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  • SPACE RADIATION  (861)
  • 1985-1989  (861)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1950-1954
  • 1985  (861)
  • 1
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    Use of direct electron pair method (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new method for energy measurement of heavy cosmic-ray nuclei in nuclear emulsion is considered: the use of Coulomb-pair production. The energy-dependent cross section for the production of direct electron pairs in nuclear emulsion is found sufficiently high to permit the energy determination of iron-group nuclei to better than +60 or -40 percent above 1 TeV/nucleon. An experimental calibration and a possible application of the method to Space Shuttle experiments are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 2
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    Studying antiprotons from balloons and Space Station (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental measurements are proposed to determine the existence of cosmic antiprotons and to differentiate between various hypothetical origins for them. The balloon-borne experiment proposed by Balasubrahmanyan et al. (1983) for detecting 50-220-MeV antiprotons and measuring their energy distribution is described; the astrophysical significance of antiproton measurements is considered; the antiproton/proton ratios predicted by various cosmic-ray and exotic models are presented graphically; and the performance required of a Space Station superconducting-magnet detector for the 10-1000-GeV range is discussed. It is concluded that an instrument with 0.3-sq m sr geometry could distinguish (at a 5-sigma level) between hypotheses with spectral-exponent separation of 0.1 in observing time about 1 month, assuming a spectral exponent as steep as E to the -3rd.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 3
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    Adiabatic deceleration of secondary antiprotons in the envelopes of supernova exploding in dense clouds (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: On the basis of well established cosmic ray propagation models, the expected flux of antiprotons in cosmic rays within the few-hundred MeV region is small by comparison with the observed flux. Observational data are presently approached through the examination of the possibility of antiproton production by supernova (SN) envelopes during the expansion phase and while undergoing the consequent adiabatic deceleration. In the case of the SN explosions in dense clouds treated, the SN remnant is decelerated within a few thousand years, generating may antiprotons whose spectrum can be calculated by taking all energy loss processes into account and examining the remnant's spectral evolution. Attention is also given to the possibility of obtaining the antiproton spectrum with enhanced flux at low energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science (ISSN 0004-640X); 110; 2, Ma
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  • 4
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    Anomalous cosmic ray interaction events for investigations in the SSC and Space Station era - 'Long lived she-devil phenomena' (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observational data on anomalous cosmic-ray interaction events are compiled, classified, and briefly characterized. The events are divided into three groups: those confirmed by later observation or experiment, those shown to be the result of observational or analytical error, and those still unexplained. Among the phenomena in the latter group are magnetic-monopole candidates, fractionally charged particles, massive stable particles, anomalons, proton-decay and neutron-oscillation candidates, muon bundles, narrow showers, anomalous photons, fanlike phenomena, quark-gluon-plasma candidates, and anomalous long-range delta rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 5
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    Nuclear composition (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of direct measurements of the energy distribution and elemental composition of cosmic rays are reviewed. Consideration is given to early calorimeter, Cerenkov-counter, and superconducting-magnet data; HEAO-3 results; balloon-borne measurements beyond 30 GeV/nucleon, and the balloon-borne emulsion-chamber data obtained in the JACEE experiments (Burnett et al., 1982 and 1983). The potential of Space Station observations to extend the data to energies as high as 10 PeV is discussed.
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  • 6
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    The galactic gamma-ray distribution - Implications for galactic structure and the radial cosmic-ray gradient (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The radial distribution of gamma ray emissivity in the Galaxy was derived from flux longitude profiles, using both the final SAS-2 results and the recently corrected COS-B results and analyzing the northern and southern galactic regions separately. The recent CO surveys of the Southern Hemisphere were used in conjunction with the Northern Hemisphere data, to derive the radial distribution of cosmic rays on both sides of the galactic plane. In addition to the 5 kpc ring, there is evidence from the radial asymmetry for spiral features which are consistent with those derived from the distribution of bright H II regions. Positive evidence was also found for a strong increase in the cosmic ray flux in the inner Galaxy, particularly in the 5 kpc region in both halves of the plane.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 291; 471-478
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  • 7
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    Observations of 35- 10 1600-keV protons and low-frequency waves upstream of interplanetary shocks (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of measurements of energetic protons in the range from 35 to 1600 keV and low-frequency waves (periods of approximately 6 s) on ISEE 3 associated with the passage of the large oblique shock of April 5, 1979, which exhibits an extended foreshock. An attempt is made to identify the energy of the particles which are responsible for the waves. Intensity profiles of both waves and particles as a function of upstream distance are compared, taking into account the relation between the energy of the particles and the period of the waves. The considered approach makes it possible to identify protons with energies of a few hundred keV as being responsible for the waves in the extended foreshock. It is believed that the high energy density of the high-energy solar flare protons preceding the shock could be responsible for 'seed' waves which provide the scattering centers necessary for the acceleration of the lower-energy protons via a first-order Fermi mechanism.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 3973-398
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  • 8
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    The 1000 GeV gamma ray emission from radio pulsars (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Radio pulsars have concentrated on long observations of the Crab pulsar and showed that it emits short intense bursts and a persistent weak periodic flux at gamma-ray energies 1000 GeV. It was shown that the light curve of the persistent emission was dominated by a single peak, coincident with the position of the radio and low energy gamma-ray main pulse. The results of a more detailed analysis of the structure of this main pulse are reported following an appraisal of the timing system. It is shown that at energies 1000 GeV the duration of the main pulse is not greater than 0.4 ms, which is less than that seen at all frequencies other than radio. Flux limits for the emission of 1000 GeV gamma-rays by seven other radio pulsars are reported
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 155-158; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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  • 9
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    Comparison of simulation results with sea-level experimental data on 10(14) - 10(16) air shower cores (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Simulation predictions for the Leeds 35 sq m horizontal discharge chamber array for proton primaries with a approx. E sup 2.7 spectrum extrapolated from balloon data to 10 to the 16th power eV give power law rho (r)-spectra with constant slope approx. -2 consistent with the experimental data up to the point at which they steepen but overshooting them at higher densities, and at high shower sizes predicted cores which are significantly steeper than those observed. Further comparisons with results for heavy nuclei primaries (up to A = 56) point to the inadequacy of changes in primary composition to account for the observed density spectra and core flattening, and the shower size spectrum together, and point, therefore, to the failure of the scaling interaction model at approx. 10 to the 15th power eV primary energy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf., Vol. 7; p 93
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  • 10
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    Detection of gamma-ray lines from the direction of the Crab Nebula (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The Crab Nebula and its associated pulsar NP0531+21 were observed during a balloon flight of the Durham MK1 high resolution spectrometer on June 6, 1981. The data indicate two significant line features of energies of 404.7 and 1049.8 keV with intensities of (7.2 + or - 2.1) x 0.001 and (12.0 + or - 0.5) x 0.01/5. After subtracting instrumental resolution, the widths of these lines were determined to be (3.5 + or - 1.4) keV and (6.3 + or - 1.6) keV at 404.7 and 1049.8 keV respectively. A third line at 78.8 keV was detected as a transient event with a peak intensity of (1.1 + or - 0.3) x 0.01 photons sq cm/s and a width 1.5 keV. It is shown that all three line features are consistent with a point source located at the Crab.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 145-148; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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  • 11
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    Arcsecond Positions for Milliarcsecond VLBI Nuclei of Extragalactic Radio Sources. Part 3: 74 Sources (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-18
    Description: VLBI measurements at 2290 MHz and 8420 MHz on baselines of 10,000 km between Deep Space Network stations have been used to determine the positions of the milliarcsecond nuclei in 74 extragalactic radio sources. Estimated accuracies range from 0.1 sec. to 4, 3 sec. in both right ascension and declination with typical accuracies of approx. 0.3 sec. The observed sources are part of an all-sky VLBI catalog of milliarcsecond radio sources. Arcsecond positions have now been determined for 819 sources. These positions are presently being used to identify optical counterparts in the Southern Hemisphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 1-7
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  • 12
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    X-ray Activity in Pre-main Sequence Stars (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: X-ray findings and their interpretation with respect to winds and surface activity of pre-main sequence stars are summarized. Some recent optical and radio observations supporting the X-ray evidence for giant flares on PMS stars are discussed. The unusual properties of PMS/T Tauri stars were for many years primarily attributed to their strong winds. Numerous lines of evidence are outlined herein indicating that PMS stars also have enhanced surface activity, including extremely strong individual flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Origin of Nonradiative Heating(Momentum in Hot Stars; p 75-80
