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  • Articles  (1,147)
  • Springer  (1,147)
  • 1980-1984  (1,147)
  • 1982  (1,147)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (1,147)
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  • Articles  (1,147)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,147)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population shifts in activated sludge from sewage treatment plants of the chemical industry: A numerical cluster analysis (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 97-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The numerical taxonomy of the bacterial flora in activated sludge from two sewage treatment plants of the chemical industry is described. The predominant taxa; Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas and Zoogloea could be devided into a total of 14 subclusters. A significant disturbance of the biocoenosis was manifested in a substantial drop in the plant efficiency and in defined population shifts. The bacterial groups which increase, as the process performance improves are indicated and their technological significance is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498010
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production of single-cell protein from enzymatic hydrolyzate of rice straw (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 74-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The components of rice straw, pretreated with sodium chlorite, cellulose and hemicellulose were solubilized with culture filtrate of Pellicularia filamentosa or Trichoderma reesei. The ratio of glucose to total sugar in the solution obtained from the cellulose component with the culture filtrate of Pellicularia filamentosa was approximately twice that of Trichoderma reesei. Ten yeast strains (Candida utilis, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, Torulopsis xylinus, Trichosporon cutaneum, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodotorula glutinis, Saccharomyces fragilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were cultivated as test organisms for single-cell protein (SCP) production on sugar solutions obtained from the straw, cellulose and hemicellulose components, pretreated with the culture filtrate of Pellicularia filamentosa. Sugar consumption, in terms of total sugar and cell yield, of the culture with the sugar solution obtained from pretreated straw were; 70% and 6.8 g/l for Candida tropicalis, 56% and 6.4 g/l for Torulopsis xylinus, 76% and 10.1 g/l for Trichosporon cutaneum, and 74% and 7.6 g/l for Candida guilliermondii. In addition, the highest consumption with respect to total sugar (87%) and the best dry cell yield (15.6 g/l) were observed with the culture of Trichosporon cutaneum using the sugar solution obtained from the hemicellulose component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498006
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors which influence the sedimentation characteristics of Torulopsis glabrata after growth in a recirculation system (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Some environmental affects on cell aggregation described in the literature are briefly summarized. By means of a biomass recirculation culture (Contact system), using the yeast Torulopsis glabrata, the aggregation behavior of cells in static and in dynamic test systems is described. Sedimentation times required to obtain 50 g · l−1 yeast dry matter in static systems were always higher than in dynamic ones. In addition to, influencing the biomass yield, the specific growth rate of the yeast also affected cell aggregation. The specific growth rate and therefore the aggregation could be regulated by the biomass recirculation rate as well as by the sedimenter volume.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498009
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of extractive-free lignocelluloses by Coriolus versicolor and Poria placenta (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 165-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The wood-decay fungi Coriolus versicolor, a white-rot fungus, and Poria placenta, a brown-rot fungus, were grown on an extractive-free lignocellulose prepared from quackgrass (Agropyron repens). Their abilities to decompose this lignocellulose were compared to their abilities to decompose softwood (Picea pungens) and hardwood (Acer rubrum) lignocelluloses. The two fungi were grown on malt-extract dampened lignocelluloses at 28°C for up to 12 weeks. Replicate cultures were periodically harvested and lignocellulose decomposition was followed by monitoring substrate weight loss, lignin loss, and carbohydrate loss. Coriolus versicolor decomposed the lignin and carbohydrate components of the grass lignocellulose as efficiently as the softwood and hardwood lignocelluloses. Poria placenta, however, was not an efficient degrader of either lignin or carbohydrate in the grass lignocellulose. Poria placenta readily decomposed carbohydrate components of the softwood lignocellulose but not the hardwood lignocellulose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497894
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen availability for bacterial growth with a flow microcalorimeter (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 212-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The enthalpy change associated with aerobic growth of E. coli K12 on minimal media with succinic acid as sole carbon and energy source, determined by flow microcalorimetry (with aerobic mixing cell) was 733.01±15.32 kJ·mol−1. Molar growth yield was 39.6±1.2 g·mol−1. When the microcalorimetric growth was limited by oxygen supply, the power-time curve was altered and the total heat evolved was less than the enthalpy change. The maximum thermal output corresponding to a fully aerobic growth in the calorimetric cell was 1.89×10−3 W·ml−1. Thus, the oxygen uptake rate was about 0.39 ml O2·h−1·ml−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498465
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of glucokinase and fructokinase from Zymomonas mobilis (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2) exhibits two pH optima (pH 7.0 and 8.2), gives hyperbolic saturation curves and reacts equally with ATP, UTP, GTP, ITP and CTP. Inhibition occurs with high concentrations of these nucleotides and in addition with ADP, AMP and glucose 6-phosphate. No inhibition was observed with sucrose, glucose, fructose (11 mM), ethanol (542 mM), mannose, ribose, galactose, deoxy-glucose, lactose and gluconate and no reaction except with glucose. Fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4) exhibits one pH optimum (7.4), gives hyperbolic saturation curves and is highly specific towards ATP and fructose. Mannose, glucose, GTP and CTP do not react. Inhibition occurs with glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and mildly fructose 6-phosphate. ATP at high concentrations gives slight inhibition, ADP and AMP show differential effects, whereas all other above mentioned compounds do not inhibit. Regulatory mechanisms for sucrose, glucose and fructose metabolism are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498471
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic formation of dodecanedioic acid from n-dodecane by a mutant of Candida tropicalis (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 254-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary These experiments studied the metabolic formation of a,ω-dodecanedioic acid using the mutant S 76 developed from the wild strain Candida tropicalis 1230 (capable of producing large amounts of a,ω-dodecanedioic acid). Our results show for the first time that 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid was excreted into the medium as a free acid. n-Dodecanol and n-dodecanoic acid were also detected in the n-dodecane medium. The mutant S 76 was able to produce a,ω-dodecanedioic acid using either n-dodecanol or dodecanoic acid as the sole carbon source. Quantitative cahnges in the concentrations of 12-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid and other intermediates were recorded during the formation of a,ω-dodecanedioic acid. S 76 was rapidly able to convert large amounts of 12-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid to a,ω-dodecanedioic acid. The formation of a,ω-dodecanedioic acid from n-dodecane via the sequence n-dodecanol→n-dodecanoic acid →12-hydroxy-dodecanoic acid was confirmed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00498473
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and evaluation of an enzyme which degrades yeast cell walls (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 14-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A method for the production and preparation of an enzyme which degrades yeast cell walls from a species of aRhizoctonia (tentatively identified asR. solani) was established on a commercial scale. The production of crude enzyme powder, having a lytic activity of 100 units/mg, in batches of 80 kg is feasible. The enzyme preparation was evaluated for industrial use. When yeast cells were treated with this enzyme, the digestibility of feed yeast was improved 1.4–2 fold in vitro; the efficiency of a mechanical disintegrator in extracting cellular substances was increased 35–50%; the release of soluble glucans having widely varying degrees of polymerization was induced; the extraction of cellular protein by alkali was facilitated 2–3 fold; an 80% release of cell-bound invertase was induced and 2–3 times more yeast extract could be prepared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875394
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial conversion of sterols (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract By preselection of microorganisms which preferentially attack the side chain of cholesterol we have been able to isolate a mutant of Corynebacterium spec. Chol 73 which forms 20-carboxy-pregna-1,4-dien-3-one (BNC) from cholesterol in nearly quantitative yields. The structure of this compound has been established by means of13C NMR-,1H NMR and CD spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875396
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ozone and sodium hydroxide treatments on the degradability of cotton straw monosaccharides by rumen microorganisms (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cotton straw (CS) was treated with ozone and sodium hydroxide and the effect of the treatments on the in vitro digestibility of monosaccharides in the whole material and in cell walls was studied. The digestibility of the major components — glucose and xylose in the untreated whole material was low, 26.3 and 14.3%, respectively, whereas that of the minor components was high, in the range of 60–70%. Ozonation resulted in an increase in digestibility of most of the sugars, with a particular effect on glucose and xylose, the digestibility of which was raised to 72 and 67%, respectively. Sodium hydroxide exerted a modest effect, increasing the in vitro digestibility values for glucose to 35.7% and for xylose to 32.3%. The digestibility of glucose, xylose and uronic acids in the cell wall of the untreated material was 19.7, 8.73 and 21.9%, respectively, whereas the values for the minor components ranged between 50 and 60%. The ozone treatment increased the in vitro degradability of the residual glucose, xylose and uronic acids to 63.7, 26.3 and 53.5%, respectively. There was a lag time of between 12 and 24 h before the rumen bacteria started to hydrolyse the cell wall glucose, xylose and uronic acids. The lag time for those cell wall sugars in the ozonated CS was the longest (24 h) but their rate of in vitro digestion during the last 24 h was higher in the ozonated than in the untreated or sodium hydroxide-treated cotton straw. The practical implications of the above-mentioned findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875400
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane-associated myo-inositol dehydrogenase activity ofBacillus pumilus strain 5 (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 52-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The enzyme characterized in this investigation was the myoinositol dehydrogenase in the membrane fraction of homogenates ofBacillus pumilus strain 5 which is a food spoilage/poisoning bacterium. The pH optimum of 6.3 for this enzyme is nearly the same as the previously reported value of 6.2 for another bacterium. Optimum activity was achieved at 35°C, a temperature higher than the upper limit of the local ambient range at which smoked meat is stored. The Michaelis constant, Km, with myo-inositol as substrate was 1.2×10−4 M while the maximum velocity, Vmax, was 0.43 ΔA600·min−1 mg membrane protein−1. This enzyme was inhibited by micromolar concentrations of either mannitol or benzoate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01875401
