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  • Articles  (4,480)
  • Chemistry  (4,480)
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  • 1980-1984  (4,480)
  • 1925-1929
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (4,480)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-Line Analysis, Its Potential and Its Problems (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the application and the development of on-line methods for particle size analysis one has to distinguish three principally different problem areas:aallocation and preparation of a representative sample,banalysis of the sample,cevaluation of the results.Methods and problems connected with these areas will be discussed in this paper. Some of the methods available for rapid response analysis of particle size distributions mark the beginning of a new era of particle size analysis. One has to recognize however that a uniform solution of the problems of on-line particle size analysis is extremely difficult if not impossible to find. The boundary conditions vary to such an extent that similar methods or combinations of methods can rarely be used in different cases. Since instrument manufacturers will in most cases not be able to adopt their instruments to different industrial applications, specialists will have to solve the problem. One has to recognize, however, that not all of the steps described in this paper have been investigated to an extent which renders possible appropriate solutions. There is still room for improvement.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010102
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sampling Powders for Shape Description (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 22-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For some time studies have been made relating the values obtained from simple shape description to bulk powder properties. More recently the detailed mathematical description of particle outline has become possible and quite powerful techniques have been developed. These techniques may be used for the regeneration by computer of the shape and, more importantly, for studies relating shape to individual particle behaviour and to bulk powder properties. Quite inadequate attention has been directed to the task of obtaining from the laboratory sample of the bulk powder a representative sample of shapes without bias. In this communication the considerations to be included in the sampling procedure are reviewed and a possible solution to the problems posed is presented.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010104
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dispersion of Samples and Sample-feeding for Counting Methods (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 28-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The currently used methods of sample preparation are examined and found to be unsatisfactory in case of counting methods for particle size analysis. It is the purpose of this paper to review the results of investigations of two different measuring principles (light extinction and electrical resistance change) by use of the same signal handling equipment. The commonly used techniques and units are compared with regard to the resulting density distributions of particle size below 0.25 mm. The final conclusions including recommendations to the use of ultrasonic treatment and to improvements of the sampling and the sample-feeding units are valid for all counting methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Errors in the Determination of Particle Size Distributions Caused by coincidences in optical particle counters (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When performing particle size analysis by scattered light, coincidences in the measuring volume of optical particle counters not only cause too small a particle concentration to be measured, but also a size distribution to be obtained which is systematically shifted towards coarser particle sizes. It is pointed out in this paper how this shift can be precalculated when the true distribution is given. The results show under which conditions a correction of the measured distribution is indispensable.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010109
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  • 5
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    Electronic Resource
    The Application and Potential of Cluster Analysis in the Interpretation of multivariate particulate data (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 78-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The classification of powders into groups possessing specific behavioural identities has long been recognized as desirable. This has been approached by describing different powders using two variables and plotting the data on a scatter diagram. The property of interest is then inferred from a powder's position on the scatter diagram. Unfortunately, a powder's behaviour is rarely adequately described by only two variables. To describe a powder more fully requires more variables and this presents a problem in interpretation. Cluster analysis refers to a range of techniques for interpreting multivariate data sets and is used in many fields. This paper describes cluster analysis and considers the method and potential of its application to particle technology. By way of an illustration, a cluster analysis has been performed on twenty-seven powders resulting in groups recognizable by their characteristic fluidisation and flow properties. It is concluded that cluster analysis could be a powerful tool in predictive and analytical work in the field of particle technology.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010113
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  • 6
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    The Determination of Particle Size Distribution Using Combined gravitational and centrifugal sedimentation analysis (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 127-131 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Combined gravitational and centrifugal sedimentation analysis was studied using a Sedigraph X-ray sedimentometer and a Ladal pipette centrifuge. The test powders were talc, calcite and lead oxide. The purpose of the study was to examine the possibilities of extending the sedimentation analysis towards finer sizes by the use of centrifugal force. All the test samples could be analysed down to 0.04-0.05 μm by the combined sedimentation procedure with reasonable accuracy and the results were matched to give a uniform distribution. It was also shown to be preferable to present the size analysis data in a log-probability scale, as it gives the means to easily distinguish materials with different particle size characteristics and to estimate the actual distribution by a statistical function.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010122
