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  • General Chemistry  (6,302)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (2,550)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,569)
  • 1970-1974  (8,250)
  • 1940-1944  (2,171)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 101
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    Geophysical subsurface probing with radio-frequency interferometry (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The radio-frequency interferometry method can be used to probe interiors of celestial bodies and terrestrial areas with low conductivity. In order to interpret the interference patterns, a theoretical study is made of the electromagnetic fields due to a dipole antenna on the surface of a horizontally stratified n-layered medium. Three approaches are used to calculate the interference patterns: direct numerical integration, asymptotic evaluation by the saddle point method, and a residue series approach. The asymptotic approach leads to the geometrical-optics interpretation. The residue approach leads to modal analysis. The validity of the formulation is checked by comparisons with analog model tank experiments and actual field data obtained from glaciers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 102
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    Lower atmosphere composition and temperature experiment (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Description of an optical design evolved as a result of such a unique set of experiment requirements as: high spatial and spectral resolution, the need to scan object space in both elevation and azimuth, and tight size and weight limitations dictated by typical spacecraft constraints. All of these requirements are shown to have been met in an optical system that has been built, tested, and flown under extremely tight schedule and cost constraints.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 13; July-Aug
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  • 103
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    A new approach to lightweight radar altimeters (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Test results and key principles are given for a radar altimeter designed for meteorological balloons. The instrument, which weighs 160 g and consumes 0.7 W, will fill a gap in meteorological sensing using balloons - an area where pressure altitude was formerly the prevailing reference. The instrument is basically a delay-lock radar utilizing a superregenerative RF stage. Long-term absolute accuracy of plus or minus 10 m and short-term stability of better than 2 m rms were measured at altitudes of 20 km.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE; vol. 62
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  • 104
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    Thermal coupling measurement method (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Heat flow from an embedded heated wire responds to a change in the ambient environment. The wire is part of a self-balancing bridge system, and heat flow is measured directly in watts. Steady-state and transient thermal coupling can be measured directly and is an indication of the thermal resistance and diffusivity for the system under study. The method is applied to an aerospace electroexplosive component.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 11; May 1974
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  • 105
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    Whole-rock uranium analysis by fission track activation (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: We report a whole-rock uranium method in which the polished sample and track detector are separated in a vacuum chamber. Irradiation with thermal neutrons induces uranium fission in the sample, and the detector records the integrated fission track density. Detection efficiency and geometric factors are calculated and compared with calibration experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 106
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    Partial performance degradation of a remote sensor in a space environment, and some probable causes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Multispectral Scanner (MSS) was launched on the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS-1) on July 23, 1972. The MSS has two calibration systems, one internal and one external. Both calibration systems have shown strong, spectrally dependent performance degradation since launch. This paper presents details on the optical system of the MSS and data on the performance degradation as a function of both spectral interval and time in orbit. The history of the MSS during tests is traced, and it is shown that hydrocarbons from an external source may have been deposited on optical surfaces in the instrument. It is postulated that these contaminant coatings may have polymerized as a result of the exposure to UV light from the sun, increasing their blue absorbtion and accounting for the observed performance degradation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; May 1974
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  • 107
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    Zone plate interferometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A developed form of the Fresner zone-plate interferometer is described. Three basic configurations are distinguished, associated with the real and virtual first order foci of a zone plate. Related versions and higher order variants are also educed. Compensated phase zone plates used in this application are found to produce uniform amplitude wavefronts. The properties of the interferometer in this form are discussed and an example given of its high-quality performance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; May 1974
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  • 108
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    The Apollo X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Apollo X-ray fluorescence spectrometer was a part of a geochemical package flown on the Apollo 15 and 16 missions. The device was to map the concentrations of aluminum, magnesium, and silicon in the lunar regolith along the spacecraft ground track. A functional description of the spectrometer is given and the telemetry data format is discussed together with the pulse height analyzer, the pulse shape discriminator, questions of in-flight calibration, and the flight results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 109
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    Unique properties of SBN and their use in a layered optical memory (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Holographic storage experiments using crystal Sr(0.75)Ba(0.25)Nb2O6 (SBN 75/25) as a volume-phase holographic medium show that this material is the most sensitive crystalline storage medium yet discovered. An exposure level of 0.003 J/sq cm at 0.488 micron produces a 1% diffraction efficiency in a 5-mm length of crystal. In addition to high recording sensitivity, SBN 75/25 exhibits interesting electric-field induced effects that include electric-field enhanced recording sensitivity and voltage-switchable latent-to-active holographic reconstruction efficiency. These effects are explained in terms of drift and diffusion of photoionized carriers coupled with the nonlinear electrooptic behavior characteristic of this low Curie temperature ferroelectric crystal. A mechanism is proposed that correlates the observed electrically controlled holographic response with the dielectric behavior of the crystal. These interesting effects are used to implement a novel, layered optical memory having no moving parts and having electrical access for writing or reading selected layers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Apr. 197
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  • 110
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    Instrument to measure energy and charge of low energy interplanetary particles (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experiment to measure the charge composition and energy spectra of ultra low energy charged particles in interplanetary space has been developed and launched on the IMP 8 (Explorer 50) satellite on Oct. 26, 1973. The instrument consists of two separate sensors sharing common electronics. One of these sensors uses a thin window gas proportional counter to measure the rate of energy loss and a totally depleted silicon surface barrier detector to measure total energy of incoming particles. The energy range for two dimensional analysis extends from 300 KeV to 2.5 MeV for protons and 60 KeV/nucleon to 25 MeV/nucleon for iron with excellent resolution of individual chemical elements. The other sensor combines electrostatic deflection with total energy measurements in silicon surface barrier detectors to give the ionic charge and kinetic energy of the particle.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 111
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    Use of a diffuser for producing texture masks for image processing (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The use of a diffuser in synthesizing binary texture-variance masks for applications in image processing is investigated. The binary texture-variance masks are used to separate various objects in an image on the basis of their spatial texture variance. The diffuser is required to reduce the speckling present in the mask. The reduction in speckling is described quantitatively as a reduction of the misclassification probability associated with the separation of the objects into several texture classes. General results are furnished for the statistics of the field scattered by the diffuser, and these are used to obtain expressions for the misclassification probabilities in the presence of a diffuser.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Mar. 197
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  • 112
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    Extreme ultraviolet spectrometer for space research (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A normal incidence spectrometer for use in the wavelength region from 200 to 1270 A has been developed. The design and calibration of the instrument are described in detail. The spectrometer can be employed to detect extreme UV radiation at a minimum flux level of 1 rayleigh with a spectral resolution of 40 A and a spatial resolution of 6 deg. Data on the extreme UV night sky spectrum between 780 and 1270 A obtained with this instrument on a recent rocket flight are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Mar. 197
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  • 113
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    Resonantly two-photon pumped frequency converter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This letter describes a resonantly two-photon pumped frequency converter with application to the generation of tunable ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet radiation and also to infrared-to-visible up-conversion and imaging. Calculations show that up-conversion power efficiencies in excess of 100% should be obtained with tunable dye lasers having peak powers in the hundred watt to kilowatt range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AD-778661 , AROD-7580-18-P , Applied Physics Letters; 24; Mar. 1
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  • 114
