ALBERT

Note: 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Linear Algebra 3. Univariate Distribution Theory 4. Multivariate Distribution Theory 5. Introduction to Calculus of Variation 6. Introduction to Control Theory 7. Optimal Control Theory 8. Numerical Solutions to Initial Value Problems 9. Numerical Solutions to Boundary Problems 10. Introduction to Semi-Langrangian Advection Methods 11. Introduction to Finite Element Modeling 12. Numerical Modeling of the Sphere 13. Tangent Linear Modeling and Adjoints 14. Observations 15. Non-variational Sequential Data Assimilation Methods 16. Variational Data Assimilation 17. Subcomponents of Variational Data Assimilation 18. Observation of Space Variation Data Assimilation Methods 19. Kalman Filter and Smoother 20. Ensemble-Based Data Asssimilation 21. Non-Gaussian Variational Data Assimilation 22. Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Particle Filter Methods 23. Applications of Data Asssimilation in the Geosciences 24. Solutions to Select Exercise Bibliography Index

Note: Contents Preface to the fourth edition Contributors Editor's acknowledgements Acknowledgements Part I: The role of physical geography 1 Approaching physical geography 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Historical development of physical geography 1.2.1 Physical geography before 1800 1.2.2 Physical geography between 1800 and 1950 1.2.3 Physical geography since 1950 1.3 Scientific methods 1.3.1 The positivist method 1.3.2 Critique of the positivist method 1.3.3 Realism as an alternative positivist approach 1.3.4 Benefits of multiple scientific methods in physical geography 1.4 The field, the laboratory and the model 1.4.1 Approaching data collection from the environment 1.4.2 Approaching laboratory work 1.4.3 Approaching numerical modelling 1.5 Using physical geography for managing the environment 1.6 Summary Further reading Part II: Continents and oceans 2 Earth geology and tectonics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Earth's structure 2.2.1 The interior of the Earth 2.2.2 The outer layers of the Earth 2.3 Rock type and formation 2.3.1 Igneous rock 2.3.2 Sedimentary rock 2.3.3 Metamorphic rock 2.3.4 The rock cycle 2.4 History of plate tectonics 2.4.1 Early ideas of global tectonics 2.4.2 Evidence that led directly to plate tectonic theory 2.5 The theory of plate tectonics 2.5.1 Lithospheric plates 2.5.2 Rates of plate movement 2.6 Structural features related directly to motion of the plates 2.6.1 Divergent plate boundaries 2.6.2 Transform faults 2.6.3 Convergent plate boundaries 2.6.4 Hot spots 2.7 The history of the continents 2.8 Summary Further reading 3 Oceans 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The ocean basins 3.2.1 The scale of the oceans 3.2.2 Geological structure of the ocean basins 3.2.3 The depth and shape of the ocean basins 3.3 Physical properties of the ocean 3.3.1 Salinity 3.3.2 Temperature structure of the oceans 3.4 Ocean circulation 3.4.1 Surface currents 3.4.2 The deep currents of the oceans 3.4.3 The weather of the ocean 3.5 Sediments in the ocean 3.6 Biological productivity 3.6.1 Photosynthesis in the ocean 3.6.2 Importance of nutrient supply to primary productivity 3.6.3 Animals of the sea 3.6.4 Pollution 3.7 Effect of global climate change on the oceans 3.8 Summary Further reading Part III: Past, present and future climate and weather 4 The Pleistocene 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Long-term cycles, astronomical forcing and feedback mechanisms 4.2.1 Orbital forcing theory 4.2.2 Evidence that orbital forcing causes climate change 4.2.3 Problems with orbital forcing theory 4.2.4 Internal feedback mechanisms 4.3 Short-term cycles 4.3.1 Glacial instability 4.3.2 The Younger Dryas 4.4 Further evidence for environmental change 4.4.1 Landforms 4.4.2 Plants 4.4.3 Insects 4.4.4 Other animal remains 4.5 Dating methods 4.5.1 Age estimation techniques 4.5.2 Age equivalent labels 4.5.3 Relative chronology 4.6 Pleistocene stratigraphy and correlation 4.7 Palaeodimate modelling 4.8 Summary Further reading 5 The Holocene 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Holocene climatic change 5.2.1 How the Holocene began 5.2.2 Drivers of climate change during the Holocene 5.2.3 The Little Ice Age 5.3 Holocene geomorphological change 5.3.1 Retreating ice sheets 5.3.2 Rising seas 5.4 Holocene ecosystem change 5.4.1 Responses of ecosystems to the end of the last glacial 5.4.2 Tropical Africa and the Sahara 5.4.3 European ecosystems 5.4.4 Island ecosystems 5.5 The rise of civilizations 5.5.1 Humans at the end of the last glacial 5.5.2 The beginnings of agriculture 5.5.3 Social and environmental consequences of agriculture 5.6 Human interaction with physical geography 5.6.1 Out of Eden? 5.6.2 Deforestation 5.6.3 Soil erosion and impoverishment 5.6.4 Irrigation and drainage 5.7 Summary Further reading 6 Atmospheric processes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The basics of climate 6.3 The global atmospheric circulation 6.4 Radiative and energy systems 6.4.1 The nature of energy 6.4.2 Distinguishing between temperature and heat 6.4.3 Radiation 6.4.4 Thermal inertia 6.4.5 The atmospheric energy balance 6.5 Moisture circulation systems 6.5.1 Moisture in the atmosphere and the hydrological cycle 6.5.2 Global distribution of precipitation and evaporation 6.5.3 The influence of vegetation on evaporation 6.5.4 Drought 6.6 Motion in the atmosphere 6.6.1 Convective overturning 6.6.2 The Earth's rotation and the winds 6.6.3 Long waves. Planetary Waves and Rossby Waves 6.6.4 Jet streams 6.7 The influence of oceans and ice on atmospheric processes 6.8 The Walker circulation 6.8.1 El Niño Southern Oscillation 6.8.2 North Atlantic Oscillation 6.9 Interactions between radiation, atmospheric trace gases and clouds 6.9.1 The greenhouse effect 6.9.2 A simple climate model of the enhanced greenhouse effect 6.9.3 Radiative interactions with clouds and sulfate aerosols 6.10 Ceoengineering 6.11 Summary Further reading 7 Contemporary climate change 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Climate change 7.2.1 Long-term change 7.2.2 Recent climate change and its causes 7.2.3 Predictions from global climate models (GCMs) 7.2.4 Critical evaluation of the state-of-the-art in GCMs 7.3 The carbon cycle: interaction with the climate system 7.4 Mitigation 7.5 Destruction of the ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 7.6 The future 7.7 Summary Further reading 8 Global climate and weather 8.1 Introduction 8.2 General controls of global climates 8.3 The tropics and subtropics 8.3.1 Equatorial regions 8.3.2 The Sahel and desert margins 8.3.3 Subtropical deserts 8.3.4 Humid subtropics 8.4 Mid and high-latitude climates 8.4.1 Depressions, fronts and anticyclones 8.4.2 Mid-latitude western continental margins 8.4.3 Mid-latitude east continental margins and continental interiors 8.5 Polar climates 8.6 A global overview 8.7 Summary Further reading 9 Regional and local climates 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Altitude and topography 9.2.1 Pressure 9.2.2 Temperature 9.2.3 Wind 9.2.4 Precipitation 9.2.5 Frost hollows 9.3 Influence of water bodies 9.4 Human influences 9.4.1 Shelter belts 9.4.2 Urban climates 9.4.3 Atmospheric pollution and haze 9.5 Summary Further reading Part IV: Biogeography and ecology 10 The biosphere 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Biological concepts 10.2.1 What is a species? 10.2.2 The naming of species 10.2.3 Levels of organization 10.2.4 Biodiversity 10.3 Patterns of distribution 10.3.1 Potential species distributions 10.3.2 Actual species distributions 10.3.3 Spatial patterns in biodiversity 10.4 Terrestrial biomes 10.4.1 Equatorial and tropical forests 10.4.2 Savanna 10.4.3 Hot Desert 10.4.4 Mediterranean-type biome 10.4.5 Temperate grassland 10.4.6 Temperate broadleaf forest 10.4.7 Taiga 10.4.8 Tundra 10.5 Aquatic biomes 10.5.1 Marine regions 10.5.2 Freshwater regions 10.6 Summary Further reading 11 Ecosystem processes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The flow of energy and resources 11.2.1 Energy entering an ecosystem 11.2.2 Ecological thermodynamics 11.2.3 Trophic levels and food webs 11.2.4 Biogeochemical cycles 11.3 Biotic interactions 11.3.1 Mutualism 11.3.2 Herbivory, prédation and parasitism 11.3.3 Commensalism 11.3.4 Amensalism 11.3.5 Competition 11.4 Temporal change in ecosystems 11.4.1 Short-term changes 11.4.2 Disturbance and resilience 11.4.3 Succession 11.5 Human impact 11.5.1 Degrading ecosystems 11.5.2 Urban ecology 11.5.3 Conservation 11.6 Summary Further reading 12 Freshwater ecosystems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Running waters: rivers and streams 12.2.1 River ecosystem geomorphological units 12.2.2 Spatial variability of river ecosystems 12.2.3 Temporal variability of river ecosystems 12.2.4 Human alterations to river ecosystems 12.3 Still waters: lakes and ponds 12.3.1 Classification of lake ecosystems 12.3.2 Spatial variability of lake ecosystems 12.3.3 Human influences on lake ecosystems 12.4 Summary Further reading 13 Vegetation and env

