ALBERT

Description: Please notify the Editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin of any change in address which he will be glad to communicate here if of interest to the readers. Mr. R. ABDULHADI (BO) worked for a year at Brisbane to obtain his Ph.D.

Description: Herbarium Bogoriense. A fourth floor has been added to the building. Bogor Botanic Gardens. Two heavy storms occurred, one in October, which uprooted 161 trees, among which some of the famous kalong trees, and another one in November, 1984, which blew down or so damaged about 130 trees that they had to be felled.

Description: The sole object of the present work is to furnish a monograph dealing exclusively with the species of the genus Psathyrella (exclusive of Lacrymaria, see Chapter VI) reported from the Netherlands, France and the British Isles. Ever since 1958 we intensively collected, described, depicted and stored in our herbarium these species from many parts of the Netherlands and later studied the exsiccata microscopically. From 1960 on we did the same practically every year for some three weeks in many parts of the British Isles, often during the annual forays of the British Mycological Society, and particularly in Wales and Scotland. Moreover through the valuable aid from Dr. D. A. Reid, Dr. D. N. Pegler and Dr. R. Watling and the information supplied by the ‘New Check List of British Agarics and Boleti’ (Dennis, Orton & Hora, 1960) we became very well acquainted with the British species of Psathyrella. Mr. H. Romagnesi’s vast knowledge of and experience with the French species of Psathyrella and the great co-operation between him and us resulted in our becoming extensively informed about the French species of the genus. Our frequent exchanges of information and exsiccata even led to Romagnesi’s discovery of a new species (P. phegophila Romagn.) in his own herbarium, which he very kindly publishes in the present work. The results of our observations on Psathyrella in the three countries of course were compared with those published by A. H. Smith in his monograph on the North American species, hitherto the only monograph of this genus.

Description: A description is given of the floristic composition of communities with Hordeum marinum in the South-west Netherlands. This reveals that this species, one of the character-taxa of the alliance Saginion maritimae, is especially represented in transition situations towards saline habitats with environmental instability through treading, sudden inundations and drainage, embankment, etc. Permanent plot studies showed great resemblance in succession during recovery of damaged vegetation. Hordeum manifests itself in the early developmental stages, together with Parapholis strigosa. Ecological affinities between the Saginion species are discussed in relation to salinity and silt content of the soil. Contrary to the other species, H. marinum prefers high salinities combined with a relatively high silt content of the sandy substrate.

Description: A survey is presented of past treatment of the genus Ctenitis C. Chr. in the Old World, with the conclusion that the genus has not hitherto been clearly defined. A new generic description covering the species of Asia, Malesia and the Western Pacific is presented, with a new division of the species into two subgroups of informal status, based on scales and spores, and a key to all species. Seventeen new species are described, one new name proposed and four new combinations made. A list of species in the region which, in the opinion of the author, have been wrongly included in Ctenitis, is appended.

Description: In connection with the forthcoming revision of the Coniferae for the Flora Malesiana, the author thought it necessary to revise the genus Podocarpus. Although this genus has a substantial representation in Malesia (30 species), the revision is too involved to be appropriate with the Flora Malesiana per se. One new subgenus and 17 new sections are described, and 94 species are enumerated, of which 11 species and 1 variety are described as new, and 3 varieties have been raised to specific rank. Two keys are given to the 18 sections; each section has a key to the species.

Description: A third species of the hypogean genus Curassanthura Kensley, 1981 (Isopoda, Anthuridea, Paranthuridae) is described from a cave on Bermuda. C. bermudensis n. sp. is very similar to C. halma Kensley, 1981, hitherto known from Curaçao, and now also recorded from new localities on Bonaire.