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    Moire patterns and two-dimensional aliasing in line scanner data acquisition systems (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The basic mechanism underlying the generation of Moire patterns in line scanner data acquisition systems is examined. A general expression is developed in terms of typical system parameters for the reproduced image of such systems and the interaction of the image spectrum; the raster frequency and digital sampling frequency of the A/D conversion process are discussed and examples given. System design requirements for avoiding Moire pattern generation and two-dimensional aliasing are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-12; Jan. 197
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  • 115
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    MSFC Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount thermal control system mission evaluation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Skylab Saturn Workshop Assembly was designed to expand the knowledge of manned earth orbital operations and accomplish a multitude of scientific experiments. The Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), a module of the Skylab Saturn Workshop Assembly, was the first manned solar observatory to successfully observe, monitor, and record the structure and behavior of the sun outside the earth's atmosphere. The ATM contained eight solar telescopes that recorded solar phenomena in X-ray, ultraviolet, white light, and hydrogen alpha regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. In addition, the ATM contained the Saturn Workshop Assembly's pointing and attitude control system, a data and communication system, and a solar array/rechargeable battery power system. This document presents the overall ATM thermal design philosophy, premission and mission support activity, and the mission thermal evaluation. Emphasis is placed on premission planning and orbital performance with particular attention on problems encountered during the mission. ATM thermal performance was satisfactory throughout the mission. Although several anomalies occurred, no failure was directly attributable to a deficiency in the thermal design.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64823
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  • 116
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    Data processing improvements for the Skylab S-191 EREP spectrometer (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The characteristics of the S-191 spectrometer (filter wheel infrared spectrometer) are discussed. Inherent deficiencies in previous spectrometers are described and the techniques for correcting the deficiencies are explained. The radiance errors caused by error in wavelength are identified and the effects on the accuracy of the spectrometer are described. It is stated that the most important source of error in the S-191 spectrometer is off-band radiation in which the detected radiation is far from the wavelength which is expected to be detected by the sensor at that particular time. A numerical analysis of the effects of off-band radiation is developed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-140208 , LEC-3580
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  • 117
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    A dynamic pressure generator for checking complete pressure sensing systems installed on an airplane (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A portable dynamic pressure generator, how it operates, and a test setup on an airplane are described. The generator is capable of providing a sinusoidal pressure having a peak-to-peak amplitude of 3.5 N/sq cm (5 psi) at frequencies ranging from 100 hertz to 200 hertz. A typical power spectral density plot of data from actual dynamic pressure fluctuation tests within the air inlet of the YF-12 airplane is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-56026
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  • 118
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    Information content of IRIS spectra (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Spectra from the satellite instrument IRIS (infra red interferometer spectrometer) were examined to find the number of independent variables needed to describe these broadband high spectral resolution data. The radiated power in the atmospheric window from 771 to 981/cm was the first parameter chosen for fitting observed spectra. At succeeding levels of analysis the residual variability (observed spectrum - best fit spectrum) in an ensemble of observations was partioned into spectral eigenvectors. The eigenvector describing the largest fraction of this variability was examined for a strong spectral signature; the power in the corresponding spectral band was then used as the next fitting parameter. The measured power in nine spectral intervals, when inserted in the spectral fitting functions, was adequate to describe most spectra to within the noise level of IRIS. Considerations of relative signal strength and scales of atmospheric variability suggest a combination sounder (multichannel-broad field of view) scanner (window channel-small field of view) as an efficient observing instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70721 , X-913-74-209
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  • 119
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    Study of an instrument for sensing errors in a telescope wavefront (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Focal plane sensors for determining the error in a telescope wavefront were investigated. The construction of three candidate test instruments and their evaluation in terms of small wavefront error aberration measurements are described. A laboratory wavefront simulator was designed and fabricated to evaluate the test instruments. The laboratory wavefront error simulator was used to evaluate three tests; a Hartmann test, a polarization shearing interferometer test, and an interferometric Zernike test.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120353
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  • 120
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    Engineering studies related to the GEOS-C radar altimeter (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experiment requirements, technical characteristics, and GEOS-C radar altimeter related analyses are discussed along with results of a study on engineering test data requirements. Statistical analyses related to determination of wave height resolution achievable as a function of system characteristics and averaging period are described, in addition to a discussion on the desirability of using computer procedures to compensate for altitude tracker time-jitter. Data processing considerations for the GEOS-C system are examined. An extensive analysis of the spatial filter effect is given and results of a computation of geoidal power spectral density, based on Skylab altimeter data, is displayed and interpreted in terms of projected GEOS-C random errors. This information is then used in deriving minimum-mean-square filter procedures for both geoid undulation and slope data. The characteristics of mean received waveforms as a function of off-nadir angle are used to obtain tracker bias as a function of sea state and pointing angle. The angle estimation process proposed by the GEOS-C hardware contractor is also investigated from a standpoint of achievable angular resolution.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-137462
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  • 121
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    Operators manual for microdensitometer control program densitometer model PDS-1010G (modified). Program trace version 3B (section 3) (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The PDS-1010G microdensitometer is run under the control of a PDP-11 program called TRACE. This program gives the operator vary flexible control over the machine functions. Most commands are passed to the computer through either the Tektronix 4010 terminal or the teletype, as selected by the position of the LOCAL/LINE rocker switch above the 4010 keyboard. (LINE places the 4010 in control; LOCAL transfers control to the teletype. In general, the teletype is used when the operator desires a permanent record of the operator-computer dialogue.) A small number of control functions are requested by setting switches on the computer front panel.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120378 , LMSC-D402244-SECT-3
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  • 122
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    Operators manual for the magnetograph program (section 2) (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This manual for use of the magnetograph program describes: (1) black box use of the programs; (2) the magtape data formats used; (3) the adjustable control parameters in the program; and (4) the algorithms. With no adjustments on the control parameters this program may be used purely as a black box. For optimal use, however, the control parameters may be varied. The magtape data formats are of use in adopting other programs to look at raw data or final magnetograph data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120377 , LMSC-D402244-SECT-2
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  • 123
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    The spectra spectroheliograph system, section 1 (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system capable of producing maps of the magnetic field straight from spectra was created. The theory of the extraction of magnetic field information by Fourier transform techniques is discussed. Contour maps of a high gradient magnetic field region are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120376 , LMSC-D402244-SECT-1
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  • 124
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    Digital image enhancement techniques used in some ERTS application problems (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Enhancements discussed include contrast stretching, multiratio color displays, Fourier plane operations to remove striping and boosting MTF response to enhance high spatial frequency content. The use of each technique in a specific application in the fields of geology, geomorphology and oceanography is demonstrated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: PAPER-I16 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1971-1992
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  • 125
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    Spectral and textural processing of ERTS imagery (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A procedure is developed to simultaneously extract textural features from all bands of ERTS multispectral scanner imagery for automatic analysis. Multi-images lead to excessively large grey tone N-tuple co-occurrence matrices; therefore, neighboring grey N-tuple differences are measured and an ellipsoidally symmetric functional form is assumed for the co-occurrence distribution of multiimage greytone N-tuple differences. On the basis of past data the ellipsoidally symmetric approximation is shown to be reasonable. Initial evaluation of the procedure is encouraging.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: PAPER-I15 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1929-1969