Note: Contents Chapter 1 Introdution Chapter 2 Origins Building a Planet, Shaping the Oceans Water, Salt, and Circulation Life, Oxygen, and Carbon Chapter 3 Controls On change Orbital and Solar Changes Greenhouse Gases Plate Tectonics Impacts Chapter 4 Snowball earth and the explosions of life Into the Freezer Out of the Freezer, Into a Greenhouse A Tale of Two Explosions Reverberations Chapter 5 Oceans On acid About Acidification Acidification in Action Chapter 6 The age of reptiles Choking Oceans Salty Giants Chapter 7 Winter is coming Reconstructing Sea-Level Change The Great Northern Ice Ages Ocean Controls on CO2 A Seesaw in the Ocean Chapter 8 Future Oceans and climate Our Carbon Emissions Consequences Epilogue Acknowledgments Bibliography Index

Note: Dissertation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover, 2017 , Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Stand der Forschung 1.3 Zielsetzung und Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Grundlagen der physikalischen Geodäsie 2.1.1 Das Schwerefeld der Erde 2.1.2 Gravitationspotential - Kugelfunktionsentwicklung und Fehler 2.1.3 Ableitungen des Gravitationspotentials 2.1.4 Satellitengradiometrie 2.1.5 Zeiten 2.2 Ausgewählte Grundlagen der Statistik und digitalen SignalVerarbeitung 2.2.1 Deskriptive Statistik 2.2.2 Aspekte der digitalen Signalverarbeitung 2.2.3 Filterung 2.2.4 Spektralschätzung 2.3 Drehmatrizen, Eulerwinkel und Quaternionen 2.4 Methodische Grundlagen der Kreuzungspunktanalyse 2.4.1 Bestimmung von Kreuzungspunkten 2.4.2 Kreuzungspunktposition und Interpolationen 3 Die GOCE-Mission 3.1 Wahl des GOCE-Orbits 3.2 Gradiometer und Gravitationsgradienten 3.2.1 Gradiometeraufbau und Beschleunigungsmesser 3.2.2 Gravitationsgradienten aus Beschleunigungsdifferenzen 3.2.3 Einschränkungen und Fehler des Gradiometers 3.3 Weiteres Instrumentarium im GOCE-Satelliten 3.4 Koordinatensysteme und Transformationen 3.4.1 GOCE-relevante Koordinatensysteme 3.4.2 Transformationen zwischen Koordinatensystemen 3.5 Datenprodukte und deren Genauigkeiten 4 Genauigkeitsanforderungen an Datenprodukte und Rechenoperationen 4.1 Analyse der GOCE-Gravitationsgradienten 4.1.1 Gradienten und Fehler in Zeit- und Frequenzbereich 4.1.2 Vergleich der Gradienten mit globalen Gravitationsfeldmodellen 4.2 Abschätzung der Genauigkeit der Gravitationsgradienten 4.3 Bestimmung der Genauigkeitsanforderungen 5 Methodik zur Gradienten-Validierung in Kreuzungspunkten 5.1 Übersicht zum Ablauf der Validierung 5.2 Kreuzungspunktbestimmung 5.2.1 Ziele und Methodik 5.2.2 Beschreibung des Algorithmus und Implementierung 5.3 Interpolation der Beobachtungsgrößen 5.3.1 Interpolation der reduziert-dynamischen Positionen 5.3.2 Interpolation der finalen Kreuzungspunktpositionen 5.3.3 Interpolation weiterer Datenprodukte im Kreuzungspunkt 5.4 Vergleichskoordinatensystem 5.5 Transformation des Tensors der GOCE-Gravitationsgradienten 5.5.1 Rotation des GOCE-GGT (Einfügen modellbasierter Vij, Filterung) 5.5.2 Translation des Tensors der GOCE-Gravitationsgradienten 5.5.3 Transformation und Diskussion 5.6 Closed-Loop-Test 6 Analyse der Kreuzungspunktdifferenzen 6.1 Einleitung 6.2 Qualität des Gesamtdatensatzes 6.2.1 Statistische Parameter 6.2.2 Korrelationen und Abhängigkeiten 6.3 Regionale Untersuchungen 6.4 Lokale Artefakte mit zeitlich begrenztem Einfluss auf die Gradienten 6.5 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion 7 Gradiometerkonzepte zukünftiger Schwerefeld-Satellitenmissionen 7.1 Missionsplanung und bisherige Studien 7.2 Gradiometriekonzepte und Technologien 7.2.1 Feste Testmassen und deren Lagebestimmung sowie Lageregelung 7.2.2 Atominterferometrie auf Basis kalter Atome 7.3 Kombinierte Beobachtungskonzepte und Bestimmung dritter Ableitungen 7.4 Zusammenfassung 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick Abkürzungsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis

Note: Zugl.: Marburg (Lahn), Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2004 u.d.T.: Gutmann, Mathias: Die Medialität des Erfahrens

Note: Contents: 1. The Politics and Political Economy of Forestland Regimes ; SECTION I: The Origins and Divergences of National Forestland Regimes ; 2. Colonialism and the Transformation of Hinterlands ; 3. Politics of 4. Political Mediation of Land Conflicts in the Hinterlands ; SECTION II: Politics of Institutional Change ; 5. Politics of Institutional Change in India's Forestland Regimes ; 6. Politics of Institutional Change in Tanzania and Mexico ; SECTION III: Policy Differences and Key Lessons ; 7. Public Accountability in Policy- making: Forest- Based Climate Change Mitigation in India, Tanzania, and Mexico ; 8. Conclusion: Toward Social Justice and Enduring Nature Conservation ; Appendix I: Number of People Affected by Forestland Conflicts ; Appendix II: A Sample of Specific Events Related to Forestland Conflicts ; Appendix III: Major Socioeconomic and Political Indicators in Case Study Countries ; Appendix IV: Inequality- Adjusted Human Development Index for Selected Regions ; Appendix V: Statistical Analysis of Forestland Claims in Gujarat, India ; References ; Index

Note: Contents: PART 1: The challenge of long-term democratic governance ; 1 Intertemporal policy-making in advanced democracies ; 2 The presentist bias ; 3 Probing the causes of the presentist bias ; 4 The policy dimensions of the presentist bias ; PART 2: Principles and proposals for improving long-term democratic governance ; 5 Foundations for prudent long-term governance ; 6 Countering the presentist bias ; PART 3: Assessing the options for improving long-term democratic governance ; 7 A constitution for the future ; 8 Committing to a better future ; 9 Insulating decision-making from short-term political pressures ; 10 Enhancing voices for the future ; 11 Advising for a better future ; 12 Designing and embedding a strategic foresight capability ; 13 Creating the political conditions for policy investments ; PART 4: Taking care of tomorrow today ; 14 Towards a better tomorrow ; Appendix ; Bibliography ; Index

Note: Beiträge überwiegend deutsch, teilweise englisch

Note: Content: Preface. - 1 IASC Internal Development. - IASC Organization. - IASC Council . - IASC Executive Committee. - IASC Secretariat. - Allen Pope New IASC Executive Secretary. - IASC Secretariat Moves to Iceland. - IASC Future Strategy. - IASC Medal 2017. - 2 IASC Working Groups. - Cross-Cutting Initiatives. - Atmosphere Working Group (AWG). - Cryosphere Working Group (CWG). - Marine Working Group (MWG). - Social and Human Working Group (SHWG). - Terrestrial Working Group (TWG). - 3 Arctic Science Summit Week 2016. - Upcoming ASSWs. - 4 Data and Observations. - Arctic Data Committee (ADC). - Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON). - 5 Partnerships. - Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS). - Arctic Council. - 6 Capacity Building. - IASC Fellowship Program. - Overview of Supported Early Career Scientists. - Annex. - Polar Acronyms.