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence of cytochrome P450 in continuous cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 64-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cytochrome P450 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an inducible enzyme system. Hitherto, its induction was related to semi-anaerobic culture conditions and high glucose concentrations in the growth medium respectively. Since glucose and oxygen are main regulatory effectors in this yeast, the relationship between the occurrence of cytochrome P450 and these two effectors was established in continuous culture. At glucose-derepressed conditions it was not possible to induce the formation of cytochrome P450 by oxygen limitation alone. The oxygen supply had to be decreased to a level where glucose repression also became active. At glucose-repressed conditions cytochrome P450 was obtained in good yield (3 to 5 pmol per mg dry cell weight) below a dissolved oxygen tension of appproximately 15%. There was a correlation between the content of mitochondrial cytochromes and that of cytochrome P450. The presence of mitochondrial cytochromes was reciprocal with cytochrome P450 when its content was increased by lowering the dissolved oxygen tension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499508
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of hydrolysing and oxidizing agents on the composition and degradation of wheat straw monosaccharides (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Wheat straw (WS) was treated with 5% sodium hydroxide, ozone and 5% sulfur dioxide at 70°C for 72 h, and the effect of treatments on monosaccharide composition and in vitro degradability by rumen microorganisms was studied. The major sugars, glucose and xylose, comprising about 90% of the total monosaccharides in the untreated WS were mainly confined to the cell walls. SO2 exerted the greatest solubilizing effect, followed by ozone and NaOH; the respective values for the solubilized cell wall polysaccharides were: 26, 12 and 4.4%. One third of the total phenolics was oxidized by ozone, whereas, SO2 exerted mostly a solubilizing effect on this fraction, converting 75% of it into soluble phenolics. In the NaOH treated WS 41% of the total phenolics were soluble, as compared to 22% in the untreated. The in vitro digestibility of monosaccharides in the untreated WS were initially high: 50% and 58% for xylose and glucose, respectively and 63% to 80% for the minor sugars. The SO2 treatment resulted in an overall increase in digestibility of monosaccharides with values lying in the range of 90%. Sodium hydroxide was more efficient than ozone in enhancing the degradability of xylan and total sugars. The digestibility of cell wall sugars was increased from 52.4% to 84.4%, 63.4% and 72.3% by SO2, O3 and NaOH treatments respectively. Based on the present findings, it appears that wheat straw cell wall components are more sensitive to hydrolytic than to oxidative processes aimed at increasing its degradability by rumen microorganisms. SO2 exerted on WS a multi-effect which was particularly suitable for increasing the digestibility of monosaccharides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499511
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell permeability as a rate limiting factor in the microbial reduction of sulfonated azo dyes (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 123-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary “Permeabilization” of cells of B. cereus and other bacterial strains by toluene treatment significantly increased the passage of sulfonated and carboxylated azo dyes from the external medium into the cells with a concomittant increase of the reduction rate of the dyes. Dyes which are not reduced at all by intact cells were readily decolorized. The reduction rate of sulfonated compounds was consistently larger than of their carboxylated analogues, once the dyes had entered the cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499518
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systematics of the species of the yeast genus Saccharomyces associated with the fermentation industry (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 188-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The so-called wine yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. chevalieri, S. bayanus, S. italicus and S. uvarum are characterized by high ethanol tolerance and fermentation velocity. They are ecologically related, being predominantly associated with grape must and wine, and are taxonomically indistinguishable. The only significant physiological differences are between the ability to ferment certain sugars. A taxonomic revision of more than 1,000 strains isolated during the past 50 years and belonging to the above species showed extreme instability in the ability to ferment different sugars. The relationships between these yeasts were examined for DNA base composition and DNA-DNA reassociation. The G+C ranged from 37.6% to 39.0% while optical reassociation experiments defined a first group of species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. chevalieri and S. italicus) exhibiting high base sequence complementarity (〉90%). S. bayanus and S. uvarum also showed a high degree of relatedness. Low homology values (∼30%) indicate that the two groups of species are not closely related. While it is proposed to combine S. cerevisiae, S. chevalieri and S. italicus into one single species under the oldest epithet Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a study of a larger number of strains is recommended before considering the taxonomic position of S. bayanus and S. uvarum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00511247
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biofilm build-up of Pseudomonas putida in a chemostat at different dilution rates (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 218-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A test system was set up where the build-up of a biofilm on a defined surface could be studied in a carbon source limited chemostat. The attachment of P. putida ATCC 11172 to glass when growing on L-asparagine was studied at different dilution rates (specific growth rates) from 0.1 to 1.5 h−1 The number of attached colony forming units (cfu) increased with dilution rate from 1×106 cfu/cm2 at 0.1 h−1 to 4×107 cfu/cm2 at 1.0 h−1 and then the attachment decreased to about 6×106 cfu/cm2 at higher dilution rates (1.1–1.5 h−1). The number of attached cfu was measured after 24 h exposure. The value of the maximum specific growth rate in batch culture was 0.6 h−1. The total amount of attached cell-mass followed roughly the same pattern as the viable count. The viable count of the cells suspended in the growth medium showed its lowest value at the same dilution rate as resulted in maximum adhesion. It was shown that the effect of growth rate on the biofilm build-up of P. putida is significant, and ought to be borne in mind when continuous culture systems are set up and results evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499959
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement of Escherichia coli strains overproducing lysine using recombinant DNA techniques (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several genes of the lysine biosynthetic pathway were cloned separately on the high copy number plasmid pBR322 (Richaud et al. 1981). These hybrid plasmids were used to transform an Escherichia coli strain TOC R 21 that overproduces lysine due to mutations altering the aspartokinase reaction. The synthesis of lysine was studied in these different strains. It appears that only plasmids containing the dapA gene (encoding dihydrodipicolinate synthetase) lead to an increase in lysine production. This result allows us to identify this reaction as the limiting biosynthetic step in strain TOC R 21 and indicates that such a method of gene amplification can be used to improve strains overproducing metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499961
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Production of food yeast from starchy substrates (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 232-236 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fifteen yeast strains were selected for the production of food yeast from starchy substrates. From comparison with the amylolytic yeasts, a strain of Schwanniomyces castellii was selected and its characteristics are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499962
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Production of vitamin B12 by immobilized cells of a propionic acid bacterium (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 70-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The ability of immobilized cells of propionic acid bacteria to form vitamin B12 has been investigated. Propionibacterium arl AKU 1251 having a considerable activity to produce the vitamin was selected as a test organism among six strains of propionic acid bacteria tested. The whole cells were entrapped with urethane prepolymers, photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers or several other materials such as κ-carrageenan, agar or sodium alginate, and their vitamin B12 productivity was compared. Based on the criteria of the convenience of preparation and the stability of the cell-entrapping gels, a hydrophilic urethane prepolymer, PU-9, was employed as gel material. Satisfactory vitamin B12 production was obtained when 5–10 g of wet cells precultured to the late exponential growth phase were entrapped with 1 g of the prepolymer. Addition of a suitable amount of cobaltous ion and of 5,6-dimethyl benzimidazole to the culture medium was effective for the production of the vitamin by the immobilized cells. The repeated use of the immobilized cells was successfully achieved when a suitable amount of cells were entrapped and allowed the proliferation of cells inside gel matrices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500729
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Hydrogen production from glucose by immobilized growing cells ofClostridium butyricum (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 5-9 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Clostridium butyricum was immobilized in a porous carrier (acetylcellulose filter) with agar. Addition of peptone to the reaction mixture increased the hydrogen productivity from glucose. The number of cells in the agaracetylcellulose increased during incubation in the medium containing glucose and peptone, and the immobilized growing cells converted 45% of the glucose to hydrogen. Riboflavin enhanced the hydrogen productivity and the lactate produced by the native cells decreased remarkably. Therefore, the immobilized whole cells incubated with riboflavin were employed for repeated hydrogen production in the medium containing glucose and peptone. The hydrogen productivity of the immobilized cells increased markedly after repeated use, and the immobilized cells produced hydrogen in stoichiometric amounts from glucose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01008235
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    A new technique for continuous measurement of the heat of fermentation (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 28-34 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A special temperature control system has been developed and applied to continuous measuring of the heat evolved during a fermentation process. In this system, the fermentation broth was overcooled by a given constant cooling water flow. The excess heat removed from the fermentor was then made up by an immersion electrical heater. The action of the temperature controller was precisely monitored as it varied in response to the amount of heat produced by the microbial activities. The technique was used for determining the heat evolution byEscherichia coli grown on glucose. The ratio between quantities of total heat release and total oxygen consumption has been determined to be 0.556 MJ/mol O2. The newly developed technique can be employed as an online sensor to monitor the microbial activities of either aerobic or anaerobic fermentation systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01008239
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Silage fermentation of swine waste combined with corn (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Anaerobic fermentation of feedlot swine waste combined with corn was carried out in a newly designed laboratory silo. A lactic acid fermentation with rapid odor control resulted. Initial numbers of total and lactic acid bacteria (all per dry g) were 107. More than 75% of the initial total population were lactobacilli that increased 27-fold at 24 h and immediately entered a phase of decreasing viable numbers. The lactobacilli were largely the streptobacterium type. Lactobacilli were counted in both plates and roll tubes, and the counts in the roll tubes were as much as 100-fold greater; the difference was attributable to anaerobic lactobacilli. After 38 d, lactobacilli were no longer found in plates, but obligately anaerobic lactobacilli persisted at 103 through 90 d. Fecal coliform bacteria, initially present at 106, were not detected after 24 h. Yeast cells, starting at 106, decreased 100-fold at 3 d, and clostridia nerver exceeded 82 cells. Both groups were of minor importance in this fermentation. Virtually all the acid produced was lactic, measuring 3.83 (% dry matter) at 2 d and rising to a maximum of 12.45 at 69 d. In response, the starting pH of 6.80 decreased to 4.23 and then remained near 4 thereafter. Fumaric and succinic acid levels nerve exceeded 0.2 (% dry matter). Of the volatile fatty acids measured, acetic was maximum at 0.45 (% dry matter), but n-butyric and propionic were never more than 0.06. Fermenting a swine waste-corn mixture in a laboratory silo conferred preserved properties and diminished disease potential on a moist silage that can serve as a major component in an animal ration.