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  • 13
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    Bipolar Flows and X-ray Emission from Young Stellar Object (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Production of both the large scale CO bipolar flows and the small scale optical bipolar jets from the star-forming regions is given interpretation in terms of a magnetic mechanism related to accretion model. It is shown by an axisymmetric 2.5-dimensional simulation that the large scale cold bipolar flow may be produced in the relaxation of the magnetic twist which is created by the rotational winding-up of the magnetic field in the contracting disk. In contrast, the small scale warm bipolar jets may be driven by the recoiling shocks which are produced in the crash at the stellar surface of the infalling material released from the inner edge of the disk through magnetic reconnections.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Origin of Nonradiative Heating(Momentum in Hot Stars; p 169-176
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  • 14
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    Relationships among the harmonic coefficients of scan plane anisotropies (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Frequently, a detector on a spinning spacecraft measures the flux of charged particles whose velocities lie in a plane containing the magnetic field. This flux may be Fourier analyzed as a function of the spacecraft roll angle. Relationships among the Fourier coefficients are derived using the adiabatic solution of the Vlasov equation. These relationships depend only on the fact that the lowest order (in gyroradius) of the distribution function is a function of the magnetic moment and that the first-order term is a function of the lowest order. These relationships may be used to separate the proton from the electron counts registered in Saturn's inner magnetosphere by the University of California's Cerenkov counter on Pioneer 11.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 12
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  • 15
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    The frequency of weak gamma-ray bursts (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A search for weak gamma-ray bursts was conducted using a sensitive balloon-borne detector. One burst was detected in 64 hr of observation. The upper limit to the burst rate is 2300 bursts/yr above 6 x 10 to the -7th ergs/sq cm for simple spatial distribution models. Comparison with satellite results indicates that the slope of the log N-log S curve can be no steeper than -1 between 10 to the -4th and 10 to the -6th ergs/sq cm. A detailed procedure for calculating detector sensitivity to bursts is provided.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 291; 479-485
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  • 16
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    Cosmic ray propagation in the local superbubble (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is suggested that a ring of HI gas lying in the galactic plane is part of a supershell which formed some 3 x 10 to the 7th power years ago. The consequences of a closed magnetic supershell for cosmic ray propagation are examined and it is concluded that there is no evidence which precludes the production and trapping of cosmic rays in such a region. A consequence of superbubble confinement is that the mean age of cosmic rays would be independent of energy. This can be tested by high energy observations of the isotopic composition of Be.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 143; 2, Fe; 249-255
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  • 17
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    Gamma-ray bursters (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Current theoretical models developed to explain the observational data (from spaceborne detectors) on gamma-ray bursters are summarized and illustrated with drawings, diagrams, graphs, and photographic images. Although the data are fragmentary and often flawed by instrument defects, models involving neutron stars with strong magnetic fields are generally favored, and it is assumed that most observed bursters lie within the Galaxy. The neutron-star origin of the bursts is suggested by their intensity and rapid variability (implying a very compact high-energy source) and the presence in some burster spectra of a line at 420 keV which is explained by the combination of electron-positron annihilation and gravitational reddening. Consideration is also given to optical flashes observed to occur about once per year in the direction of gamma bursters, and the need for further searches for lower-energy emissions from bursters is stressed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733); 252; 52-58
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  • 18
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    Shock acceleration of diffuse ions at the earth's bow shock Acceleration efficiency and A/Z enhancement (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations of particle spectra, intensity, and enhancement of alpha particles over protons at diffuse ion events at the quasi-parallel earth bow shock are compared to a Monte Carlo simulation of diffusive shock acceleration. The simulation includes the back reaction of accelerated particles on the shock structure, particle escape at an upstream free escape boundary, and a low energy per nucleon threshold for thermal leakage of downstream, shock-heated particles into the upstream region. The simulation assumes that the same scattering operator that gives rise to shock acceleration can also describe a viscous shock governed by hydrodynamic turbulence. This implies that accelerated ions can be drawn directly from the thermal solar wind with no separate superthermal seed population. Good agreement between the simulation and observations made during nearly radial magnetic field configurations lends support to thermal leakage of downstream, shock-heated ions as the mode of injection for diffusion ion events.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 29-38
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  • 19
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    Implications of source abundances of ultraheavy cosmic rays (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The ratio of cosmic-ray source abundance to solar-system abundance for individual elements is examined. In particular correlations of these ratios with first-ionization potential (FIP) and also with the expected mass-to-charge ratio (A/Q) of the elements in a million-degree plasma are examined. The FIP correlation were previously examined and shown that the correlation is affected by the choice of C2 or C1 chondritic meteorites as the solar-system standard for comparison. An A/Q correlation was suggested by Eichler and Hainebach as a consequence of their model of shock acceleration in the hot interstellar medium, and has been examined by Israel. These correlations are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Contrib. to the 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf.; 4 p
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  • 20
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    Future ultraviolet observations from space (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Astronomical facilities to observe from space in the ultraviolet are reviewed. For the immediate future, IUE and the extreme ultraviolet spectrometers of Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are available for furthering knowledge of cataclysmic variables. The Hubble Space telescope is scheduled for launch in 1986 and will be available to guest observers. The Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, which is expected to provide the capability to observe in the far and extreme ultraviolet, is planned for launch in the 1990s.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Results on Cataclysmic Variables; p 193-194
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  • 21
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    Cosmological constraints on the lifetime of massive particles (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Particles with masses more than a few MeV, decaying into photons or electrons, can cause destruction by photofission of cosmologically produced light elements. A previous calculation of this effect is corrected and extended, and used to derive maximum lifetimes for massive neutrinos; these range from a few thousand seconds upward, depending on the particle mass. Some approximate expressions are given that enable lifetime limits to be obtained for other particles, with different masses and abundances, such as gravitinos. These limits are generally stronger than previously determined constraints, such as distortion of the microwave background by energetic photons.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 294; 1-8
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  • 22
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    High energy X-ray observations of COS-B gamma-ray sources from OSO-8 (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the three years between satellite launch in June 1975 and turn-off in October 1978, the high energy X-ray spectrometer on board OSO-8 observed nearly all of the COS-B gamma-ray source positions given in the 2CG catalog (Swanenburg et al., 1981). An X-ray source was detected at energies above 20 keV at the 6-sigma level of significance in the gamma-ray error box containing 2CG342 - 02 and at the 3-sigma level of significance in the error boxes containing 2CG065 + 00, 2CG195 + 04, and 2CG311 - 01. No definite association between the X-ray and gamma-ray sources can be made from these data alone. Upper limits are given for the 2CG sources from which no X-ray flux was detected above 20 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 143; 1, Fe
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  • 23
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    Electron plasma waves upstream of the earth's bow shock (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Electrostatic waves are observed around the plasma frequency fpe in the electron foreshock, together with electrons backstreaming from the bow shock. Using data from the sounder aboard ISEE 1, it is shown that this noise, previously understood as narrow band Langmuir waves more or less widened by Doppler shift or nonlinear effects, is in fact composed of two distinct parts: one is a narrow band noise, emitted just above fpe, and observed at the upstream boundary of the electron foreshock. This component has been interpreted as Langmuir waves emitted by a beam-plasma instability. It is suggested that it is of sufficiently large amplitude and monochromatic enough to trap resonant electrons. The other is a broad band noise, more impulsive than the narrow band noise, observed well above and/or well below fpe, deeper in the electron foreshock. The broad band noise has an average spectrum with a typical bi-exponential shape; its peak frequency is not exactly equal to fpe and depends on the Deybe length. This peak frequency also depends on the velocity for which the electron distribution has maximum skew. An experimental determination of the dispersion relation of the broad band noise shows that this noise, as well as the narrow band noise, may be due to the instability of a hot beam in a plasma.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 90; 73-94
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  • 24
