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  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (373)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (373)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1976  (373)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (373)
  • 1955-1959
Year
  • 101
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    Interconnnect and bonding technologies for large flexible solar arrays (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Thermocompression bonding and conductive adhesive bonding are developed and evaluated as alternate methods of joining solar cells to their interconnect assemblies. Bonding materials and process controls applicable to fabrication of large, flexible substrate solar cell arrays are studied. The primary potential use of the techniques developed is on the solar array developed by NASA/MSFC and LMSC for solar electric propulsion (SEP) and shuttle payload applications. This array is made up of flexible panels approximately 0.7 by 3.4 meters. It is required to operate in space between 0.3 and 6 AU for 5 years with limited degradation. Materials selected must be capable of enduring this space environment, including outgassing and radiation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-144312 , LMSC-D492654
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 102
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    Tests of a reduced-scale experimental model of a building solar heating-cooling system (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental solar heating and cooling system model has been built and operated, combining elements that are programmable (e.g., heating and cooling load of a building and collected solar energy) with experimental equipment. The experimental system model was based on the loads and components used in the Solar Building Test Facility (SBTF), which includes a 1394 sq m solar collector field at NASA Langley. These tests covered 5 continuous days under summer conditions. For the system model up to 55 percent of the simulated collected solar energy was used for the building load. This amount of solar energy supplied 35 percent of the building cooling load. Heat loss was significant. If tank heat loss were eliminated, which would make it similar to the actual SBTF, 75 percent of the collected solar energy would be used. This amount would supply approximately 50 percent of the building cooling load. A higher fraction of solar energy is possible with a more performance-optimized system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3416 , E-8729
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  • 103
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    A theoretical analysis of the current-voltage characteristics of solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Various mechanisms which limit the conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells were studied. The effects of changes in solar cell geometry such as layer thickness on performance were examined. The effects of various antireflecting layers were also examined. It was found that any single film antireflecting layer results in a significant surface loss of photons. The use of surface texturing techniques or low loss antireflecting layers can enhance by several percentage points the conversion efficiency of silicon cells. The basic differences between n(+)-p-p(+) and p(+)-n-n(+) cells are treated. A significant part of the study was devoted to the importance of surface region lifetime and heavy doping effects on efficiency. Heavy doping bandgap reduction effects are enhanced by low surface layer lifetimes, and conversely, the reduction in solar cell efficiency due to low surface layer lifetime is further enhanced by heavy doping effects. A series of computer studies is reported which seeks to determine the best cell structure and doping levels for maximum efficiency.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148827
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  • 104
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    Analysis of a solar collector field water flow network (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A number of methods are presented for minimizing the water flow variation in the solar collector field for the Solar Building Test Facility at the Langley Research Center. The solar collector field investigated consisted of collector panels connected in parallel between inlet and exit collector manifolds to form 12 rows. The rows were in turn connected in parallel between the main inlet and exit field manifolds to complete the field. The various solutions considered included various size manifolds, manifold area change, different locations for the inlets and exits to the manifolds, and orifices or flow control valves. Calculations showed that flow variations of less than 5 percent were obtainable both inside a row between solar collector panels and between various rows.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3414 , E-8709
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  • 105
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    Solar cell grid patterns (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A grid pattern is described for a solar cell of the type which includes a semiconductive layer doped to a first polarity and a top counter-doped layer. The grid pattern comprises a plurality of concentric conductive grids of selected geometric shapes which are centered about the center of the exposed active surface of the counter-doped layer. Connected to the grids is one or more conductors which extend to the cell's periphery. For the pattern area, the grids and conductors are arranged in the pattern to minimize the maximum distance which any injected majority carriers have to travel to reach any of the grids or conductors. The pattern has a multiaxes symmetry with respect to the cell center to minimize the maximum temperature differentials between points on the cell surface and to provide a more uniform temperature distribution across the cell face.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 106
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    Results from the IMP-J violet solar cell experiment and violet cell balloon flights (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The IMP-J violet solar cell experiment was flown in an orbit with mild thermal cycling and low hard particle radiation. The results of the experiment show that violet cells degrade at about the same rate as conventional cells in such an orbit. Balloon flight measurements show that violet solar cells produce approximately 20% more power than conventional cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71168 , X-711-76-29
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  • 107
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    Transient analysis of unbalanced short circuits of the ERDA-NASA 100 kW wind turbine alternator (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Unbalanced short-circuit faults on the alternator of the ERDA-NASA Mod-O100-kW experimental wind turbine are studied. For each case, complete solutions for armature, field, and damper-circuit currents; short-circuit torque; and open-phase voltage are derived directly by a mathematical analysis. Formulated results are tabulated. For the Mod-O wind turbine alternator, numerical calculations are given, and results are presented by graphs. Comparisons for significant points among the more important cases are summarized. For these cases the transients are found to be potentially severe. The effect of the alternator neutral-to-ground impedance is evaluated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73459 , E-8821
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  • 108
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    Life capability of the silver electrode in alkaline electrochemical cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Estimates of silver electrode degradation rates were made by comparing the recently measured capacities with the reported early life capacities. Chemical analyses were carried out to determine the extent of silver loss from the electrode and its distribution throughout the cell components. The results established that the silver electrode is very stable when stored at reduced temperatures in the range of 0 to -51 C, in which it exhibits a permanent degradation in capacity of 0.5%/year. The results also indicated that the silver electrode is not quite as stable when operated and stored at room temperature, where it exhibits permanent degradation in the range of 3% to 14%/year. These results were employed in predicting the life capability of the proposed new Ag-H2 cell and also in assessing the merits of employing silver electrodes in long-life probe batteries.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-148485 , JPL-TM-33-789
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  • 109
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    Cadmium migration in aerospace nickel cadmium cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The effects of temperature, the nature of separator material, charge and discharge, carbonate contamination, and the mode of storage are studied with respect to the migration of active material from the negative toward the positive plate. A theoretical model is proposed which takes into account the solubility of cadmium in various concentrations of hydroxide and carbonate at different temperatures, the generation of the cadmiate ion, Cd(OH)3(-), during discharge, the migration of the cadmiate ion and particulate Cd(OH)2 due to electrophoretic effects and the movement of electrolyte in and out of the negative plate and, finally, the recrystallization of cadmiate ion in the separator as Cd(OH)2. Application of the theoretical model to observations of cadmium migration in cycled cells is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-144753
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  • 110
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    Development of a solar powered residential air conditioner (General optimization) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A commercially available 3-ton residential Lithium Bromide (LiBr) absorption air conditioner was modified for use with lower temperature solar heated water. The modification included removal of components such as the generator, concentration control chamber, liquid trap, and separator; and the addition of a Chrysler designed generator, an off-the-shelf LiBr-solution pump. The design goal of the modified unit was to operate with water as the heat-transfer fluid at a target temperature of 85 C (185 F), 29.4 C (85 F) cooling water inlet, producing 10.5 kW (3 tons) of cooling. Tests were performed on the system before and after modification to provide comparative data. At elevated temperatures (96 C, 205 F), the test results show that Lithium Bromide was carried into the condenser due to the extremely violent boiling and degraded the evaporator performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-144314
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  • 111
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    Solar energy trap (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An apparatus is described for trapping solar energy for heating a fluid that could be subsequently used in turbines and similar devices. The apparatus includes an elongated vertical light pipe having an open end through which the visible spectrum of electromagnetic radiation from the sun passes to strike a tubular absorber. The light pipe has a coated interior surface of a low absorptivity and a high reflectivity at the visible wavelengths and a high absorptivity/emissivity ratio at infrared wavelengths. The tubular absorber has a coating on the surface for absorbing visible wavelengths to heat the fluid passing through. Infrared wave lengths are radiated from the tubular absorber back into the light pipe for heating fluid passing through a tubular coil wound around it.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 112