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    Microenvironmental effects on metabolic behaviour of immobilized cells a hypothesis (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 52-55 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of the microenvironment on the metabolic behaviour of immobilized cells is discussed in relation to literature data. A model is proposed in which decreased water activity and/or oxygen deficiency result in changed yields and/or new metabolic behaviour of the immobilized cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01008243
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    Transformation of steroids by fungal spores (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 63-69 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Treatment of Cunninghamella elegans sporangiospores with dilute KOH, EDTA or Helix pomatia digestive enzymes (HpE) followed by cortexolone transformation resulted in stimulation of cortisol and epicortisol formation. The increased ability to hydroxylate steroids was accompanied by swelling of spores and increased permeability of their envelopes to exogenous citrate. Activated spores, unlike the untreated controls, exhibited enhanced degradation of intracellular amino acids, especially alanine and glutamic acid-the main constituents of the amino acid pools. We also observed a higher NADPH: (NADP++NADPH) ratio probably due to the operation of more effective NADPH-generating system(s) in HpE, KOH or EDTA pre-treated spores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500728
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    The separation of solids from the liquefied mash of cassava tuber and continuous saccharification by immobilized glucoamylase (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 92-98 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The solid material in liquefied mash of cassava tuber was very efficiently separated by a mixture of Trichoderma cellulase and Aspergillus niger pectinase. The solid content of the residue after the treatment and centrifugation decreased from 29.5% to 7.0%. The transparent digested solution from cassava tuber after centrifugation was continuously saccharified by glucoamylase immobilized in a gel which was prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone and γ-ray irradiation. The addition of 50 ppm of sulfite ion completely prevented microbial contamination during the 18 days of operation. The final DE (dextrose equivalent), glucose content and disaccharide content in the hydrolyzate were 98, 94.4 and 3.3%, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500733
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    Foaming in winemaking (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 110-113 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fermented mineral medium in which a pure culture yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae had been grown, was fractionated to find which components were responsible for foaminess. Very little of the foaminess was due to the yeast cells themselves. More than 80% of the foaminess of the supernatant was retained by an ultrafilter of nominal cut-off 10,000 daltons. The foaminess of this was found on chromatography to be due to three peaks of proteinaceous nature with molecular weights around 145×103, 125×103 and 100×103. Ethanol was found to affect the foaminess of these proteins: at concentrations above 8% it reduced foaminess, but at lower concentrations it enhanced foaminess with maximum enhancement at 5%.
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  • 27
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    Microbial transformation of α-pinene (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 174-178 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A bacterium capable of utilizing α-pinene as a sole carbon and energy source was isolated from soil. This strain, named strain S201-1, which was identified as Pseudomonas maltophilia on the basis of its taxonomical properties, accumulated limonene, borneol, camphor, perillic acid, and 2-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexenylidene) propionic acid from α-pinene in the culture broth. It was demonstrated that α-pinene, β-pinene, borneol, camphor, and a number of p-menthane derivatives were oxidized by this strain. Relations between the protonation of α-pinene and the formation of the products by the microbe are discussed.
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  • 28
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    Immobilization and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in crosslinked, prepolymerized polyacrylamide-hydrazide (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 75-80 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Immobilization of yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ethanol production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was immobilized in gels made of prepolymerized, linear, water soluble polyacrylamide, partially substituted with acylhydrazide groups. Gelation was effected by the addition of controlled amounts of dialdehydes (e.g. glyoxal). The immobilized yeasts retained full glycolytic activity. Moreover, the entrapped cells were able to grow inside the chemically corsslinked gel during continuous alcohol production. Glyoxal was found to be the most favourable crosslinking agent for this system. the system employed allowed for the free exchange of substrate and products. The gel surrounding the entrapped cells had no effect on temperature stability profile. On the other hand, substantial enhancement in survival of cells in presence of high ethanol concentrations was recorded for the entrapped yeast. The capability of the immobilized yeast to carry out continuous conversion of glucose to ethanol was demonstrated.
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    The effect of pH on the production of cellulases in Aspergillus terreus (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 123-125 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The optimal pH for the production of extracellular cellulolytic enzymes in the wild strain of Aspergillus terreus was shown to be pH 5.0. After 160 h of cultivation, carboxymethyl cellulase reached 9.0 IU/ml, filterpaper, cellulase 0.5 IU/ml and β-glucosidase 0.9 IU/ml. The rate of synthesis of CM- and FP-cellulases decreased after 90 h of cultivation but β-glucosidase was produced linearly for 160 h. Some of the enzymes produced were released into the medium during the fungal growth while others remained bound. The binding of enzymes to cells and residual crystalline cellulose was strongly affected by the pH of the medium. FP-cellulase and particularly β-glucosidase were bound more effectively, at lower pHs. Cold shock treatment of the cell suspension increased the activities of FP- and CM-cellulases but β-glucosidase activity was not affected.
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    Electron microscopic investigations of zymomonas mobilis cells grown in low and high glucose concentrations (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 136-141 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Zymomonas mobilis cells grown in the presence of low and high glucose concentrations were examined by electron microscopy. Using ultrathin sectioning and agar diffusion method, significant changes in morphology were observed. Although the fine structure resembles that of a typical gram-negative bacterium, changes in glucose concentration and phases of growth lead to large cell wall vesicle or blebs formation. The possible implications of this morphological change to glucose uptake and ethanol formation are discussed.
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    Determination of cell numbers of lactic acid producing bacteria by lactate sensor (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 157-160 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00500746
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    Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in gaseous fluidized beds (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 197-203 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Baker's yeast was aerobically grown in gaseous fluidized beds in the form of solid particles. Air was used as the fluidizing fluid and as a source of oxygen, while the concentrated nutrient solution was sprayed at the top of the bed. Five glucose concentrations 125, 160, 200, 250 und 350 gl−1 were used. A maximum in the growth rate and in the yield coefficient occurred at 250 and 200 g l−1, respectively. The calculated growth rates are one order of magnitude less than the growth rates in submerged cultures, but the maintenance energy coefficient is the same in both systems. Alcohol ppm level in the exhaust gases increased with increasing glucose concentration in the nutrient solution. Oscillations in the alcohol production indicated product inhibition of the cell growth under high glucose concentrations in the nutrient feed solution.
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    Effect of dilution rate on β-glucosidase secretion and cell wall metabolism in Trichoderma aureoviride cultivated in a continuous air lift fermenter (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 189-196 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Trichoderma aureoviride was grown in continuous culture under glucose limitation in an airlift fermenter at dilution rates (D) varying between 0.06–0.21 h−1. Autoradiography showed a high incorporation of 3H-GlcNAc into hyphal tips under these conditions, indicating that the hyphae were not suffering from physical stress. Under these conditions β-glucosidase activity increased with decreasing growth rate and also the ratio of extracellular to cell wall bound β-glucosidase activity increased indicating that the release of β-glucosidase from the cell walls in increased at lower dilution rates. The composition of the cell wall varied with the dilution rate; glucans and chitin were lower at low dilution rates, whereas the cell wall protein, galactosamine, galactose and mannose content was increased, indicating changes in the rigidity of the cell wall. No changes seemed to occur in the pore sizes of wall, as measured by the molecular weight of the proteins released into the culture fluid. Cell walls contained bound β-1.3-glucanase, α-glucanase, α-mannase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and N-acetyl-galactosaminidase activities, all of which increased with decreasing dilution rate. In vitro autolysis could be demonstrated to be higher with cell walls from low dilution rates. The results show several pronounced changes in cell wall metabolism which accompany increased release of β-glucosidase from the cell walls, among which the increased activities of cell wall lytic enzymes are most likely responsible for increased β-glucosidase release.
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    Metabolism of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus during optimized growth on glucose, cellobiose and cellulose (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 212-218 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus in 2.5 l batch cultures was optimized by controlling the growth pH at 6.7, the dissolved inorganic sulphide concentration at 0.4–0.6 mM, and by constant removal of hydrogen from the cultures by sparging with N2/CO2 or N2 gas. An initial ethanol concentration of 0.15% (w/v) in cellobiose media resulted in specific growth rates which were reduced by about 75% compared to growth rates of 0.17 h−1 in control cultures. Acetivibrio cellulolyticus had to be adapted for growth on glucose and 14C-radiotracer studies indicated that glucose was metabolized by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The specific growth rate (μ=0.03h−1) and molar growth yield (Yglucose=21.5) were considerably lower than those obtained (μ=0.17 h−1, Ycellobiose=68.9) in cellobiose media. A YATP of 12.8 was obtained during growth on cellobiose. The mol product formed per mol Avicel cellulose fermented (on anhydroglucose equivalent basis) were 3.70 H2, 2.64 CO2, 0.73 acetate, 0.39 ethanol and 0.03 total soluble sugars on glucose basis. Maximum cellulase activity was observed in cellulose-grown cultures.