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    Results on ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions from balloon-borne emulsion chambers (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of balloon-borne emulsion-chamber measurements on high-energy cosmic-ray nuclei (Burnett et al., 1983) are summarized in tables and graphs and briefly characterized. Special consideration is given to seven nucleus-nucleus interaction events at energy in excess of 1 TeV/A with multiplicity greater than 400, and to Fe interactions (53 with CHO, 10 with emulsion, and 14 with Pb) at 20-60 GeV/A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 25
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    Gamma ray line production from cosmic ray spallation reactions (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The gamma ray line intensities due to cosmic ray spallation reactions in clouds, the galactic disk and accreting binary pulsars are calculated. With the most favorable plausible assumptions, only a few lines may be detectable to the level of 0.0000001 per sq. cm per sec. The intensities are compared with those generated in nuclear excitation reactions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 369-372; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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  • 26
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    Pulsed emission of TeV gamma rays from Vela pulsar (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The Ooty atmospheric Cerenkov array, consisting of 10 parabolic mirrors of 0.9 m diameter and 8 of 1.5 m diameter, was used for observations on the Vela pulsar to see if it emits gamma rays in the TeV energy range. During the winter of 1984-85, the array was split into two parts: (1) consisting wholly of the smaller mirrors, and (2) wholly of the bigger mirrors. The two arrays were operated at two different sites to distinguish a marginally significant genuine pulsar signal from spurious signals produced trivially by chance fluctuations in the background rates. All the mirrors were pointed at the celestial object to track it for durations of the order of 1 to 6 hours during clear moonless nights. The event time data is analyzed to detect a possible pulsed emission of TeV gamma rays using the contemporaneous pulsar elements on the basis of their radio observations on the Vela pulsar. Results from the analyses of observations made during the winters of 1982-83 and 1984-85 on steady pulsed emission and on possible transient emission is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 1; p 159-160; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-1
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  • 27
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    Workshop on Cosmic Ray and High Energy Gamma Ray Experiments for the Space Station Era, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, October 17-20, 1984, Proceedings (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The potential of the Space Station as a platform for cosmic-ray and high-energy gamma-ray astronomy is discussed in reviews, reports, and specific proposals. Topics examined include antiparticles and electrons, science facilities and new technology, high-energy nuclear interactions, nuclear composition and energy spectra, Space Shuttle experiments, Space Station facilities and detectors, high-energy gamma rays, and gamma-ray facilities and techniques. Consideration is given to universal-baryon-symmetry testing on the scale of galactic clusters, particle studies in a high-inclination orbit, balloon-borne emulsion-chamber results on ultrarelativistic nucleus-nucleus interactions, ionization states of low-energy cosmic rays, a large gamma-ray telescope for point-source studies above 1 GeV, and the possible existence of stable quark matter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 28
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    UH-nuclei in the cosmic radiation, present and future (1985)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A brief survey of the present state of knowledge on the composition of the heaviest nuclei in the cosmic radiation, with emphasis on the actinides, is followed by a similarly brief description of expected near term improvements. A description is given of a large modular array which could be built and serviced from the Space Platform and would be capable of making critical tests on the various models of the origin and acceleration of these nuclei. This array would be composed of plastic Cerenkov detectors and would also measure time-of-flight across the array for each particle. In the configuration proposed it would observe two or more orders of magnitude more nuclei than any current or near future array.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 29
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    Cross section measurements at the Bevelac and their implications for cosmic ray studies (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Measurements of cross sections at the Bevelac using C-12 and Fe-56 ions incident on H targets at several energies between 300 and 1700 MeV/nuc are reported. Of particular interest are the Be and B cross sections from C-12 which are about 30 percent less than the semiempirical predictions below about 1 GeV/nuc. These cross sections are presently being incorporated into an updated galactic-propagation program. Results are also presented on the charge and isotopic resolution of the cosmic-ray telescope used in these studies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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    X-rays from the radio halo of Virgo A = M87 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The purpose of this study is to investigate in more detail the associated X-ray and radio emission in the Virgo A halo discovered by SGF. Improved Einstein HRI data and new radio maps obtained with the Very Large Array are described and the relation between the X-ray and radio structures is carefully examined. Several possible explanations are presented for the X-ray emission. The inverse compton model is found to be viable only if the magnetic field is variable and substantially weaker than the equipartition value. The principal alternative is excess thermal X-rays due to compression of the intracluster medium by the radio lobe. In either case, the association of such prominent radio and X-ray structures is unique among known radio galaxies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-176303 , NAS 1.26:176303
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  • 31
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    Measurements of cosmic ray isotopes from a space platform (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Possibilities for measuring cosmic-ray isotopes with Z = 3-30 from an earth-orbiting space platform are considered. Included are a summary of scientific objectives, a survey of current instrumentation, an examination of the effect of the geomagnetic field, and estimates of the yield of isotopes that could be realized. It is found that space-platform experiments could provide a factor-of-100 improvement in yield over currently approved future experiments. To address the objectives of cosmic-ray isotope studies most effectively, measurements should be made by several complementary instruments spanning a range of energies from less than 0.1 to about 100 GeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 32
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    Gradients and anisotropies of high energy cosmic rays in the outer heliosphere (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two cosmic rays which pass through the same point going in opposite directions will, in the absence of scattering and inhomogeneities in the magnetic field, trace helices about adjacent flux tubes, whose centerlines are separated by one gyrodiameter. A directional anisotropy at the point suggests a difference in the number of cosmic rays loading the two flux tubes; that is, a density gradient over the baseline of a gyrodiameter. Previous studies at lower energies have shown that the cosmic ray density gradients vary in time and space. It is suggested that the radial gradient associated with solar cycle modulation is supported largely by narrow barriers which encircle the sun and propagate outward with the solar wind. If so, the anisotropy is a desirable way to detect spatial gradients, because it can be associated with the local solar wind and magnetic field conditions. Anisotropic measurements made by Cerenkov detectors on Pioneers 10 and 11 were studied. It was found that local anisotropy varies greatly, but that the long term average is consistent with the global radial gradient measured between two spacecraft over a baseline of many AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-176944 , NAS 1.26:176944
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  • 33
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    Optical observations of new X-ray emitting cataclysmic variables (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two X-ray emitting cataclysmic variables were discovered as a result of a program to identify faint X-ray sources located by the HEAO-A3 modulation collimator experiment. The objects, H0534-581 and 1H0542-407, have similar high excitation spectra with intense emission lines showing broad and narrow components. Photometry shows that H0534-581 and 1H0542-407 have average magnitudes of V=14.9 and 15.7 respectively, leading to Lx/Lopt ratios of 1.5 (typical of dwarf novae in quiescence). While pronounced variability of delta B or = 1.5 mag is observed from both systems, there is no clear evidence for repeatable orbital periods between 1 and 4 hr.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: ESA Recent Results on Cataclysmic Variables; p 73-76
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  • 34
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    Nonthermal Radio Emission and the HR Diagram (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Perhaps the most reliable indicator of non-radiative heating/momentum in a stellar atmosphere is the presence of nonthermal radio emission. To date, 77 normal stellar objects have been detected and identified as nonthermal sources. These stellar objects are tabulated herein. It is apparent that non-thermal radio emission is not ubiquitous across the HR diagram. This is clearly the case for the single stars; it is not as clear for the binaries unless the radio emission is associated with their late-type components. Choosing to make this association, the single stars and the late-type components are plotted together. The following picture emerges: (1) there are four locations on the HR diagram where non-thermal radio stars are found; (2) the peak incoherent 5 GHz luminosities show a suprisingly small range for stars within each class; (3) the fraction of stellar energy that escapes as radio emission can be estimated by comparing the integrated maximum radio luminosity to the bolometric luminosity; (4) there are no apparent differences in L sub R between binaries with two cool components, binaries with one hot and one cool component, and single stars for classes C and D; and (5) The late-type stars (classes B, C, and D) are located in parts of the HR diagram where there is reason to suspect that the surfaces of the stars are being braked with respect to their interiors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Origin of Nonradiative Heating(Momentum in Hot Stars; p 70-74
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  • 35