Description: Surface sediment samples taken by box corer from 45 stations on the Norwegian continental margin and in the Norway Basin have been investigated for their benthic foraminiferal content. Unlike previous studies, the living benthic foraminiferal fauna was differentiated from empty tests comprising the foraminiferal death assemblage. Factor analysis of both the living and dead faunal data reveals six living species assemblages and five corresponding dead assemblages. The additional living assemblage is characterized by the arenaceous species Cribrostomoides subglobosum that dominates between 1400 and 2000 m water depth, but is rare in the dead faunal data.Trifarina angulosa and, to a lesser extent, Cibicides lobatulus characterize the shallowest foraminiferal assemblage from 200 to 600 m water depth, where it is associated with strong bottom currents and warm, saline Atlantic water of the North Atlantic Drift. On the slope between 600 and 1200 m water depth, the Melonis zaandami Species Assemblage dominates, particularly in areas characterized today by rapid sedimentation of terrigeneous material. Between 1000 and 1400 m depth, where the slope is covered by fine grained, organic-rich, terrigeneous mud, the living foraminiferal assemblage is characterized by Cassidulina teretis and Pullenia bulloides. Below 1400 m, three foraminiferal assemblages are found: C. subglobosum is found from 1400 to 2000 m, Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi and Epistominella exigua predominantly live from 2000 to 3000 m water depth, and below 3000 m, Oridorsalis umbonatus and Triloculina frigida dominate the fauna.All of the Elphidium excavatum tests found in this study and the Cassidulina reniforme tests found above 500 m water depth were found to be reworked.Analysis of the sediment grain-size distribution and the organic carbon content in surface samples from the deepest stations suggest that the abundance of C. wuellerstorfi and E. exigua is positively correlated to relatively coarse (caused by planktic foraminifera) and organic-rich sediments, whereas high frequencies of O. umbonatus and T. frigida coincide with low organic carbon content. We suggest that C. wuellerstorfi is adapted to deep-sea environments with relatively high food supply, tolerating relatively low interstitial water oxygen content, whereas O. umbonatus may tolerate lower food supply prefering well-oxygenated interstitial waters.

Description: Rates of respiration and growth were measured for larvae of the spider crab H. araneus reared in the laboratory from hatching to metamorphosis. The moulting cycle was simultaneously monitored. In both zoeal instars individual respiration rate (R) increased as a linear function of time (t) of development, whereas growth, measured as dry weight (W), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and energy content (E, calculated from C) followed a power function of t. Weight-specific respiration rate (QO sub(2)) was in all instars maximum in early postmoult, and minimum in intermoult and early premoult. Zoea II and megalopa instars showed another conspicuous QO sub(2) increase during late premoult. Respiration (both R and QO sub(2)) and growth of the megalopa could be described by non-linear (quadratic) functions of t. R and QO sub(2) during this larval stage were not correlated with W, but were controlled by events of the moulting cycle: R followed a similar pattern to QO sub(2) (minimum values in intermoult), whereas biomass of the megalopa changed conversely, with a maximum in intermoult and early premoult.

Description: Rates of respiration and growth were measured for larvae of the spider crab H. araneus reared in the laboratory from hatching to metamorphosis. The moulting cycle was simultaneously monitored. In both zoeal instars individual respiration rate (R) increased as a linear function of time (t) of development, whereas growth, measured as dry weight (W), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and energy content (E, calculated from C) followed a power function of t. Weight-specific respiration rate (QO sub(2)) was in all instars maximum in early postmoult, and minimum in intermoult and early premoult. Zoea II and megalopa instars showed another conspicuous QO sub(2) increase during late premoult. Respiration (both R and QO sub(2)) and growth of the megalopa could be described by non-linear (quadratic) functions of t. R and QO sub(2) during this larval stage were not correlated with W, but were controlled by events of the moulting cycle: R followed a similar pattern to QO sub(2) (minimum values in intermoult), whereas biomass of the megalopa changed conversely, with a maximum in intermoult and early premoult.

Description: Effects of feeding and starvation on the moult cycle and on the ultrastructure of hepatopancreas cells were studied in Stage I lobster larvae (H. americanus Milne-Edwards). The relative significance of yolk and first food was quite different in larvae originating from two females. Most larvae from one hatch were, in principle, able to develop exclusively with yolk reserves (without food) to the second instar. The larvae from the second hatch showed lecithotrophic development only to the transition between late intermoult and early premoult (Stages C/D sub(0) of Drachs's moult cycle) of the first larval instar. When initial starvation in this group lasted for 3 days or more, the point of no return (PNR) was exceeded. After the PNR, consumption of food was still possible, but development ceased in the transition C/D sub(0) or in late premoult (D sub(3-4)). Examination of hepatopancreas R-cells suggested that the PNR is caused by an irreversible loss of the ability to restore lipid reserves depleted during initial starvation.

Description: This paper reviews the physical background of Energy Balance Climate Models and evaluates the use of Sellers' and North's model in simulating the present climate. The sensitivity of themodels - with updated empirical constants - is tested for use in the ice-age problem. In this connection the seasonal model of North and Coakley was extended to include a more realisticcontinent-ocean distribution. A simulation of the temperature field with a full-size Northern hemisphere continental ice sheet proved to be in fair agreement with palaeoclimatic proxy data.