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  • 126
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    Principal components colour display of ERTS imagery (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: In the technique presented, colours are not derived from single bands, but rather from independent linear combinations of the bands. Using a simple model of the processing done by the visual system, three informationally independent linear combinations of the four ERTS bands are mapped onto the three visual colour dimensions of brightness, redness-greenness and blueness-yellowness. The technique permits user-specific transformations which enhance particular features, but this is not usually needed, since a single transformation provides a picture which conveys much of the information implicit in the ERTS data. Examples of experimental vector images with matched individual band images are shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: PAPER-I12 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1877-1897
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  • 127
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    Interpretation of ERTS-1 imagery aided by photographic enhancement (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Agfacontour film can be used to produce relatively economical enhancements of density differences recorded on film. Image interpreters often ask whether enhancement really increases the information content of the original images. Examples of ERTS-1 imagery enhancements show that it is possible to separate density levels which are not discernible by the human eye. It is stressed that these techniques do not replace the photo interpreter, but rather they aid him in the interpretation process. Subtle density variations are made to stand out and on objective classification of the densities forming the image is produced.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: PAPER-I6 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. B; p 1773-1786
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  • 128
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    User oriented ERTS-1 images (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Photographic reproduction of ERTS-1 images are capable of displaying only a portion of the total information available from the multispectral scanner. Methods are being developed to generate ERTS-1 images oriented towards special users such as agriculturists, foresters, and hydrologists by applying image enhancement techniques and interactive statistical classification schemes. Spatial boundaries and linear features can be emphasized and delineated using simple filters. Linear and nonlinear transformations can be applied to the spectral data to emphasize certain ground information. An automatic classification scheme was developed to identify particular ground cover classes such as fallow, grain, rape seed or various vegetation covers. The scheme applies the maximum likelihood decision rule to the spectral information and classifies the ERTS-1 image on a pixel by pixel basis. Preliminary results indicate that the classifier has limited success in distinguishing crops, but is well adapted for identifying different types of vegetation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: PAPER-A2 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 3d ERTS-1 Symp., Vol. 1, Sect. A; p 29-40
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  • 129
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    Design study for a magnetically supported reaction wheel (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are described of a study program in which the characteristics of a magnetically supported reaction wheel are defined. Tradeoff analyses are presented for the principal components, which are then combined in several reaction wheel design concepts. A preliminary layout of the preferred configuration is presented along with calculated design and performance parameters. Recommendations are made for a prototype development program.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-139282 , PUB-71-0489-00-00
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  • 130
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    Surface composition mapping radiometer instrument (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design, development, and fabrication of a three-channel scanning radiometer are discussed. The instrument was flown on Nimbus 5 satellite and measured infrared energy in the 8.3 to 9.3, 10.2 to 11.2, and 0.8 to 1.1 micron spectral regions. The instrument parameters are presented. Theoretical discussions of the instrument subassemblies are provided. Operational details of the mechanical and electrical portions of the instrument are included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-139034
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  • 131
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    High reliability sheathed, beryllia insulated, tungsten-rhenium alloy thermocouple assemblies; their fabrication and EMF stability (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tantalum sheathed, BeO insulated, W-3% Re/W-25% Re thermocouple assemblies were fabricated and their emf drift determined during 2059 hours of exposure at 2073 K in a gaseous helium environment. The sheathed thermocouple assemblies were constructed from aged thermoelements, specially heat-treated BeO insulators, and specially cleaned and etched tantalum sheaths. Their thermal emf drifts ranged from the equivalent of only -0.3 to -0.8 K drift per 1000 hours of exposure at 2073 K. No evidence of any gross chemical attack or degradation of the component materials was found. The emf drift and material behavior of some unsheathed, BeO insulated, W-3% Re/W-25% Re thermocouples at 2250 and 2400 K were also determined. Unsheathed thermocouples tested in an argon environment at 2250 K for 1100 hours and at 2400 K for 307 hours exhibited changes in thermal emf that typically ranged from the equivalent of a few degrees K to as much as +11 K. Post-test examinations of these thermocouples revealed some undesirable material degradation and interaction which included erosion of the BeO insulators and contamination of the thermoelements by tantalum from the tantalum blackbody enclosure in which the thermocouples were contained.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-134549 , NBSIR-74-447
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    Software and modifications for automated microwave spectral measurements on the Hewlett Packard 8460 spectrometer (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A Hewlett-Packard 8460A spectrometer was adapted for automatic spectral searches and measurements under computer control. Software consists of a BASIC language control program and assembly language equipment drivers. Complete software listings are given including cross reference tables. Each equipment driver program is discussed, and wiring diagrams are given for the additions required for computer control.
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    Type: NASA-TM-X-71993
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    Preliminary flight prototype silver ion monitoring system (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design, fabrication, and testing of a preliminary flight prototype silver ion monitoring system based on potentiometric principles and utilizing a solid-state silver sulfide electrode paired with a pressurized double-junction reference electrode housing a replaceable electrolyte reservoir is described. The design provides automatic electronic calibration utilizing saturated silver bromide solution as a silver ion standard. The problem of loss of silver ion from recirculating fluid, its cause, and corrective procedures are reported. The instability of the silver sulfide electrode is discussed as well as difficulties met in implementing the autocalibration procedure.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-134361 , FR-2656-101
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  • 134
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    Development of a long wavelength spectrometer for the 24-channel multispectral scanner: Instructions for installation, start-up, and adjustment (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The basic information is presented, which is required for start-up and operation of two long-wavelength focal-plane and cooler assemblies, including the amplifiers and temperature control systems. The focal plane systems, referred to as the long wavelength spectrometer (LWS) were developed for direct replacement of Arrays 3 and 4 into the multispectral scanner presently being operated by the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center Facility, and Laboratory Support Branch. The equipment is comprised of two major sub-assemblies: Array 3 with three indium antimonide detector channels and Array 4 with seven mercury doped Germanium detector channels. Each array is mounted on a cryogenic cooler and includes the vacuum housings, mounting hardware (x, y, z translation and rotation stages) and detector signal conditioning, temperature control and monitoring electronics. The two arrays were designed to operate independently and do not share common equipment (viz power supplies, housings, mounts, etc.).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-134350 , REPT-5064
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  • 135
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    Improved integrated real-time contamination monitor (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The laboratory model of the ITREM including the photomultiplier is described along with the utilization of the instrument. The preliminary designs are reviewed, and the development of the optical module for the instrument is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120289 , CASD-NAS-74-009
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  • 136
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    Apollo 17 lunar surface cosmic ray detector (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The objectives and selected data are presented for the Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Cosmic Ray Experiment (LSCRE) for the purpose of introducing an analysis of three of the separate detectors contained within in LSCRE package. The mica detector for measuring heavy solar wind, and the lexan stack and glass detectors for measuring energetic particles in space are discussed in terms of their deployment, exposure time, calibration, and data yield. Relevant articles on solar particles, interplanetary ions, and cosmic ray nuclei are also included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-134329
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  • 137
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    Laser holographic detection of tiny thin tapes beneath a thick opaque composite structure (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: Real-time laser holographic interferometry technique has been applied successfully in the detection of 1mm x 1mm x 0.025mm duct tapes hidden beneath a 150mm x 150mm x 16mm ceramic-epoxy-fiberglass sandwiched structure. The experimental results clearly demonstrate future applicability of this technique in the optical nondestructive detection of debonds and flaws in such composite structures.