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 5: Combined gas-steam turbine cycles (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The energy conversion efficiency of gas-steam turbine cycles was investigated for selected combined cycle power plants. Results indicate that it is possible for combined cycle gas-steam turbine power plants to have efficiencies several point higher than conventional steam plants. Induction of low pressure steam into the steam turbine is shown to improve the plant efficiency. Post firing of the boiler of a high temperature combined cycle plant is found to increase net power but to worsen efficiency. A gas turbine pressure ratio of 12 to 1 was found to be close to optimum at all gas turbine inlet temperatures that were studied. The coal using combined cycle plant with an integrated low-Btu gasifier was calculated to have a plant efficiency of 43.6%, a capitalization of $497/kW, and a cost of electricity of 6.75 mills/MJ (24.3 mills/kwh). This combined cycle plant should be considered for base load power generation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-5 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.5-VOL-5
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  • 113
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 4: Open recuperated and bottomed gas turbine cycles (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Open-cycle recuperated gas turbine plant with inlet temperatures of 1255 to 1644 K (1800 to 2500 F) and recuperators with effectiveness values of 0, 70, 80 and 90% are considered. A 1644 K (2500 F) gas turbine would have a 33.5% plant efficiency in a simple cycle, 37.6% in a recuperated cycle and 47.6% when combined with a sulfur dioxide bottomer. The distillate burning recuperated plant was calculated to produce electricity at a cost of 8.19 mills/MJ (29.5 mills/kWh). Due to their low capital cost $170 to 200 $/kW, the open cycle gas turbine plant should see duty for peaking and intermediate load duty.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-4 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.4-VOL-4
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  • 114
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    Standardized performance tests of collectors of solar thermal energy-a flat-plate collector with a single-tube serpentine flow distribution (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This preliminary data report gives basic test results of a flat-plate solar collector whose performance was determined in the NASA-Lewis solar simulator. The collector was tested over ranges of inlet temperatures, fluxes and coolant flow rates. Collector efficienty is correlated in terms of inlet temperature and flux level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73417 , E-8752
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  • 115
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 3: Energy Conversion subsystems and components. Part 2: Primary heat input systems and heat exchangers (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Primary heat input systems and heat exchangers were evaluated for advanced energy conversion systems. Results are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134948-VOL-3-PT-2 , SRD-76-011-VOL-3-PT-2
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  • 116
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 2: Advanced energy conversion systems. Part 3: Direct energy conversion cycles (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N76-23680.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134948-VOL-2-PT-3 , SRD-76-011-VOL-2-PT-3
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  • 117
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 1: Executive summary (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A data base for the comparison of advanced energy conversion systems for utility applications using coal or coal-derived fuels was developed. Estimates of power plant performance (efficiency), capital cost, cost of electricity, natural resource requirements, and environmental intrusion characteristics were made for ten advanced conversion systems. Emphasis was on the energy conversion system in the context of a base loaded utility power plant. All power plant concepts were premised on meeting emission standard requirements. A steam power plant (3500 psig, 1000 F) with a conventional coal-burning furnace-boiler was analyzed as a basis for comparison. Combined cycle gas/steam turbine system results indicated competitive efficiency and a lower cost of electricity compared to the reference steam plant. The Open-Cycle MHD system results indicated the potential for significantly higher efficiency than the reference steam plant but with a higher cost of electricity.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134948-VOL-1 , SRD-76-011-VOL-1
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  • 118
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 3: Combustors, furnaces and low-BTU gasifiers (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Information is presented on the design, performance, operating characteristics, cost, and development status of coal preparation equipment, combustion equipment, furnaces, low-Btu gasification processes, low-temperature carbonization processes, desulfurization processes, and pollution particulate removal equipment. The information was compiled for use by the various cycle concept leaders in determining the performance, capital costs, energy costs, and natural resource requirements of each of their system configurations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-3 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.3-VOL-3
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  • 119
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 1: Introduction and summary and general assumptions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Nine advanced energy conversion concepts using coal or coal-derived fuels are summarized. They are; (1) open-cycle gas turbines, (2) combined gas-steam turbine cycles, (3) closed-cycle gas turbines, (4) metal vapor Rankine topping, (5) open-cycle MHD; (6) closed-cycle MHD; (7) liquid-metal MHD; (8) advanced steam; and (9) fuel cell systems. The economics, natural resource requirements, and performance criteria for the nine concepts are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-1
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  • 120
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    The Conceptual Design of an Integrated Nuclearhydrogen Production Plant Using the Sulfur Cycle Water Decomposition System (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A hydrogen production plant was designed based on a hybrid electrolytic-thermochemical process for decomposing water. The sulfur cycle water decomposition system is driven by a very high temperature nuclear reactor that provides 1,283 K helium working gas. The plant is sized to approximately ten million standard cubic meters per day of electrolytically pure hydrogen and has an overall thermal efficiently of 45.2 percent. The economics of the plant were evaluated using ground rules which include a 1974 cost basis without escalation, financing structure and other economic factors. Taking into account capital, operation, maintenance and nuclear fuel cycle costs, the cost of product hydrogen was calculated at $5.96/std cu m for utility financing. These values are significantly lower than hydrogen costs from conventional water electrolysis plants and competitive with hydrogen from coal gasification plants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134976
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  • 121
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 3: Energy conversion subsystems and components. Part 3: Gasification, process fuels, and balance of plant (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Results are presented of an investigation of gasification and clean fuels from coal. Factors discussed include: coal and coal transportation costs; clean liquid and gas fuel process efficiencies and costs; and cost, performance, and environmental intrusion elements of the integrated low-Btu coal gasification system. Cost estimates for the balance-of-plant requirements associated with advanced energy conversion systems utilizing coal or coal-derived fuels are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134948-VOL-3-PT-3 , SRD-76-011-VOL-3-PT-3
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  • 122
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 2: Advanced Energy Conversion Systems. Part 2: Closed Turbine Cycles (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: For abstract, see N76-23680.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134948-VOL-2-PT-2 , SRD-76-011-VOL-2-PT-2
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  • 123
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    Design, fabrication, testing and delivery of a solar collector (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A two phase program encompassing the redesign and fabrication of a solar collector which is low in cost and aesthetically appealing is described. Phase one work reviewed the current collector design and developed a low-cost design based on specific design/performance/cost requirements. Throughout this phase selected collector component materials were evaluated by testing and by considering cost, installation, maintainability and durability. The resultant collector design was composed of an absorber plate, insulation, frame, cover, desiccant and sealant. In Phase two, three collector prototypes were fabricated and evaluated for both nonthermal and thermal characteristics. Tests included static load tests of covers, burst pressure tests of absorber plates, and tests for optical characteristics of selective absorber plate coatings. The three prototype collectors were shipped to Marshall Space Flight Center for use in their solar heating and cooling test facility.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-144265 , C8092-PR-012
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  • 124
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    Space-based solar power conversion and delivery systems study (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Even at reduced rates of growth, the demand for electric power is expected to more than triple between now and 1995, and to triple again over the period 1995-2020. Without the development of new power sources and advanced transmission technologies, it may not be possible to supply electric energy at prices that are conductive to generalized economic welfare. Solar power is renewable and its conversion and transmission from space may be advantageous. The goal of this study is to assess the economic merit of space-based photovoltaic systems for power generation and a power relay satellite for power transmission. In this study, satellite solar power generation and transmission systems, as represented by current configurations of the Satellite Solar Station (SSPS) and the Power Relay Satellite (PRS), are compared with current and future terrestrial power generation and transmission systems to determine their technical and economic suitability for meeting power demands in the period of 1990 and beyond while meeting ever-increasing environmental and social constraints.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-144289 , REPT-76-145-1B
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  • 125
