lorentz factor for a traversing or stopping particle. The mass is defined at the ratio of the change in energy to the change in the Lorentz factor. For incident elements from neon through iron, mass resolution better than 0.3 a.m.u. is expected, with incident Lorentz gammas ranging from 2.4 to 3.1, depending on the element. The mass resolution is approximately 0.2 a.m.u., measured for Mn-55 ions having an incident Lorentz factor of 2.75.
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  • 69
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    A 50 day periodicity in the cosmic ray anisotropy (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A modulation of the anisotropy of relativistic interplanetary particles with a period of approximately 50 days is discussed. Even though it is not unusual for cosmic ray data to reflect the solar rotation frequency and its harmonics with periods of 25/n days (n being 1, 2, 3, . . .), it is not known how a periodicity of 50 days, which would be a subharmonic, is generated. Since the Cerenkov counter responds to all kinds of relativistic particles, it does not identify the particles that cause the 50 day east-west modulation. Jovian electrons are considered unlikely in that they are most abundant near their source, whereas the modulation has never been reported for ground-based neutron monitors. It is pointed out that since the Cerenkov threshold is somewhat lower than typical neutron monitor cutoffs, it is conceivable that the modulation affects nucleons just in this energy gap. It is also thought that there might be a uniformly distributed component of interplanetary electrons which undergo this peculiar modulation.
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    Further analysis of a recent cosmic-ray antiproton experiment (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Reference is made to the measurements of a cosmic ray antiproton flux at a few hundred MeV reported by Buffington et al. (1981), noting that one of the final background processes to be removed by the data analysis in that study was helium-induced events which satisfied the criteria for topology and timing. The response in the third scintillator S3 was used to identify and remove these events. For the top two scintillators S1 and S2, pulse size information was lost during the data-taking. A method is reported here for the partial retrieval of pulse size information for the scintillator S2. This is possible because a portion of this signal was subtracted from the Cerenkov response before trigger discrimination and data recording to remove scintillation from the Cerenkov response. For separating protons from more highly charged particles, the method is considered sufficient. It is pointed out that the sample of events identified as antiprotons, for which the method can be applied, has the expected unit charge in scintillator S2.
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    Cosmic ray gradients in the outer heliosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Launched in 1972 and 1973 respectively, the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft are now probing the outer heliosphere on their final escape from the sun. The data in this paper extend for almost an entire solar cycle from launch to early 1983, when Pioneer 10 was at a heliocentric distance of 29 AU and Pioneer 11, 13 AU. The UCSD instruments on board were used to study the gradient, and to look at the time and spatial variations of the cosmic ray intensities.
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  • 72
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    Effects of drift on the transport of cosmic rays. VI - A three-dimensional model including diffusion (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The first results are presented from a series of computer simulations of the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays using a full three-dimensional model which incorporates all known important effects on particle transport, particle drifts, convection with the solar wind, energy loss, and anisotropic diffusion. The model is time-independent in the coordinate frame rotating with the sun, so corotating effects can be studied. Modulation in an interplanetary magnetic field model is considered in which the current sheet separating the northern and southern solar hemispheres is warped and corotating with the sun. The amplitude of the warp is varied to simulate possible solar cycle variation of the magnetic field. Substantial effects due to the warp of the current sheet are found. Comparison of the model results with various data is presented. Among other things, it is shown that the intensity may decrease away from the current sheet for both signs of the magnetic field, as suggested by recent observations, and in contrast with inferences from earlier, more approximate calculations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; vol. 265
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  • 73
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    Cosmic-ray modulation and the anamalous component (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Advances in the theory and observation of cosmic ray modulation and in studies of the anomalous component in cosmic radiation are reviewed from reports that appeared in the open literature during the years 1979 to 1982. Entries, which are primarily the work of American researchers, are cited under the following categories: (1) microscopic diffusion theory; (2) global modulation theory; (3) anomalous component; and (4) general modulation observation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-84994 , REPT-665 , NAS 1.15:84994
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  • 74