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    Giant molecular clouds as regions of particle acceleration (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: One of the most interesting results of investigations carried out on the satellites SAS-II and COS-B is the discovery of unidentified discrete gamma sources. Possibly a considerable part of them may well be giant molecular clouds. Gamma emission from clouds is caused by the processes with participation of cosmic rays. The estimation of the cosmic ray density in clouds has shown that for the energy E approx. = I GeV their density can 10 to 1000 times exceed the one in intercloud space. We have made an attempt to determine the mechanism which could lead to the increase in the cosmic ray density in clouds.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 3; p 195-198; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-3
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  • 36
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    Monte Carlo simulations of electron lateral distributions in the core region of 10(13) - 10(16) eV air showers (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: This paper contains details of computer models of shower development which have been used to investigate the experimental data on shower cores observed in the Leeds 35 sq m and Sacramento Peak (New Mexico) 20 sq m arrays of current limited spark (discharge) chambers. The simulations include predictions for primaries ranging from protons to iron nuclei (with heavy nuclei treated using both superposition and fragmentation models).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 89-92; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 37
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    Core structure of EAS in 10(15) to 10(17) eV (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: With the use of Akeno calorimeter, the attenuation of particles in concrete is analyzed as the function of the shower size of 10 to the 5th power to 10 to the 7th power. The attenuation length does not depend much on the shower size but depends a little on the shower age. The average value is approx. 150 g/sq cm for s = 0.5 to 0.85 and approx. 40 g/sq cm for s = 0.85 to 1.15. These values and their fluctuations are consistent with the equi-intensity curves of extensive air showers (EAS).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 77-80; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 38
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    Study of muons near shower cores at sea level using the E594 neutrino detector (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The E594 neutrino detector has been used to study the lateral distribution of muons of energy 3 GeV near shower cores. The detector consists of a 340 ton fine grain calorimeter with 400,000 cells of flash chamber and dimensions of 3.7 m x 20 m x 3.7 m (height). The average density in the calorimeter is 1.4 gm/sq cm, and the average Z is 21. The detector was triggered by four 0.6 sq m scintillators placed immediately on the top of the calorimeter. The trigger required at least two of these four counters. The accompanying extensive air showers (EAS) was sampled by 14 scintillation counters located up to 15 m from the calorimeter. Several off line cuts have been applied to the data. Demanding five particles in at least two of the trigger detectors, a total of 20 particles in all of them together, and an arrival angle for the shower 450 deg reduced the data sample to 11053 events. Of these in 4869 cases, a computer algorithm found at least three muons in the calorimeter.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 114; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 39
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    Lateral distribution of electrons of air showers (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The lateral distribution of electrons (LDE) of the air showers of size 10 to the 5th power to 10 to the 6th power was studied within one MU. It was found that the LDE of the air showers observed is well represented by NKG function except for vicinity of the core. It was also found that LDE measured by thin scintillators does not differ from that measured by thick ones of 50mm thickness.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 107-110; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 40
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    Particle distributions in approximately 10(14) 10(16) eV air shower cores at sea level (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Experimental evidence is reported for fixed distances (0, 1.0, 2.5 and 4.0 m) from the shower centers and for core flattening. The cores become flatter, on average, as the shower size (primary energy) increases. With improved statistics on 4192 cores, the previous results are exactly confirmed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 81-84; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 41
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    The response of a scintillation counter below an emulsion chamber to heavy nucleus interactions in the chamber (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: In 1982 a hybrid electronic counter-emulsion chamber experiment was flown on a balloon to study heavy nucleus interactions in the 20 to approximately 100 GeV/AMU energy range. A gas Cerenkov counter, two solid Cerenkov counters, and a proportional counter hodoscope gave the primary energy, the primary charge and the trajectory of the particles, respectively. Using the trajectory information cosmic ray nuclei of Z 10 were found reliably and efficiently, and interaction characteristics of the Fe group nuclei were measured in the chamber. A plastic scintillator below the emulsion chamber responded to showers resulting from interactions in the chamber and to noninteracting nuclei. Data on the response of the counter have been compared with simulations of hadronic-electromagnetic cascades to derive the average neutral energy fraction released by the heavy interactions, and to predict the performance of this kind of counter at higher energies. For the interacting events of highest produced particles multiplicity comparison between various simulations and the shower counter signal have been made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 152-155; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 42
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    The phi-meson and Chiral-mass-meson production in heavy-ion collisions as potential probes of quark-gluon-plasma and Chiral symmetry transitions (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Possibilities of observing abundances of phi mesons and narrow hadronic pairs, as results of QGP and Chiral transitions, are considered for nucleus-nucleus interactions. Kinematical requirements in forming close pairs are satisfied in K+K decays of S(975) and delta (980) mesons with small phi, and phi (91020) mesons with large PT, and in pi-pi decays of familiar resonance mesons only in a partially restored chiral symmetry. Gluon-gluon dominance in QGP can enhance phi meson production. High hadronization rates of primordial resonance mesons which form narrow hadronic pairs are not implausible. Past cosmic ray evidences of anomalous phi production and narrow pair abundances are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 133-136; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 43
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    General consequences of the violated Feynman scaling (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The problem of scaling of the hadronic production cross sections represents an outstanding question in high energy physics especially for interpretation of cosmic ray data. A comprehensive analysis of the accelerator data leads to the conclusion of the existence of breaked Feynman scaling. It was proposed that the Lorentz invariant inclusive cross sections for secondaries of a given type approaches constant in respect to a breaked scaling variable x sub s. Thus, the differential cross sections measured in accelerator energy can be extrapolated to higher cosmic ray energies. This assumption leads to some important consequences. The distribution of secondary multiplicity that follows from the violated Feynman scaling using a similar method of Koba et al is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 88-91; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 44
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    Ringlike inelastic events in cosmic rays and accelerators (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: In cosmic rays and in accelerators there were observed single inelastic processes with densely produced (azimuthally isotropic) groups of particles exhibiting spikes in the pseudorapidity plot of an individual event (i.e. ringlike events). Theoretically the existence of such processes was predicted as a consequence of Cerenkov gluon radiation or, more generally, of deconfinement radiation. Nowadays some tens of such events have been accumulated at 400 GeV and at 150 TeV. Analyzing ringlike events in proton-nucleon interactions at 400 GeV/c it is shown that they exhibit striking irregularity in the positions of pseudorapidity spikes' centers which tend to lie mostly at 55,90 and 125 deg in cms. It implies rather small deconfinement lengths of the order of some fermi.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 145-148; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 45
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    SU(2) x U(1) vacuum and the Centauro events (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: It is proposed that the fireballs invoked to explain the Centauro events are bubbles of a metastable superdense state of nuclear matter, created in high energy (E approximately 10 to the 15th power eV) cosmic ray collisions at the top of the atmosphere. If these bubbles are created with a Lorentz factor gamma approximately equals 10 at their CM frame, the objections against the origin of these events in cosmic ray interactions are overcome. A relationship then between their lifetime, tau, and the threshold energy for bubble formation, E sub th, appears to be insensitive to the value of tau and always close to E sub th approximately 10 to 15th power eV. Finally it is speculated that these bubbles might be manifestations of the SU(2) x U(1) false vacuum excited in these collisions. The absence of in the Centauro events is then explained by the decay modes of these excitations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 137-140; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 46
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    Scaling violation in the fragmentation region of inclusive nucleon spektrum (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Spectra of cosmic ray showers associated with hadrons of various energies from 5 to 80 TeV were investigated. Results could be interpreted as scaling violation in the fragmentation region of secondary particles generated in inelastic interactions of primary protons at the energy above 30 TeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 96-99; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 47
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    Propagation of cosmic rays through the atmosphere in the quark-gluon strings model (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The quark-gluon strings model succeeds in the description of multiple hadron production in the central rapidity region of nucleon-nucleon interctions. This model was developed for hadron-nucleus interactions and used for calculation of the cosmic ray propagation through the atmosphere. It is shown that at energies 10 to the 11th power to the 12th power eV, this model gives a satisfactory description of experimental data. But with the increase of the energy up to approximately 10 to the 14th power eV, results of calculations and of experiments begin to differ and this difference rises with the energy. It may indicate that the scaling violation in the fragmentation region of inclusive spectra for hadron-nucleus interactions is stronger than in the quark-gluon strings model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 92-95; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 48