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    Comparative Evaluation of Phase 1 Results from the Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ten advanced energy conversion systems for central-station, based-load electric power generation using coal and coal-derived fuels which were studied by NASA are presented. Various contractors were selected by competitive bidding to study these systems. A comparative evaluation is provided of the contractor results on both a system-by-system and an overall basis. Ground rules specified by NASA, such as coal specifications, fuel costs, labor costs, method of cost comparison, escalation and interest during construction, fixed charges, emission standards, and environmental conditions, are presented. Each system discussion includes the potential advantages of the system, the scope of each contractor's analysis, typical schematics of systems, comparison of cost of electricity and efficiency for each contractor, identification and reconciliation of differences, identification of future improvements, and discussion of outside comments. Considerations common to all systems, such as materials and furnaces, are also discussed. Results of selected in-house analyses are presented, in addition to contractor data. The results for all systems are then compared.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71855 , E-8596
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  • 126
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    Studies of the use of heat from high temperature nuclear sources for hydrogen production processes (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Future uses of hydrogen and hydrogen production processes that can meet the demand for hydrogen in the coming decades were considered. To do this, a projection was made of the market for hydrogen through the year 2000. Four hydrogen production processes were selected, from among water electrolysis, fossil based and thermochemical water decomposition systems, and evaluated, using a consistent set of ground rules, in terms of relative performance, economics, resource requirements, and technology status.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134918
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  • 127
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    Low work function silicon collector for thermionic converters (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: To improve the efficiency of present thermionic converters, single crystal silicon was investigated as a low work function collector material. The experiments were conducted in a test vehicle which resembled an actual thermionic converter. Work function as low as 1.0eV was obtained with an n-type silicon. The stabilities of the activated surfaces at elevated temperatures were tested by raising the collector temperature up to 829 K. By increasing the Cs arrival rate, it was possible to restore the originally activated low work function of the surface at elevated surface temperatures. These results, plotted in the form of Rasor-Warner curve, show a behavior similar to that of metal electrode except that the minimum work function was much lower with silicon than with metals.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-147947 , JPL-TM-33-775
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  • 128
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 10: Liquid-metal MHD systems (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Electric Power Plant costs and efficiencies are presented for two basic liquid-metal cycles corresponding to 922 and 1089 K (1200 and 1500 F) for a commercial applications using direct coal firing. Sixteen plant designs are considered for which major component equipment were sized and costed. The design basis for each major component is discussed. Also described is the overall systems computer model that was developed to analyze the thermodynamics of the various cycle configurations that were considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-10 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.10-VOL-10
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  • 129
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 6: Closed-cycle gas turbine systems (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Both recuperated and bottomed closed cycle gas turbine systems in electric power plants were studied. All systems used a pressurizing gas turbine coupled with a pressurized furnace to heat the helium for the closed cycle gas turbine. Steam and organic vapors are used as Rankine bottoming fluids. Although plant efficiencies of over 40% are calculated for some plants, the resultant cost of electricity was found to be 8.75 mills/MJ (31.5 mills/kWh). These plants do not appear practical for coal or oil fired plants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134941-VOL-6 , REPT-76-9E9-ECAS-RLV.6-VOL-6
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  • 130
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 3: Energy conversion subsystems and components. Part 1: Bottoming cycles and materials of construction (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energy conversion subsystems and components were evaluated in terms of advanced energy conversion systems. Results of the bottoming cycles and materials of construction studies are presented and discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134948-VOL-3-PT-1 , SRD-76-011-VOL-3-PT-1
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  • 131
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    Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), General Electric Phase 1. Volume 2: Advanced energy conversion systems. Part 1: Open-cycle gas turbines (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Ten energy conversion systems are defined and analyzed in terms of efficiency. These include: open-cycle gas turbine recuperative; open-cycle gas turbine; closed-cycle gas turbine; supercritical CO2 cycle; advanced steam cycle; liquid metal topping cycle; open-cycle MHD; closed-cycle inert gas MHD; closed-cycle liquid metal MHD; and fuel cells. Results are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-134948-VOL-2-PT-1 , SRD-76-011-VOL-2-PT-1
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  • 132
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    Investigation of storage system designs and techniques for optimizing energy conservation in integrated utility systems. Volume 3: (Assessment of technical and cost characteristics of candidate IUS energy storage devices) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Six energy storage technologies (inertial, superconducting magnetic, electrochemical, chemical, compressed air, and thermal) were assessed and evaluated for specific applicability to the IUS. To provide a perspective for the individual storage technologies, a brief outline of the general nature of energy storage and its significance to the user is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-147593
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  • 133
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    Wind tunnel investigation of a 14 foot vertical axis windmill (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A full scale wind tunnel investigation was made to determine the performance characteristics of a 14 ft diameter vertical axis windmill. The parameters measured were wind velocity, shaft torque, shaft rotation rate, along with the drag and yawing moment. A velocity survey of the flow field downstream of the windmill was also made. The results of these tests along with some analytically predicted data are presented in the form of generalized data as a function of tip speed ratio.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-72663
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  • 134
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    Analysis of UF6 breeder reactor power plants (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Gaseous UF6 fueled breeder reactor design and technical applications of such concepts are summarized. Special attention was given to application in nuclear power plants and to reactor efficiency and safety factors.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-146502
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  • 135
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    Preliminary design package for solar heating and hot water system (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two prototype solar heating and hot water systems for use in single-family dwellings or commercial buildings were designed. Subsystems included are: collector, storage, transport, hot water, auxiliary energy, and government-furnished site data acquisition. The systems are designed for Yosemite, California, and Pueblo, Colorado. The necessary information to evaluate the preliminary design for these solar heating and hot water systems is presented. Included are a proposed instrumentation plan, a training program, hazard analysis, preliminary design drawings, and other information about the design of the system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150619
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  • 136
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    Development of an (AlGaAs-Ga As) graded band gap solar cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of an experimental program to develop the epitaxial growth techniques and analytical characterization techniques to fabricate graded bandgap solar cells are reported.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-145161 , SC5005.46FR
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  • 137
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    Practical antireflection coatings for metal-semiconductor solar cells (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The metal-semiconductor solar cell is a potential candidate for converting solar energy to electrical energy for space and terrestrial application. In this paper, a method for obtaining parameters of practical antireflection (AR) coatings for the metal-semiconductor solar cells is given. This method utilizes the measured equivalent index of refraction obtained from ellipsometry, since the surface to be AR coated has a multilayer structure. Both the experimental results and theoretical calculations of optical parameters for Ta2O5 AR coatings on Au-GaAs and Au-GaAs(0.78)P(0.22) solar cells are presented for comparison.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 47; Sept
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  • 138
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    Nationwide assessment of potential output from wind-powered generators (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method for computing the actual expected power for a wind-powered generator from a given observed speed distribution is described and applied to estimate the potential output for different locations in the continental U.S. A contour map of generator capacity factor values (fraction of the rated output realizable) is obtained for wind-powered generator systems with a cut-in speed of 3.6 m/sec and a rated speed of 8.0 m/sec, and for a unit with hypothetical values for the 1 MW class (cut-in speed, 6.7 m/sec; rated speed, 13.4 m/sec). Results indicate that in the central U.S. and in certain areas of the New England coast at a height of 61 m, over 60% of the rated output power could be obtained on an annual average. In these areas capacity factors of over 20% could be obtained with the 1MW system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; July 197
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  • 139