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    Rapid X-ray variability from the Seyfert 1 Galaxy NGC 4051 (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Strong variable X-ray emission from the nearby low luminosity Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051 was discovered during observations with the imaging proportional counter of the Einstein Observatory. During one 2304 second observation, the X-ray flux more than doubled in an approximately linear fashion, and a 70% increase for 150 seconds was seen during another 968 second observation. Evidence is presented which demonstrates that the X-ray spectrum of NGC 4051 is unusually soft compared to Seyfert 1 galaxies or QSOs. The emission mechanism is probably not synchrotron or synchrotron self-Compton, but the emission can be plausibly explained by various black hole accretion models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-84997 , NAS 1.15:84997
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    Active galaxies and the diffuse Gamma-Ray background (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A model for the origin of relativistic particles and gamma rays in active galactic nuclei and quasars, together with recent HEAO-1 observations of the spectra of active galaxies from 2 to 165 keV, provide the basis for a reexamination of the nature of the extragalactic gamma ray background. Active galaxies account for the observed background if their X-ray spectra steepen to E.021 above 100 keV, as observed in Cen-A, together with a further steepening to E.021 as a result of absorption of gamma rays by photon-photon pair production interactions with X-ray photons. The compactness of active galaxies required to give this steepening is consistent with estimates of their typical luminosity and radius.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-84974 , REPT-665 , NAS 1.15:84974
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    A large area experiment to determine cosmic ray isotopic abundances (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Measurements of the isotopic composition of cosmic rays have shown that the cosmic ray isotope ratios, Ne-22/Ne-20 and (Mg-25 + Mg-26)/Mg-24, exceed the solar abundance ratios by factors of 2.7 and 1.8, respectively. There are several processes which could be responsible for the observed excess of neutron-rich isotopes. The considered models imply neutron enrichment in the case of other, less abundant species, and a measurement of the involved isotopic abundances could provide a basis for the determination of the dominating processes occurring in cosmic ray sources. However, an experiment utilizing special equipment is necessary to conduct the required measurements. Such an experiment, the Aluminum Isotopic Composition Experiment (Alice), is being designed in a joint effort involving NASA and a West German university. Alice uses a Cherenkov-range technique to determine the isotopic composition of elements from oxygen through argon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 77
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    Radial gradients of galactic cosmic rays measured by Pioneer 10 from 1-29 AU through the period of solar maximum (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: During the approach to maximum solar modulation in 1982, the radial gradient of high energy galactic cosmic rays gradually increased to about 2.5 percent/AU from the solar minimum value of about 1.5 percent/AU. In the same period, at energies lower than 70 MeV/n, the radial gradients for protons decreased from about 8 percent/AU to about 1 percent/AU. It is found that at solar maximum, in contrast to solar minimum, essentially all of the modulation of low energy cosmic rays occurs outside R = 29 AU. The combined effects of solar flare shocks coalescing in the far outer heliosphere may account for this dramatic change in the radial dependence of modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 78
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    Cosmic ray intensity gradients in the radial distance 1-13 AU as determined from a comparative study of observations by spacecraft Voyagers 1 and 2, and earth-orbiting satellite IMP-8 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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    The ultraheavy cosmic rays - Propagation and selective acceleration (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results of calculations of ultraheavy cosmic ray propagation are examined in the light of recent observations and theoretical advances with the objective of distinguishing the effects of propagation from nucleosynthesis and preferential acceleration. The results presented here have been calculated by the method described in Margolis (1983), with elements from iron (Z = 26) to uranium (Z = 92) combined in a single calculation. The source abundances of Anders and Ebihara (1982) have been used as a reference composition. It is shown, in particular, that the relative abundances of Sr and Ba are substantially increased by using the modified ionization potential dependence (MIPD) compared with solar abundances and the first ionization potential dependence (FIPD) model. In contrast, Pb shows similar enhancements in both FIPD and MIPD models.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 80