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  • 138
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    Geometric correction for spherical ion chambers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The dose at the center and the average dose of a spherical ion chamber were calculated for various inner and outer radii for a radiation spectrum described by E raised to a negative exponent, where the exponent ranges from 2.5 to 7. When the ratio of the chamber's inner radius to the wall thickness is small, the dose at the center does not deviate significantly from the average dose. However, when the ratio equals 5, the center dose exceeds the average dose by about 100% for an exponent of 7, and by about 30% for an exponent of 2.5.
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  • 139
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    Wide range multi-channel analog switch (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A ten-channel analog switch has been developed as a sample and shape circuit for signals used as inputs to a logarithmic pulse height recording system. The circuit employs a field effect transistor as the switching element. Switching transients are reduced to approximately 2 mV by adding to the gated signal an inverted transient generated by an identical circuit with no signal applied. The circuit is linear to 2% from 3 mV to 10 V.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 121; 1974
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  • 140
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    Removal of seeing and instrumental blur effects from astronomical scanner observations (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Phillips-Twomey method for solving simultaneous integral equations is applied to the problem of removing blur effects arising from atmospheric and instrumental sources from astronomical observations made with photoelectric area-scanning instruments. Details of the method and the effects of observational errors on the quality of the results are discussed in the context of applications to actual observations of stars and the planet Saturn.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 141
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    Remote atmospheric sensing with an airborne laser absorption spectrometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A laser absorption spectrometer, using an IR laser transmitter and a heterodyne radiometer, can be used from an aircraft or spacecraft to measure altitude profiles of air pollutants and other atmospheric constituents. The technique involves measurement of differential absorption at several wavelengths, using the diffusely reflecting earth's surface to provide a return signal. The pressure broadening of absorption lines allows one to discriminate between high and low altitude absorbers. Application of the technique to measurements of ozone, nitric oxide, and water vapor are presented. CO2 and CO lasers are considered as transmitters. The discussion includes altitude resolution limitations, atmospheric temperature dependence, and frequency stability requirements of the instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 142
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    10-micron heterodyne stellar interferometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A spatial interferometer for 10-micron wavelength which uses two independent telescopes separated by 5.5 m, heterodyne detection of the infrared radiation, and path equalization by a variable-length RF cable, has given interference fringes from radiation of the planet Mercury. Continuous fringe observations during 4000 sec indicate remarkable stability in the optical-path difference through the atmosphere and the two telescopes, fluctuations between 20-sec averages being about 1/6 of the 10-micron wavelength.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 33; Dec. 30
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  • 143
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    A spark gap switching system for gasdynamic facilities (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A spark gap switching system has been developed to coordinate the discharge of a 300 kJ capacitor bank with the high speed flow of helium in a shock tube driver. The trigger system includes a flow transducer, a pulse forming circuit, a high voltage spark generator, and four heavy duty spark gaps that can carry total peak currents greater than 1.5 million A. A glow gauge flow transducer sensitive to small gas density changes was used whose input power and signal output can withstand high voltage fluctuations. This switching system is of use with gasdynamic discharge devices requiring a minimum number of switches.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 45; Nov. 197
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  • 144
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    Drift in interference filters. I (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Studies of narrow-band interference filters have shown that two mechanisms exist that cause drift to shorter wavelengths. One is dependent on the thermal history of the filter, and the other depends on the radiation history. The present paper presents experimental results on thermal effects; and it is shown that by a proper bake cycle, ZnS-cryolite filters are stable for years if stored at less than 38 C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Nov. 197
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  • 145
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    Drift in interference filters. II - Radiation effects (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Studies of peak transmission drift in narrow-band interference filters have shown that there exist two mechanisms that cause drift toward shorter wavelengths. One is dependent on the thermal history of the filter and is discussed in Part 1 of this paper. The other is dependent on the exposure of the filter to radiation. For ZnS-cryolite filters of particular design, it is experimentally demonstrated that the filters are most sensitive to radiation in a 100-A band centered at approximately 3900 A. The drift rate in the focal plane of an f/20 solar image is approximately 3 A/100 hr of exposure. Further, it is also shown by model calculations that the observed radiation-induced drift is consistent with the hypothesis that the optical thickness of ZnS decreases in proportion to the radiant energy absorbed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Nov. 197
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  • 146
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    Infrared radiometer for the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions to Jupiter (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Pioneer 10 has successfully encountered Jupiter and several of its satellites. The two-channel infrared radiometer used to obtain data relating to thermal properties of the planet and its atmosphere is described. The instrument features a body-fixed, 7.62-cm-diam aperture Cassegrainian telescope with restrahlen filters defining the 14- to 25-micron and 30- to 56-micron bands. Detectors are 88-junction evaporated thin-film thermopiles. Stringent weight constraints of 2 kg dictated all-beryllium construction. Power consumption was 1.2 W.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Nov. 197
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  • 147
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    Water depth penetration film test (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: As part of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Resources Program, a comparative and controlled evaluation of nine film-filter combinations was completed to establish the relative effectiveness in recording water subsurface detail if exposed from an aerial platform over a typical water body. The films tested, with one exception, were those which prior was suggested had potential. These included an experimental 2-layer positive color film, a 2-layer (minus blue layer) film, a normal 3-layer color film, a panchromatic black-and-white film, and a black-and-white infrared film. Selective filtration was used with all films.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering; 40; Nov. 197
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  • 148
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    Very high resolution radiometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A primary sensor used in environmental and earth-resource observation, the Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) was designed for use on the ITOS D series spacecraft. The VHRR provides a 0.47 mile resolution made possible with a mercury-cadmium-telluride detector cooled to approximately 105 K by a passive radiator cooler. The components of this system are described. The optical subsystem of the VHRR consists of a scanning mirror, a Dall-Kirkham telescope, a dichroic beam splitter, relay lenses, spectral filters, and an IR detector. Signal electronics amplify and condition the signals from the infrared and visible light detector. Sync generator electronics provides the necessary time signals. Scan-drive electronics is used for commutation of the motor winding, velocity, and phase control. A table lists the performance parameters of the VHRR.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: RCA Engineer; 20; June-Jul
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  • 149
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    The magnetic matrix time interval meter (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A time interval meter is being developed which allows the recording of a number of event times with high resolution over a relatively long period of time.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Sixth Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Planning Meeting; p 159-163
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  • 150
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    Development of an alpha scattering instrument for heavy element detection in surface materials (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development and characteristics of a portable instrument for detecting and measuring the amounts of lead in painted surfaces are discussed. The instrument is based on the ones used with the alpha scattering experiment on the Surveyor lunar missions. The principles underlying the instrument are described. It is stated that the performance tests of the instrument were satisfactory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141009
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  • 151
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    Hall effect magnetometer (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A magnetometer which uses a single crystal of bismuth selenide is described. The rhombohedral crystal structure of the sensing element is analyzed. The method of construction of the magnetometer is discussed. It is stated that the sensing crystal has a positive or negative Hall coefficient and a carrier concentration of about 10 to the 18th power to 10 to the 20th power per cubic centimeter.