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    Is the inelastic charge-exchange contribution constant at the large X and superhigh energies? Qaut 01Kuchin, I. A. (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The mechanism explaining the decrease of the inelastic charge-exchange contribution at x approximately equal to I and s yields infinity has been proposed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 84-87; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 49
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    A unification of the interactions and the diffractive processes (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The transition of a number of hadronic process characteristics to a certain universal regime is interpreted as an indication to the early origination of the unification regime of the interactions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 80-83; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 50
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    Nucleon-nucleus interactions from JACEE (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Results on hadron-nucleus interactions from the Japanese-American Cooperation Emulsion Experiment experiment are presented. Angular distributions for charged particles, and angular and transverse momentum spectra for photons have been measured for a sample of events with sigma epsilon sub gamma. Results on central rapidity density and transverse energy flow are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 76-79; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 51
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    A new study of muons in air showers by NBU air shower array (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The North Bengal University (NBU) air shower array has been in operation in conjunction with two muon magnetic spectrographs. The array incorporates 21 particle density sampling detectors around the magnetic spectrographs covering an area of 900 sq m. The layout of the array is based on the arrangement of detectors in a square symmetry. The array set up on the ground level is around a 10 m high magnetic spectrograph housing. This magnetic spectrograph housing limits the zenith angular acceptance of the incident showers to a few degrees. Three hundred muons in the fitted showers of size range 10 to the 4th power to 10 to the 5th power particles have so far been scanned and the momenta determined in the momentum range 2 - 440 GeV/c. More than 1500 recorded showers are now in the process of scanning and fitting. A lateral distribution of muons of energy greater than 300 MeV in the shower size range 10 to the 5th power to 7 x 10 to the 5th power has been obtained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 105-106; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 52
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    Tskhra-Tskaro complex intended for the investigations of EAS spatial characteristics near axis (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Tskhra-Tskaro EAS complex located at the height of 2500 m above sea level is intended for a correlated investigation of three main components of the extended atmospheric showers (EAS) - hadron, muon and electro-proton ones - near the shower axis. This complex is aimed at the investigation of proton and primary cosmic radiation nucleus interactions with the nuclei of air atoms within the energy range 10 to the 14th power to 10 to the 16th power eV. Research equipment design and installation are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 98-100; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 53
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    The development of air shower in the iron absorber (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The iron open-sandwich experiments to observe one dimensional development of individual air showers were carried out at Akeno Observatory. One dimensional energy flow, incident energy and production height of shower is estimated using the data of size and age obtained from the above experiment and simple calculation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 69-72; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 54
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    Observation of EAS using a large water tank (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Using a large water tank (30 m in diameter, 4.5 m in depth) transition of extensive air showers (EAS) was investigated at Taro (200 m above sea level). There are set 150,0.4 sq m proportional counters on the bottom of the water tank. A conventional EAS array of 25 plastic scintillation detectors was arranged within several tens meter from the water tank. A proportional counter (10x10x200 cc x2) is made of a square shaped pipe of iron. Tungsten wire (100 mu m phi) is stretched tight in the center of the counter. A gas mixture of 90% argon and 10% methane is used at 760 mmHg. About 3000 EAS were obtained through 1 m of water since 1984.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 68; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 55
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    A critical analysis of air shower structure functions and size spectrum measurements with the NBU air shower array (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: A total of 11,000 showers in the size range 10 to the 4 to 10 to the 6 particles so far detected by the NBU air shower array has been analyzed using five different structure functions. A comparison of structure functions in terms: (1) of shower size; and (2) electron density at various core distances has been discussed to indicate the present status of structure functions in air shower analysis.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 56-59; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 56
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    The maximum depth of shower with E sub 0 larger than 10(17) eV on average characteristics of EAS different components (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The extensive air shower (EAS) development model independent method of the determination of a maximum depth of shower (X sub m) is considered. X sub m values obtained on various EAS parameters are in a good agreement.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 48-51; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 57
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    Hadronic components of EAS by rigorous saddle point method in the energy range between 10(5) and 10(8) GeV (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The study of hadronic components in the high energy range between 10 to the 5 and 10 to the 8 Gev exhibits by far the strongest mass sensitivity since the primary energy spectrum as discussed by Linsley and measured by many air shower experimental groups indicates a change of slope from -1.7 to 2.0 in this energy range. This change of slope may be due to several reasons such as a genuine spectral feature of astrophysical origin, a confinement effect of galactic component or a rather rapid change of mass, a problem which we have attempted to study here in detail.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 36-39; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 58
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    High energy hadrons in extensive air showers (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Experimental data on the high energy hadronic component in extensive air showers of energies approx. 10 to the 14 to 10 to the 16 eV when compared with expectations from Monte Carlo simulations have shown the observed showers to be deficient in high energy hadrons relative to simulated showers. An attempt is made to understand these anomalous features with more accurate comparison of observations with expectations, taking into account the details of the experimental system. Results obtained from this analysis and their implications for the high energy physics of particle interactions at energy approx. 10 to the 15 eV are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 28-31; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 59
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    New aspects in nucleon-nucleus collisions and EAS properties around 10(6) GeV (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: At energies higher than 2 x 10 to the 5 GeV, very little information exists on detailed properties of nucleon-nucleon collision; the rare elements are coming from jets, and, as nondirect improvements from gamma-ray families. The results exhibit some conflicting features, or, at least, very large fluctuations like copious production of gamma-rays in opposition to Centauro-like events, sometimes suggest that phase transition to quark gluon plasma occurs in nucleus-nucleus collisions and even in nucleon-nucleus collision. The multicluster phenomenological model (MPM) extrapolated for extensive air showers EAS simulation up to 5 x 10 to the 6 GeV to put in evidence some significant deviation between experimental data and prediction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 20-23; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 60
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    Analysis of the hadron component in E.A.S. (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Hadrons in extensive air showers (E.A.S.) provide direct information about high energy interactions. As a rule the biases pertaining to different shower array arrangements have a relative large influence for the basic phenomenological characteristics of the E.A.S. hadron component. In this situation, the problem of the correct comparison between model calculated and experimental characteristics is of great importance for the reliability of the derived conclusions about the high energy interaction characteristics.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 9-11; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 61
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    Theoretical study of EAS hadronic structure (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The structure of extensive air showers (EAS) is determined mainly by the energetic hadrons. They are strongly collimated in the core of the shower and essential difficulties are encountered for resolution of individual hadrons. The properties for resolution are different from the variety of hadron detectors used in EAS experiments. This is the main difficulty in obtaining a general agreement between actually registered data with different detectors. The most plausible source for disagreement is the uncertainty in determination of the energy of individual hadrons. This research demonstrates that a better agreement can be obtained with the average tendency of hadronic measurements if one assumes a larger coefficient of inelasticity and stronger energy increase of the total inelastic cross section in high energy pion interactions. EAS data above 10 to the 5th power GeV are revealing a faster development of hadronic cascades in the air then can be expected by extrapolating the parameters of hadron interactions obtained in accelerator measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 85-88; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 62