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    The cosmic ray source composition (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The cosmic ray source composition is shown to be related to the observed cosmic ray abundances by a set of linear equations which are valid for either ad hoc pathlength distributions or quantitative solutions to Galactic propagation models. These relations can be used to propagate abundances from the source or to the source, and the method described here allows a simple propagation of abundance uncertainties. A simultaneous analysis of B/C and (21-25)Fe indicates a need for truncation of the pathlength distribution.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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    Quantitative estimates of the effects of cross section uncertainties on the derivation of GCR source composition (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic-ray source abundance uncertainties, resulting from the cross-section uncertainties, are calculated for the elements carbon through nickel. A significant dominance of cross-section errors in the source abundance uncertainties is found for most of the elements considered, even with uncorrelated partial cross-section errors; much larger uncertainties than those reported previously are found for Ca, N, Na, Al, and S. Propagation errors are noted to preclude a significant determination of source abundances for F, Cl, and Mn. A need for an assessment of the existing cosmic-ray propagation models - especially the propagation cross-sections which they employ - is expressed, motivated by recent improvements in the resolution and statistical accuracy of observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 82
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    Detection of cosmic ray electrons above 10 to 14th eV using gamma ray observatories (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A quantitative evaluation of high energy gamma ray observatories for the study of cosmic ray electrons is made. This is based on the principle that the synchrotron photons emitted by the electrons in the earth's magnetic field is collinear in the detector. It is shown that the size and the gamma ray detection efficiency of the SAS II instrument is so small, that no useful information can be derived from it. On the other hand, one may be able to set useful upper limits to the flux of electrons by making use of the high energy gamma ray detector in the GRO.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 83
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    The elemental and isotopic composition of quiet time low energy cosmic rays (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Isotopic abundances during several periods of solar quiet times are derived from multidimensional analysis of double dE/dX modes made with two 150 micron dE detectors and a 3000 micron stopping E detector. The spectra of the low-energy cosmic rays suggest that all the primary species of elements exhibit flux enhancements. The flux increases of 5-12 MeV/N for C, Mg, Si, and Fe are different from the anomalous components and may result from solar contamination of the quiet time data or from interplanetary acceleration processes. They may be anomalous components (ACR), although to a lesser extent than He, N, O, and Ne. The isotopic data indicate that the ACR component is predominantly N-14, O-16, and Ne-20. The isotopic compositions require that the ACRs have traversed a very limited amount of material, suggesting a local origin for them.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 84
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    The cosmic ray abundances of the platinum-lead elements as measured on HEAO-3 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The relative abundances of elements in the charge ranges of Z = 75-79 (platinum) and Z = 80-83 (lead) should be a sensitive indication of the contributions of the r- and s-processes in nucleosynthesis. Data from the HEAO 3 Heavy Nuclei Experiment are used to establish abundances, relative to iron, of these elements in the cosmic radiation, as well as the ratio of 'secondary' elements, in the Z = 62-74 range, to the primary lead-platinum elements. These results appear to suggest that either the source abundances are deficient in s-process elements or that they are not organized solely by first ionization potential. In addition, present propagation models can adequately represent the relative abundances of primary and secondary elements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 85
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    Gamma rays of 1-30 MeV from the Galactic Center Region (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Preliminary results are reported for gamma rays from the Galactic Center Region at 1-30 MeV made with a balloon-borne double Compton scatter gamma ray telescope. The Compton scatter angle, energy, and arrival time of the incident gamma ray and direction of the Compton scattered secondary for downward-moving gamma rays were measured. The handling of the data is described, and the results of Monte Carlo simulation angular resolutions and absolute efficiencies for different zenith angles of incident gamma rays are given. A contour sky map of the weighted fluxes for a southern sky region is shown whose primary feature is a significant enhancement in the Galactic Center Region. It is concluded that several discrete sources contribute to broaden the maximum in the horizontal or RA direction. Less broadening is indicated along the galactic plane.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 86
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    The spectrum of high energy cosmic-ray electrons - Results and interpretation (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results of a measurement of high energy cosmic-ray electrons that was performed with a balloon-borne transition radiation/shower detector telescope are presented. The data cover the energy range from 5 to 300 GeV. The interstellar spectrum below 10 GeV, which is affected by solar modulation, is derived through analysis of the nonthermal galactic radio emission, and extended to lower energies (about 300 MeV). The interstellar differential spectrum is described by a power law dependence on E with an index of -1.4 below 2 GeV, but attaining a slope of -2.6 at 2-10 GeV, and steepening further to almost -3.6 at 30-300 GeV. The features of this spectrum are interpreted in the context of galactic propagation models, assuming that the spectrum at the acceleration site has the form of a single power law. It is concluded that: (1) regions outside the galactic disk contribute to the confinement volume of electrons, (2) the containment time of electrons is of the order 10 to the 7th years and is independent of energy, (3) the spectrum at the acceleration site has a power law exponent equal to -2.65, and (4) a specific mechanism is responsible for the apparent flattening of the electron spectrum below 2 GeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 87