Description: Nine holes were drilled with a submersible hydraulic drill into the slopes and reef flats of the Caubyna and Calituban reefs as well as of Olango Flat. The maximum depth of core penetration was 11 m. 14C ages showed that the Caubyan and Caltituban reefs were formed within the last 6,000 years. Corals settled on a pre-existing relief prallel to the island of Bohol, building a framework for other carbonate-producing organisms. The reef flat south of Olango has a different structure. Formation took place during a Pleistocene high sea level, e.g. 125,000 years ago.

Description: A comparative survey of several historical classifications of Annonaceae down to the subtribal level is given. The role of various key characters is briefly discussed. The present paper at the same time may be considered as an introductory paper to forthcoming publications of general studies on flower and fruit characters now being conducted at Utrecht.

Description: An unusual type of trichome is described for Anaxagorea (Annonaceae). On top of the stalk cell, extremely thinwalled cells form single, branched or stellate trichomes. The terminal cell(s) always end bluntly. When the thinwalled cells have been shed, the thick cuticle of the stalk cell remains as a cylindrical scar. Until now, this trichome type has not yet been found in other annonaceous genera. Our data contradict reports of other authors (Jovet-Ast 1942, Kramer 1969, Roth 1981) with regard to occurrence and structure of hairs in Anaxagorea.

Description: Recent taxonomic studies on the Lejeuneaceae subfamily Ptychanthoideae indicate that there are 59 species in 21 genera in Latin America. The ptychanthoid flora is very different from that of the Old World and has much fewer species but is slightly richer in endemic genera. About one third of the species are widespread neotropical elements, eleven species are transoceanicwide tropical, and the remaining species have more restricted distributions and belong to the endemic, Caribbean, Amazonian or Andean element. Data on sex distribution in the species indicate that bisexuality in Ptychanthoideae is much more common than previously assumed. The biogeography of the transoceanic species is briefly discussed.

Description: Served as a botanist with the Division of Botany, Lae, Papua New Guinea, from May, 1969, to March, 1975. Collections in NGF and LAE series from the West and East Sepik, Madang, Morobe, Western and Eastern Highlands, Western and Central Distr., Manus Island, New Britain and Bougainville. Left LAE in March, 1975, now at MEL after 8 years at NE.

Description: After the completion of his large treatment of the Acanthaceae for the Flore de l’Indo-Chine (1935) R. Benoist gave up any further study of the Acanthaceae of S.E. Asia. A very rich and almost unattended material of the family collected in Indochina during the following years accumulated in the Paris herbarium. By this time the well-known, Dutch acanthologist, C.E.B. Bremekamp, commenced studies in the Acanthaceae. For thirty years he published a wealth of papers on the subject until he in the late sixties due to failing eyesight was forced to give up his taxonomic activities. He has identified many of the early collections from Thailand made by Danish botanists and he published a few enumerations containing quite a number of new taxa. Simultaneously after the appearance of the Acanthaceae in the Flore Joan B. Imlay, Aberdeen, took up an intense study of the Thai representatives of the family. A fairly large paper with many new species and new combinations appeared in the Kew Bulletin (1939). A few years ago I learned from Mr. L.L. Forman, Kew, that she shortly afterwards went to South Africa and apparently ceased working in botany.

Description: Please submit your announcement to this Bulletin as early as possible! Several made here were received too late for interested readers to make use of. After the event please send a summary of the doings, and/or the Proceedings, if any. Settlement of aliens was the subject of a colloquium held at Paris by the Societe de Biogeographie in October 1982, entitled ”L’homme, facteur biogéographique’, now published in the C.R. des Séances de la Société, vol. 60 (1984) 1—72. Subjects were Buddleja at Paris, Acacia in the French Mediterranean, some marine algae, and reintroduction of menaced or vanished indigenous plant species in their original habitat for the benefit of conservation.

Description: The presence of psilocybin and its monomethyl analogue baeocystin is for the first time demonstrated in five taxa of the genus Inocybe, viz. I. coelestium, I. corydalina var. corydalina, I. corydalina var. erinaceomorpha, I. haemacta and I. aeruginascens. These taxa are characterized by a glaucous coloration of the stipe. A sixth taxon, I. calamistrata, which also has a blue-green stipe was found to be exempt of psilocybin and other methylated tryptamines. Negative results were also obtained for other Inocybes. Muscarin is absent in the psilocybincontaining species. However, no relation between taxonomic position and the presence of either compound seems to exist.