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    Application of photodiodes to the detection of electromagnetic bursts (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: A new type of photodiode + scintillator (1 m2 x 1 cm) detector is developed to detect the large electro-magnetic burst under an EX-chamber. The threshold burst size is found to be 4.3 x 10 the 5 particles at the center of the scintillator. Therefore a gamma-ray family of 10 TeV is detectable by it, when it is set under 14 r.1. of iron. In addition, a very fast (2.4 nsec width) and very bright (correspond to 10 to the 6 particles) scintillation pulse has become avarable for this study.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 73-76; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 63
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    Character of energy flow in air shower core (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Energy per charged particle near the core of air showers was measured by 9 energy flow detectors, which were the combination of Cerenkov counters and scintillators. Energy per particle of each detector was normalized to energy at 2m from the core. The following results were obtained as to the energy flow: (1) integral frequency distribution of mean energy per particle (averaged over 9 detectors) is composed of two groups separated distinctly; and (2) showers contained in one group show an anisotropy of arrival direction.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 64-67; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 64
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    Measurement of the local density spectrum (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Since there is still disagreement among the results of various groups, a measurement of the local density spectrum with a close-packed array of four scintillators, each of area 0.14 sq cm was made. Data are taken with conventional electronics, supervised by an on-line microcomputer. The data are stored on audio cassettes and analyzed with the aid of another microcomputer. Since four independent samples for each shower are available, uncertainties inherent in results from many earlier experiments can be minimized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 60-63; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 65
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    Sensitivity of depth of maximum and absorption depth of EAS to hadron production mechanism (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Comparison of experimental data on depth of extensive air showers (EAS) development maximum in the atmosphere, T sub M and path of absorption, lambda, in the lower atmosphere of EAS with fixed particle number in the energy region eV with the results of calculation show that these parameters are sensitive mainly to the inelastic interaction cross section and scaling violation in the fragmentation and pionization region. The data are explained in a unified manner within the framework of a model in which scaling is violated slightly in the fragmentation region and strongly in the pionization region at primary cosmic rays composition close to the normal one and a permanent increase of inelastic interaction cross section. It is shown that, while interpreting the experimental data, disregard of two methodical points causes a systematic shift in T sub M: (1) shower selection system; and (2) EAS electron lateral distribution when performing the calculations on basis of which the transfer is made from the Cerenkov pulse FWHM to the depth of shower maximum, T sub M.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 52-55; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 66
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    About increase of the large transvere momentum processes fraction in hA interactions at energies 5.10(14) - 10(16) eV according to the data on E.A.S. hadrons (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The lateral distributions of extensive air showers (EAS) hadrons obtained at Tien-Shan array are compared with the simulations. The simulation data have been treated in the same way as experimental data, including the recording method. The comparison shows that the experimental hadron lateral distributions are wider than simulated ones. On the base of this result the conclusion is drawn that the fraction of processes with large p (perpendicular) increases in hadron-air interactions at energies 5 x 10 to the 14 to 10 to the 16 eV compared with accelerator data in p-p interactions at lower energies.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 40-43; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 67
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    Dependence of the average spatial and energy characteristics of the hadron-lepton cascade on the strong interaction parameters at superhigh energies (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: A method for calculating the average spatial and energy characteristics of hadron-lepton cascades in the atmosphere is described. The results of calculations for various strong interaction models of primary protons and nuclei are presented. The sensitivity of the experimentally observed extensive air showers (EAS) characteristics to variations of the elementary act parameters is analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 32-35; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 68
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    Simulation of EAS properties on the basis of high energy interaction model deduced from the accelerator data (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Calculations of extensive air showers in atmosphere were performed using formulae describing p-p and p-air nucleus interactions. The formulae fitted to the accelerator data were extrapolated taking the same trend up to 10 to the 16 eV. Above that energy it was assumed that the degree of scaling violating/alpha-parameter/ is saturating or even decreasing. The latter assumption follows from earlier work where it was found that without this restriction shower maxima at the highest energies are located too high in the atmosphere. Results of calculations have been compared with experimental data. The comparison was made separately for the curves obtained from the so called equal intensity cuts and for the Cerenkov data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 16-19; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 69
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    Analysis of equi-intensity curves and NU distribution of EAS (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The distribution of the number of muons in extensive air showers (EAS) and the equi-intensity curves of EAS are analyzed on the basis of Monte Carlo simulation of various cosmic ray composition and the interaction models. Problems in the two best combined models are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 5-8; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 70
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    Electrons, muons and hadrons in extensive air showers and how do they depend on nuclear interaction model, part 2 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Some of the results of Monte Carlo simulations of extensive air showers for nuclear interactions models are presented. The most significant part of scaling violation effect is generated by the inclusion of rising cross-section. Among the models considered the lowest value for Eo/N(max) is obtained when rapidly rising cross-section and charge exchange are both included (model R-F01). The value is still 1.38 GeV/electron. Except at the highest energies, the sensitivity to atomic mass of the primary is greater than to specific assumptions about multiple production.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 1-4; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 71
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    X-ray film chamber with carbon target of Tien-Shan complex array (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: X-ray films were exposed inside the ionization calorimeter under 74g/sq cm of carbon and 5 cm of lead. The X-ray film chamber area is 35 sq. m. Moving X-ray films were used, 50% of the events, which succeeded to determine incidence time, were identified with corresponding extensive air showers (EAS). For such events the size spectrum of associated EAS was derived. Two methods of energy measurement using X-ray films and ionization calorimeter were compared. The energy transfer from selected hadron to electromagnetic component is illustrated. It is found that in cascades with high energy release into electromagnetic components the hadron component is practically absent.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 254-257; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 72
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    An underground cosmic ray muon telescope for observation of cosmic ray anisotropy (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: A telescope housed in a tunnel laboratory has an overburden of 573 hg cm(-2) and is located under the center of a saddle-shaped landscape. It is composed of triple layers of proportional counters, each layer of area approx. 4m x 2m and their separation 0.5m. Events are selected by triple coincidence and software track identification. The telescope is in operation for over a year and the overall count rate is 1280 hr(-1). The structure and operation of the system is reported.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 256-259; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 73
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    Longitudinal trial functions and the cosmic ray energy scale (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Formulae which were proposed to represent the longitudinal profiles of cosmic ray air showers are compared, and the physical interpretation of their parameters is examined. Applications to the problem of energy calibration are pointed out. Adoption of a certain especially simple formula is recommended, and its use is illustrated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 7; p 167-170; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-7
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  • 74
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    Transverse momentum distribution of pion deg in the fragmentation region of super high energy interactions (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: The lateral distribution of gamma-families observed by emulsion chamber is sensitive to test transverse momentum of high energy interaction. But most part gamma-families are succesive interation's results which makes it necessary to analyze the propagation of gamma-ray in atmosphere. A gamma-ray with energy Er and transverse momentum Pt is produced at the altitude h. In the emulsion chamber experiment, Eob is estimated by decascade method. There are 30 gamma-families observed by Ganbala emulsion Chamber. A group of Monte-Carlo simulation gamma-families are used to compare with experimental data with the same treatment. It is found that both distributions are consistent.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 6; p 278-279; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-6
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  • 75
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    High-energy thermal synchrotron emission (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It is shown how the thermal synchrotron emission spectrum is modified when the photon energy is greater than the mean energy of the radiating particles. The effect if applying this energy conservation constraint is to produce spectra which have less high-energy photon emission than had been previously estimated. The thermal synchrotron spectra provide satisfactory fits to recently observed very high energy gamma ray spectra of certain burst sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 296; 65-68