Note: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1: Overview of modern and Quaternary vegetation in China. - 1.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Shen Caiming. - 1.1.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.1.1.1 Gobi desert and desert vegetation in eastern Xinjiang. - 1.1.1.2 Extremely arid desert and shrubland vegetation in the Qaidam Basin. - 1.1.1.3 Arid desert shrub and semi-shrub vegetation in the Hexi Corridor. - 1.1.1.4 Sylvosteppe or pine-oak forest in the transitional region between semi-humid and semi-arid monsoonal climate of temperate zone in the Loess Plateau. - 1.1.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.1.2.1 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Qinghai. - 1.1.2.2 Holocene vegetation succession of steppe/meadow in north Xizang (Tibet). - 1.1.2.3 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the Loess Plateau. - 1.1.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Xinjiang. - 1.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu and Li Chunhai. - 1.2.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.2.1.1 Coniferous and broadleaved forest and meadow of temperate zone in Northeast China. - 1.2.1.2 Oak forest of river valley, Chinese pine forest, and shrub steppe in the lower valley of Liaohe River, North China plain, southern Shanxi, and central Shaanxi plain. - 1.2.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.2.2.1 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in North China. - 1.2.2.2 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Northeast China. - 1.3 Southeast region / Shu Junwu and Tang Lingyu. - 1.3.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.3.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.3.2.1 Vegetation succession since the mid-Pleistocene in Hubei. - 1.3.2.2 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the lower valley of the Yangtze River. - 1.3 .2.3 Forest succession since the last glaciation in southeast coast of Fujian. - 1.3.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the central Taiwan. - 1.4 South region / Mao Limi, Tang Lingyu and Shen Cairning. - 1.4.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.4.1.1 Vegetation in the southern zone of middle subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. - 1.4.1.2 Vegetation in the zone of south subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. - 1.4.1.3 Tropical semi-evergreen monsoonal forest and tropical monsoonal forest. - 1.4.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.4.2.1 Vegetation in the Zhujiang delta and Chaozhou plain since the Pleistocene recorded by pollen and spores. - 1.4.2.2 Vegetation and climate since the late Pleistocene in Leizhou Peninsula and Holocene vegetation and climate in Hainan Island. - 1.4.2.3 Late Quaternary pollen and spores, vegetation and climate records in the South. - 1.4.2.4 Vegetation and climate since the late Pleistocene in Hong Kong. - 1.5 Southwest region / Shu Junwu, Tang Lingyu and Shen Caiming. - 1.5.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.5.1.1 Vegetation of evergreen broadleaved forest in the Yunnan , Guizhou and western Sichuan Plateau. - 1.5.1.2 Vegetation of coniferous forest in southeast Xizang. - 1.5.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.5.2.1 Holocene vegetation in northwest Yunnan. - 1.5.2.2 Vegetation and monsoonal climate history since the late Pleistocene in western and south-central Yunnan. - 1.5.2.3 Holocene vegetation in western Sichuan. - 1.5.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in Guizhou. - 1.5.2.5 Vegetation and monsoonal climate history since the late Pleistocene in southeastern Xizang. - Chapter 2 Main types of Quaternary pollen and spores and their characteristics in different regions of China. - 2.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Mao Limi. - 2.1.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Northwest China. - 2.1.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Northwest China. - 2.1.2.1 Identifiable features of main Compositae pollen types. - 2.1.2.2 Identifiable features of Artemisia, Tamarix, and Zygophyllum pollen. - 2.1.2.3 Identifiable features of Rhamnus, Hippophae, and Elaeagnus pollen. - 2.1.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary spores and pollen in Northwest China. - 2.1.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Northwest China. - 2.1.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Northwest China. - 2.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu. - 2.2.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Northern China. - 2.2.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Northern China. - 2.2.2.1 Identification keys of pollen morphology for several saccate genera of Pinaceae. - 2.2.2.2 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for genera of Betulaceae. - 2.2.2.3 Identifiable features of tricolpate pollen from Salix and Cruciferae. - 2.2.2.4 Identifiable features of tricolpate pollen from Ranunculaceae and Labiatae. - 2.2.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary spores and pollen in Northern China. - 2.2.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Northern China. - 2.2.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Northern China. - 2.3 Southeast region / Tang Lingyu and Shu Junwu. - 2.3.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.2.1 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.2 Identification keys of pollen morphology for several genera of Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.3 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for several genera of Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.4 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for several genera of tropical and subtropical. - 2.3.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Southeast China. - 2.3.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Southeast China. - 2.4 South region / Mao Limi and Tang Lingyu. - 2.4.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.2 Identifiable features of main Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.2.1 Modern distribution and paleophytogeography of Sonneratia and its identifiable features of pollen morphology. - 2.4.2.2 Modern distribution and paleoecology significance of Rhizophoraceae and its identifiable features of pollen morphology. - 2.4.3 Photomicrographs and descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.5 Southwest region / Tang Lingyu and Shu Junwu. - 2.5.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.2 Identifiable feature of main Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.2.1 Plant distribution and pollen features of Pinaceae in Southwest China. - 2.5.2.2 Identification keys of pollen morphology for Pinaceae. - 2.5.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.3.1 Photomicrographs for common pollen in Southwest China. - 2.5.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - Chapter 3 Plates and descriptions of Quaternary pollen and spores in different region of China. - 3.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Mao Limi. - Spores of the pteridophyte Plates 1-3. - Gymnosperm pollen Plates 3-10. - Angiosperm pollen Plates 11-63. - 3.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu and Li Chunhai. - Spores of the algae Plates 1-3. - Spores of the bryophyte Plate 4. - Spores of the pteridophyte Plates 5-9. - Gymnosperm pollen Plates 9-24. - Angiosperm pollen Plates 25-63. - 3.3 Southeast region / Tang Lingyu, Zhou Zhongze and

Note: Contents: Geleitwort zur Neuauflage ; 1 Die Grenzen des Wachstums ; 2 Der verlorene Wohlstand ; 3 Wohlstand neu definieren ; 4 Das Wachstumsdilemma ; 5 Der Mythos Entkopplung ; 6 Das »stahlharte Gehäuse« des Konsumismus ; 7 Gedeihen – in Grenzen ; 8 Grundlagen für die Wirtschaft von morgen ; 9 Auf dem Weg zu einer »Postwachstums«-Makroökonomie ; 10 Der progressive Staat ; 11 Bleibender Wohlstand

Note: Contents: Fichte – ja gerne, aber mit Vernunft! ; 1. Grundlagen: Die Fichte (Picea abies): Verwandtschaft, Morphologie und Ökologie ; Aspekte zur Genetik und zum Vermehrungsgut der Fichte ; Die Fichte – aktuelle Vorkommen in Bayern und standörtliche Anbaueignung im Klimawandel ; Die Fichte in der Wald- und Forstgeschichte – eine soziokulturelle Betrachtung ; 2. Waldbau und Waldumbau: Zwischen Leistung und Risiko – die Fichte in der waldbaulichen Beratung ; Die Fichte im Bayerischen Staatswald ; Fichtenwirtschaft aus Sicht eines Betriebsleiters im Privatwald ; Die Fichte im Wald der Stadt Augsburg ; Die Bedeutung der Fichte in und für Thüringen ; 3. Ökologie – Waldschutz – Bergwald: Fichtenwälder in Bayern und ihre Biodiversität ; Waldschutzrisiko der Fichte ; Bayerische Alpen – ein denkbares Rückzugsgebiet für die Fichte im Klimawandel? ; 4. Aus Wissenschaft und Forschung ; Das Holz der Fichte – Eigenschaften und Verwendung ; Das Wurzelwerk der Fichte ; Effekt der Mischung auf die Struktur, die Dichte und das Ertragsniveau von Fichtenbeständen ; Betriebswirtschaftliche Chancen und Risiken der Fichtenwirtschaft im Klimawandel