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  • 7
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    Particle Size Analysis of Heterogeneous Powders by Sedimentation (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is often necessary to carry out sedimentation analysis of powders, consisting of two or more components, which differ in some physical properties. By means of theoretical studies of twocomponent systems the systematic errors of the measured particle size distributions were analysed for the case that differences exist in the following combinations of properties:-particle size distribution D(x) and solid density ϱs-D(x) and mass absorption coefficient μm-D(x) and ϱs and μmUsing real systems (SiO2 + Fe2O3, Al2O3 + SiO2, Al2O3 + Fe2O3) the partial and total errors were estimated and compared with the results obtained with a Sedigraph. Differences in the density of the components often result in negligible errors, even for the system SiO2 + Fe2O3, if the mass portion of one component is below about 10%. For the total error the differences of μm and D(x) are decisive. Its value is below 1% if the mass portion of the slightly absorbing component is 〈5% or if the strongly absorbing component is 〈1%.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010121
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  • 8
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    The Influence of Particle Shape and Particle Size Distribution on fluidisation behaviour of granular activated carbon in the aqueous phase (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with the influence of particle shape and particle size distribution on the fluidisation behaviour of granular activated carbon in the aqueous phase. Methods for relating the degree of expansion, as a function of liquid velocity, to particle shape and particle size distribution are discussed and tested. Two different types of activated carbon, both containing irregularly shaped particles but with differences in shape, are used to test the models discussed. A tentative method which takes into account the influence of water temperature on fluidisation behaviour is proposed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010125
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  • 9
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    Minimum Sintering Temperatures of Fluidizable Particles (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental methods to determine minimum sintering temperatures of a variety of granules such as polymers, glass, coal, inorganic salts, etc. are presented. These methods include the use of a dilatometer in which the contraction-dilation characteristics of a small sample is measured, a differential scanning calorimeter test and an Instron machine by which yield strengths are measured. It is clearly shown that for the majority of materials studied, the different methods give similar values for the minimum sintering temperature but that the dilatometer experiment is the simplest as well as the most reliable method. Since the minimum sintering temperature is always less than the solid's melting point, an efficient method of measuring this temperature is very important for all fluidizable granules subjected to high temperatures. The danger of agglomeration during fluidization increases tremendously at temperatures higher than minimum sintering and therefore special precautions must be taken to avoid defluidization under these conditions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010129
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  • 10
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    Multifractal Description of a Rugged Fineparticle Profile (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 14-21 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mandelbrot has extended the concept of classical dimensional description of physical systems to include fractional values which describe the ruggedness of a structure. Thus if one has a dimension of 1.2 one knows that one is dealing with a line which fills space more efficiently than a line which has dimension of 1.1. A mathematical curve which exhibits ideal fractal structure has the same appearance when viewed at any level of scrutiny. Kaye and co-workers applied the concept of fractal mathematics to the description of the boundaries of fineparticle profiles. As demonstrated in this communication a natural fractal boundary in contrast with an ideal fractal can exhibit different fractal structures over different ranges of scrutiny. As a consequence one should always report the scale of scrutiny employed when examining the fractal structure of natural boundaries. Data is presented demonstrating the fractal/euclidean boundary structure manifest by aluminum shot fineparticles examined at various levels of scrutiny. The relationship between fractal descriptors of fineparticle boundaries and the Fourier analysis of geometric signature waveforms for describing the structure of fineparticles is explored. Data presented by Flook on the physical significance of the various co-efficients of a Fourier analysis of a signature waveform is correlated with the fractal description of the ruggedness of a profile.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010103