    Format: text
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  • 76
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    Gamma-ray burst statistics - Guidance or deception? (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An evaluation is made of efforts to statistically ascertain the distance scale of gamma-ray bursts. The Venera 11 and 12 KONUS experiment peak count flux P sampling is noted to be incomplete for the longest and shortest bursts. This may be due to the effect being either a real physical limit to the burst population, or an artifact. Current data favor the latter explanation. Where N is the annual rate of bursts with a fluence exceeding S ergs/sq cm, it is shown that an unbounded, isotropic, homogeneous burst source distribution must have d log N/d log P of less than -3/2, for all P independent of any intrinsic P distribution or the existence and relative distance of any separate burst classes. The KONUS data are consistent with earlier conclusions that bursts are distributed on a large galactic scale.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 295; 51-64
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  • 77
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    The propagation of ultraheavy cosmic-ray nuclei revisited (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The propagation of ultraheavy (Z = 30 or more) cosmic-ray nuclei is investigated theoretically in the leaky-box model, expanding the analysis of Brewster et al. (1983) to include more individual nuclides and account for recent findings with respect to source compositions, cross sections, and the dependence of escape length and spectral characteristics on rigidity. The results of numerical computations are presented in tables and graphs and compared with observational data (from HEAO-3) and other theoretical predictions. Good agreement is obtained for Z = 32-42 and 50-58 using a solar-system source with a first-ionization-potential correlation factor and the solar-system abundances given by Anders and Ebihara (1982).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 (ISSN 0004-637X); 294; 419-424
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  • 78
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    X-ray inverse Compton emission from the radio halo of M87 (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: M87 has been observed in the 0.2-4 KeV X-ray band using the High Resolution Imager on the Einstein Observatory, and at 1.452 GHz using the Very Large Array. The radio map showed that the halo contained prominent asymmetries to the east and southwest. The X-ray map indicated similar asymmetries, but they were imbedded in the diffuse hot gas that surrounds the core out to a radius of several arcminutes. The hot X-ray emitting gas was assumed to be spherically symmetric and could, therefore, be subtracted from the image. The resultant image was asymmetric with major lobes to the east and southwest that coincide approximately with the asymmetries in the radio halo. The data indicates that inverse Compton emission is a plausible model for the X-rays coming from the asymmetric component.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-CR-176304 , NAS 1.26:176304
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  • 79
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    Resonant scattering and charm showers in ultrahigh-energy neutrino interactions (1985)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electron antineutrinos with energy of about 7 x 10 to the 6th GeV have much-enhanced cross sections due to W-boson production off electrons. Possible signals due to cosmic-ray sources are estimated. Higher-energy antineutrinos can efficiently produce a W accompanied by radiation. Another possibility, which could lead to shadowing at modest depths, is resonant production of a charged Higgs particle. The importance of muon production by charm showers in rock is pointed out.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters (ISSN 0031-9007); 55; 1252
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  • 80
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    The homestake surface-underground scintillations: Description (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Two new detectors are currently under construction at the Homestake Gold Mine a 140-ton Large Area Scintillation Detector (LASD) with an upper surface area of 130 square meters, a geometry factor (for an isotropic flux) of 1200 square meters, sr, and a depth of 4200 m.w.e.; and a surface air shower array consisting of 100 scintillator elements, each 3 square meters, spanning an area of approximately square kilometers. Underground, half of the LASD is currently running and collecting muon data; on the surface, the first section of the air shower array will begin operation in the spring of 1985. The detectors and their capabilities are described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.1-9 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 246-249; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 81
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    Search for supermassive magnetic monopoles using mica crystals (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The survival of the Galactic magnetic field almost certainly sets an astrophysical upper bound of approx. 10 to the minus 15th power cm(-2) sr(-1) s(-1) on the flux of monopoles. To improve significantly upon this Parker limit with direct, real time searches would require a detector area of approx. 10,000 square meters and a collection time of years. Several such searches are being contemplated. A novel alternative scheme using large mica crystals capable of recording and storing tracks of slow monopoles over a time scale of approx. 10 to the 9th power years was proposed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.1-8 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 242-245; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 82
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    Monopole search below the Parker limit with the MACRO detector at Gran Sasso (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The MACRO detector approved for the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory in Italy will be the first capable of performing a definitive search for super-massive grand unified theory (GUT) monopoles at a level significantly below the Parker flux limit of 10 to the minus 15th power square centimeters Sr(-1) 5(-1). GUT monopoles will move at very low velocities (V approx. 0.001 c) relative to the Earth and a multifaceted detection technique is required to assume their unambiguous identification. Calculations of scintillator response to slow monopoles and measurements of scintillation efficiency for low energy protons have shown that bare monopoles and electrically charged monopoles moving at velocities as low as 5 x .0001 c will produce detectable scintillation signals. The time-of-flight between two thick (25 cm) liquid scintillation layers separated by 4.3m will be used in conjunction with waveform digitization of signals of extended duration in each thick scintillator to provide a redundant signature for slow penetrating particles. Limited streamer tubes filled with He and n-pentane will detect bare monopoles with velocities as low as 1 x 0.0001 c by exploiting monopole induced level mixing and the Penning effect.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.1-5 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 230-233; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 83
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    High energy cosmic ray signature of quark nuggets (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: It has been recently proposed that dark matter in the Universe might consist of nuggets of quarks which populate the nuclear desert between nucleons and neutron star matter. It is further suggested that the Centauro events which could be the signature of particles with atomic mass A approx. 100 and energy E approx. 10 to 15th power eV might also be related to debris produced in the encounter of two neutron stars. A further consequence of the former proposal is examined, and it is shown that the production of relativistic quark nuggets is accompanied by a substantial flux of potentially observable high energy neutrinos.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-11 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 290-293; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 84
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    Energetic delayed hadrons in large air showers observed at 5200m above sea level (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Energetic delayed hadrons in air showers with electron sizes in the range 10 to the 6th power to 10 to the 9th power were studied by observing the delayed bursts produced in the shield of nine square meter scintillation detectors in the Chacaltaya air-shower array. The frequency of such delayed burst is presented as a function of electron size, core distance and sec theta.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-9 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 283-286; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 85
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    Nucleon decay and atmospheric neutrinos in the Mont Blanc experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the NUSEX experiment, during 2.8 years of operation, 31 fully contained events have been collected; 3 among them are nucleon decay candidates, while the others have been attributed to upsilon interactions. Limits on nucleon lifetime and determinations of upsilon interaction rates are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-6 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 271-274; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 86
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    Results on nucleon life-time from the Kolar gold field experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The KGF nucleon decay experiment has been in operation since October 1980 with a 140 ton calorimetric detector at a depth of 2.3 Km underground. The detector comprises 34 layers of proportional counters arranged in an orthogonal geometry with 12 mm thick iron plates in between successive layers. The proportional counters are made up of square (10 x 10 square centimeters) iron plates of wall thickness 2.3 mm. Each of the 1600 counters is instrumented to provide data on ionization, DE/dx and arrival time. The visible energy of a particle is determined to an accuracy of approximately 20% from the ionization and range of its track. The end point ionization of a stopping track provides the direction of motion as well as the nature of the particle (mu/pi,k,p). Decay of mu is recorded with an overall efficiency of only 20% in view of the thickness of 13 g/square centimeters between successive layers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-3 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 261-264; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 87