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Why Forecast? -- 1.2 The Informatics Challenge in Forecasting -- 1.3 The Model-Data Loop -- 1.4 Why Bayes? -- 1.5 Models as Scaffolds -- 1.6 Case Studies and Decision Support -- 1.7 Key Concepts -- 1.8 Hands-on Activities -- 2. From Models to Forecasts -- 2.1 The Traditional Modeler's Toolbox -- 2.2 Example: The Logistic Growth Model -- 2.3 Adding Sources of Uncertainty -- 2.4 Thinking Probabilistically -- 2.5 Predictability -- 2.6 Key Concepts -- 2.7 Hands-on Activities -- 3. Data, Large and Small -- 3.1 The Data Cycle and Best Practices -- 3.2 Data Standards and Metadata -- 3.3 Handling Big Data -- 3.4 Key Concepts -- 3.5 Hands-on Activities -- 4. Scientific Workflows and the Informatics of Model-Data Fusion -- 4.1 Transparency, Accountability, and Repeatability -- 4.2 Workflows and Automation -- 4.3 Best Practices for Scientific Computing -- 4.4 Key Concepts -- 4.5 Hands-on Activities -- 5. Introduction to Bayes -- 5.1 Confronting Models with Data -- 5.2 Probability 101 -- 5.3 The Likelihood -- 5.4 Bayes' Theorem -- 5.5 Prior Information -- 5.6 Numerical Methods for Bayes -- 5.7 Evaluating MCMC Output -- 5.8 Key Concepts -- 5.9 Hands-on Activities -- 6. Characterizing Uncertainty -- 6.1 Non-Gaussian Error -- 6.2 Heteroskedasticity -- 6.3 Observation Error -- 6.4 Missing Data and Inverse Modeling -- 6.5 Hierarchical Models and Process Error -- 6.6 Autocorrelation -- 6.7 Key Concepts -- 6.8 Hands-on Activities -- 7. Case Study: Biodiversity, Populations, and Endangered Species -- 7.1 Endangered Species -- 7.2 Biodiversity -- 7.3 Key Concepts -- 7.4 Hands-on Activities -- 8. Latent Variables and State-Space Models -- 8.1 Latent Variables -- 8.2 State Space -- 8.3 Hidden Markov Time-Series Model -- 8.4 Beyond Time -- 8.5 Key Concepts -- 8.6 Hands-on Activities -- 9. Fusing Data Sources -- 9.1 Meta-analysis -- 9.2 Combining Data: Practice, Pitfalls, and Opportunities -- 9.3 Combining Data and Models across Space and Time -- 9.4 Key Concepts -- 9.5 Hands-on Activities -- 10. Case Study: Natural Resources -- 10.1 Fisheries -- 10.2 Case Study: Baltic Salmon -- 10.3 Key Concepts -- 11. Propagating, Analyzing, and Reducing Uncertainty -- 11.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 11.2 Uncertainty Propagation -- 11.3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 11.4 Tools for Model-Data Feedbacks -- 11.5 Key Concepts -- 11.6 Hands-on Activities -- Appendix A Properties of Means and Variances -- Appendix B Common Variance Approximations -- 12. Case Study: Carbon Cycle -- 12.1 Carbon Cycle Uncertainties -- 12.2 State of the Science -- 12.3 Case Study: Model-Data Feedbacks -- 12.4 Key Concepts -- 12.5 Hands-on Activities -- 13. Data Assimilation 1: Analytical Methods -- 13.1 The Forecast Cycle -- 13.2 Kalman Filter -- 13.3 Extended Kalman Filter -- 13.4 Key Concepts -- 13.5 Hands-on Activities -- 14. Data Assimilation 2: Monte Carlo Methods -- 14.1 Ensemble Filters -- 14.2 Particle Filter -- 14.3 Model Averaging and Reversible Jump MCMC -- 14.4 Generalizing the Forecast Cycle -- 14.5 Key Concepts -- 14.6 Hands-on Activities -- 15. Epidemiology -- 15.1 Theory -- 15.2 Ecological Forecasting -- 15.3 Examples of Epidemiological Forecasting -- 15.4 Case Study: Influenza -- 15.5 Key Concepts -- 16. Assessing Model Performance -- 16.1 Visualization -- 16.2 Basic Model Diagnostics -- 16.3 Model Benchmarks -- 16.4 Data Mining the Residuals -- 16.5 Comparing Model Performance to Simple Statistics -- 16.6 Key Concepts -- 16.7 Hands-on Activities -- 17. Projection and Decision Support -- 17.1 Projections, Predictions, and Forecasting -- 17.2 Decision Support -- 17.3 Key Concepts -- 17.4 Hands-on Activities -- 18. Final Thoughts -- 18.1 Lessons Learned -- 18.2 Future Directions -- References -- Index

Note: Contents: Who wants to be an Economist? ; 1. Change the Goal ; 2. See the Big Picture ; 3. Nurture Human Nature ; 4. Get Savvy with Systems ; 5. Design to Distribute ; 6. Create to Regenerate ; 7. Be Agnostic about Growth ; We are all Economists now ; Appendix: The Doughnut and its Data

Note: Contents: Introduction PART I CONCEPTS AND GLOBAL ISSUES 1. The Social Dimensions of Climate Change 2. Human needs and sustainable wellbeing 3. Climate capitalism: emissions, inequality, green growth 4. Sustainable wellbeing, necessary emissions and fair burdens PART II TOWARDS ECO-SOCIAL POLICY IN THE RICH WORLD 5. From welfare states to climate mitigation states? 6. Decarbonising the economy and its social consequences 7. Decarbonising consumption: Needs, necessities and eco-social policies 8. Post-growth, redistribution and wellbeing 9. Conclusion: A three-stage transition

Note: Contents: Leben ; Die beiden Grundprobleme ; 1. Das Hume'sche Induktionsproblem ; 2. Das Abgrenzungskriterium ; Diskussion ; Poppers politische Philosophie ; Einleitung ; 1. Der Totalitarismus und sein Ursprung ; Diskussion ; 2. Poppers Stückwerk-Sozialtechnik ; Stückwerk und Kritik ; Stückwerk und Ästhetizismus ; Diskussion ; 3. Popper über Demokratie ; Diskussion ; 4. Der Übergang von der Geschlossenen zur Offenen Gesellschaft ; Zurück zum Stamm? ; Diskussion ; Schlussbetrachtung ; Die Einheit der Methode ; Alles Popper? ; Wer ist er nur? ; Schluss