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Calculation of the Electrical Field within an Electrical Sensing Zone Counter (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Iterative numerical analysis methods, similar to those used for ray tracing in electron and ion guns, have been employed to calculate the electrical potential distribution in the vicinity of the orifice of an electrical sensing zone (esz) instrument. In particular, the electrical potential across the mouth of the orifice is considered and the effects of numerically bevelling the sharp peripheral edge are demonstrated.The results support the empirical equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm d}\phi {\rm /d}x \sim 1 + \alpha '\{(r/R)/(1 - r/R)\} ^{\beta '} $$\end{document} for the axial component of the potential gradient, dφ/dx, at the mouth of the orifice expressed as a function of the radial distance, r, from the centre of the orifice of radius R; α′ and β′ are empirical constants. This equation was derived from previously reported experimental data on relative shifts and heights of artefact peaks apparent on the coarse side of size distributions measured via the esz method on a series of latex copolymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010107
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  • 12
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    Comminution of Irregularly Shaped Particles by Slow Compression: Interpretation of the size distributions of progeny particles as mixed distributions (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 74-77 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The evaluation of particle size distributions of comminution products often shows that the experimental distributions cannot be represented by one of the well-known functions (GGS, RRSB, log-normal distributions). Although in some cases a more or less satisfactory approximation to one of these functions can be made, a physically meaningful interpretation is generally impossible. Using the frequency curve, it can often be shown that mixed distributions, represented by several statistical assemblies, do exist. In this paper the progeny size distributions of quartzite formed by slow compression comminution of single grains and particle beds as well as of the comminution products of a roller mill are interpreted as superpositions of several statistical assemblies each of which can be represented by a truncated log-normal distribution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010112
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  • 13
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    Online Measurement of the Grain Size Distribution of Sand 0-4 mm used for the production of concrete (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An apparatus is described for the fast and automatic measurement of the grain size distribution of sand ranging from 0 to 4 mm. A sample of sand continuously introduced at a rate of 30 g/min is separated by the apparatus into seven fractions of 0-0.063, 0.063-0.125, 0.125-0.25, 0.25-0.5, 0.5-1, 1-2, and 2-4 mm. The amount of sand in each of these fractions is determined and the results are given in time intervals of 1 minute. The sand is separated in a separation chamber through which water streams in a horizontal laminar flow. The samples are separated according to their settling velocities. The four coarse fractions descend to the bottom of the chamber. They are collected and weighed under water. The three fine fractions remain suspended in three effluent water streams. The quantity of sand is measured in flow cells by absorption of laser light. Control of the system as well as the collection and processing of the measured data are done by means of an electronic control unit and a microcomputer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010114
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  • 14
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    Photometric Determination of Respirable Dust Concentration without Elutriation of coarse particles (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 96-101 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principle of an instantaneous reading, respirable dust, photometer and its application are described. The instrument measures the infrared light (940 nm wavelength) scattered on airborne particles under a mean scattering angle of 70°. Its open measuring chamber, which is insensitive to daylight, is filled with total dust. The photometer reading, however, is calibrated in terms of mass concentration of respirable dust by means of a gravimetric respirable dust sampler. Experiments carried out with monodisperse test aerosols and with real dusts confirm the instrument's principle. The photometer values obtained for real dusts can be linearly converted into mass values of respirable dust as long as ultra-fine or ultra-coarse dusts are excluded. In several practical cases an increased flux of scattered light is compensated for by a higher density of the dust material.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010116
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  • 15
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    Correlation of Simultaneously Measured Droplet Sizes and Velocities in nozzle sprays (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 112-116 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The application of a new LDA method which simultaneously measures the size and velocity of small water droplets in the spray cone of a fan type water nozzle is described. As the phase difference between adjacent photomultipliers responding to signals from a fringe mode LDA is linearly proportional to the diameter of the spherical particle in the measuring volume, the new instrument allows, for long distances between the optical devices and the measuring volume in the spray, non-invasive measurements and from these the correlation of size and velocity of the individual droplet in order to establish two-dimensional distributions. From the new LDA instrument one receives definite information about the volume-flow concentration in the measuring point of an enclosed flow situation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010119
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  • 16
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    Electrochemical Properties of Constituent Minerals of Manganese Nodules (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deep-sea manganese nodules must be potentially valuable one of the most mineral resources containing several economically valuable metal elements. Manganese minerals in the nodules are regarded principally as todorokite and δ-MnO2. The todorokite phase is porous and enriched in copper and nickel, while the porous δ-MnO2 phase is enriched in cobalt. Porosity and adsorption as well as dissolution characteristics have been observed for each constituent mineral. Furthermore the pore diffusion coefficient has been calculated. Moreover, the zeta potential of each constituent mineral has been measured in order to evaluate the electrochemical property. This has been applied successfully to the selective concentration of copper and nickel bearing or cobalt bearing minerals in deep-sea manganese nodules.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010124