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  • 152
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    Ultrasonic bone densitometer (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A device, for measuring the density of a bone structure so as to monitor the calcium content, is described. A pair of opposed spaced ultrasonic transducers are held within a clamping apparatus closely adjacent the bone being analyzed. These ultrasonic transducers incude piezoelectric crystals shaped to direct signals through the bone encompassed in the heel and finger of the subject being tested. A pulse generator is coupled to one of the transducers and generates an electric pulse for causing the transducers to generate an ultrasonic sound wave which is directed through the bone structure to the other transducer. An electric circuit, including an amplifier and a bandpass filter couples the signals from the receiver transducer back to the pulse generator for retriggering the pulse generator at a frequency proportional to the duration that the ultrasonic wave takes to travel through the bone structure being examined.
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  • 153
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    A technique for generating shear waves in cylindrical shells under radial impact (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental techniques are developed to study and measure the shear-wave velocity in an aluminum cylindrical shell subjected to a radial impact. The radial impact is obtained by exploding an electrical detonator inserted in plastic plugs mounted on the end of the shell. Strain gages, mounted on the outside surface of the shell at various axial locations, are used to obtain oscilloscope traces from which the shear-wave velocity can be calculated.
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  • 154
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    Space and velocity focusing in time-of-flight mass spectrometers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A focusing equation is developed describing the relationship between space and velocity focusing for all one-dimensional time-of-flight mass spectrometers with constant electric fields. As a result of this equation, first-order double time focusing in one dimension is impossible. The possibility of large improvements in the resolving power of the time-of-flight mass spectrometers is discussed on this basis. The focusing equation also leads to an expression for the minimum time resolution obtainable. This second equation is applied to the conventional Wiley and McLaren (1955) two-field time-of-flight mass spectrometer with and without time-lag focusing, and to the mirror instrument of Karataev et al. (1972).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Physics; 14; 1974
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  • 155
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    Two well-corrected four-mirror telescopes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study has been conducted of a configuration resembling that of a Cassegrain telescope with two nested mirrors in the plane of the primary and two nested mirrors in the plane of the secondary. The focal plane was located in the plane of the first and the third mirror. The four surfaces available in the device for corrections made it possible to correct for third-order spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, and distortion.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; Aug. 197
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  • 156
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    Optical grating evaluator - A device for detailed measurement of diffraction grating efficiencies in the vacuum ultraviolet (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A device for detailed measurement of diffraction grating efficiencies and over-all performance in the VUV has been designed and constructed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The system employs semiautomated mechanisms to scan the face of the grating with a narrow monochromatic beam, and an efficiency map of the grating surface is produced on a strip chart recorder. Grating efficiency in the various diffracted orders and intensity of light scattered between orders may also be measured. A unique feature is the ability to determine the angle and effectiveness of grating blaze and variations in blaze under different conditions of illumination.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; May 1974
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  • 157
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    An S-band radiometer design with high absolute precision (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A radiometer for the remote measurement of sea surface temperature is described. The development of an instrument capable not only of high relative accuracy (i.e., resolution) but also of high absolute precision is considered. The concepts underlying the design of an instrument capable of an absolute accuracy of a few tenths degrees Kelvin in the measurement of brightness temperature at S band are described. The role of the antenna is discussed, and the importance of high ohmic and beam efficiencies is stressed. The hardware itself is fully described, along with an outline concerning the design of a unique cryogenically cooled termination used to calibrate the whole radiometer, including antenna. Finally, some test results are presented that show that the design goals for the instrument have been closely approached.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques; MTT-22; Apr. 197
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  • 158
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    Adaptive compensation for an optical tracking telescope (1974)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The application of model referenced adaptive control theory to an optical tracking telescope is discussed. The capability of the adaptive technique to compensate for mount irregularities such as inertial variations and bearing friction is demonstrated via field test results on a large tracking telescope. Results are presented which show a 6 to 1 improvement in tracking accuracy for a worst-case satellite trajectory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Automatica; 10; Mar. 197
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  • 159
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    Design and calibration of a rocket-borne electron spectrometer for investigation of particle ionization in the nighttime midlatitude E region (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An explanation was developed for the formation, near midnight at midlatitudes, of a broad electron density layer extending approximately from 120 to 180 km and usually referred to as the intermediate E layer. The responsible mechanism is believed to be the converging vertical ion drifts resulting from winds of the solar semidiurnal tide. Numerical solutions of the continuity equation appropriate to the intermediate layer is described for particular models of ion drift, diffusion coefficents, and ionization production. Analysis of rocket observations of the layer show that the ionization rate is highly correlated with the planetary geomagnetic index, K sub p. Particle flux measurements support the idea that energetic electrons are the principal source of this ionization. A semiconductor spectrometer experiment for investigation of the particle flux, spectrum, and angular properties was designed and successfully flown on a Nike Apache rocket. A detailed description of the theory, design, and calibration of the experiment and some preliminary results presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-140579 , AERONOMY-62 , UILU-ENG-74-2505
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  • 160
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    High-response on-line gas analysis system for hydrogen-reaction combustion products (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of testing an on-line quadrupole gas analyzer system are reported. Gas samples were drawn from the exhaust of a hydrogen-oxygen-nitrogen rocket which simulated the flow composition and dynamics at the combustor exit of a supersonic combustion ramjet engine. System response time of less than 50 milliseconds was demonstrated, with analytical accuracy estimated to be + or - 5 percent. For more complex chemical systems with interfering atom patterns, analysis would be more difficult. A cooled-gas pyrometer probe was evaluated as a total temperature indicator and as the primary mass flow measuring element for the total sample flow rate.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3123 , E-8014
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  • 161
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    An ellipsometer with variable angle of incidence for studies in ultrahigh vacuum (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The windows for the vacuum chamber are incorporated into the optical bench system by means of flexible bellows which allow measurements to be made over a large range of angle of incidence, one of which is chosen so that maximum sensitivity is obtained. The principal angle of incidence was determined, and straightforward corrections for strain birefringence of vacuum chamber windows were made. Atomically clean surfaces of sodium chloride and lithium fluoride were investigated to verify the performance of the system. Submonolayer and monolayer coverage of water on these surfaces could be detected. On cleavage planes of NaCl, a first monolayer of adsorbed water is complete at about one torr only.