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    Culture of Candida in vinasse and molasses: Effect of acid and salt addition on biomass and raw protein production (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 223-227 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Species of the genera Candida grown in vinasse and molasses were studied under the following conditions: agitation of containers, pH 4.6, culture time of 24 hours at 30°C. The greatest biomass production of C. krusei grown in vinasse was obtained with the addition of 0.1% H3PO4, and of C. guilliermondii and C. utilis with the addition 0.02% urea plus 0.03% H3PO4. Protein levels near 50% were found in C. utilis in vinasse supplemented either with molasses, with 0.05% MgSO4, or with 0.02% urea plus 0.03% H3PO4.
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    Application of immobilized lipase to regio-specific interesterification of triglyceride in organic solvent (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Lipase from Rhizopus delemar was immobilized by entrapment with photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers or urethane prepolymers or by binding to various types of porous silica beads. The immobilized lipase preparations thus obtained were examined for their activity in converting olive oil to an interesterified fat (cacao butter-like fat), whose oleic acid moieties at 1- and 3-positions were replaced with stearic acid moieties, in the reaction solvent n-hexane. Although all of the immobilized preparations exhibited some activity, lipase adsorbed on Celite and then entrapped with a hydrophobic photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymer showed the highest activity, about 75% of that of lipase simply adsorbed onto Celite. Entrapment markedly enhanced the operational stability of lipase.
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    Effect of pH and butyrate concentration on the production of acetone and butanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum grown in continuous culture (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 17-20 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary When Clostridium acetobutylicum was grown in continuous culture under glucose limitation at neutral pH and varying dilution rates the only fermentation products formed were acetate, butyrate, carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen. The Y glucose max and (Y ATP max ) gluc exp values were 48.3 and 23.8 dry weight/mol, respectively. Acetone and butanol were produced when the pH was decreased below 5.0 (optimum at pH 4.3). The addition of butyric acid (20 to 80 mM) to the medium with a pH of 4.3 resulted in a shift of the fermentation from acid, to solvent formation.
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    Evaluation of chemical pretreatment for enzymatic solubilization of rice straw (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 35-39 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Rice straw was treated with NaOH, peracetic acid (PA), and sodium chlorite (NaClO2). Quantitative changes in the composition of the treated straw, crystallinity of the treated straw and extracted cellulose, and susceptibility of the treated straw to Trichoderma reesei cellulase were studied. The alkali treatment resulted in a remarkable decrease in hemicellulose as well as lignin. Consequently, the recovery of residual straw after NaOH treatment was lowest among the three chemical reagents evaluated. The treatment with PA or NaCIO2 resulted in a slight loss in hemicellulose and cellulose in the straw. The three chemical treatments caused little or no breakdown of the crystalline structure of cellulose in the straw. The treated straw was solubilized with the culture filtrate of T. reesei. The degree of enzymatic solubilization relative to the amount of residual straw was 69% after treatment with 0.25 N NaOH, 42% after treatment with 20% PA, and 50% after treatments with NaClO2 (twice). The degree of enzymatic solubilization relative to the amount of the untreated straw, however, was 30% after treatment with 0.25 N NaOH, 32% after treatment with 20% PA, and 37% after treatments with NaClO2 (twice).
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    Comparative study of ethanol production by immobilized-cell systems using Zymomonas mobilis or Saccharomyces bayanus (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 59-63 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The production of ethanol using immobilized cells of Saccharomyces bayanus was compared with a system of immobilized cells of Zymomonas mobilis. In batch culture both organisms produced between 1.8 and 1.9 moles of ethanol per mole of glucose but the biomass formed by the bacteria was about half that formed by the yeast. With immobilized cells Zymomonas showed a much higher productivity than Saccharomyces. With a feed rate to the immobilized-cell reactor of 120 ml·h−1 (21 g of glucose·h−1) the bacterium produced 9.96 g of ethanol while the yeast only formed 4.8 g·h−1. With the bacterium no residual sugar was present in the reactor effluent at high feeding rates. With the yeast the amount of residual sugar in the effluent increased with the feeding rate. It is concluded that Zymomonas may offer better perspectives for ethanol production than the classical yeasts.
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    Columnar denitrification of water by immobilized Pseudomonas denitrificans cells (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 86-90 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Whole cells of Pseudomonas denitrificans, immobilized in alginate gel, were used for columnar denitrification of ground water. Ethanol was selected as a suitable carbon source and the C/N-ratio necessary for satisfactory nitrate reduction was established (1.6 mg ethanol-C/mg nitrate-N). The course of the reaction and the diffusional limitations were investigated during columnar denitrification. The mechanical integrity of the gel matrix, as judged from leakage of cells was studied. The release of cells into the effluent was effectively inhibited (〈102 cells/ml) by the use of different filter devices. The operational characteristics were determined by studying a column operating for nearly four months. Theoretically, the alginate gel column should, from high nitrate drinking water (22 mg NO 3 − -N/1), produce 3 1 of denitrified water/kg gel/h (wet wt.) during a period of two months. The regeneration of nitrate reduction activity by means of activation in nutrient media proved a useful tool for restoring initial activity, the gel column having shown no loss in activity at the end of the operation period.
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    Studies on a mixed culture of Candida parapsilosis and different bacilli on alkane (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 105-111 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Eight strains of Bacillus were able to grow on alkane in a mixed culture with Candida parapsilosis. The growth of Bacillus was dependent on that of the yeast. Every variation of culture parameters influenced directly the growth of the yeast and then that of Bacillus. Myristic acid, produced by Candida parapsilosis, was presumably the principal carbon source for the growth of Bacillus in a mixed culture.
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    The effect of dissolved oxygen tension on 11β- and 19-hydroxylation of Reichstein's Substance S by Pellicularia filamentosa (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 131-135 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The 11β- and 19-hydroxylation enzyme(s) of Pellicularia filamentosa IFO 6298 have been shown to be inducible by Reichstein's Substance S. By using the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, in fermenter culture the effects of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) on enzyme induction and enzyme expression have been separately investigated. For both hydroxylations, an optimum DOT for induction has been shown at 15% of saturation, while the optimum for expression is at 30% of saturation. The results have been verified in the absence of cycloheximide. Thus, maximum rates of hydroxylation are achieved when induction is performed at low DOT, followed by elevation to ensure maximum expression.
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    Glycerol production by immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 136-139 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were immobilized in K-Carrageenan. Addition of sodium sulfite to the fermentation medium up to four percent led to glycerol yields of 25 to 27 g/l at temperatures below 31°C. These results demonstrate that it is possible to direct the metabolism of immobilized cells from ethanol fermentation to glycerol fermentation by sulfite.
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    Factors influencing protein structure during acid precipitation: A study of soya proteins (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 144-148 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of mixing conditions and acid type upon soya protein structure during isoelectric precipitation have been investigated. The extent of protein modification after precipitation was dependent on the acid anion following the inverse of the Hofmeister series which classifies anions in decreasing order of effectiveness as precipitants. With the anion, SO 4 2− , which caused least protein modification, mixing could be varied over the range of mixing Reynolds number 2,800 to 28,000 with only a small effect on protein structure. On the other hand, hydrochloric acid caused substantial damage at the lower end of this mixing range.
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    Selective hybridisation of pure culture wine yeasts (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 159-164 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Pure culture wine yeasts vary in their efficiency of conversion of grape sugar to ethanol. Selective hybridisation over three generations gave significant in fermentation efficiency, i.e. from 84% to 93%. Sulphur dioxide tolerance was found to be under the control of dominant polymeric genes. Other wine-making characteristics were monitored during the hybridisation programme and selected hybrid strains had wine-making qualities comparable with those of the parent strains, but with increased sugar conversion efficiency.
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    Effect of cycling dissolved oxygen concentrations on product formation in penicillin fermentations (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 203-211 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Limitations in mass and momentum transfer coupled with high hydrostatic pressures create significant spatial variations in dissolved gas concentrations in large fermenters. Microorganisms are subjected to fluctuating environmental conditions as they pass through the zones in a stirred vessel or along a closed loop fermenter. A 7-litre fermenter was modified to simulate the dissolved gas and hydrostatic pressure gradients in large vessels. The effect of cycling dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) on penicillin production by Penicillium chrysogenum P1 was investigated. The fermentation was affected by evironmental conditions such as medium composition, pH, size of inoculum, stirrer speed and DOT. Inoculum size below 10% (v/v) and stirrer speeds above 850 rpm caused significant reductions in specific prenicillin production rates (qpen). qpen values were measured at different constant DOT levels. Below 30% air saturation qpen decreased sharply and no production was observed at 10%. Penicillin synthesis was impaired irreversibly below 10% DOT. The same profile was observed at higher stirrer speeds and air flow rates indicating that the effect was a physiological one. Oxygen uptake of the culture was affected significantly below 7% DOT, demonstrating that the critical DOT values for penicillin production and oxygen uptake are two distinct parameters. Carrying out the fermentation at one atmosphere over pressure was found to have no effect. When the dissolved oxygen concentration of the culture medium was cycled around the critical DOT for penicillin production, a considerable decrease in the specific penicillin production rate was observed. The effect was reversible but not transient, indicating a shift in cell metabolism. These results demonstrate the unfavourable effect of fluctuating environmental conditions on culture performance in stirred tanks. They suggest that these effects should be accounted for during strain selection, process development and scale up stages of an industrial process if the productivities in small scale vessels are to be obtained.