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    Outline and comparison of the possible effects present in a metal-thin-film-insulator-semiconductor solar cell (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The advantages possible with the insertion of a thin-film insulating or semi-insulating layer between a metal and a semiconductor to form the MIS photovoltaic device have been presented previously in the literature. This MIS configuration may be considered as a specific example of a more general class of photovoltaic devices: electrode-thin-film-insulator-semiconductor devices. Since the advantages of the configuration were pointed out, there has been considerable experimental interest in these photovoltaic devices. Because the previous analysis showed that the introduction of the insulator layer could produce several different but advantageous effects, this paper presents a further outline giving a comparison of these effects together with their ramifications.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 47; Aug. 197
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  • 140
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    The plasmatron: Advanced mode thermionic energy conversion (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A theory of the plasmatron was developed. Also, a wide range of measurements were obtained with two versatile, research devices. To gain insight into plasmatron performance, the experimental results are compared with calculations based on the theoretical model of plasmatron operation. Results are presented which show that the plasma arc drop of the conventional arc (ignited) mode converter can be suppressed by use of an auxiliary ion source. The improved performance, however, is presently limited to low current densities because of voltage losses due to plasma resistance. This resistance loss could be suppressed by an increase in the plasma electron temperature or a decrease in spacing. Plasmatron performance characteristics for both argon and cesium are reported. The argon plasmatron has superior performance. Results are also presented for magnetic cutoff effects and for current distributing effects. These are shown to be important factors for the design of practical devices.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-135139 , NSR-5-1
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  • 141
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    Hydrogen use projections and supply options (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Description: Reference and expanded use projections were developed to estimate future hydrogen demand. The rationale in the development of these projections, which estimate the growth of hydrogen usage of approximately 1 X 10 to the fifteenth power Btu in 1973 to approximately 5.5 X 10 to the fifteenth power for reference use and 22 X 10 to the fifteenth power Btu for expanded use projections in year 2000. Primary energy sources required to produce these demands are discussed in the light of transition from a low merchant to high merchant supply option.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 25 p
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  • 142
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    The NASA hydrogen energy systems technology study: A summary (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results and conclusions of the study, which found a significant current usage of hydrogen, dominated by chemical-industry needs and supplied mostly from natural gas and petroleum feedstocks are discussed. These needs are expected to increase significantly in the remainder of this century and to largely outgrow the current means of supply. Several hydrogen production methods were evaluated. Those not dependent on fossil resources were found to be presently more costly and technically more difficult than fossil-feedstock-based technologies, but it is clear that they will eventually need to be implemented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Miami Univ. First World Hydrogen Energy Conf. Proc., Vol. 3; 15 p
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  • 143
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    Application of chemical dehumidification system to a roof fan house at Michoud Assembly Facility at New Orleans, Louisiana (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of a chemical dehumidification system to reduce the energy consumption associated with dehumidification of the chilled air is assessed. A comparative energy consumption and cost analysis of the chemical dehumidification and existing systems and the savings offered by the proposed chemical dehumidification system over the existing air washer-reheat system are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-149888
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  • 144
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    Summary report of technical discussion, NASA-ERDA solar energy proposal (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The impact of the reduced energy requirements and cooling loads of solar collectors is assessed. Energy conservation measures to reduce the energy consumption have been implemented. It is indicated that solar chemical dehumidification was more efficient than solar absorption.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 145
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    Application of a run around coil system to a roof fan house at Michoud Assembly Facility at New Orleans, Louisiana (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Analysis of the proposed run around coil system indicates that it offers a decrease in steam, electricity and water consumptions. The run around coil system consist of two coils, a precooling coil which will be located at up stream and a reheating coil which will be located at down stream of the chilled water spray chamber. This system will provide the necessary reheat in summer, spring and fall. At times, if the run around coil system can not provide the necessary reheat, the existing reheat coil could be utilized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-149887
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  • 146
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    Viking lander spacecraft battery (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Viking Lander was the first spacecraft to fly a sterilized nickel-cadmium battery on a mission to explore the surface of a planet. The significant results of the battery development program from its inception through the design, manufacture, and test of the flight batteries which were flown on the two Lander spacecraft are documented. The flight performance during the early phase of the mission is also presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-152618 , MCR-76-321
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  • 147
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    Initial technical environmental, and economic evaluation of space solar power concepts. Volume 2: Detailed report (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The SPS concepts which appear to be technically feasible are discussed in terms of the economic viability and competitive costs with other energy sources. The concepts discussed include: power station, microwave reception and conversion, space construction and maintenance, space transportation, and program costs and analysis. The conclusions presented include: (1) The maximum output of an individual microwave transmission link to earth is about 5 GW. (2) The mass of 10 GW SPS is between 47,000,000 and 124,000,00 kg. (3) The silicon solar cell arrays make up well over half the weight and cost of the satellite. (4) The SPS in equatorial orbit will be eclipsed by the earth and by other satellites.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74310 , JSC-11568-VOL-2
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  • 148
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    Initial Technical, Environmental, and Economic Evaluation of Space Solar Power Concepts. Volume 1: Summary (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The research concerning the use of large solar power satellites in geosynchronous orbit to beam energy to collection stations on earth is summarized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74309 , JSC-11568-VOL-1
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  • 149
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    Secondary aerospace batteries and battery materials: A bibliography, 1969 - 1974 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This annotated bibliography on the subject of secondary aerospace battery materials and related physical and electrochemical processes was compiled from references to journal articles published between 1969 and 1974. A total of 332 citations are arranged in chronological order under journal titles. Indices by system and component, techniques and processes, and author are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-SP-7044
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  • 150
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    A performance evaluation of various coatings, substrate materials, and solar collector systems (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental apparatus was constructed and utilized in conjunction with both a solar simulator and actual sunlight to test and evaluate various solar panel coatings, panel designs, and scaled-down collector subsystems. Data were taken by an automatic digital data acquisition system and reduced and printed by a computer system. The solar collector test setup, data acquisition system, and data reduction and printout systems were considered to have operated very satisfactorily. Test data indicated that there is a practical or useful limit in scaling down beyond which scaled-down testing cannot produce results comparable to results of larger scale tests. Test data are presented as are schematics and pictures of test equipment and test hardware.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73355
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  • 151
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    New separators for nickel-zinc batteries (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Flexible separators consisting of a substrate coated with a mixture of a polymer and organic and inorganic additives were cycle tested in nickel-zinc cells. By substituting a rubber-based resin for polyphenylene oxide in the standard inorganic-organic separator, major improvements in both cell life and flexibility were made. Substituting newsprint for asbestos as the substrate shows promise for use on the zinc electrode and reduces separator cost. The importance of ample electrolyte in the cells was noted. Cycle lives and the characteristics of these flexible, low-cost separators were compared with those of a standard microporous polypropylene separator.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3465 , E-8915
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  • 152
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    Analysis of information systems for hydropower operations: Executive summary (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An analysis was performed of the operations of hydropower systems, with emphasis on water resource management, to determine how aerospace derived information system technologies can effectively increase energy output. Better utilization of water resources was sought through improved reservoir inflow forecasting based on use of hydrometeorologic information systems with new or improved sensors, satellite data relay systems, and use of advanced scheduling techniques for water release. Specific mechanisms for increased energy output were determined, principally the use of more timely and accurate short term (0-7 days) inflow information to reduce spillage caused by unanticipated dynamic high inflow events. The hydrometeorologic models used in predicting inflows were examined in detail to determine the sensitivity of inflow prediction accuracy to the many variables employed in the models, and the results were used to establish information system requirements. Sensor and data handling system capabilities were reviewed and compared to the requirements, and an improved information system concept was outlined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-149342 , JPL-5040-43