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    Type: NASA-TM-X-64884
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  • 162
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    Development and testing of laser Doppler system components for wake vortex monitoring. Volume 2: Scanner operations manual (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The theory and operation of the scanner portion of the laser Doppler system for detecting and monitoring aircraft trailing vortices in an airport environment are discussed. Schematics, wiring diagrams, component values, and operation and checkout procedures are included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120467 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D390159-2
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  • 163
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    Absolute pressure transducers for space shuttle and orbiter propulsion and control systems (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary design was completed, reviewing of such subjects as: the trade studies for media isolation and one sensor vs. two sensors for two bridges; compensation resistors; unit design; hydrogen embrittlement; sealing techniques and test station design. A design substantiation phase was finished, consisting of testing of a prototype unit and fabrication technique studies. A cryogenic test station was implemented and prototype sensor cells were fabricated, sensors assembled, and cryogenic tests performed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120473 , FER-4715-98
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  • 164
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    Development and testing of laser Doppler system components for wake vortex monitoring. Volume 1: Scanner development, laboratory and field testing and system modeling (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A servo-controlled range/elevation scanner for the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was developed and tested in the field to assess its performance in detecting and monitoring aircraft trailing vortices in an airport environment. The elevation scanner provides a capability to manually point the LDV telescope at operator chosen angles from 3.2 deg. to 89.6 deg within 0.2 deg, or to automatically scan the units between operator chosen limits at operator chosen rates of 0.1 Hz to 0.5 Hz. The range scanner provides a capability to manually adjust the focal point of the system from a range of 32 meters to a range of 896 meters under operator control, or to scan between operator chosen limits and at rates from 0.1 Hz to 6.9 Hz. The scanner controls are designed to allow simulataneous range and elevation scanning so as to provide finger scan patterns, arc scan patterns, and vertical line scan patterns. The development and testing of the unit is discussed, along with a fluid dynamic model of the wake vortex developed in a laser Doppler vortex sensor simulation program.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120466 , LMSC-HREC-TR-D390159-1
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    Research study on stabilization and control modern sampled-data control theory (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The methods of continuous and discrete describing function analysis were applied to predicting the existence of self-sustained oscillations in the single-axis model of the large space telescope system with nonlinear control moment gyroscope friction characteristics. It is shown that the stability equations may be solved by a numerical-iterative technique using the describing function analysis, instead of the usual graphical methods. The numerical method is found to be effective in leading to a convergent solution rapidly, with an appropriate guess of the initial condition.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120455
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  • 166
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    Evaluation of S190A radiometric exposure test data (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The S190A preflight radiometric exposure test data generated as part of preflight and system test of KM-002 Sequence 29 on flight camera S/N 002 was analyzed. The analysis was to determine camera system transmission using available data which included: (1) films exposed to a calibrated light source subject; (2) filter transmission data; (3) calibrated light source data; (4) density vs. log10 exposure curves for the films; and (5) spectral sensitometric data for the films. The procedure used is outlined, and includes the data and a transmission matrix as a function of field position for nine measured points on each station-film-filter-aperture-shutter speed combination.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-140387 , TR-74-1
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  • 167
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    Acoustics of the piezo-electric pressure probe (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Acoustical properties of a piezoelectric device are reported for measuring the pressure in the plasma flow from an MPD arc. A description and analysis of the acoustical behavior in a piezoelectric probe is presented for impedance matching and damping. The experimental results are presented in a set of oscillographic records.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-141111 , REPT-1179
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  • 168
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    Strain gauge ambiguity sensor for segmented mirror active optical system (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system is described to measure alignment between interfacing edges of mirror segments positioned to form a segmented mirror surface. It serves as a gauge having a bending beam with four piezoresistive elements coupled across the interfaces of the edges of adjacent mirror segments. The bending beam has a first position corresponding to alignment of the edges of adjacent mirror segments, and it is bendable from the first position in a direction and to a degree dependent upon the relative misalignment between the edges of adjacent mirror segments to correspondingly vary the resistance of the strain guage. A source of power and an amplifier are connected in circuit with the strain gauge whereby the output of the amplifier varies according to the misalignment of the edges of adjacent mirror segments.
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  • 169
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    Apparatus for microbiological sampling (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An automatic apparatus is described for microbiologically sampling surface using a cotton swab which eliminates human error. The apparatus includes a self-powered transport device, such as a motor-driven wheeled cart, which mounts a swabbing motor drive for a crank arm which supports a swab in the free end thereof. The swabbing motor is pivotably mounted and an actuator rod movable responsive to the cart traveling a predetermined distance provides lifting of the swab from the surface being sampled and reversal of the direction of travel of the cart.
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  • 170
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    Development of a battery status monitor (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A prototype battery status monitor system has been developed. The functions of the system are: (1) to provide the energy status of the battery, (2) to measure and transmit basic battery parameters, (3) to process these measurements required to determine abnormal functioning of the battery, and (4) to transmit warning signals of the abnormal condition along with a go/no go signal. The system was developed for use with the space shuttle.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-140362 , TR-EE-74-110
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  • 171
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    Signal conditioner test set (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A system was developed for testing components contained in a signal conditioning module with a transistor and capacitor included in a circuit. The system includes a housing with a socket into which the module to be tested is plugged. A test switch is provided for selectively connecting a variable load to either a transistor or capacitor in the circuit for testing the operation. A signal generating circuit is provided for generating signals for use in testing the components of the module.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 172
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    Composite materials inspection (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Investigation of the application requirements, advantages, and limitations of nondestructive testing by a technique of ultrasonic-vibration holographic-interferometry readout used in a production control facility for the inspection of a single product such as composite compressor blades. It is shown that, for the detection and characterization of disbonds in composite material structures, this technique may represent the most inclusive test method.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 173
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    Skylab multispectral scanner /S-192/ - Optical design and operational imagery (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Description of the design and performance of a multispectral scanner that makes possible photographic reproductions of actual flight recordings at an 80-meter resolution for an altitude of 440 km. Maximum scan pattern stability and instrument compactness have been achieved in the design.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 13; July-Aug
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  • 174
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    Solar X-ray photography with multiplex pin-hole camera (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A scatter-hole X-ray camera has been designed and flown in a rocket to measure solar X radiation. Its distinguishing feature is that many single pin-hole images are allowed to overlap - a multiplexing approach that saves space, gives practical signal-to-fog ratio, and requires special object reconstruction techniques. It was possible to reconstruct the appearance of the dominant source of solar emission on the day of rocket flight with better than one arc minute resolution. The coronal X-ray region had the same general shape and intensity distribution as the associated calcium K-line region.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 45; Apr. 197
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  • 175
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    Polarization Fourier spectrometer for astronomy (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A polarization Fourier spectrometer is described that improves on the previous versions built by others and can be used from 0.3 to 2.5 microns. Several practical problems in the construction and data reduction are discussed, and a number of typical results are presented to show the performance of the instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 13; May 1974
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  • 176
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    Air pollution - Remote detection of several pollutant gases with a laser heterodyne radiometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An infrared heterodyne radiometer with a spectral resolution of 0.04 reciprocal centimeters has been used to remotely detect samples of ozone, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, and ethylene at room temperature, and samples of nitric oxide at 390 K. Each gas was observed in a background of nitrogen or oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Sensitivities to some of these gases are adequate for detection of ambient concentrations as low as a few parts per billion.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Science; 184; May 3
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  • 177
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    A transmission oscillator ultrasonic spectrometer (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A continuous wave ultrasonic instrument capable of measuring very small changes in acoustic attenuation and phase velocity is described. This transmission oscillator ultrasonic spectrometer (TOUS) exhibits high sensitivity because it oscillates marginally. In spite of this high sensitivity, the TOUS system is relatively simple, compact, and inexpensive. These features suggest that the TOUS is suitable not only for precise laboratory measurements of the physical properties of materials, but also for field applications in nondestructive testing.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AD-782496 , AFOSR-74-1051TR , Review of Scientific Instruments; 45; Mar. 197
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  • 178
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    A solid-state converter for measurement of aircraft noise and sonic boom (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A solid-state converter, used in a system of instrumentation for measuring aircraft noise and sonic boom, features a dual-gate FET mixer and an output stage designed for compatibility with a zero drive amplifier. With a half-inch condenser microphone the converter itself has an operating frequency range from dc-28 kHz (-3 dB), a dynamic range of 72 dB, and a noise floor of 50 dB in the band from 22.4 Hz to 22.4 kHz; the system requires no impedance matching networks and is insensitive to cable length up to at least 3000 ft.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement; IM-23; Mar. 197
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  • 179
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    Negative affinity X-ray photocathodes (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A new X-ray image intensifier is described. The device should eventually have a quantum efficiency which is an order of magnitude greater than that of presently available high spatial resolution X-ray detectors, such as microchannel plates. The new intesifier is based upon a GaAs crystal photocathode which is activated to achieve negative electron affinity. Details concerning the detector concept are discussed together with the theoretical relations involved, X-ray data, and optical data.