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Lyngen-Alpen und Bergland von Kåfjord und Storfjord / Karl-Dieter Meier. - Bemerkungen zur glaziären und periglaziären Landschaftsformung in den Lyngen-Alpen (Lyngen Halbinsel) und im Bergland von Kåfjord und Storfjord, Norwegisch Lappland, mit ausgewählten themenbezogenen Wanderexkursionen. - 1. Einführung. - 2. Physiogeographische Charakteristik der Lyngen-Alpen und des Berglandes von Kåfjord und Storfjord. - 2.1. Relief. - 2.2. Geologisch-tektonischer Bau, Festgesteine. - 2.3. Lockersedimente. - 2.4. Klima. - 2.5. Vegetation. - 3. Glaziäre Formung. - 3.1. Vergletscherungsgeschichte bis zur "Kleinen Eiszeit". - 3.2. Neuzeitliche Vergletscherung und aktuelle Gletscherdynamik. - 3.3. Zusammenhänge zwischen Gletscher- und Klimaschwankungen. - 4. Periglaziäre Formung. - 4.1. Permafrosterscheinungen und -indikatoren. - 4.2. Räumliche Verbreitung des Permafrostbodens. - 4.3. Periglaziäre Formen und Ablagerungen (ohne Permafrostboden). - 4.3.1. Blockfelder. - 4.3 .2. Sturzschutthalden und -kegel. - 4.3.3. Gelisolifluktionserscheinungen und -formen. - 4.3.4. Frostmusterböden. - 5. Exkursionsvorschläge zur glaziären und periglaziären Landschaftsformung. - 5.1. Anfahrt und Logistik. - 5.2. Fahrstrecken und Wanderexkursionen. - 5.2.1. Fornesdal - Rypedalsvatn (ca. 20 km). - 5.2.2. Fugldal - Fugldalsvatn (ca. 12 km). - 5.2.3. Goverdal - Sörvestbre- Rundvatn (ca. 17 km). - 5.2.4. Slettmo- Sörellendal (ca. 12 km). - 5.2.5. Steindal- Nallannjunni - Steindalsbre (ca. 15 km). - 5.2.6. Lyngsdal - Dalbotn - Vest- / Midt- / Sydbre (ca. 20 km). - 5.2.7. Koppangsdal - Koppangsbre (ca. 6 km). - 5.2.8. Tyttebaerdal - Brevatn - Stortinddalsbre (ca. 20 km). - 5.2.9. Bensnes - Trollvatn (ca. 10 km). - 5.2.10. Sörlenangsbotn - unteres Strupskarddal - Blåvatn- oberes Strupskarddal - Strupvatn - Strupbre (ca. 24 km). - 5.2.11. Veidal - Olderelvvatn - Veidalsvatn (ca. 12 km). - 5.2.12. Indre Nordmannvika - Nordmannvikdal - Nordmannviktind (See 549 m ü. Mo) - Jovnnacahca- Sannjariehppi - Gauknes - Kippeldal (ca. 23 km). - 5.2.13. Skarvdal - Kopperlia - Bievlajavri - Moldojokkadal - Bievlavarri ( ca. 22 km). - 6. Ergebnisse, Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 7. Literaturverzeichnis. - 8. Kartenverzeichnis. - 8.1. Quartärgeologische Karten. - 8.2. Karten der Festgesteine. - 8.3. Topographische Karten. - 9. Luftbildverzeichnis. , Inhaltsverzeichnis westliche Finnmarksvidda / Karl-Dieter Meier und Dietbert Thannheiser. - Eine Exkursion zur kaltklimatischen quartären Landschaftsformung auf der westlichen Finnmarksvidda, Norwegisch Lappland. - 1. Einführung. - 2. Physiogeographische Charakteristik. - 2.1. Relief und Gewässernetz. - 2.2. Geologisch-tektonischer Bau und Lockersedimente. - 2.3. Klima und Permafrostboden. - 2.4. Vegetation und Böden. - 3. Exkursion über die Finnmarksvidda-Hochfläche. - 3.1. Wissenschaftlicher Hintergrund. - 3.2. Streckenverlauf und Logistik. - 3.3. Streckenbeschreibung. - 3.3.1. Alta - Skillemo. - 3.3.2. Skillemo - Gargia - Beskades - Solovorni. - 3.3.3. Skillemo - Trangdalen - Avzejavri - Solovorni (Alternativstrecke). - 3.3.4. Solovorni - Masi. - 3.3.5. Masi - Gievdneguoika. - 3.3.6. Gievdneguoika - Kautokeino. - 3.3.7. Kautokeino - Avze - Kivijärvi. - 4. Schlussfolgerungen. - 5. Literatur. - 6. Geologische und geomorphologische Karten. - 7. Topographische Karten.

Note: Contents: Kapitel 1: Wer zur Quelle will, muss gegen den Strom schwimmen. Zur Entstehung der Interessengemeinschaft kommunale Trinkwasserversorgung (IKT) ; Kapitel 2: Ein kleines Tal und der Durst der Moderne: Wasser und Naturschutz ; Kapitel 3: Bomben in Pottenstein, oder: Gewässerschutz beginnt vor der Haustür ; Kapitel 4: Gemeinsam für die Wasserentsorgung, oder: Ein Schmutzzaun in Schwarzarbeit fürs Abwasser? ; Kapitel 5: Ein luftiges Örtchen im altbayerischen Neuland ; Kapitel 6: Zusammenfassung. Rückblick und Ausblick

Note: Contents: I. Prinzipien einer freiheitlich-rechtsstaatlichen Wirtschaftsethik ; 1. Wirtschaftsethisch relevante Grundwerte freiheitlicher Gesellschaften ; 2. Gemeinwohl und individuelle Entscheidungsautonomie ; 3. Ethik und individuelle (Vertrags-)Autonomie ; 4. Zur (öffentlichen) Sicherung der Freiwilligkeit ; 5. Folgerungen für die Unternehmens- und Wirtschaftsethik ; II. Exemplarische wirtschaftsethisch- und unternehmensethische Falldiskussionen ; 1. Vorstandsgehälter und leistungsgerechte Entlohnung ; 2. Unternehmensübernahmen und -beteiligungen ; 3. Patentrechte und Interessen der »Dritten Welt« ; III. Manager und Verantwortung ; 1. Verantwortung – Elementare Unterscheidungen ; 2. Shareholder- vs. Stakeholder-Ansatz ; 3. (In-)direkte Gewinnorientierung ; 4. Der Manager und das Verhältnis von Eigentumsprivileg und Gewinnstreben ; 5. Friedman vs. Freeman – eine Bestandsaufnahme ; IV. Bindungen ; 1. Bindung an (moralische) Regeln und rationale Interessenverfolgung ; 2. Tugend und intrinsische Motivation am Beispiel des Ultimatumspiels ; 3. Zur Vorteilhaftigkeit von unternehmerischen (Moral-)Bindungen ; 4. Recht handeln – auch wenn die Welt darüber zugrunde geht? ; V. Elemente ethischer Theoriebildung ; 1. Grundlegendes ; 2. Utilitaristische Theorien ; 3. Anti-utilitaristische universalistische Ethiken ; 4. Partikularistische Zweck-Mittel-Ethik ; VI. Zum Überlegungsgleichgewicht ; 1. Rechtfertigung für enttäuschte Kenner ; 2. Das Überlegungsgleichgewicht: Leitintuition ; 3. Die Herstellung von Überlegungsgleichgewichten – eine Skizze ; 4. Anlässe zur Herstellung eines Überlegungsgleichgewichts und die Rolle von Regeln ; 5. Die Methode und ihre Ansprüche ; VII. Wo der Pluralismus endet ; 1. Die unvollständige Realisierbarkeit von Idealen der Zwangsfreiheit ; 2. Individuelle ethische Verantwortung ; 3. Warum es im Westen besser ist