Description: S. officinale is a variable species. In the Netherlands three cytotypes occur: 2n = 24, 40, 48. The white-flowered diploid (2n = 24) is rare in Europe. The tetraploid cytotype (2n = 48) is represented by white- and purple-flowered plants in the Netherlands and by purple-flowered plants in Poland. In the Netherlands the diploids are very rare. In 8 localities, all occurring in the vicinity of the estate Oudegein (between the former villages Jutphaas en Vreeswijk, province of Utrecht) diploid plants were found. In two of these populations diploids and tetraploids grew intermingled. These mixed populations are now completely destroyed by reconstruction of roads and by town development, as are two populations of diploids. One diploid population is threatened and will probably disappear. The maintenance of the suitable habitat in the estate Oudegein is necessary for the preservation of the three remaining diploid populations of S. officinale in the Netherlands.

Description: M. Bolliger, 1982. Die Gattung Pulmonaria in Westeuropa (215 pag.). Deze grondige studie vermeldt voor Nederland P. officinalis en P. montana. Bij het door de schrijver geëtiketteerde Leidse materiaal bevond zich ook een collectie van P. obscura uit Nederland.

Description: During a checking of generic names of Malesian plants I asked the opinion of Mr. C.Jeffrey (Kew) about the status of the monotypic genus Guerreroia Merr., described from Luzon. In his opinion it deserves generic distinction. Fortunately Merrill’s description was accompanied by an excellent figure from which I had much earlier concluded that the species had already been described in Bidens, as B. tridentata Turcz., also from Luzon, which Merrill had erroneously reduced to Glossogyne tenuifolia Cass, in his Enumeration of Philippine Flowering Plants vol. 3 (1923)613.

Description: The correlation between sporoderm sculpture and life form of the sporophyte as postulated by Kramer (1977) is investigated for the fern genus Pyrrosia. This correlation is not found in Pyrrosia but may be present in other fern groups.

Description: After the general chapters, mainly based on literature and dealing with wood anatomy, characters of the leaf epidermis and foliar sclereids, embryology and chromosome numbers, phytochemistry, and characters of the fruit, the generic delimitation of subfamily Magnolioideae is discussed. Paramichelia Hu and Tsoongiodendron Chun are reduced to Michelia Linné; Talauma Juss., Aromadendron Blume, Alcimandra Dandy, Dugandiodendron Lozano and Manglietiastrum Law are reduced to Magnolia Linné. Parakmeria omeiensis Cheng & Hu is renamed Magnolia omeiensis, Parakmeria yunnanensis Cheng & Hu is renamed Magnolia yunnanensis, Manglietiastrum sinicum Law is renamed Magnolia sinicum, and Alcimandra cathcartii Dandy is renamed Magnolia cathcartii Manglietia singalanensis Agostini is reduced to M. glauca var. sumatrana. Elmerrillia mollis Dandy and E. papuana Dandy are reduced to Elmerrillia tsiampacca (Linné) Dandy, the former is named subsp. mollis (Dandy) Noot. and of the latter var. glaberrima is renamed E. tsiampacca var. glaberrima (Dandy) Noot. Michelia arfakiana Agostini is reduced to Elmerrillia tsiampacca var. tsiampacca and Michelia sumatrae Dandy is renamed M. salicifolia Agostini. Newly described is Michelia koordersiana Noot. and keys are given to the genera, subgenera and sections.

Description: Up to now, no intercalary males of Cylindroiulus nitidus (Verhoeff) had been found, neither in Britain, nor in S.W. Germany. Hand sampling led the author to the discovery of three intercalary males in 1983 at Milldale (Derbyshire, Great Britain) on the one hand and one at Mettlach (Saarland, W. Germany) on the other. British adult males have been reared in field plots at Milldale and Baulme-la-Roche (France), Baulme-la-Roche males at Milldale and German ones at St. Ingbert (Saarland). The results of these experiences are given. It seems that the frequency of intercalaries depends on the years. It is suggested that in C. nitidus intercalaries are a resistance form which may have appeared during evolution. The adult to adult succession could be possible only under good environmental conditions, intercalaries becoming then useless. It is stressed that periodomorphosis and the adult to adult succession are both of great adaptive value compensating for some disadvantages of neoteny.