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    Results from the UCSD magnetic monopole search (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The energy loss mechanism for slowly moving magnetic monopoles in helium provides a means of extending the search for such particles by ionization techniques to velocities approximately 3 X 1 million cm/sec (beta approximately equals 0.0001). Other gases (e.g., CH2 or CO2) mixed with helium will be ionized with high efficiency by collisions with excited helium atoms, thus allowing the use of large proportional chamber systems for the detection of the monopoles. The first reported results utilizing this mechanism was the experiment of Kajino, et al., using a detector with an area-solid angle product alpha time delta alpha of 24.7 square meters sr. They set a limit on the flux of monopoles of 7.2 x 10 to the 13th power cm(-2) sr(-1) sec(-1) at a 90% confidence level for beta 3x 0.0001. Here, the results of a He:CH2 proportional tube array designed to extend the velocity limit down to beta approximately 0.0001 are reported. The detector which has been operating at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) since last summer, is a prototype for a larger array currently under construction at UCSD. The data presented here is from 200 days of live time with the prototype detector.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.1-12 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 253-256; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 88
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    Acoustic detection of air shower cores (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: At an altitude of 1890m, a pre-test with an Air shower (AS) core selector and a small acoustic array set up in an anechoic pool with a volume of 20x7x7 cu m was performed, beginning in Aug. 1984. In analyzing the waveforms recorded during the effective working time of 186 hrs, three acoustic signals which cannot be explained as from any source other than AS cores were obtained, and an estimation of related parameters was made.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-7.1-4 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 333-336; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 89
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    Muon and neutrino fluxes (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The result of a new calculation of the atmospheric muon and neutrino fluxes and the energy spectrum of muon-neutrinos produced in individual extensive air showers (EAS) initiated by proton and gamma-ray primaries is reported. Also explained is the possibility of detecting atmospheric nu sub mu's due to gamma-rays from these sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-18 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 318-321; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 90
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    Search for acoustic signals from high energy cascades (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: High energy cosmic ray secondaries can be detected by means of the cascades they produce when they pass through matter. When the charged particles of these cascades ionize the matter they are traveling through, the heat produced and resulting thermal expansion causes a thermoacoustic wave. These sound waves travel at about one hundred-thousandth the speed of light, and should allow an array of acoustic transducers to resolve structure in the cascade to about 1 cm without high speed electronics or segmentation of the detector.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-7.1-1 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 322-324; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 91
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    Charge 4/3 leptons in cosmic rays (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A cosmic ray counter telescope has been operated at zenith angles of 0, 40, 44, and 60 degs in order to look for charge 4/3 particles. A few million clean single cosmic rays of each zenith angle are analyzed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-14 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 302-305; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 92
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    Search for anomalons using plastic nuclear track detectors (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A stack of CR39 track detectors containing Ag foils was exposed to 1.7 GeV/nucleon Fe-56 beam and the anomalous mean free path effect investigated. Neither the whole set of 7517 nor a subset of 2542 interacting fragments produced probably in the Ag target show an effect. By combining the data of this and an earlier experiment we can also exclude an effect for 3219 interacting fragments produced in delta Z=1 collisions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-12 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 294-297; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 93
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    A search for heavy long lived particles in high energy cosmic rays (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The results of an experimental search for energetic particles which arrive at sea level delayed with respect to the shower front, with an order of magnitude greater exposure than previous experiments are presented. The experiment was sensitive to showers from cosmic rays between 10 to the 5th power and 10 to the 7th power Gev per nucleus. No evidence for the existence of heavy long lived particles in air showers was found. An upper limit to the flux of these particles was set at the 90% confidence level of 1.4 x 10 to the minus 12th power cm(-2) sr(-1) s(-1).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-7 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 275-278; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 94
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    Data acquisition system for phase-2 KGF proton decay experiment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Phase-2 of KGF proton decay experiment using 4000 proportional counters will start operating from middle of 1985. The detection systems, in addition to measuring the time information to an accuracy of 200 n see, also records ionization in the hit counters. It also monitors different characteristics of the counters like pulse height spectrum, pulse width spectrum and counting rate. The acquisition system is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-6.2-4 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 265-266; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 95
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    Proportional drift tubes for large area muon detectors (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A proportional drift chamber which consists of eight rectangular drift tubes with cross section of 10 cm x 5 cm, a sense wire of 100 micron phi gold-plated tungsten wire and the length of 6 m, was tested using cosmic ray muons. Spatial resolution (rms) is between 0.5 and 1 mm over drift space of 50 mm, depending on incident angle and distance from sense wire.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-5.2-11 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 65-68; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 96
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    The Nagoya cosmic-ray muon spectrometer 3, part 4: Track reconstruction method (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: One of the greatest problems in measuring particle trajectories with an optical or visual detector system, is the reconstruction of trajectories in real space from their recorded images. In the Nagoya cosmic-ray muon spectrometer, muon tracks are detected by wide gap spark chambers and their images are recorded on the photographic film through an optical system of 10 mirrors and two cameras. For the spatial reconstruction, 42 parameters of the optical system should be known to determine the configuration of this system. It is almost impossible to measure this many parameters directly with usual techniques. In order to solve this problem, the inverse transformation method was applied. In this method, all the optical parameters are determined from the locations of fiducial marks in real space and the locations of their images on the photographic film by the non-linear least square fitting.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-5.2-5 , NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf., Vol. 8; p 52
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  • 97
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    The Nagoya cosmic-ray muon spectrometer 3, part 3: Automatic film scanning equipment (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In the regular operation of the Nagoya cosmic-ray muon spectrometer, about 2000 events per day will be recorded on the photographic film. To derive the track locations from such a huge number of photographs with high accuracy in a short time, an automatic film scanning device has been developed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-5.2-4 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 51; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 98
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    Underwater measurements of muon intensity (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Experimental measurements of cosmic ray muon intensity deep underwater aimed at determining a muon absorption curve are of considerable interest, as they allow to reproduce independently the muon energy spectrum at sea level. The comparison of the muon absorption curve in sea water with that in rock makes it possible to determine muon energy losses caused by nuclear interactions. The data available on muon absorption in water and that in rock are not equivalent. Underground measurements are numerous and have been carried out down to the depth of approx. 15km w.e., whereas underwater muon intensity have been measured twice and only down to approx. 3km deep.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-5.1-16 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 39-42; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 99
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    On muon energy spectrum in muon groups underground (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method is described which was used to measure muon energy spectrum characteristics in muon groups underground using mu-e decays recording. The Baksan Telescope's experimental data on mu-e decays intensity in muon groups of various multiplicities are analyzed. The experimental data indicating very flat spectrum does not however represent the total spectrum in muon groups. Obviously the muon energy spectrum depends strongly on a distance from the group axis. The core attraction effect makes a significant distortion, making the spectrum flatter. After taking this into account and making corrections for this effect the integral total spectrum index in groups has a very small depencence on muon multiplicity and agrees well with expected one: beta=beta (sub expected) = 1.75.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-5.1-14 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 32-35; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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  • 100
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    A new world survey expression for cosmic ray vertical intensity vs. depth in standard rock (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The cosmic ray data on vertical intensity versus depth below 10 to the 5th power g sq cm is fitted to a 5 parameter empirical formula to give an analytical expression for interpretation of muon fluxes in underground measurements. This expression updates earlier published results and complements the more precise curves obtained by numerical integration or Monte Carlo techniques in which the fit is made to an energy spectrum at the top of the atmosphere. The expression is valid in the transitional region where neutrino induced muons begin to be important, as well as at great depths where this component becomes dominant.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: HE-5.1-10 , 19th Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf - Vol. 8; p 20-23; NASA-CP-2376-VOL-8
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