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    Log N-log S in inconclusive (1983)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The log N-log S data acquired by the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Gamma Burst Detector (PVO) are presented and compared to similar data from the Soviet KONUS experiment. Although the PVO data are consistent with and suggestive of a -3/2 power law distribution, the results are not adequate at this state of observations to differentiate between a -3/2 and a -1 power law slope.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-173153 , NAS 1.26:173153 , DE84-001301 , LA-UR-83-2776 , CONF-8307104-3 , Summer Workshop on Astron. and Astrophys.; Jul 10, 1983; Santa Cruz, CA; United States
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  • 88
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    Antiprotons in the cosmic radiation (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Cosmic ray antiprotons were first detected three years ago by Golden et al. (1979) and Bogomolov et al. (1979). The measured flux at about 10 GeV was found to be a factor of 5 to 10 higher than expected in the leaky box model. More recently, an unexpected high antiproton flux has been measured by Buffington et al. (1981) at about 200 MeV, well below a low energy cut-off in the spectrum expected if the antiprotons are secondary. This paper briefly reviews calculations of the flux of secondary antiprotons expected for different models of cosmic ray propagation and discusses some of the primary origin hypotheses which have been proposed to account for the data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Composition and origin of cosmic rays; Advanced Study Institute; Jun 20, 1982 - Jun 30, 1982; Erice; Italy
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  • 89
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    Emission model of gamma-ray bursts (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The emission mechanisms of cosmic gamma-ray bursts are reviewed. In particular, the thermal synchrotron model is discussed as the most viable mechanism for the majority of the continuum emission. Within this framework various information about the source region can be extracted. The picture that emerges is that of a hot (kT = .2 - 1.0 sq mc), thin sheet of dense pair-dominated plasma emitting via cyclo-synchrotron radiation in a strong magnetic field (B approximately one-hundred billion to one trillion gauss). Speculations on the origin and structure of this sheet are attempted. The problem of high-energy photons above pair production threshold escaping from the source is also considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Positron-electron pairs in astrophysics; Jan 06, 1983 - Jan 08, 1983; Greenbelt, MD
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  • 90
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    Rapporteur paper for sessions MG1, MG3, and MG4 - Modulation theory, interplanetary propagation, and interplanetary acceleration (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Theories and reported results from investigations of cosmic ray modulation and acceleration are summarized. Aspects considered include microscopic or fundamental theory, gradient and curvature drifts in modulation, and interplanetary acceleration of shocks and particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 91
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    ISEE-3 observations of 35-1600 keV protons and low frequency waves upstream of an interplanetary shock (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An example of observations of 35-1600-keV protons and low-frequency waves (period about 20 s) associated with the passage of an interplanetary shock at ISEE-3 is presented. For several hours prior to the arrival at the spacecraft of the quasi-parallel shock of April 5, 1979, enhanced fluxes of 35-1600-keV protons and large-amplitude low-frequency waves were observed. During most of this period the spectrum was dominated by particles with energies of about 200 keV. The amplitude of the waves is well correlated with the proton intensity at these energies, suggesting a close relation between the waves and the particles.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 92
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    Short and long term variations of the anomalous component (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data from the cosmic ray experiment on Voyagers 1 and 2 have been used to examine anomalous O and He in the time period from launch in 1977 to mid-1982. Several time periods where large periodic (typically 26 day) temporal variations of O between 5-15 MeV/nuc are present, are found with variations in intensity by up to a factor of 10. On the longer term, there is a sharp drop the anomalous O intensity relative to the galactic cosmic ray components in near the middle of 1980. After the decrease evidence is still found at about 10 AU for the presence of anomalous O and He near the time of maximum modulation. Data from a larger fraction of the solar cycle will be required before it can be determined whether the intensity of the anomalous component is lower in the second half of the cycle (after the solar field reversal) than in the first half.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 93