Description: On 31 May 1938 our predecessor professor Pulle delivered an address on the ”stocktaking of the heritage of our forefathers” on the occasion of the opening of the enlarged and reorganized Laboratory of special Botany and Plant Geography” of the University of Utrecht. The ”renewal” had been radical: a totally new herbarium building had been built in the southern-most part of the old Botanical Garden at the Lange Nieuwstraat in Utrecht. Pulle’s address still merits reading. The printed version, in Dutch, was handed out after the delivery of the address. In case Pulle actually read the complete text, this must have taken some ninety minutes. I shall not take that long and I also do not plan to hand you a printed version at the end of the ceremony. Even so I would like to use this opportunity to tell you something about this ”heritage”, and about the herbarium and its use as well as about the history of our institution. The use of the term ”stocktaking of our forefathers’ heritage” goes back to the Dutch agronomist and botanist Willem Frederik van Eeden, who, in his capacity as director of our first ”Colonial Museum” wrote a paper in 1896 in the ”Indische Mercuur”: ”What are the goals of science in the Netherlands? Contributing its mite towards the general structure of science; the diligent research with respect to our incompletely known colonies; the stocktaking .....”. W.F. van Eeden was also founder of what was later called the ”Van Eeden-fonds for botanical research in Suriname and the West-Indian islands”. Thanks to this fund our institute could publish its Flora of Suriname and organize numerous exploratory activities in those territories.

Description: The great variety in wood structure of the large family Euphorbiaceae makes it impossible to describe briefly a general wood pattern. Nevertheless, a more or less clear division into four anatomical groups can be made. A short overview is given of the wood structure of the uni-ovulate subfamilies Acalyphoideae, Crotonoideae, and Euphorbioideae, following the classification by Webster. These subfamilies cannot be distinguished by their anatomy. The paper is mainly devoted to the bi-ovulate subfamily Phyllanthoideae. Within this subfamily, two groups can be recognized on the basis of their wood anatomy: the Aporusa type with a great number of primitive characters, and the Glochidion type, in which primitive features such as scalariform vessel perforation plates are absent. A short description of the 13 tribes is given as well as suggestions for rearrangement of the succession of the tribes. In several tribes some taxa are anomalous and, on anatomical evidence, exclusion of some genera, sometimes with assignment to another tribe, is suggested.

Description: Anaxagorea A. St. Hil. is distinct from other Annonaceae by the fruits. Unlike most members of the family, it occurs both in the Neotropics and in the Palaeotropics. Several chapters are devoted to a.o. morphology, anatomy, karyology, palynology, chemistry, pollination and seed dispersal, geography and ecology, economic uses and vernacular names, partly compiled from existing literature or collectors’ notes, partly as a result of own investigations. A cladistic analysis of intrageneric relationships is given. The taxonomic part provides descriptions, synonyms (nomina nuda are not included), dichotomous keys. For practical reasons, separate keys are given for neotropical and palaeotropical taxa. For neotropical species, a synoptic key is also provided. Altogether, 20 neotropical species and 3 palaeotropical species (including 2 varieties) are recognized, and 14 taxa are brought into synonymy. Another two taxa from the Neotropics are apparently new, but are not formally published because of incomplete material, and one palaeotropical species cannot be properly evaluated because of insufficient material. An index to exsiccata is appended.

Description: BOURDY, G. Une approche de la médicine traditionnelle à Bukittinggi (Sumatra Quest). D.E.A. d’ecologie U.S.T.L. Montpellier. 1984. 55 pp. The results presented in this paper are based one some field work conducted in the Minangkabau region of Bukittinggi (Western Sumatra) during February and March 1984. Traditional medicine is approached through the description of medicinal plants, the way they are utilized, and the people who gather and prescribe them. Data have been collected while interviewing the ’dukuns’ (native doctors). For each medicinal plant synonyms, vernacular names in Bahasa and Minangkabau are given. Voucher specimens of 69 specimens of such medicinal plants were collected and are deposited at MPU.

Description: AMSHOFF, Ms. Dr. Gerda Jane Hillegonda (5 January 1913 — 10 February 1985) Ms. Amshoff studied biology at the State University of Utrecht. Her Ph.D. thesis was on the Leguminosae of Surinam. In later years she was attached to the Agricultural College of Wageningen and worked as a staffmember of WAG, later free lance, largely on the flora of Africa. Shortly before World War II she had made an excellent revision of the Leguminosae of New Guinea which was to be published in Nova Guinea. The manuscript reached the proof stage (May 1943) but was unfortunately never printed, apparently because under the German Occupation any publication in English was forbidden. The lead was molten down and only a single proof was saved. Why after the War it was not set again and published is not clear. The proof was used by Verdcourt when he revised the Leguminosae for New Guinea. A copy of it is now also present in L.