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  • 180
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    A Ge/Li/ spectrometer for gamma ray astronomy (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A space-borne instrument to measure the spectral and temporal characteristics of astronomical gamma rays in the .05 to 10 Mev energy range is described. The spectrometer consists of four 60 cc Ge(Li) detectors with an energy resolution of 2.5 Kev (FWHM) at 1.33 Mev. The Ge(Li) detectors are actively shielded with CsI(Na) for angular collimation and background reduction. Cooling of the Ge(Li) detectors to 88 K for orbital lifetimes of up to two years is provided by a two-stage solid subliming refrigerator.
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  • 181
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    Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) gimballed star tracker (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Design and development of six gimballed star trackers for Skylab's Apollo Telescope Mount, which performed successfully on all three manned Skylab missions and accumulated a total usage time of approximately 3,500 hours, is described in terms of configurations, materials and construction, qualification testing, performance, and reliability characteristics. A brief program history and design changes incorporated during the life of the program are also discussed. Extensive drawings, block diagrams, and photographs are provided.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-120439
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  • 182
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    A data reduction technique and associated computer program for obtaining vehicle attitudes with a single onboard camera (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A detailed discussion of the application of a previously method to determine vehicle flight attitude using a single camera onboard the vehicle is presented with emphasis on the digital computer program format and data reduction techniques. Application requirements include film and earth-related coordinates of at least two landmarks (or features), location of the flight vehicle with respect to the earth, and camera characteristics. Included in this report are a detailed discussion of the program input and output format, a computer program listing, a discussion of modifications made to the initial method, a step-by-step basic data reduction procedure, and several example applications. The computer program is written in FORTRAN 4 language for the Control Data 6000 series digital computer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3050 , L-9641
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  • 183
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    Development of strain gages for use to 1311 K (1900 F) (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A high temperature electric resistance strain gage system was developed and evaluated to 1366 K (2000 F) for periods of at least one hour. Wire fabricated from a special high temperature strain gage alloy (BCL-3), was used to fabricate the gages. Various joining techniques (NASA butt welding, pulse arc, plasma needle arc, and dc parallel gap welding) were investigated for joining gage filaments to each other, gage filaments to lead-tab ribbons, and lead-tab ribbons to lead wires. The effectiveness of a clad-wire concept as a means of minimizing apparent strain of BCL-3 strain gages was investigated by sputtering platinum coatings of varying thicknesses on wire samples and establishing the optimum coating thickness--in terms of minimum resistivity changes with temperature. Finally, the moisture-proofing effectiveness of barrier coatings subjected to elevated temperatures was studied, and one commercial barrier coating (BLH Barrier H Waterproofing) was evaluated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-132485
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  • 184
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    A standard particle sizer-velocimeter (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A standard particle sizer-cum-velocimeter is described, which was designed and built for the purpose of providing a standard source of aerosols of known size-distribution, moving with a known velocity, for the purpose of calibrating the continuous wave (CW) CO2-Laser Doppler Velocimeters at Marshall Space Flight Center. The instrument is designed with the capabilities of: (1) monitoring the size-distribution of particles of diameters larger than 1.0 microns; (2) measuring flow velocities in the range 0.05 - 100.0 cm/sec; (3) photographing particles of diameters above 0.2 microns moving at slow speeds (approximately 0.1 cm/sec); (4) measuring the size-distribution of particles settling in quiet air (or convection velocities of less than 0.15 cm/sec); and (5) use in the laboratory or in the field.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64857
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  • 185
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    Solar gamma ray monitor for OSO-H (0.3-10 MeV) (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A gamma ray experiment to be flown aboard the OSO-7 spacecraft is described along with a history of the development of the experiment, a description of the gamma ray detector and its operation, and a short preliminary review of the scientific information obtained during the instruments' lifetime. The gamma ray detector operated an average of 18 hours a day for approximately 15 months. The majority of the data was collected in the solar and antisolar direction, but data at right angles to the spacecraft-sun line was also accumulated. In all, at least two full scans of the celestial sphere were completed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-143799
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  • 186
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    A new high-speed solar radio spectrograph for meter and decameter wavelengths (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design and characteristics of a high resolution, digital solar spectrograph are discussed. The spectrometer operates in the 10 to 80 MHz range. The primary considerations in the design of the spectrograph were: (1) optimun sensitivity, (2) wide dynamic range, (3) flexibility in time and frequency resolution, and (4) modern data handling techniques with a simple computer interface.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-70658 , X-693-74-126
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  • 187
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    Flow measurement in base cooling air passages of a rotating turbine blade (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The operational performance is decribed of a shaft-mounted system for measuring the air mass flow rate in the base cooling passages of a rotating turbine blade. Shaft speeds of 0 to 9000 rpm, air mass flow rates of 0.0035 to 0.039 kg/sec (0.0077 to 0.085 lbm/sec), and blade air temperatures of 300 to 385 K (80 to 233 F) were measured. Comparisons of individual rotating blade flows and corresponding stationary supply orifice flows agreed to within 10 percent.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TN-D-7697 , E-7886
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  • 188
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    Three stage gas dilution system for calibration of air quality instrumentation (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Tests were conducted on a three stage gas dilution system to evaluate the performance of the system for preparation of gas mixtures in the range of concentrations from 1 to 200 ppm. The test gas used in the evaluation was carbon monoxide. Mixtures of carbon monoxide and air were prepared in the gas dilution system and analyzed on stream with a commercially available infrared CO detector. Results showed the gas dilution system to be accurate to within 5, 3, and 2 percent in the respective ranges of 1-20 ppm, 20-50 ppm, and 50-200 ppm.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71946
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  • 189
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    Use of fluidic oscillator to measure fuel-air ratios of combustion gases (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A fluidic oscillator was investigated for use in measuring fuel-air ratios in hydrocarbon combustion processes. The oscillator was operated with dry exhaust gas from an experimental combustor burning ASTM A-1 fuel. Tests were conducted with fuel-air ratios between 0.015 and 0.031. Fuel-air ratios determined by oscillator frequency were within 0.001 of the values computed from separate flow measurements of the air and fuel.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3068 , E-7872
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  • 190
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    Target Acquisition and Positioning Study (TAPS) (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Scientific Instruments for the Large Space Telescope (LST) require a high degree of accuracy for positioning targets within their respective entrance apertures. The acquisition, verification of position, and guidance during an experiment must be accomplished with a minimum loss of observing time for the maximum effectiveness of the total mission. This study evaluates several viable concepts and modes of operation that are applicable for a Target Acquisition and Positioning System (TAPS) that is responsive to the LST instrument requirements.