Note: Contents: Chapter 1. Water Everywhere and Nowhere ; Chapter 2. Back to Life ; Chapter 3. Put Watersheds to Work ; Chapter 4. Make Room for Floods ; Chapter 5. Bank It for a Dry Day ; Chapter 6. Fill the Earth ; Chapter 7. Conserve in the City ; Chapter 8. Clean It Up ; Chapter 9. Close the Loop ; Chapter 10. Let It Flow ; Chapter 11. Rescue Desert Rivers ; Chapter 12. Share

Note: Contents: Introduction: Entering a New Era of Water Management ; Part I. Abundance ; 1. First Water, Then the World ; 2. Laissez-Faire Metaphysics ; 3. Managing Water for “the People” ; Part II. Scarcity ; 4. America’s Post-colonial Model of Development ; 5. The Space of Scarcity ; Part III. Security ; 6. The Globalization of Normal Water ; 7. Securing the Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus ; Part IV. Rethinking the Anthropocene ; 8. The Anthropocene and the Naturalization of Process ; 9. Thinking Ecologically in an Age of Geology ; Conclusion: Water in the Anthropocene

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. Observing Behavior ; 3 Asking Questions ; 4. Running Experiments ; 5. Creating Mass Collaboration ; 6. Ethics ; 7. The Future