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    Studies on continuous ethanol fermentation of sugar cane molasses (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 216-219 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new laboratory system for continuous fermentation is described. It is well suited for fermenting concentrated substrates such as moderately dilute molasses. A rotating microporous filter, which is annexed to the fermentor vessel, allows the free escape of metabolic products while retaining yeast in the fermentor. The slop is recirculated after removal of ethanol by distillation leading to a build-up of non-fermentables. The concentration of these and of yeast cells is checked by a controlled bleed. The described system is a useful tool for small-scale experiments on continuous ethanol fermentation.
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    Immobilized chromatophores — ATP regeneration in batch and open reactors (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 232-236 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary ATP production by photophosphorylation of ADP was measured in immobilized chromatophores from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Factors controlling ATP regeneration were studied and a comparison between native and immobilized systems was made. Different types of reactors (batch reactor and open systems) were tested for the production of a phosphorylated compound which requires ATP regeneration over a long period of time.
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    The use of a mixed culture of Geotrichum candidum, Candida krusei and Hansenula anomala for microbial protein production from whiskey distillery spent wash (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 247-253 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The use of a mixed culture of Geotrichum candidum, Hansenula anomala and Candida krusei for microbial protein production and treatment of whiskey distillery spent wash was investigated in both batch and continuous culture. Although capable of assimilating the same substrate constituents in pure culture the organisms used different constituents for growth in mixed continuous culture, allowing a stable mixed population to be established. The relative proportions of the three organisms in the population was dependent on the dilution rate. The mixed culture did not give superior yields or productivities, but did give proportionally greater COD reduction and would be expected to bemore stable and resistant to contamination. At a dilution rate of 0.10 h−1 the mixed culture gave a biomass yield of 4.8 g l−1, containing 55% crude protein, with a COD reduction of 31.5%, while in mixed batch culture a biomass yield of 12.5 g l−1, containing 48% crude protein, was obtained with a COD reduction of 54.9%.
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    Oxidation of n-alkanes: Growth of Pseudomonas putida (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 259-262 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The induction of alkane hydroxylase activity was investigated in two strains of Pseudomonas putida with a view to the production of primary alcohols. n-Nonanol production rates (16.0 μmol/g dry wt/h) with an alcohol dehydrogenase negative mutant P. putida PpS173 were considerably lower than might be expected from the growth of a wild type on n-alkane. Production of cells by fed-batch culture on n-nonane, with a specific alkane hydroxylase activity of 3.9 mmol/g/h, was considered most suitable for isolation of the alkane hydroxylase.
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    Growth kinetics of Thermus thermophilus (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 75-82 
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    Notes: Summary The nonsporulating extreme thermophile Thermus thermophilus was grown in continuous culture at dilution rates up to 2.65 h−1 at 75°C and pH 6.9 on complex medium. Concomitantly very low yield (Y=0.12 g cell dry weight g−1 utilized organic carbon) and incomplete substrate utilization (always less than 45%) were found. In batch cultures T. thermophilus could be grown with μ max =h−1, in shake flasks only with μ max =h−1 with the same low yield and incomplete substrate utilization. Stable steady states at 84δC and 45°C were realized at a dilution rate of 0.3 h−1 whereas at 86°C and 40°C no growth could be detected. Artefacts arising from wall growth (in bioreactors) or improper materials must be ruled out. Inhibition of growth by organic substrates was demonstrated at low concentrations: a decrease in the yield obtained was found when more than 0.7 gl−1 of meat extract were supplied in the medium. The maintenance requirement for oxygen is potentially very high and was determined to be 10 to 15 mmol g−1 h−1.
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    Formation of gluconic acid at low pH-values by free and immobilized Aspergillus niger cells during citric acid fermentation (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 88-92 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary A recently developed immobilization method, characterized by the adsorption of the mycelia onto a glass-carrier in a fixed-bed reactor, was applied for citric acid production by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142, and compared with conventional culture techniques. In a fixed-bed reactor and in a stirred fermenter a rapid gluconic acid production started immediately after nitrate exhaustion, though the pH was below 2.5 During a second production phase a comparatively small amount of citric acid was formed. In surface and shaken-flask cultures nearly no gluconic acid could be found, whereas citric acid yields were significantly higher than in the fixed-bed reactor and in the stirred fermenter. Manganese (0.8×10−7 Mol×dm−3 after 6 days incubation) from the stainless steel parts of the vessel seemed to be responsible for both gluconic acid production and small citric acid yields in the stirred fermenter and in the fixed-bed reactor.
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    Controlling mechanism of ATP regeneration by glycolytic pathway in a yeast: Hansenula jadinii (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 133-137 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The regulatory mechanism of ATP regeneration by the glycolytic pathway in Hansenula jadinii cells was investigated by analyzing the initial stage of CDP-choline fermentation. As a result, the “on-off” of ATP regeneration was found to be determined by the ATP concentration overcoming the inhibitory effect of phosphate buffer on hexokinase activity. The concentration of ATP at the initial stage of fermentation was greatly influenced by the kinds and amounts of glycogen in cells. Based on these results, the regulatory mechanism of ATP regeneration by the glycolytic pathway is discussed in detail.
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    Inducibility of benzoate oxidizing cell activities in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain Bs 5 by chlorobenzoates as influenced by the position of chlorine atoms and the inducer concentration (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 138-140 
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    Notes: Summary Among four chlorobenzoates tested, only 3-chlorobenzoate and 4-chlorobenzoate were capable of inducing benzoate oxidizing cell activities in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain Bs 5, whereas 2-chlorobenzoate and 2,6-dichlorobenzoate were not. With the monochlorobenzoates, this inducing capability decreased with increasing proximity of the chlorine atom to the carboxyl group, i.e. in the order: 4-chlorobenzoate 〉 3-chlorobenzoate 〉 2-chlorobenzoate. It is therefore supposed that the induction of benzoate oxidizing cell activities is inhibited primarily be sterical influences of the chlorine substituents of the various chlorobenzoates. With decreasing concentration of 3-chlorobenzoate and 4-chlorobenzoate, the induction of benzoate oxidizing cell activities decreased. Below a critical concentration of 1 μM, these activities were no longer detectable in the cells of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, with the consequence that below this concentration limit, the degradation of 3-chlorobenzoate and 4-chlorobenzoate was no longer possible.
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    Degradation pathways from n-tridecane to α, ω-tridecanedioic acid in a mutant of Candida tropicalis (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 144-146 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The metabolic formation of α,ω-tridecanedioic acid via n-tridecanoic acid and via α,ω-tridecanediol from n-tridecane in the mutant S 76 of Candida tropicalis was studied. It was found that resting cells of S 76 produced α,ω-tridecanediol from n-tridecane. With n-tridecanol as substrate, the α,ω-diol could also be detected. The mutant S 76 was able to produce α,ω-tridecanedioic acid using either n-tridecanol or n-tridecanoic acid as the sole carbon source. Quantitative changes in the concentration of ω-hydroxy tridecanoic acid and other intermediates were recorded during the formation of α,ω-dioic acid. The results confirm the existence of two metabolic pathways mentioned above in the course of α,ω-dioic acid formation from odd n-alkane in the mutant S 76 of C. tropicalis.
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    Plasmids in Methylomonas clara, a methylotrophic producer of single cell protein (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 223-226 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Three single cell clones of the obligate methylotrophic bacterium Methylomonas clara originating from one fermentor culture were assayed for their DNA content. Apart from chromosomal DNA which showed no difference in the three strains, only two strains were found to carry plasmids with identical buoyant density and GC content but differing in contour length (12.4 μm and 4.9 μm respectively). According to their restriction pattern they are derived from each other. Both plasmids are not involved in methanol metabolism, since the third strain was found to be devoid of plasmids. The possibility of using these plasmids to establish vectors for gene cloning is evident, since during prolonged vegetative growth the specific plasmid content remains constant.
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    The nucleic acid content of some edible mushrooms (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 237-240 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An improved method for the determination of nucleic acid content in edible mushrooms is described. Details of tissue homogenization and extraction are also included. In regard to the limit suggested by the Protein Advisory Group of the United Nations System, the amount of nucleic acids found in Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus cystidiosus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Volvariella volvacea indicates that it is safe to consume mushrooms as daily vegetable. No significant changes have been found in the nucleic acid content of V. volvacea at different degrees of maturity. V. volvacea loses around 20% of its nucleic acids upon boiling for 10 min. Possible reasons for the discrepancy between the present finding and that given in an earlier report have been discussed.
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    Continuous flow method for extraction and bioluminescence assay of ATP in baker's yeast (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 258-264 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The intracellular ATP of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was measured using the bioluminescent firefly luciferase assay. Benzalkonium chloride and trichloro-acetic acid served in the experiments as extracting agents and optimal conditions for the extraction and assay of the intracellular ATP are reported. Using the results obtained from manually performed experiments two continuous flow systems were designed for the measurement of ATP in yeast cells during cell growth. Good correlation between the amount of cellular ATP and cell growth was found during the exponential growth phase.