Description: Looking back over the past year the news is, as might be expected partly good, partly bad. On one hand many people are arduously engaged with revisions of various Malesian taxa, on the other hand others waste precious time and energy in ideological squabbles: it seems as if the theological wars of the Middle Ages have broken out all over again. The Sabah National Parks, including the precious Kinabalu National Park, have been degazetted and demoted to ’Sabah Parks’, whatever that may be. An argument used was that ’the forests have now returned to the people’, a situation similar to opening the vaults of the National Treasury declaring that the people will now take care of monetary matters. They certainly will! It is a great shame that national heritages are thus squandered for the contemporary gain of a few and the loss of the many of present and future generations. The situation in Sabah is unfortunately not an isolated case, the same thing happens all over the world, both in the tropics as well as in temperate countries that call themselves well-educated (See the Greater Daintree National Park in Australia, Chapter X). It is a sad thing that those working in herbaria have to realize that they soon will be neopalaeobotanists. Our Chapter IV ’Progress in Malesian botany’ seems rapidly to become an ironic euphemism.

Description: The 58 new taxa of Inocybe described by Velenovsky have been revised. Several do not belong to the genus Inocybe as currently defined. Most species names are reduced to synonymy, but a few name changes are necessary. One new combination is proposed.

Description: Ulmus pollen characterised by a four-pored morphology was reported from samples of various ages taken from the radiocarbon dated pollen sites of Pea Sim-sim and Tao Sipinggan and in one sample from the undated Pea Sijajap record (Maloney, 1984). All these sites are located on the Toba Plateau, south of Lake Toba, over 50 km away from the nearest existing sources (Touw & Van Steenis, 1968) of Ulmus lancaeafolia Roxb. ex Wall. Sibisa Swamp is situated east of Lake Toba, at 98°58'E, 2°33'N, near the tourist resort of Prapat and much closer to the Karo Highlands source. It is in an area of fresh-looking volcanic topography at an altitude of c. 1300 m. The site was discovered and cored by Flenley and Morley in 1972 (cf. Morley et al., 1973). They described the vegetation of the swamp as somewhat disturbed and including a variety of species characteristic of swamps in central Sumatra, of which three: Eleocharis sp., Xyris cf. capensis and Blechnum orientale were listed. The writer made additional borings in 1973 but the longest was only 1.50 m deep. It can be added that the centre of the swamp was dominated by Eleocharis ochrostachys Steud. with some Xyris capensis Thunb. and that the Blechnum orientale L. formed an outer vegetation ring. The deepest boring was made at the centre of the site. Samples were taken at 5 cm intervals but complete cores sections were not sent back to the laboratory and larger samples selected for possible 14 C dating have, unfortunately, been mislaid over time.