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  • 153
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    Electrically rechargeable REDOX flow cell (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A bulk energy storage system is designed with an electrically rechargeable reduction-oxidation (REDOX) cell divided into two compartments by a membrane, each compartment containing an electrode. An anode fluid is directed through the first compartment at the same time that a cathode fluid is directed through the second compartment. Means are provided for circulating the anode and cathode fluids, and the electrodes are connected to an intermittent or non-continuous electrical source, which when operating, supplies current to a load as well as to the cell to recharge it. Ancillary circuitry is provided for disconnecting the intermittent source from the cell at prescribed times and for circulating the anode and cathode fluids according to desired parameters and conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 154
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    Series-parallel method of direct solar array regulation (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A 40 watt experimental solar array was directly regulated by shorting out appropriate combinations of series and parallel segments of a solar array. Regulation switches were employed to control the array at various set-point voltages between 25 and 40 volts. Regulation to within + or - 0.5 volt was obtained over a range of solar array temperatures and illumination levels as an active load was varied from open circuit to maximum available power. A fourfold reduction in regulation switch power dissipation was achieved with series-parallel regulation as compared to the usual series-only switching for direct solar array regulation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73505 , E-8906
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  • 155
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    Early operation experience on the ERDA/NASA 100 kW wind turbine (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: As part of the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) wind energy program, NASA Lewis Research Center is testing an experimental 100-kW wind turbine. Rotor blade and drive shaft loads and tower deflection were measured during operation of the wind turbine at rated rpm. The blade loads measured are higher than anticipated. Preliminary results indicate that air flow blockage by the tower structure probably caused the high rotor blade bending moments.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71601 , E-8076
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  • 156
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    Evaluation of Inorganic/Organic Separators (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Thirty-six (36) experimental 40AH sealed silver-zinc cells were constructed during phase I of this two (2) phase program. These cells were divided into six (6) groups of six (6) cells each. Each group of six (6) cells was evenly divided into two batches of three (3) cells each. Groups 1 through 4 each featured a different inorganic filler material in the slurry used to coat the separator substrate. Groups 5 and 6 featured an alternate method of separator bag construction. With the exception of the various separator materials, the parts and processes used to produce these thirty-six (36) cells were the same as those used to make the HR40-7 cell. The two (2) batches of cells in each cell group differed only in the lots of solutions and other separator slurry components used. Each cell was given two formation charge/discharge cycles prior to being shipped to NASA Lewis Research Center. Phase II of the program consisted of constructing another thirty-six (36) 40AH experimental cells in six (6) groups of six (6) cells each. Each group was distinguished by the type of precoated separator material used to fabricate separator bags. A new method of separator bag construction was used in this phase of the program. These cells were given two (2) formation cycles and shipped to NASA Lewis Research Center.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-135108
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  • 157
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    Design, fabrication, testing, and delivery of a solar energy collector system for residential heating and cooling (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A low cost flat plate solar energy collector was designed for the heating and cooling of residential buildings. The system meets specified performance requirements, at the desired system operating levels, for a useful life of 15 to 20 years, at minimum cost and uses state-of-the-art materials and technology. The rationale for the design method was based on identifying possible material candidates for various collector components and then selecting the components which best meet the solar collector design requirements. The criteria used to eliminate certain materials were: performance and durability test results, cost analysis, and prior solar collector fabrication experience.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150032
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  • 158
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    Hydrogen-rich gas generator (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A process and apparatus are described for producing hydrogen-rich product gases. A spray of liquid hydrocarbon is mixed with a stream of air in a startup procedure and the mixture is ignited for partial oxidation. The stream of air is then heated by the resulting combustion to reach a temperature such that a signal is produced. The signal triggers a two way valve which directs liquid hydrocarbon from a spraying mechanism to a vaporizing mechanism with which a vaporized hydrocarbon is formed. The vaporized hydrocarbon is subsequently mixed with the heated air in the combustion chamber where partial oxidation takes place and hydrogen-rich product gases are produced.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 159
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    Photovoltaic cell array (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A photovoltaic cell array consisting of parallel columns of silicon filaments is described. Each fiber is doped to produce an inner region of one polarity type and an outer region of an opposite polarity type to thereby form a continuous radial semi conductor junction. Spaced rows of electrical contacts alternately connect to the inner and outer regions to provide a plurality of electrical outputs which may be combined in parallel or in series.
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  • 160
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    The SNAP 27 gamma radiation spectrum obtained with a Ge/Li/ detector (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The pulse height distribution, obtained experimentally using a Ge(Li) detector, was employed to determine the photon emission rate characteristic of a PuO2 fuel source known as the SNAP 27 heat source. The selfshielding parameters of the photon emitter, the efficiency of the detector and the geometry of the experiment were utilized to determine the unscattered photon emission rate of the source and the unscattered flux spectrum at a certain specified distance from the source. For the scattered part of the flux spectrum a Monte Carlo technique was employed so that the total flux spectrum could be determined at any point in the radiation field. As a result of this work, a technique was developed to obtain the unfolded radiation spectrum of the SNAP 27 heat source.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science; NS-23; June 197
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  • 161
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    Correlation between nonequilibrium thermodynamic theory and V-I curves of a thermionic converter (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The methods of irreversible thermodynamics are used as a basis for developing a transport theory applicable to thermionic cesium diodes. This theory is applied in describing certain aspects of experimental voltage-current (V-I) characteristic curves of a thermionic diode. Emphasis is placed on the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the V-I curves. Experimental results show that the open-circuit voltage is essentially independent of the interelectrode spacing, whereas the short-circuit current varies inversely with the interelectrode separation. The inverse dependence is in agreement with the results of the present analysis and also with results expected from diffusion theory, which has been used in other analyses. In fact, the theory used in this investigation reduces to diffusion theory under special assumptions. Deviations from diffusion theory, which were found in experimental results, can be accounted for using the theory developed in this paper.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 47; Jan. 197
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  • 162
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    Web-dendritic ribbon growth (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: A web furnace was constructed for pulling dendritic-web samples. The effect of changes in the furnace thermal geometry on the growth of dendritic-web was studied. Several attempts were made to grow primitive dendrites for use as the dendritic seed crystals for web growth and to determine the optimum twin spacing in the dendritic seed crystal for web growth. Mathematical models and computer programs were used to determine the thermal geometries in the susceptor, crucible melt, meniscus, and web. Several geometries were determined for particular furnace geometries and growth conditions. The information obtained was used in conjunction with results from the experimental growth investigations in order to achieve proper conditions for sustained pulling of two dendrite web ribbons. In addition, the facilities for obtaining the following data were constructed: twin spacing, dislocation density, web geometry, resistivity, majority charge carrier type, and minority carrier lifetime.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-149237 , USC-A-1 , ERDA/JPL-954344-76/3
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  • 163
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    Quarterly literature review of hydrogen energy: A bibliography with abstracts. Third quarter, 1975 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-20
    Description: For abstract, see N76-20626.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-146779 , QR-3
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  • 164
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    Optimized metallization patterns for large-area silicon solar cells (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Design criteria is presented for optimizing the front-surface metallization pattern of large-area silicon solar cells. A computer program calculates the spacing of metal fingers which minimizes resistive and shadowing losses. Finger spacing and efficiency for the optimum design are presented as a function of finger width and cell size. It is shown that quantitative evaluation of metallization pattern options can be made without cell fabrication.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 15, 1976 - Nov 18, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA
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  • 165
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    A study of improvements in silicon solar cell efficiency due to various geometrical and doping modifications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: This paper presents the results of continued studies of silicon solar cell operation and limitations. The objective of this paper is to report on geometrical and doping changes in silicon solar cells which result in predictions of high efficiencies. Efficiencies as high as 20 per cent (uncorrected for metal coverage and ohmic sheet resistance) have been calculated for optimized cells. The conditions required to achieve these efficiency values are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 15, 1976 - Nov 18, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA
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  • 166
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    Application of thick-film technology to solar cell fabrication (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Several uses of thick-film technology in solar cell fabrication are discussed. Wrap-around contacts are obtained by first printing and firing a dielectric over the edge and subsequently applying a low-firing temperature conductor. Interconnection of cells into arrays can be achieved by printing and co-firing thick-film pastes, soldering, or with heat-curing conductive epoxies on low-cost substrates. Despite ongoing research, printed (thick) film vitreous protective coatings do not yet offer sufficient optical uniformity and transparency for use on silicon. Ohmic contacts on n- and p-type silicon are considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 15, 1976 - Nov 18, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA
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  • 167
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    Experiments to evaluate high-temperature rolling as a low-cost process for silicon solar cells (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Mechanical rolling (a process used in industry for producing large quantities of metallic sheet and strip) has been suggested for the rapid low-cost manufacture of silicon sheet to be used for photovoltaic power generation equipment, such as solar arrays. The advantages of rolling include: high rates of production, wide sheets as products, good control of dimension, and (in the case of solar grade silicon) minimal development of impurities. Experiments have been performed using high-temperature, high-speed compression of polycrystalline silicon cylinders. Metallography and X-ray diffraction techniques have been used to examine the samples both before and after compression, and a model process has been designed to evaluate the technical practicality and economic feasibility of the method.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Photovoltaic Specialists Conference; Nov 15, 1976 - Nov 18, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA
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  • 168
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    Prototype solar heating and combined heating and cooling systems (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Eight prototype solar heating and combined heating and cooling systems are considered. This effort includes development, manufacture, test, installation, maintenance, problem resolution, and performance evaluation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-150686
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  • 169
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    N2-Cs thermionic converter development (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The possibility of using molecular nitrogen gas additive as an energy storage which in turn produces cesium ionization in advanced thermionic converter is first described theoretically. Experimental data confirmed for the first time such cesium ionization by vibrationally excited molecular nitrogen. Based on these experimental observations, the use of this scheme for the verification of validity of the recent Lam's theory and its application for the development of an advanced flowing thermionic converter are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Conference on Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering; Sep 12, 1976 - Sep 17, 1976; State Line, NV
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  • 170
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    Electric utility companies and geothermal power (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The requirements of the electric utility industry as the primary potential market for geothermal energy are analyzed, based on a series of structured interviews with utility companies and financial institution executives. The interviews were designed to determine what information and technologies would be required before utilities would make investment decisions in favor of geothermal energy, the time frame in which the information and technologies would have to be available, and the influence of the governmental politics. The paper describes the geothermal resources, electric utility industry, its structure, the forces influencing utility companies, and their relationship to geothermal energy. A strategy for federal stimulation of utility investment in geothermal energy is suggested. Possibilities are discussed for stimulating utility investment through financial incentives, amelioration of institutional barriers, and technological improvements.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Conference on Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering; Sep 12, 1976 - Sep 17, 1976; State Line, NV
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  • 171
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    Benefits of hydrogen production research (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An economic analysis of total monetary benefits arising from increased volume and efficiency of hydrogen production from various primary energy sources is carried out. The analysis is based on NASA's projections of future hydrogen demand in terms of both established industrial-chemical uses and new energy system applications, along with the mix of primary energy sources needed to meet this demand. A cost methodology model is worked out with the basic cost elements being plant construction costs, feedstock and energy costs, and operating and labor-related costs. A computer simulation technique was developed and a set of model calculations was performed. Some representative outputs of the computer analysis are displayed and conclusions are drawn on major factors determining the overall savings possible in hydrogen production and on its technological and economic impact.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Conference on Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering; Sep 12, 1976 - Sep 17, 1976; State Line, NV
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  • 172
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    Comparison of geothermal power conversion cycles (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Geothermal power conversion cycles are compared with respect to recovery of the available wellhead power. The cycles compared are flash steam, in which steam turbines are driven by steam separated from one or more flash stages; binary, in which heat is transferred from the brine to an organic turbine cycle; flash binary, in which heat is transferred from flashed steam to an organic turbine cycle; and dual steam, in which two-phase expanders are driven by the flashing steam-brine mixture and steam turbines by the separated steam. Expander efficiencies assumed are 0.7 for steam turbines, 0.8 for organic turbines, and 0.6 for two-phase expanders. The fraction of available wellhead power delivered by each cycle is found to be about the same at all brine temperatures: 0.65 with one stage and 0.7 with four stages for dual stream; 0.4 with one stage and 0.6 with four stages for flash steam; 0.5 for binary; and 0.3 with one stage and 0.5 with four stages for flash binary.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Conference on Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering; Sep 12, 1976 - Sep 17, 1976; State Line, NV
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  • 173
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    Some basic considerations of measurements involving collimated direct sunlight (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The geometry of collimators for devices or instruments dealing with terrestrial direct sunlight is discussed. Effects of the opening angle and slope angle of a collimator on the measurements are investigated with regard to variations of turbidity and air mass. Based on this investigation, geometric dimensions for collimators and certain realistic terrestrial reference conditions are recommended for the purpose of solar cell calibration in terrestrial applications.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ERDA/NASA-1022/76/5 , TR-2-6 , Ann. Photovoltaic Measurements Workshop; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 12, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA; United States
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  • 174
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    Indoor and outdoor measurements of performance of photovoltaic arrays (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A description of the techniques and methodology for making outdoor I-V measurements of solar cells is given. Temperature and irradiance measurement, experimental arrangement, data acquisition system and I-V data transformations are discussed. Data are presented comparing outdoor measurements to indoor measurements using a pulsed solar simulator.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ERDA/NASA-1022/76/9 , TR-3-3 , Ann. Photovoltaic Measurements Workshop; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 12, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA; United States
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  • 175
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    Consideration of design and calibration of terrestrial reference solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A discussion is presented on the problems encountered in the design of a reference cell that meets basic criteria, starting with basic design considerations, and proceeding with the precautions taken to ensure a global monitoring capability. The effects of the variations in atmospheric conditions on the calibration and use of reference cells are presented along with a discussion of the simplifications brought about by the use of spectrally matched test and reference cells. Finally, a method of matching test modules and arrays to reference cells by a red/blue response ratio technique is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ERDA/NASA-1022/76/4 , TR-2-4 , Ann. Photovoltaic Measurements Workshop; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 12, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA; United States
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  • 176
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    Effect of atmospheric parameters on silicon cell performance (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The effects of changing atmospheric parameters on the performance of a typical silicon solar cell were calculated. The precipitable water vapor content, airmass and turbidity were varied over wide ranges and the normal terrestrial distribution of spectral irradiance was studied. The cell short-circuit current was then computed for each spectral irradiance distribution using the cell spectral response. Data are presented in the form of calibration number (cell current/incident irradiance) vs. water vapor content or turbidity.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ERDA/NASA-1022/76/2 , TR-1-7 , Ann. Photovoltaic Measurements Workshop; Nov 10, 1976 - Nov 12, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA; United States