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    Invertase and phosphatase of yeast in a phosphate-limited continuous culture (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 17-22 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Deficiency of inorganic phosphate caused the hyper production of invertase and the derepression of acid phosphatase in a continuous culture ofSaccharomyces carlsbergensis. The specific invertase activity was 40,000 enzyme units per g dry cell weight at a dilution rate lower than 0.05 h−1 with a synthetic glucose medium of which the molecular ratio of KH2PO4 to glucose was less than 0.006. This activity is eight fold higher than in a batch growth and 1.5 fold as much as the highest enzyme activity observed so far in a glucose-limited continuous culture. For the hyper production of invertase, it is necessary to culture the yeast continuously by keeping the Nyholm's conservative inorganic phosphate concentration at less than 0.2 m mole per g dry weight cell. The derepression of acid phosphatase brought about by phosphate deficiency, was similar in both batch and continuous cultures.
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    Production of phenylacetylcarbinol in various yeast species (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 35-38 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Production of phenylacetylcarbinol (PAC) was measured in various yeast species. The yeast strains tested were cultivated under submerged conditions in a medium containing corn steep and sucrose as the main components; sucrose, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde were added to the grown cultures. In a first series of experiments the initial rate of PAC production, i.e. the PAC production determined 30 min after the addition of benzaldehyde was determined in 38 yeast strains, mostly of the generaSaccharomyces andCandida. The amount of PAC produced varied from zero (12 strains) to 1.24 mg ml−1. In a second series of experiments, 15 strains, which in the first series had shown a higher PAC production, were further tested. Sucrose, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde were added to the cultures until the PAC production ceased. The highest PAC production (6.3 mg ml−1) was reached in the strainSaccharomyces carlsbergensis “Budvar”; the production was slightly lower in 4 strains of the generaSaccharomyces, Candida andHansenula.
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    Production of tylosin and nikkomycin by immobilized Streptomyces cells (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 206-210 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Mycelia of Streptomyces sp. T 59-235 and Streptomyces tendae Tü 901 (producing the antibiotics tylosin and nikkomycin, resp.) were immobilized in different carriers. With both organisms best antibiotic production was observed in calcium alginate gel. Influence of aeration, cell density and flow rate on antibiotic production was investigated in batch fermentation and in a continuous system (air-bubbled reactor). In batch fermentation, immobilization prolongued the production phase from 72 to 120 h (Streptomyces T 59-235) and from 72 to 96 h (S. tendae). The relative productivity of immobilized cells was 40 to 50% compared to that of free mycelia in both cases. In continuous tylosin fermentation highest production rate was observed in a medium nearly saturated with oxygen. Nikkomycin production by immobilized S. tendae could be maintained for longer than 350 h in a continuous system. The production rate depended on cell density and flow rate of the medium. The maximum specific productivity was 100% compared to that of free mycelium in batch culture.
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    Degradation of caffeine by immobilized cells of Pseudomonas putida strain C 3024 (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 214-217 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A caffeine-resistant strain of Pseudomonas putida was isolated from soil and was grown with caffeine as the sole source of carbon, energy and nitrogen. Cells were immobilized in agar gel particles which were continuously supplied with a caffeine solution (0.52 g · l−1, D=1.0 h−1) in a homogeneously mixed aerated reaction vessel. In the presence of the ATPase inhibitor arsenate the caffeine was removed by the immobilized cells at an average rate of 0.25 mg caffeine · h−1 · (mg cell carbon)−1 during 6 days. Thereafter a rapid decline of activity was observed. From a similar system without arsenate supplied with a growth medium containing a limiting amount of caffeine (0.13 g · l−1) the caffeine was almost completely oxidized by the immobilized cells. The concentration of the remaining caffeine was 1.4 mg · l−1, which is much lower than the substrate constant for caffeine (9.7 mg · l−1) observed with freshly harvested suspended resting cells.
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    Effects of heavy metals on enzyme synthesis in substrate-amended river sediments (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 241-245 
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effects of heavy metals in diverse substrateamended river sediments were studied. Cd2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ generally had a marked inhibitory effect on the synthesis of amylase, cellulase and urease, on numbers of substrate-hydrolysing bacteria, in all sediments studied. Inhibition increased with increasing metal concentration, and amylase was particularly sensitive. Pb2+ generally had the least effect. We conclude that enzyme synthesis measurements are useful in determining the effects of heavy metals on the degradation of organic pollutants in river sediments.
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    Regulation of heparinase synthesis in Flavobacterium heparinum (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 252-257 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of various carbon, nitrogen and sulfur sources on the production of heparinase by Flavobacterium heparinum in defined medium in the presence and absence of heparin as the inducer has been studied. Carbon catabolite repression has been observed in defined medium containing one of several carbon sources including simple sugars, alcohols and organic acids. Fed batch fermentations result in 10 g/l of cells and heparinase titers as high as 100,000 U/l by avoiding carbon catabolite repression. Growth on heparin as a sole carbon source resulted in both a high growth rate of 0.12 h−1 and a high specific activity of 18 U/mg. Specific heparinase activity was markedly reduced when the end products of heparin catabolism were used as carbon, nitrogen or sulfur sources in defined medium. In defined medium with a low sulfate concentration, of less than 10−3 M, specific activities as high as 8 U/mg have been observed even in the absence of the normally required inducer, heparin.
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    Optimization of Clostridium thermocellum growth on cellulose and pretreated wood substrates (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 99-104 
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    Notes: Summary Two strains of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 and NRCC 2688 demonstrated similar product yields and cellulase activities when grown on solka floc. A sequential culture of C. thermocellum and Zymomonas anaerobia supplemented with cellobiase could produce 1.8 mg/ml of ethanol when grwon on 1% solka floc. Different media were evaluated for their ability to enhance the product and cellulase yields of C. thermocellum grown on cellulose substrates. Ethanol and reducing sugar values of 1.5 and 3.8 mg/ml respectively and an endoglucanase activity of 3 IU/ml were obtained after growth of Clostridium thermocellum in a modified medium containing 1% solka floc. Three different pretreated wood fractions were assessed as substrates for growth. A steam exploded wood fraction gave comparable values to those obtained after growth on solka floc. Sequential cultures of C. thermocellum and Zymomonas anaerobia grown on a 1% steam exploded wood fraction could produce 1.6 mg/ml ethanol after 3 days growth.
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    Foaming in winemaking (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 105-109 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A new technique for the measurement of foaming in winemaking is described. Linear relationships are established between the foaminess of bovine serum albumin solutions and its concentration, between the foaminess of fermented artificial medium and its concentration and between the foaminess and the rate of sparging of gas. The effect of temperature on the foaminess of a bovine serum albumin solution is also established.
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    Isolation of ethanol-tolerant mutants of yeast by continuous selection (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 119-122 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Mutants of Saccharomyces uvarum, 5D-cyc with increased tolerance to ethanol have been isolated by a continuous selection technique which allows the culture itself to determine the intensity of selection via a feedback control circuit. The output of CO2 from a continuous culture of the yeast was monitored using an infrared analyser and the signal from that analyser fed to a potentiometric controller which regulated the introduction of a concentrated ethanol solution into the culture vessel. The frequency of ethanol addition to the culture thus increased as the tolerance of the organisms improved. The use of this system permitted the selection of mutants of yeast which were viable in the presence of 12% w/v ethanol and which showed higher fermentation rates (as measured by CO2 production) than the wild-type in the presence of 10% w/v ethanol and above. The technique of continuous selection with feedback should be generally applicable to the isolation of mutants of any microorganism to improved tolerance to any inhibitory condition of either its physical or chemical environment.
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    Effects of immobilization on intrinsic kinetics and selectivity of trypsin (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 81-87 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary There is few information available on effects of covalent coupling on the intrinsic kinetics of an enzyme excluding the interference of adsorption and transport phenomena. We present clear evidence for significant shifts in association constants for substrates and inhibitors due to covalent binding onto a rigid support. KM and KI values were changed by factors up to 6 and relative affinities were also different as compared to the native enzyme. Interference by other phenomena like adsorption or diffusion has been excluded. Protection of the enzyme by very strong inhibitors during binding can avoid such alterations. The effect of pH on KI/KM was not observed showing that there is no apparent effect of the solution pH on the relative affinities between pH-values 7 and 9. Similar findings were obtained for the maximal reaction rates.
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    Ethanol and biomass production of wild strains and respiratory deficient mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under anaerobic and aerobic conditions (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 161-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In order to test the possibility of producing ethanol under aerobic conditions, 4 mitochondrial mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking the capacity to respire were assayed for ethanol and biomass yield. As controls the corresponding wild strains were tested under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. In the latter case respiration was blocked by catabolite repression. The data show that the respiratory deficient mutants yield slightly less ethanol than the anaerobically grown wild strains, but more than those grown aerobically. Therefore, if for technical reasons aerobic fermentation is necessary, the use of mitochondrial mutants would be economically advantageous.