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    Type: NASA-CR-139016
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  • 191
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    Digital temperature sensor performance assessment report (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Performance assessment data accumulated during exposure of the digital temperature sensor to simulated shuttle flight type environments are presented. The test parameters were specifically designed to check the sensor for its: (1) ability to resolve temperature relative to the design specifications; (2) ability to maintain accuracy after interchanging the temperature probes with each electronics interface assembly; (3) stability (i.e., satisfactory operation and accuracy during and after exposure to flight environments); and (4) repeatability, or its ability to produce the same output on subsequent exposures to the identical stimulus. Equipment list, test descriptions, data summary, and conclusions are included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-134273 , LEC-3318 , JSC-09002
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  • 192
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    Analysis of chromatograph systems using orthogonal collocation (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Research is generating fundamental engineering design techniques and concepts for the chromatographic separator of a chemical analysis system for an unmanned, Martian roving vehicle. A chromatograph model is developed which incorporates previously neglected transport mechanisms. The numerical technique of orthogonal collocation is studied. To establish the utility of the method, three models of increasing complexity are considered, the latter two being limiting cases of the derived model: (1) a simple, diffusion-convection model; (2) a rate of adsorption limited, inter-intraparticle model; and (3) an inter-intraparticle model with negligible mass transfer resistance.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-138461 , RPI-TR-MP-40
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  • 193
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    Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 infrared interferometer spectrometer (MJS' 77) design study (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A design study of the Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer and Radiometer (IRIS) instrument for the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 mission was conducted. The objective of the study was to investigate a number a potential problem areas identified in previous studies and to develop the instrument system designs along the lines providing for the optimum performance obtainable with the allowable budgets. The considerations for the optical design, mechanical design, and electronic design are examined.
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    Type: NASA-CR-139006 , DOC-859505
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  • 194
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    Development of a prototype fluid volume measurement system (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The research is reported in applying the axial fluid temperature differential flowmeter to a urine volume measurement system for space missions. The fluid volume measurement system is described along with the prototype equipment package. Flowmeter calibration, electronic signal processing, and typical void volume measurements are also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-134274 , GLR-124
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  • 195
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    Autonomous manipulation on a robot: Summary of manipulator software functions (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A six degree-of-freedom computer-controlled manipulator is examined, and the relationships between the arm's joint variables and 3-space are derived. Arm trajectories using sequences of third-degree polynomials to describe the time history of each joint variable are presented and two approaches to the avoidance of obstacles are given. The equations of motion for the arm are derived and then decomposed into time-dependent factors and time-independent coefficients. Several new and simplifying relationships among the coefficients are proven. Two sample trajectories are analyzed in detail for purposes of determining the most important contributions to total force in order that relatively simple approximations to the equations of motion can be used.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-137354 , JPL-TM-33-679
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  • 196
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    An experiment in manipulator control with proximity sensors (1974)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Optical proximity sensors were used in a feedback loop to automatically position a manipulator hand for grasping. The experiment was a simplified one, involving two dimensional motion only. Two proximity sensors were mounted on the hand, and control signals derived from their outputs were used to drive the hand vertically and horizontally. The sensors employ a pulsed gallium arsenide light-emitting diode together with a silicon detector. They indicate, without contact, the approximate distance between the manipulator hand and object in the range from 5 to 12 cm. Positioning within approximately + or - 5 mm was observed. Extension of the technique to general three-dimensional control is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-137355 , JPL-TM-33-678
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    THREED: A computer program for three dimensional transformation of coordinates (1974)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Program THREED was developed for the purpose of a research study on the treatment of control data in lunar phototriangulation. THREED is the code name of a computer program for performing absolute orientation by the method of three-dimensional projective transformation. It has the capability of performing complete error analysis on the computed transformation parameters as well as the transformed coordinates.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-134208 , UILU-ENG-74-2004
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 198
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    Measurement of the earth resources technology satellite /ERTS-1/ multi-spectral scanner OTF from operational imagery (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The optical transfer function (OTF) of some typical ERTS-1 multispectral imagery was obtained by comparison of matched sets of aircraft underflight and ERTS photographic and digital images. One-dimensional OTF analysis consisted in obtaining U-2 and ERTS microdensitometer scans followed by density to transmission conversion, microdensitometer aperture correction, exposure calibration, scan correlation scale optimization, OTF calculation, obtaining a form weighted average of the OTFs, transformation of the OTFs back to the spatial domain (giving the line spread function or LSF), and application of a window function to the LSF resulting in a smoothed OTF. Date-to-date comparison of ERTS OTFs showed a drop in quality on April 4, 1973, compared with January 4, 1973.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Image assessment and specification; Seminar-in-Depth; May 20, 1974 - May 22, 1974; Rochester, NY
    Format: text
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  • 199
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    Antennas for spaceborne microwave radiometers (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Principles and applications of microwave radiometry to remote sensing of the earth from satellites are reviewed. Examples of some spaceborne radiometer systems currently in use or under consideration are given. The requirements on performance characteristics of microwave antennas for such spaceborne earth sensing radiometers, such as coverage, scanning, spatial resolution, insertion loss, beam efficiency, polarization purity, etc., and their effects on the overall radiometer system performance are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: EASCON ''74; Electronics and Aerospace Systems Convention; Oct 07, 1974 - Oct 09, 1974; Washington, DC
    Format: text
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  • 200
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    The electron microprobe as a metallographic tool (1974)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The electron microprobe (EMP) is shown to represent one of the most powerful techniques for the examination of the microstructure of materials. It is an electron optical instrument in which compositional and topographic information is obtained from regions smaller than 1 micron in diameter on a specimen. Photographs of compositional and topographic changes in 1-sq-mm to 20-sq-micron areas on various types of specimens can also be obtained. These photographs are strikingly similar to optical photomicrographs. Various signals measured in the EMP (X-rays, secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, etc.) are discussed, along with their resolution and the type of information they may help obtain. In addition to elemental analysis, solid state detecting and scanning techniques are reviewed. Various techniques extending the EMP instrument capabilities, such as deconvolution and soft X-ray analysis, are also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Metallography - A practical tool for correlating the structure and properties of materials; Symposium; Jun 25, 1973 - Jun 26, 1973; Philadelphia, PA
    Format: text
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