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    Correlation of source abundances of ultraheavy cosmic rays with first ionization potential - Results from HEAO-3 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The cosmic-ray-source abundances inferred from HEAO-3 observation by the Heavy Nuclei Experiment for Z = 30-60 generally follow the correlation with first-ionization potential which has previously been observed for Z less than 30. However the low Ge abundance suggests that the elemental 'volatility' may be an organizing factor.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 94
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    Adiabatic expansion of cosmic ray sources and the consequences for secondary antiprotons (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The low-energy antiproton flux measurement of Buffinton et al. (1981) is more than an order of magnitude higher than can be explained by interstellar production. It has been suggested that the excess antiprotons may be created by supernovae in very dense regions of ISM. These sources would provide the additional target material necessary to produce the excess cosmic ray antiprotons; in addition, adiabatic energy losses due to supernova expansion will increase the flux of low-energy antiprotons. The antiproton flux from such sources is examined here, with attention given to the energy loss effects of the adiabatic and collisional losses of both the primary and secondary cosmic ray fluxes. Ionization losses of the antiprotons are also considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 95
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    Upper limit to antiproton flux in cosmic radiation above 100 GeV using muon charge ratio (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Upper limits to the fraction of antiprotons in cosmic radiation have been estimated from the observed charge ratio of muons at sea-level. Using these values, it is shown that constraints can be set on the extragalactic hypothesis of the observed antiprotons in the framework of energy-dependent confinement of cosmic rays in the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 96
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    Energy spectra of ultraheavy cosmic rays - Results from HEAO-3 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The HEAO-3 Heavy Nuclei Experiment measures cosmic-ray energy directly in the interval 400 to about 1200 MeV/amu. Geomagnetic cutoffs can also be derived up to about 15 GV. Preliminary rigidity spectra of various ultraheavy cosmic-ray elements relative to iron are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 97
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    Cosmic-ray abundances of the even charge elements from Sn-50 to Ce-58 measured on HEAO-3 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Elements with even atomic number (Z) in the interval Z = 50-58 have been resolved in the cosmic radiation using the Heavy Nuclei Experiment on the HEAO-3 satellite. The observation that Sn-50 and Ba-56 are more abundant than Te-52 and Xe-54 indicates a substantial s-process contribution to the cosmic ray source. A significant abundance of Ce-58 provides further support for this finding.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 98
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    Studies of low energy cosmic rays - The anomalous component (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Data from the cosmic ray subsystem on the Voyager spacecraft is used to measure the spectra of He, C, N, O, and Ne with about 4-124 MeV/nuc (for O) near 1 AU. By subtracting both a low-energy solar/interplanetary component and the high-energy galactic component the energy spectra of the anomalous cosmic-ray species He, N, O, and Ne have been determined. It is suggested that the shapes of these spectra carry information about the charge state of the particles and the rigidity dependence of the diffusion coefficient. For similar power-law source spectra at the boundary of the modulation region, the location of features in the energy spectra indicates that the anomalous particles are singly ionized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 99
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    Gamma rays from the Crab Pulsar 0531+21 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Results are reported for observations of PSR 0531 + 21 performed with a gamma ray double Compton scatter telescope launched on a balloon. The operation of the telescope and the handling of the data are described. Phase diagrams for the pulsar and energy distributions for gamma rays from the primary and secondary pulses are shown and discussed. The results indicate that these observations are the first of gamma ray lines from neutrons captured on protons or iron in pulsars. Arguments supporting this interpretation are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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  • 100
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    Electronic detection of ultra-heavy nuclei by pyroelectric materials (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A recent prediction by the authors that pyroelectric materials may be capable of detecting ultra-heavy nuclei has been confirmed. Charge pulse signals from pyroelectric crystals of lithium tantalate exposed to Au ions and a pulsed beam of Ni-58 ions, and from pyroelectric films of polyvinylidene fluoride exposed to a pulsed beam of Ni-58 ions, have been measured using pulse electronics with time constants in the microsecond range. These studies show that pyroelectric materials, in general, are capable of detecting incident nuclei having very high mass and charge. In particular, pyroelectric polymers, such as polyvinylidene fluoride, are readily available as inexpensive flexible films. This new class of charged particle detector could eventually find applications in large-area experiments for detection and trajectory determination of low-energy, ultra-heavy nuclei.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: International Cosmic Ray Conference; Aug 22, 1983 - Sep 03, 1983; Bangalore; India
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