Note: Text deutsch mit deutscher und englischer Zusammenfassung

Note: Front Cover --- Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing --- Introduction to Satellite Remote Sensing: Atmosphere, Ocean, Land and Cryosphere Applications --- Copyright --- Dedication --- Contents --- 1 - THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING --- 1.1 THE DEFINITION OF REMOTE SENSING --- 1.2 THE HISTORY OF SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING --- 1.2.1 THE NATURE OF LIGHT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY --- 1.2.2 THE BIRTH OF EARTH-ORBITING SATELLITES --- 1.2.3 THE FUTURE OF POLAR-ORBITING SATELLITES --- 1.2.3.1 The Cross-Track Infrared Sounder --- 1.2.4 OTHER HISTORICAL SATELLITE PROGRAMS --- 1.2.4.1 The NIMBUS Program --- 1.2.4.2 The Landsat Program --- 1.2.4.3 The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program --- 1.2.4.4 Geostationary Weather Satellites --- 1.2.4.4.1 GOES-R --- 1.3 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 2 - BASIC ELECTROMAGNETIC CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS TO OPTICAL SENSORS --- 2.1 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS --- 2.2 THE BASICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION --- 2.3 THE REMOTE SENSING PROCESS --- 2.4 THE CHARACTER OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES --- 2.4.1 DEFINITION OF RADIOMETRIC TERMS --- 2.4.2 POLARIZATION AND THE STOKES VECTOR --- 2.4.3 REFLECTION AND REFRACTION AT THE INTERFACE OF TWO FLAT MEDIA --- 2.4.4 BREWSTER'S ANGLE --- 2.4.5 CRITICAL ANGLE --- 2.4.6 ALBEDO VERSUS REFLECTANCE --- 2.5 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM: DISTRIBUTION OF RADIANT ENERGIES --- 2.5.1 GAMMA, X-RAY, AND ULTRAVIOLET PORTIONS OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM --- 2.5.2 VISIBLE SPECTRUM --- 2.5.3 THERMAL INFRARED SPECTRUM --- 2.5.4 MICROWAVE SPECTRUM --- 2.6 ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION --- 2.6.1 SPECTRAL WINDOWS --- 2.6.2 ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS --- 2.6.2.1 Beer-Lambert Absorption Law --- 2.6.2.2 Beer-Lambert Absorption Law: Opacity --- 2.6.2.3 Atmospheric Scattering --- 2.7 SENSORS TO MEASURE PARAMETERS OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE --- 2.8 INCOMING SOLAR RADIATION --- 2.9 INFRARED EMISSIONS --- 2.10 SURFACE REFLECTANCE: LAND TARGETS --- 2.10.1 LAND SURFACE MIXTURES --- 2.11 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 3 - OPTICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS --- 3.1 PHYSICAL MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES --- 3.2 BASIC OPTICAL SYSTEMS --- 3.2.1 PRISMS --- 3.2.2 FILTER-WHEEL RADIOMETERS --- 3.2.2.1 An Example: The Cloud Absorption Radiometer --- 3.2.2.2 Filters --- 3.2.3 GRATING SPECTROMETER --- 3.2.4 INTERFEROMETER --- 3.3 SPECTRAL RESOLVING POWER --- THE RAYLEIGH CRITERION --- 3.4 DETECTING THE SIGNAL --- 3.5 VIGNETTING --- 3.6 SCAN GEOMETRIES --- 3.7 FIELD OF VIEW --- 3.8 OPTICAL SENSOR CALIBRATION --- 3.8.1 VISIBLE WAVELENGTHS CALIBRATION --- 3.8.2 POLARIZATION FILTERS --- 3.9 LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING --- 3.9.1 PHYSICS OF THE MEASUREMENT --- 3.9.2 OPTICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS --- 3.9.3 APPLICATIONS OF LIDAR SYSTEMS --- 3.9.4 WIND LIDAR --- 3.9.4.1 Vector Wind Velocity Determination --- 3.9.4.1.1 Velocity Azimuth Display LIDAR Vector Wind Method --- 3.9.4.1.2 Doppler Beam Swinging LIDAR Vector Wind Method --- 3.9.4.2 Direct Detection Doppler Wind LIDAR --- 3.9.4.3 LIDAR Wind Summary --- 3.10 STUDY QUESTIONS --- 4 - Microwave Radiometry --- 4.1 Basic Concepts on Microwave Radiometry --- 4.1.1 Blackbody Radiation --- 4.1.2 Gray-body Radiation: Brightness Temperature and Emissivity --- 4.1.3 General Expressions for the Emissivity --- 4.1.3.1 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Perfect Specular Surface --- 4.1.3.2 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Lambertian Surface --- 4.1.3.1 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Perfect Specular Surface --- 4.1.3.2 Simple Emissivity Models: Emission From a Lambertian Surface --- 4.1.4 Power Collected by an Antenna Surrounded by a Blackbody --- 4.1.5 Power Collected by an Antenna Surrounded by a Gray body: Apparent Temperature and Antenna Temperature --- 4.2 The Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.2.1 The Complete Polarimetric Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.2.2 Usual Approximations to the Radiative Transfer Equation --- 4.3 Emission Behavior of Natural Surfaces --- 4.3.1 The Atmosphere --- 4.3.1.1 Attenuation by Atmospheric Gases --- 4.3.1.2 Attenuation by Rain --- 4.3.1.3 Attenuation by Clouds and Fog --- 4.3.2 The Ionosphere --- 4.3.2.1 Faraday Rotation --- 4.3.2.2 Ionospheric Losses: Absorption and Emission --- 4.3.3 Land Emission --- 4.3.3.1 Soil Dielectric Constant Models --- 4.3.3.2 Bare Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.3 Vegetated Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.4 Snow-Covered Soil Emission --- 4.3.3.5 Topography Effects --- 4.3.4 Ocean Emission --- 4.3.4.1 Water Dielectric Constant Behavior --- 4.3.4.2 Calm Ocean Emission --- 4.3.4.2.1 Influence of the Salinity --- 4.3.4.2.2 Influence of Frequency --- 4.3.4.2.3 Influence of the Water Temperature --- 4.3.4.3 Influence of the Sea State --- 4.3.4.3.1 Influence of the Look Angle --- 4.3.4.4 Emissivity of the Sea Surface Covered With Oil --- 4.3.4.5 Emissivity of the Sea Ice Surface --- 4.4 Understanding Microwave Radiometry Imagery --- 4.5 Applications of Microwave Radiometry --- 4.6 Sensors --- 4.6.1 Historical Review of Microwave Radiometers and Frequency Bands Used --- 4.6.2 Microwave Radiometers: Basic Performance --- 4.6.2.1 Spatial Resolution --- 4.6.2.1.1 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.2 Radiometric Resolution --- 4.6.2.2.1 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.2.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.2.3 Trade-off Between Spatial Resolution and Radiometric Precision --- 4.6.3 Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.3.1 Instrument Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.1 Antenna Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.2 Receiver Considerations --- 4.6.3.1.3 Sampling Considerations --- 4.6.3.2 Types of Real Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.3.3 Radiometer Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.1 External Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.1.1 Using Hot and Cold Targets --- 4.6.3.3.1.2 Fully Polarimetric Radiometer Calibration Using External Targets --- 4.6.3.3.1.3 Tip Curves --- 4.6.3.3.1.4 Earth Targets: Vicarious Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.2 Internal Calibration --- 4.6.3.3.3 Radiometer Linearity --- 4.6.3.4 Radio Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation --- 4.6.3.5 Example: Special Sensor Microwave Imager Radiometric and Geometric Corrections --- 4.6.4 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.4.1 Types of Synthetic Aperture Radiometers --- 4.6.4.1.1 Mills Cross --- 4.6.4.1.2 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers using Matched Filtering --- 4.6.4.1.3 Synthetic Aperture Radiometers using Fourier Synthesis --- 4.6.4.1.3.1 1D Synthetic Aperture Radiometers: Array Thinning --- 4.6.4.1.3.2 2D Synthetic Aperture Radiometers: Array Topologies --- 4.6.4.1.3.3 Other Synthetic Aperture Radiometer Concepts --- 4.6.4.2 Radiometer Calibration --- 4.6.4.2.1 Internal Calibration --- 4.6.4.2.2 External Calibration --- 4.6.4.3 Image Reconstruction --- 4.6.4.4 ESA's SMOS Mission and the MIRAS Instrument --- 4.6.5 Future Trends in Microwave Radiometers --- 4.7 Study Questions --- 5 - RADAR --- 5.1 A COMPACT INTRODUCTION TO RADAR THEORY --- 5.1.1 REMOTE RANGING --- 5.1.2 DOPPLER ANALYSIS --- 5.2 RADAR SCATTERING --- 5.2.1 RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS --- 5.2.2 NORMALIZATIONS OF THE RADAR REFLECTIVITY --- 5.2.3 POINT VERSUS DISTRIBUTED SCATTERERS --- 5.2.4 SPECKLE, MULTILOOK, AND RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION --- 5.2.5 RADAR EQUATION --- 5.2.6 RADAR WAVES AT AN INTERFACE --- 5.2.7 MULTIPLE REFLECTIONS: DOUBLE BOUNCE, TRIPLE BOUNCE, AND URBAN AREAS --- 5.2.8 BACKSCATTERING OF SURFACES --- 5.2.9 PERIODIC SCATTERING: THE BRAGG MODEL --- 5.2.10 BACKSCATTERING OF VOLUMES --- 5.2.11 OVERALL SUMMARY OF RADAR BACKSCATTER --- 5.2.12 DEPOLARIZATION OF RADAR WAVES --- 5.3 RADAR SYSTEMS --- 5.3.1 RANGE-DOPPLER RADARS --- 5.3.2 OPTIMAL RECEIVER FOR A SINGLE ECHO: THE MATCHED FILTER --- 5.3.3 MATCHED FILTER VERSUS INVERSE FILTER --- 5.3.4 OPTIMAL RECEIVER FOR RANGE-DOPPLER RADAR ECHOES: THE BACKPROJECTION OPERATOR --- 5.3.5 RADAR WAVEFORMS --- 5.3.6 A PARADIGMATIC EXAMPLE: LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATED PULSES (CHIRPS) --- 5.3.7 GEOMET

Note: Contents: Kapitel 1: Einleitung ; Kapitel 2: Die Versorgung mit Wasserdienstleistungen als ökonomisches Allokationsproblem ; Kapitel 3: Versorgungsgerechtigkeit und Wasserpreis ; Kapitel 4: Versorgungsgerechtigkeit und Güterzugang: Zur Umsetzung eines Rechts auf Wasser ; Kapitel 5: Die Zumutbarkeit der pekuniären Hürde „Preis“: Zur Messung von affordability ; Kapitel 6: Instrumente der Versorgungsgerechtigkeit ; Kapitel 7: Zusammenfassung, Fazit und Ausblick