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    Redox potential in submerged citric acid fermentation (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 185-188 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The role and importance of the redox potential phenomena in submerged citric acid production are discussed. The redox potential of the fermentation broth is the result of oxydo-reduction processes where the metabolic activity of the microorganism Aspergillus niger plays the most significant role. The course of the redox curve for a good yielding citric acid production is presented and interpreted. The experiments of submerged citric acid production were carried out on beet molasses treated with potassium hexacyanoferrate and inoculated with A. niger spores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505830
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    Preliminary study on the operating variables of SCP production from grape must (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 204-207 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fermentation of grape must by Candida utilis ISS 28 was studied at different substrate concentrations, pH values, and nutrient supplementation in a shaken-flask fermenter, by using a composite design experiment. The experimental biomass yields were fitted to the only statistically significant factors with a mean standard error less than 8%, by using multiple regression analysis. Optimal conditions for maximum cell yield were established by plotting a series of loci at constant biomass yield and then verified experimentally, thus confirming the remarkable accuracy of the model
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505833
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    Oxygen supply to immobilized cells (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 165-170 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Oxygen supply is a critical point in technical processes when aerobic cells are used in immobilized preparations. This report concerns the use of hemoglobin or emulsions of perfluorochemicals (completely fluorinated organic compounds) to carry oxygen to immobilized cells. Both methods work well and do not seem to harm the cells. The perfluorochemical method of improving oxygen supply showed a higher operational stability than the hemoglobin method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505826
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    Influence of oxygen on the synthesis of flavocytochrome b2 by the yeast Hansenula anomala (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 171-173 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Control of oxygen concentration in the culture medium during growth of the yeast Hansenula anomala on l-lactate as sole carbon source allows induction of the synthesis of flavocytochrome b2 or l-lactate cytochrome-c oxydoreductase (E.C. 1.1.2.3.). This phenomenon is accompanied by an important change in the yeast doubling time.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505827
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    Isolation, characterization and growth kinetics of bacteria metabolizing pentachlorophenol (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A soil bacterium capable of utilizing pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a sole source of carbon and energy was examined for its morphological, biochemical, cultural, and physiological characteristics. The organism was a member of the coryneform group of bacteria, probably in the genus Arthrobacter. The isolate exhibited a doubling time of 4–5 h while growing on either glucose or PCP as the sole carbon source. The growth rate on PCP was essentially constant between 10–135 mg/l. At higher concentrations of PCP the growth rate was inhibited. The organism was found to be an excellent scavenger of PCP; a Monod saturation constant of 1.12 mg/l was obtained from chemostat measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00505829
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    Protein determination of cells immobilized in cross-linked synthetic gels (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 13-15 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary An assay for the determination of the protein content of whole cells immobilized in cross-linked synthetic gels was developed. The assay is based on a three step procedure: a) methanol dehydration, b) protein extraction by 1.0 M alkali at 125°C c) colorimetric assay of the extracted protein according to Bradford's procedure (Bradford M. M. (1976), Anal. Biochem. 72:248–254). The procedure worked out was found adequate for the determination of the protein content of microbial cells immobilized in synthetic and native polymer-gel-systems.
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  • 76
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    Physiology of α-amylase production by immobilized Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 7-12 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 321S cells were immobilized with 3.4% κ-carrageenan gel in bead form, and α-amylase production by the immobilized cells was studied. Cells in the gel, after the population reached maximum were restricted to a layer of 50 μm thickness, from the surface of the gel, suggesting that oxygen diffusion is the growth limiting factor. The specific respiratory activity and the growth rate of the entrapped cells under such conditions were 1/2 and 1/5 ∼1/10, respectively, that of free cells. In spite of the repressed respiration and growth, the specific rate of α-amylase production of the entrapped cells reached the maximum value of free cells or higher. In continuous culture, in an aerated vessel with a volume ratio of gel beads to medium of 1:2, the maximum production rate of α-amylase was obtained at a dilution rate of 1.0 h−1, which was double the maximum specific growth rate of the strain. These results showed that bacterial α-amylase production, which is a nongrowth-associated type of synthesis was achieved with the use of immobilized cells.
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    Hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates by Clostridium bifermentans (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 41-45 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Two strains of Clostridium bifermentans have been investigated for their ability to hydrolyse bile acid conjugates under conditions suited to further transformation of the free acids liberated. In batch fermentation at 0.5 g/l substrate concentration, growing cells effected the near-quantitative hydrolysis of glycodeoxycholate, taurodeoxycholate and taurocholate within 48 h; glycocholate was 88% hydrolysed. At substrate concentration greater than 1.0 g/l however, taurine conjugates were less well hydrolysed. Further transformation of the liberated cholic acid to deoxycholic acid and/or 7-ketodeoxycholic acid was achieved, but quantitative conversion was not observed.
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    On the bacterial degradation of lignin (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 47-50 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Several bacteria which can degrade numerous phenols with structural relationships to lignin were tested for their ability to degrade lignin. The biodegradation with all the tested bacteria was poor. The method of lignin extraction, presence of glucose as cosubstrate and changes in the nitrogen source of the medium did not affect the extent of lignin degradation. The poor degradation does not seem to be influenced by medium composition and culture condition but is more probably due to the inability of the tested bacteria to degrade lignin to any considerable extent.
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    Influence of woodsmoke on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 51-53 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Woodsmoke delayed aflatoxius B1 and G1 release and significantly exerted inhibitory effects on the toxins production by a toxigenic Asperigillus flavus. The fungistatic efficiency of the woodsmoke increased with reduced moisture content in fish.
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    Limitations in substrate utilization efficiency by Zymomonas mobilis (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 69-73 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Optimal growth conditions for Zymomonas mobilis have been established using continuous cultivation methods. Optimal substrate utilization efficiency occurs with 2.5 g l−1 yeast extract, 2.0 g l−1 ammonium sulfate and 6.0 g l−1 magnesium sulfate in the media. Catabolic activity is at its maximum with glucose uptake rates of 16–18 g l−1 h−1 and ethanol production rates of 8–9 g l−1 h−1, Qg values of 22–26 and Qp values between 11 and 13, which results in 40 g l−1 h−1 ethanol yields using a 100 g l−1 substrate feed. Any increase in these parameters goes on cost of substrate utilization efficiency. Calcium pantothenate can not substitute yeast extract.
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    Optimization of alcohol production from Jerusalem artichokes (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Fermentation of Jerusalem artichoke extracts by yeasts with inulinase activity is possible, without prior hydrolysis or sterilization, if carried out at pH 3.5. For semi-continuous production, a small amount of the yeast harvested at the end of the previous fermentation can be used as the subsequent inoculant. Up to 75 hl of alcohol per ha can be obtained by this process under favorable energetic conditions. A partial inhibition of the fermentation was detected in extracts obtained from tubers harvested too early; this inhibition seems unrelated to the extent of polymerization of sugars.
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    Studies on a mixed culture of Candida parapsilosis and different bacilli on alkane (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 112-119 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary It was found that myristic acid was utilized by Bacillus stearothermophilus in presence of a “protein and lipid containing polysaccharide” which was produced by Candida parapsilosis during the growth on alkane. Tetradecanol-1 was cooxidized by Bacillus stearothermophilus. The cooxidation products myristic acid, 5-to 13-oxo-tetradecanols and 1,5-to 1,13-tetradecandiol were identified. A hydroxylating system from B. stearothermophilus which hydroxylated ω-1, ω-2 or ω-3 position of myristic acid was also found.
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    Azide sterilization of fermentation media (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 140-143 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary In the presence of both growth medium and oxygen, Saccharomyces cerevisiae can ferment azide-sterilized glucose to ethanol with theoretical yields. With either growth medium or oxygen missing little or no fermentation occurs.
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    Selective hybridisation of pure culture wine yeasts (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 155-158 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Hybridisation has been used to develop new strains of pure culture wine yeasts. Their performance under conditions of microvinification was monitored by fermenting two different grape juices. Four of such hybrid strains produced wines comparable to those obtained by proven strains. Different fermentation performances in different grape juices suggest that strains can be hybridised to suit specific juices. When undertaking a hybridisation programme as wide a range as possible of wine-making parameters should be evaluated.
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    Fungal degradation of pine and straw alkali lignins (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 174-181 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Kraft pine and straw lignins were fractionated into aqueous soluble and organic soluble-ether insoluble parts. Chemical analysis, UV characteristics, and gel permeation chromatograms of crude and fractionated lignins were studied. Using pure and mixed, N-limited and non N-limited standing cultures of several fungal species, the biodegradability of curde and fractionated lignins was compared. Straw lignins, especially the aqueous fraction were degraded by most of the fungi studied. Except for Sporotrichum pulverulentum, nitrogen limitation did not seem to favour degradation. The best fungi for degradation under conditions of N-limitation were S. pulverulentum, Humicola fuscoatra, and Aspergillus wentii, under sufficient nitrogen: A. wentii, Chaetomium cellulolyticum and H. fuscoatra. The greatest percentage degradation, 55%, was obtained with S. pulverulentum under nitrogen limited conditions from 1 gl−1 organic soluble-ether insoluble kraft lignin. Gel chromatography showed that the degradation was over the complete molecular size range.