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  • 177
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    The 1976 Goddard Space Flight Center Battery Workshop (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The latest results of testing, analysis and development of sealed nickel cadmium cells and batteries and developments in the nickel-hydrogen system are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71284 , X-711-77-28 , Nov 09, 1976 - Nov 10, 1976; Greenbelt, MD; United States
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  • 178
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    Studies of silicon p-n junction solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Single crystal silicon p-n junction solar cells made with low resistivity substrates show poorer solar energy conversion efficiency than traditional theory predicts. The physical mechanisms responsible for this discrepancy are identified and characterized. The open circuit voltage in shallow junction cells of about 0.1 ohm/cm substrate resistivity is investigated under AMO (one sun) conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-149669
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  • 179
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    The Redox flow system for solar photovoltaic energy storage (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A new method of storage was applied to a solar photovoltaic system. The storage method is a redox flow system which utilizes the oxidation-reduction capability of two soluble electrochemical redox couples for its storage capacity. The particular variant described separates the charging and discharging function of the system such that the electrochemical couples are simultaneously charged and discharged in separate parts of the system. The solar array had 12 solar cells; wired in order to give a range of voltages and currents. The system stored the solar energy so that a load could be run continually day and night. The main advantages of the redox system are that it can accept a charge in the low voltage range and produce a relatively constant output regardless of solar activity.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73562 , E-9006 , Photovoltaic Specialist Conf.; Nov 15, 1976 - Nov 18, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA; United States
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  • 180
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    Measured performance of a 3 ton LiBr absorption water chiller and its effect on cooling system operation (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A three ton lithium bromide absorption water chiller was tested for a number of conditions involving hot water input, chilled water, and the cooling water. The primary influences on chiller capacity were the hot water inlet temperature and the cooling water inlet temperature. One combination of these two parameters extended the output to as much as 125% of design capacity, but no combination could lower the capacity to below 60% of design. A cooling system was conceptually designed so that it could provide several modes of operation. Such flexibility is needed for any solar cooling system to be able to accommodate the varying solar energy collection and the varying building demand. It was concluded that a three-ton absorption water chiller with the kind of performance that was measured can be incorporated into a cooling system such as that proposed, to provide efficient cooling over the specified ranges of operating conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73496 , E-8894 , Intern. Solar Energy meeting; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
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  • 181
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    Evaluation of flat-plate collector efficiency under controlled conditions in a solar simulator (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The measured thermal efficiencies of 35 collectors tested with a solar simulator, along with the correlation equations used to generalize the data, are presented. The single correlation used is shown to apply to all the different types of collectors tested, including one with black paint and one cover, one with a selective surface coating and two covers, and an evacuated-tube collector. The test and correlation technique is also modified by using a shield so that collectors larger than the simulator test area can also be tested. This technique was verified experimentally for a shielded collector for which the collector shielded area was 31% of the solar simulator radiation area. A table lists all the collectors tested, the collector areas, and the experimental constants used to correlate the data for each collector.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73520 , E-8932 , Intern. Solar Energy Soc. Conf.; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
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  • 182
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    Analysis of epitaxial drift field N on P silicon solar cells (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The performance of epitaxial drift field silicon solar cell structures having a variety of impurity profiles was calculated. These structures consist of a uniformly doped P-type substrate layer, and a P-type epitaxial drift field layer with a variety of field strengths. Several N-layer structures were modeled. A four layer solar cell model was used to calculate efficiency, open circuit voltage and short circuit current. The effect on performance of layer thickness, doping level, and diffusion length was determined. The results show that peak initial efficiency of 18.1% occurs for a drift field thickness of about 30 micron with the doping rising from 10 to the 17th power atoms/cu cm at the edge of the depletion region to 10 to the 18th power atoms/cu cm in the substrate. Stronger drift fields (narrow field regions) allowed very high performance (17% efficiency) even after irradiation to 3x10 to the 14th power 1 MeV electrons/sq cm.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73563 , E-9007 , Photovoltaic Specialists Conf.; Nov 15, 1976 - Nov 18, 1976; Baton Rouge, LA; United States
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  • 183
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    Status of silicon solar cell technology (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Major progress in solar cell technology leading to increased efficiency has occurred since 1970. Technical approaches leading to this increased output include surface texturing, improved antireflection coatings, reduced grid pattern area coverage, shallow junctions and back surface fields. The status of these developments and their incorporation into cell production is discussed. Future research and technology trends leading to further efficiency increases and substantial cost reductions are described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73531 , E-8956 , Intern. Conf. on Solid State Devices; Sep 01, 1976 - Sep 03, 1976; Tokyo
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  • 184
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    Large area silicon sheet by EFG (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Progress in a program to produce high speed, thin, wide silicon sheets for fabricating 10% efficient solar cells is reported. An EFG ribbon growth system was used to perform growth rate and ribbon thickness experiments. A new, wide ribbon growth system was developed. A theoretical study of stresses in ribbons was also conducted. The EFG ribbons were observed to exhibit a characteristic defect structure which is orientation dependent in the early stages of growth.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: C-500 , ERDA/JPL-954355-76/11 , NASA-CR-149236
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  • 185
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    A summary of the ECAS MHD power plant results (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The performance and the cost of electricity (COE) for MHD systems utilizing coal or coal derived fuels are summarized along with a conceptual open cycle MHD plant design. The results show that open cycle coal fired recuperatively preheated MHD systems have potentially one of the highest coal-pile-to-bus bar efficiencies (48.3%) and also one of the lowest COE of the systems studied. Closed cycle, inert gas systems do not appear to have the potential of exceeding the efficiency of or competing with the COE of advanced steam plants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-73491 , E-8884 , US-USSR Colloq. on Magnetohydrodyn.; Oct 21, 1976 - Oct 22, 1976; Moscow
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  • 186
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    LSSA (Low-cost Silicon Solar Array) project (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Methods are explored for economically generating electrical power to meet future requirements. The Low-Cost Silicon Solar Array Project (LSSA) was established to reduce the price of solar arrays by improving manufacturing technology, adapting mass production techniques, and promoting user acceptance. The new manufacturing technology includes the consideration of new silicon refinement processes, silicon sheet growth techniques, encapsulants, and automated assembly production being developed under contract by industries and universities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-149091 , JPL-5101-7 , ERDA/JPL-1012-76/6 , QPR-1
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  • 187
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    A comparison of GaAs and Si hybrid solar power systems (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An analytical comparison of energy output from various silicon and gallium arsenide hybrid solar power systems, producing electric power and also thermal power for heating or cooling, is made. System performance indices in terms of capital cost, peak power, total power output, and electric power were evaluated. Limiting values for annual energy production from GaAs and Si solar concentrator systems were estimated to be 2 cents and 6.8 cents per kWh for GaAs concentrator systems and between 2.5 cents and 11 cents per kWh for Si concentrator systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: International Symposium on Solar Energy; May 05, 1976 - May 07, 1976; Washington, DC
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  • 188
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    Photoelectrochemical cells - Conversion of intense optical energy (1976)
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    Description: Conversion of optical energy to chemical energy and/or electrical energy using wet photoelectrochemical cells is described. Emphasis is on (1) the photoelectrolysis of H2O to H2 and O2 using cells having n-type semiconductor photoelectrodes fabricated from TiO2, SnO2, SrTiO3, KTaO3, and KTa(0.77)Nb(0.23)O3, and (2) the conversion of light to electrical energy using CdSe- and CdS-based cells with polysulfide electrolytes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: International Symposium on Solar Energy; May 05, 1976 - May 07, 1976; Washington, DC
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  • 189
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    Space and energy (1976)