Description: Ischaemo commutato Hackel affinis sed pilis calli 1-2 mm longis, glumis inferioribus spicularum sessilium distincte 11-13-nervosis ovato-lanceolatis breviter acuminatis omnino chartaceis sine nodulis, carinis non alatis, flosculis inferioribus cassis, spiculis pedicellatis plerumque redactis differt. – Typus: Sreekumar 71863 (CAL; iso K, MH), India, Kerala State, Idukki District, Eravikulam National Park, c. 2200 m alt., 7-4-1980. Tufted annuals or perennials. Culms 10—30 cm high, erect; nodes glabrous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 2—10 by 0.4—0.6 cm, shortly acuminate, narrowed and tapering at the base, sparsely villous with tubercle-based hairs. Sheaths 2—8 cm long, equal to or shorter than the internodes, striate, villous with sparse tubercled hairs, throat sparsely villous. Ligule 2—3 mm long, ovate, acute, membranous. Racemes 2 or 3, 2—6 cm long, stout; spathe 2—10 cm long, glabrous. Joints of racemes linear, turbinate, 3.5— 4 mm long, coriaceous, long villous along the margins and dorsal angle. Sessile spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 6—7 mm long; callus densely bearded, hairs 1-2 mm long. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, 6-6.5 by 1.75—2 mm, acuminate, without nodules, chartaceous, distinctly 11—13-nerved, with a few long hairs on dorsal side towards base, margin narrowly and evenly inturned, not winged, scabrid in the upper half; upper glume 5.5—6 by 1.25—1.5 mm, boat-shaped or ovate-lanceolate when spread, acuminate, keels rounded except towards the minutely winged and scabrid apex, chartaceous, 3—5-nerved, covered with very short adpressed hairs, especially towards the base, margins infolded and ciliate in the upper half. Lower floret empty. Upper floret bisexual. First lemma lanceolate, 4.5—5 by 1—1.5 mm, delicate, hyaline, faintly 3-nerved, margins infolded and ciliate in the upper half, glabrous elsewhere. Second lemma lanceolate, 4—4.5 by 1—1.5 mm, delicate, hyaline, faintly 3-nerved, margins ciliolate in the upper half, apex notched, lobes acute. Awn 10—12 mm long, geniculate, column 5—6 mm long, chestnut brown, arista pale, scabrid. First palea elliptic-lanceolate, 4-4.5 by 1-1.25 mm, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled, margins infolded and ciliate in the upper half. Second palea oblong, 3—4 by 0.75—1 mm, delicate, hyaline, 2-keeled, glabrous, apex rounded. Lodicules of upper floret obovate, 0.6—0.75 by 0.4—0.5 mm, retuse at apex, faintly 5—7-nerved, median nerve prominent. Lodicules of lower floret obovate, oblique, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, faintly 3-5-nerved, apex wavy and 2 horned. Stamens 3, anthers 1.5—2 mm long. Caryopsis obovate with 2 horns at apex, c. 2 by 0.75 mm. Pedicelled spikelet ovate-lanceolate, 4—6 mm long, unawned, usually reduced, sterile. Pedicels linear, turbinate, 3-4 mm long, villous along the margins and dorsal angle, hairs 0.5—2 mm long. Lower glume ovate-lanceolate, 4.5-6 by 1.25-1.5 mm, winged on one margin, wing scabrid, smooth, chartaceous, faintly 9—11-nerved, glabrous, margins inturned, scabrid towards sharply at apex; upper glume ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm long, keel rounded, glabrous, apex acute. Florets empty.

Description: Starting point of the present study on Harpullia was the taxonomic revision of that genus by Leenhouts & Vente (Blumea 28, 1982, 1-51). The system to which that revision led is primarily intuitive and accordingly subjective. The intention of the present paper is to give a more natural system based upon more objective criteria and with the use of more scientific methods. The fundamentals of a systematic study are species and characters (see chapter 2). The species are those presented in the taxonomic revision; the characters used are tabulated in the form of a synoptic key (see chapter 2 B). In chapter 3 a survey is given of two intuitive systems, the one by Leenhouts & Vente and the preceding one by Radlkofer (1933-34). The first approach was towards a phenetic system (chapter 4). The method used is a kind of simplified numerical taxonomy with weighted characters. Weighting of characters is based upon the supposition that a character which is constant in most of the taxa concerned is heavier than one that varies in several taxa. The phenetic system to which this led is expressed in figure 1 and given at the end of chapter 4. In chapter 5 a phylogenetic approach is given. Phylogenetic valuation of characters, primarily with the use of out-group analysis, secondary of correlation, is discussed (5 A). All species got a phylogenetic formula, giving the primitive or derived states of the characters used, and a phylogenetic value expressing the degree of primitiveness or derivative (5 B). The method used is a simplified Hennigian cladistics, resulting in a kind of Wagner tree (fig. 2). In chapter 6A a comparison is made between the intuitive systems, mainly the one by Leenhouts & Vente, the phenetic and the phylogenetic system developed here, and the pollen morphological phylogenetic system given by J. Muller (Blumea 31, 1985, 161-218, this issue). As a whole there appears to be a good agreement in many points between the different systems. The main exceptions are Harpullia cupanioides and still more so H. hillii because of their variability, H. longipetala that is macromorphologically rather primitive but palynologically advanced, and H. rhachiptera with a very aberrant pollen type and an uncertain position in the phylogenetic system. A translation of phylogenetic systematics into formal taxonomy has been tried in chapter 6 B. It appeared difficult to express the branching of the phylogenetic scheme in the hierarchy of taxonomy, mainly because taxa should be delimited by clear boundaries defined by good, preferably conspicuous characters. The subdivision of Harpullia into two subgenera, Otonychium, incl. H. arborea and H. pendula, and Harpullia with the further 24 species is indisputable. More hesitatingly, a further division of subg. Harpullia into two sections, Harpulliastrum with only H. austro-caledonica and Harpullia with the other species is accepted. For different reasons it appeared impossible or undesirable to split off some other at first sight well circumscribed groups, however.