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    Production of adenine arabinoside by gel-entrapped cells of Enterobacter aerogenes in water-organic cosolvent system (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 225-231 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Gel-entrapped whole cells of Enterobacter aerogenes, which has a transglycosylation activity, were used to produce adenine arabinoside from uracil arabinoside and adenine, in an appropriate water-organic cosolvent system. Cells of E. aerogenes entrapped with a hydrophilic photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymer, ENT-4000, or a urethane prepolymer, PU-6, had a high and stable transglycosylation activity. To improve the poor solubility in water of the substrate (adenine) and product (adenine arabinoside), dimethyl sulfoxide was selected as the cosolvent based on the criteria of operational stability of the immobilized biocatalyst and solubility of both substrate and product. Addition of 40% dimethyl sulfoxide to the reaction mixture permitted use of a high substrate concentration range which gave high productivity under homogeneous reaction conditions. The immobilized cells of E. aerogenes exhibited a markedly improved operational stability, retaining their initial level of activity during repeated use for at least 35 days at 60°C in 40% dimethyl sulfoxide. When the reaction was carried out with 150 mM uracil arabinoside and 50 mM adenine as the substrates, the yield of adenine arabinoside was maintained at 100% based on the molar ratio of adenine, throughout the reaction.
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    Directed biosynthesis of Cyclosporins (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1982), S. 237-240 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The Cyclosporins A, B, C, D and G are cyclic undecapeptides produced by the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum Gams which vary in the amino acid they contain at position 2. The amount of production of any of these compounds can be increased by externally supplying the amino acid which it contains at position 2.
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    Comparison of ethanol feed-type on yeast growth at various po2 levels (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 9-13 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth characteristics of the yeastCandida utilis in the individual stages of a multistage tower fermentor obtained with single- and multistream ethanol feeding were compared. In addition, various types of pure oxygen supply were tested for each type of ethanol feed. The results, obtained from steady-state continuous cultures, provided evidence that the two types of ethanol and oxygen supply significantly affect the cell growth rate, ethanol dissimilation rate, acetate excretion in the medium, biomass yield and productivity.
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    Fermentative production of β-carotene and extracellular β-glucosidase byBlakeslea trispora grown on cellobiose (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 33-35 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The substitution of glucose by cellobiose, as the sole source of carbon, increased the production of β-carotene ten fold with simultaneous production of considerable amounts of the extracellular β-glucosidase enzyme by the moldBlakeslea trispora, β-glucosidase was stable under the conditions of the fermentation process (pH 8.0 and 28°C) but showed limited enzymatic activity in the fermentation broth as the enzyme showed optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 50°C. The limited β-glucosidase activity in the fermentation broth results in the slow release of glucose into the medium which in turn might be responsible for the higher production of β-carotene byB. trispora.
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    Hyperkinetic nutrient uptake byCandida intermedia (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 36-40 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary After pulsing steady state cultures ofCandida intermedia with pure sucrose, or sucrose adequately supplemented with minerals (2–4 g/l), high substrate uptake rates and both an elevated oxygen consumption and CO2-production rate were observed. The rate at which the concentration of the residual sugar in the culture broth fell rapidly to reach the original steady state concentration depended on the amount of sugar administered. The added sucrose is stored by the yeast cell until it is metabolized. This phenomenon known as adsorption, has also been observed in the activated sludge process. An elevated O2-demand can approximately be deduced from the sucrose uptake followed by storage in the cell. According to existing models in waste water technology the substrate uptake after a pulse shows saturation behaviour. Since oxygen uptake and CO2-evolution are widely used parameters in computer controlled fermentations, the consequences of this behaviour will be discussed. In contrary to existing models about monosaccharide and disaccharide uptake by yeast cells, we found, that sucrose is incorporated in the cell as such and not hydrolyzed outside the cell as postulated by de la Fuente and Sols (1962).
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    The susceptibility to ultrasonic disintegration ofKlebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 418 (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 56-58 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The resistance to ultrasonic disintegration of cells ofKlebsiella pneumoniae grown at various dilution rates in continuous culture decreased with increasing cell size. Whilst this effect could be related to the cell wall content of the specimens, no direct relationship between the cell wall strength and the rigidity-conferring peptidoglycan was observed.
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    The existence of two separate constitutive enzymes for glucose and fructose inZymomonas mobilis (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 20-24 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Two separate constitutive enzymes responsible for glucose and fructose phosphorylation respectively were identified inZymomonas mobilis grown on sucrose, glucose or fructose. Both enzymes were separated, purified and identified as glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2) and fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4). Glucokinase exhibits a molecular weight of 60,000 and fructokinase of 85,000 daltons.
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    Comparison of penicillins produced by inter-species hybrids fromPenicillium chrysogenum (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 41-46 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary From inter-species heterokaryons produced following induced protoplast fusion betweenPenicillium chrysogenum andP. stoloniferum, P. patulum orP. verrucosum var.cyclopium, hybrid progeny with different stability and morphology could be isolated. Analysis of penicillins excreted from the hybrid progeny showed that antibiotic production was influenced both quantitatively and qualitatively. In most instances, and except forP. chrysogenum+P. stoloniferum hybrids, penicillin yield was adversely affected after inter-species hybridization. Investigations of the different natural penicillins produced, including pentyl-, benzyl- and heptylpenicillin, indicated that the relative amount of pentylpenicillin was considerably decreased in favour of benzyl- and/or heptylpenicillin. In addition, as observed forP. chrysogenum+P. verrucosum var.cyclopium, genes from different species and coding for different biochemical properties could simultaneously be expressed in inter-species hybrids.
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    Continuous production of L-alanine from fumarate in a two-stage membrane reactor (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 59-63 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary L-alanine was produced continuously from fumaric acid by means of soluble aspartase and L-aspartate-β-decarboxylase. The two reaction steps were carried out in two membrane reactors in series at different pH and temperature. The retention of the soluble enzymes within the reactor vessels was achieved by means of ultrafiltration membranes.
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    Relationship between the fatty acid composition of lipids and the viability of dried yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 100-103 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The fatty acid composition of the total lipids and phospholipids of intact and convectively dried yeast has been studied and an increase has been detected in the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids during dehydration. The validity of the inverse relation between the viability of the yeast population during dehydration and rehydration and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids has been demonstrated by regression analysis. The results may help to predict the viability of dried yeast.
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    Restricted oxygen supply and excretion of metabolites (1982)
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 111-116 
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    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The effect of oxygen supply on the formation of metabolites by Escherichia coli K12, Enterobacter aerogenes and Brevibacterium lactofermentum was studied. The relative respiration rate (i.e. the ratio, in percent, of the respiration rate during the production phase to that at the end of exponential growth phase) was taken as a measure of cell response to oxygen supply to which the production of metabolites was also correlated. Several metabolites were excreted at distinct relative respiration rates: ethanol, hydrogen gas, acetate, butanoate, capronate, malate, succinate, acetoin, 2,3-butanediol, 2-methylpropanoate, 3-methylbutanoate, formate, cis-aconitate and 2-oxoglutarate. At relative respiration rates above 80% the excretion of metabolites ceased and the substrate was completely oxidized. The effects of oxygen and of NADH, respectively, on synthesis and activity of several enzymes involved in the formation of these metabolites are discussed. The efficiency of aeration in a fermentation process can be controlled by means of analysis of excreted metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499516
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  • 97
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    Oxygen-dependent switch-over from respiratory to fermentative metabolism in the strictly aerobic Alcaligenes eutrophus (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The metabolism of Alcaligenes eutrophus is both qualitatively and quantitatively affected by the availability of oxygen as is documented by the in vivo excretion of several distinct metabolites. Intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are produced because the dehydrogenases catalyzing the subsequent steps of metabolism become inhibited in a sequential order by increasing NADH levels which are caused by lack of oxygen. Simultaneously, other enzymes which cannot be detected when the cell's oxygen demand is satisfied, i.e., formate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, butanediol, lactate, and ethanol dehydrogenases are induced in a sequential order enabling the cells to produce the corresponding metabolites. The molecular mechanism by which dehydrogenases involved in the fermentative metabolism are derepressed under lack of oxygen is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499517
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Amperometric determination of sodium nitrite by a microbial sensor (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A microbial sensor was prepared to determine sodium nitrite. This microbial sensor consisted of immobilized Nitrobacter sp. and an oxygen electrode. When a sample solution containing sodium nitrite was tested, nitrite was changed to NO2 gas in the buffer (pH 2.0) and the current of the electrode decreased with time until a steady state was reached. The steady state current was attained within 10 min and the maximum decrease in current was obtained at 30°C and pH 2.0. A linear relationship was observed between the current decrease and the sodium nitrite concentration below 0.59 mM, the minimum sodium nitrite concentration that could be determined was 0.01 mM. The current decrease was reproducible (5% relative error). The current output of the sensor was almost constant for more than 21 days and 400 assays.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00499519
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic studies during spontaneous cell rupture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 153-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Some of the extract and intracellular enzyme activities in K2nB strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that growing in the condition which induce spontaneous cell rupture, were measured. B-1-3-glucanase, invertase, acid phosphatase and active chitin synthetase zymogen showed a reduced activity in ruptured cell while alkaline phosphatase shows no differences in its activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00511239
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Tetrazolium reduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1982), S. 172-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The tetrazolium salt, 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) was used to determine viable respiring cells in batch cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Respiring cells reduce INT to water insoluble iodonitrotetrazolium formazan (INT-formazan) which is deposited within the respiring cell. The INT-formazan granules can be observed by brightfield microscopy. This allows a rapid quantitative determination of the percentage of respiring cells and total cells within the same microscopic field. In actively growing batch cultures of S. cerevisiae, the respiring cell count was equal to the total cell count for the first 72 h of the growth cycle. After 144 h of incubation only 22.7% of the total cell numbers were actively respiring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00511243
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