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    Description: Potential contributions of space to energy-related activities are discussed. Advanced concepts presented include worldwide energy distribution to substation-sized users using low-altitude space reflectors; powering large numbers of large aircraft worldwide using laser beams reflected from space mirror complexes; providing night illumination via sunlight-reflecting space mirrors; fine-scale power programming and monitoring in transmission networks by monitoring millions of network points from space; prevention of undetected hijacking of nuclear reactor fuels by space tracking of signals from tagging transmitters on all such materials; and disposal of nuclear power plant radioactive wastes in space.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IAF PAPER 76-121 , International Astronautical Congress; Oct 10, 1976 - Oct 16, 1976; Anaheim, CA
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  • 190
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    Large experimental wind turbines - Where we are now (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Several large wind turbine projects have been initiated by NASA-Lewis as part of the ERDA wind energy program. The projects consist of progressively large wind turbines ranging from 100 kW with a rotor diameter of 125 feet to 1500 kW with rotor diameters of 200 to 300 feet. Also included is supporting research and technology for large wind turbines and for lowering the costs and increasing the reliability of the major wind turbine components. The results and status of the above projects are briefly discussed in this report. In addition, a brief summary and status of the plans for selecting the utility sites for the experimental wind turbines is also discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Energy Technology III: Commercialization; Mar 29, 1976 - Mar 31, 1976; Washington, DC
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  • 191
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    Hydrogen - Primary or supplementary fuel for automotive engines (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Hydrogen, gasoline, and mixtures thereof were compared as fuels for lean-burn engines. Hydrogen for the mixed fuels tests was generated by partial oxidation of gasoline. Hydrogen combustion yielded the highest thermal efficiency at any NOx level. Gasoline yielded the second highest thermal efficiency for NOx levels greater than or approximately equal to 2 gm/mi. For lower NOx levels and high vehicle inertia weights, progressively more hydrogen supplementation was the second most efficient system. For vehicle inertia weights below 5000 lbm (2300 kg), the statutory NOx standard (0.4 gm/mi) could be met with 1 lb/hr (0.13 g/s) hydrogen supplementation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: SAE PAPER 760609 , West Coast Meeting; Aug 09, 1976 - Aug 12, 1976; San Francisco, CA
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  • 192
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    The requirements for batteries for electric vehicles (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The paper reassesses the role of electric vehicles in the modern transportation system and their potential impact on oil consumption. Three major factors determining the size of this impact are discussed: the market potential, the date of introduction, and the rate of consumer acceptance. The strategy of selecting the battery type for an urban car to introduce in coming years is analyzed. The results of the analysis suggest that the research and development emphasis should be placed on near- and mid-term battery technology. From the standpoint of maximizing both the cumulative impact and the benefits derived in the year 2000, however, a strategy of early introduction of near-term and mid-term cars followed by the far-term vehicles seems to produce the optimum result.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Power Sources Symposium; Jun 21, 1976 - Jun 24, 1976; Atlantic City, NJ
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  • 193
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    Experimental investigation of the excess charge and time constant of minority carriers in the thin diffused layer of 0.1 Ohm-cm silicon solar cells (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The observed low open-circuit voltage in 0.1 Ohm-cm solar cells is probably related to an excessively high diode saturation current. Theoretical studies conducted by Lindholm et al. (1975) and by Godlewski et al. (1975) have shown that a high saturation current could be produced by either high recombination rates or bandgap narrowing effects. A description is given of an investigation which shows that bandgap narrowing effects have a first order significance in determining the charge carrier transport controlling the open-circuit voltage of 0.1 Ohm-cm silicon solar cells.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Materials Research Conference; Jun 23, 1976 - Jun 25, 1976; Salt Lake City, UT
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 194
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    Microwave transmission system for space power (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The system considered makes use of a combined dipole antenna and rectifier. The dipole elements feed a balanced transmission line low-pass filter. A description of a laboratory model microwave power transmission system is given and a higher-power project with a longer range is discussed. Space power transmission experiments are also considered. It is pointed out that the investigations have shown that high overall transmission link efficiencies are possible.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: International Meeting on Utilization of Space Shuttle and Spacelab; Jun 02, 1976 - Jun 04, 1976; Bonn
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 195
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    Development of advanced fuel cell system (phase 4) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: For abstract, see N76-23686.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-135030S , FCR-0194
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 196
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    Development of Advanced Fuel Cell System (Phase 4) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A multiple-task research and development program was performed to improve the weight, life, and performance characteristics of hydrogen-oxygen alkaline fuel cells for advanced power systems. During Phase 4, the lowest stabilized degradation rate observed in all the testing completed during four phases of the program, 1 microvolt/hour, was demonstrated. This test continues after 5,000 hours of operation. The cell incorporates a PPf anode, a 90Au/10Pt cathode, a hybrid frame, and a Fybex matrix. These elements were developed under this program to extend cell life. The result demonstrated that the 80Au/20Pt cathode is as stable as a 90Au/10Pt cathode of twice the precious metal loading, was confirmed in full-scale cells. A hybrid frame two-cell plaque with dedicated flow fields and manifolds for all fluids was demonstrated to prevent the cell-to cell electrolyte transfer that limited the endurance of multicell plaques. At the conclusion of Phase 4, more than 90,900 hours of testing had been completed and twelve different cell designs had been evaluated. A technology base has been established which is ready for evaluation at the powerplant level.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-135030 , FCR-0165
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 197
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    Measured performance of a 3-ton LiBr absorption water chiller and its effect on cooling system operation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A 3-ton lithium bromide absorption water chiller was tested for a number of conditions involving hot-water input, chilled water, and the cooling water. The primary influences on chiller capacity were the hot water inlet temperature and the cooling water inlet temperature. One combination of these two parameters extended the output to as much as 125% of design capacity, but no combination could lower the capacity to below 60% of design. A cooling system was conceptually designed so that it could provide several modes of operation. Such flexibility is needed for any solar cooling system to be able to accommodate the varying solar energy collection and the varying building demand. It is concluded that a 3-ton absorption water chiller with the kind of performance that was measured can be incorporated into a cooling system such as that proposed, to provide efficient cooling over the specified ranges of operating conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Joint Conference on Sharing the Sun: Solar Technology in the Seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 198
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    Performance correlations of five solar collectors tested simultaneously outdoors (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Collector thermal efficiency, and efficiency degradation with time were measured for 5 flat-plate solar collectors tested simultaneously in an outdoor solar collector test facility. Results indicate that by using collector performance parameters which account for diffuse insolation, outdoor data recorded on 'cloudy' days can be used as a measure of performance, as long as the ratio of direct to total insolation exceeds approximately 0.6. These outdoor results also show good agreement with thermal efficiency data obtained indoors in a solar simulator. Significant efficiency degradation occurred on only one of the five collectors exposed to outdoor conditions for a period of one to two years.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Joint Conference on Sharing the Sun: Solar Technology in the Seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 199
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    Low energy production processes in manufacturing of silicon solar cells (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Ion implantation and pulsed energy techniques are being combined for fabrication of silicon solar cells totally under vacuum and at room temperature. Simplified sequences allow very short processing times with small process energy consumption. Economic projections for fully automated production are excellent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Joint Conference on Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 200
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    Design considerations of solar arrays for terrestrial applications (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The primary objective of the Low-cost Silicon Solar Array (LSSA) Project, which forms a major part of a national photovoltaic program, is the timely development of low-cost commercial-quality photovoltaic arrays through an active program of industrial and academic involvement. The definition of future array requirements is considered as a necessary step toward meeting this objective. An overview of array requirement trends which begin to evolve from the various ERDA activities is presented. For present terrestrial arrays the primary requirement is to generate power for small, often remote electric-power applications. To meet an objective of increased energy independence requires that photovoltaics become economically viable for the large energy consumption of the future. Various developments needed to achieve such an economic viability are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Joint Conference on Sharing the sun: Solar technology in the seventies; Aug 15, 1976 - Aug 20, 1976; Winnipeg; Canada
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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