Description: Thirty-nine species are recognized of which twenty-four are described as new ( K. bullata, K. carrii, K. chimbuensis, K. ferox, K. flagelliformis, K. fragrans, K. fugax, K. hartleyi, K. karengana, K. katikii, K. kostermansii, K. latifolia, K. leachii, K. macrantha, K. nitens, K. novobritanica, K. oblongata, K. rosselensis, K. royenii, K. shungolensis, K. sleumeri, K. streimannii, K. sudestensis, and K. versteeghii) ). One new combination is made: K. oligocarpella (Kaneh. & Hatus.) Philipson, and several species are reduced to synonymy. Thirty-six species occur in New Guinea, all but three of these being endemic to that island group. A key to the species is provided and their geographical ranges are given.

Description: Durante el período agosto 1983 – septiembre 1984 se ha realizado una investigación de la fauna de varios tipos de aguas subterráneas en algunas regiones de Espana. Se ha hecho este trabajo para conocer, principalmente, la repartición geográfica de los crustáceos subterráneos, con acento en los malacostráceos. En todas las zonas visitadas se ha intentado recoger fauna en distintos biotopos acuáticos subterráneos. El trabajo fué limitado en las zones de Espana con rocas mesozoicas o cenozoicas. Dentro de esta Espana geológicamente más reciente se eligieron dos regiones en donde se acentuó la investigación. Una región Atlantica: la Cordillera Cantábrica, y la parte occidental de los Pirineos; y una región Mediteránea: aproximádamente Levante (Valencia, Alicante, Castellón), Cuenca, Teruel. También algunas partes de Andalucía fueron investigados, pero menos sistemáticamente que las regiones anteriormente mencionadas. Esta publicación trata de los métodos usados, las estaciones visitadas, los análisis físico-químicos y los grupos de fauna encontrada en cada estación. La repartición geográfica de las estaciones y algunos crustáceos están reproducidos en unos mapas.

Description: Description of Brindlensia jeekeli gen. et sp. nov., which is referred to the new subfamily Brindlensiinae, related most closely to the Esphalmeninae. Euborellia jeekeli nov. sp. is described; it is nearly related to E. brunneri (Dohrn).

Description: The taxonomic history of the sponge order Haplosclerida is reviewed, with emphasis on literature concerning the Haplosclerida of the North Eastern Atlantic Ocean. The characters and their value for a phylogenetic classification are discussed. Two families are treated systematically: the Oceanapiidae, which have two representatives in the area, and the Petrosiidae, represented by one species. Emended diagnoses for the order, families, and genera are given.

Description: Using the ability of selective uptake by the neurons of their own secreted amines, two 3H labeled neurotransmitters were used: 5-hydroxytryptamine (5 HT, serotonin) and noradrenaline (NA). Autoradiographic study was conducted on semithin and on ultrathin sections. In the brain, 3H-5 HT labeling is observed in the frontal lobes of the protocerebrum (two pairs of neurons) and in the lateral areas of the deutocerebrum and tritocerebrum (three or four pairs of neurons). A pair of labeled neurons is also present in each ganglion of the posterior part of the ventral nerve cord. In the protocerebrum, 3H-NA is taken up by a pair of neurons located in the frontal lobes; two pairs of noradrenergic neurons can be found in each ganglion of the nerve cord. Labeled axons (5-HT and NA) are present in the brain and in the neuropils of the abdominal ganglions. The pathway of some cerebral axons can be followed in the perioesophageal connectives and in the cerebral glands. These results are in agreement with the effects of injected neurotransmitters on (1) the brain electrical activity and (2) the stimulated activity of some of the protocerebral neurons (ultrastructural study by Jamault-Navarro in preparation).

Description: Anastrophyllum plagiochiloides INOUE & GRADST. is newly described and illustrated. This species is characterized by 1) the flat or more or less convex leaves, 2) the strongly oblique leaf-insertion line on the dorsal side, and 3) the narrowly oblong leaf-shape with a narrowly rounded or subtruncate and sometimes bidentate apex. As these characters sharply isolate the species from any other known species of Anastrophyllum, the new subgenus Vanaea INOUE & GRADST. is established for this remarkable species.