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  • 17
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    Particle Technology - Manipulating the DividedThis paper is substantially the text of the inaugural lecture given by Professor B. Scarlett at the Technische Hogeschool, Delft, on October 26, 1983. The lecture relies heavily on experience gained during tenure at Loughborough University of Technology. It has been modified to remove personal and local connotations and is published here as an individual view of the subject of particle technology in general and of particle characterization in particular. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle Technology is a broad and multidisciplinary subject of great importance but diffuse in definition. In this paper a view is presented of the underlying science and its technological applications. In particular a structured subject is dependent upon characterization techniques from which predictions can be made. In this paper the interrelationship between macroscopic and microscopic characterization is discussed. The standardisation and development of the microscopic techniques, particle analysis, is identified as the key to the development of the whole subject.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010101
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  • 18
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    Comparison of Techniques for Measuring the Size of Fine non-spherical particles (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 45-52 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three general types of commercial particle sizing instruments have been tested with redispersed fly ash and devolatilised coal char in the size range 0.5 to 5 μm. Results are compared with volume-equivalent diameters obtained by Coulter Counter. Single-particle light-scattering counters are found to oversize fly ash, primarily because of the irregular particle shape, but generally to undersize the strongly absorbing char particles. The Malvern sizer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction analysis, grossly oversizes fly ash dispersed in water, probably because most of the particles are too small for the Fraunhofer approximation to be valid; results for carbon char are closer to the expected values, although results for particles dispersed in air and in water show some disagreement. The Aerodynamic Particle Sizer undersizes irregular particles substantially, probably because of increased drag resulting from the irregular shape and tumbling motion of these particles.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010108
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  • 19
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    The Role of Fractal Quantities, as Specific Surface and Tortuosities, for physical properties of porous media (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 66-73 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Besides the knowledge of material constants of the homogeneous phases of a disperse system, a good understanding of its geometrical properties is necessary for describing physical processes. In order to characterize the shape of the interface between solids and pore space with respect to the irregularities in all orders of magnitude, the fractal dimension has proved to be an informative parameter. By this study the theory of fractal dimensions, in three-dimensional space originally limited to topological curves, surfaces and volumes, is extended into physical properties like specific surface, tortuosity, porosity and formation factor with “physical” dimensions -1 or 0 as an exponent of the unit of length. The typical properties of the true fractals are transferable to some of these derived parameters. This leads to power laws describing the dependence of the particular measure on the resolution length. With special models, which seem to be of widespread validity in nature, petrophysical considerations lead to further power laws for the rest of the physical parameters, dependent on discrete length parameters such as grain radius and pore radius. By determination of the exponents of such independent power laws, a better particle characterization is possible, as the fractal dimension of the surface alone may be misleading, especially when the grain size of the particles is not uniform.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010111
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  • 20
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    Drop-Size Distributions Produced by Pressure NozzlesThis paper was presented at the Third European Symposium on Particle Characterization (PARTEC), Nürnberg, May 1984, and appears in German in the Preprints. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 117-120 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measured drop-size distributions are presented which were obtained by the atomization of water with hollow-cone nozzles. The drop-size distributions were determined using a scatteredlight particle size counting analyser at various locations in the droplet cone. These local distributions change systematically from the cone's axis to its border. To acquire the drop-size distribution of all the drops the local distributions have to be superimposed. The spatial mass flow distribution in the cone can be calculated from these measurements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010120
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  • 21
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    Application of an Electrical Conductivity Microprobe for the Characterization of bubble behavior in gas-liquid bubble flow (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 102-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper a new electrical conductivity technique for the measurement of bubble size and velocity is presented. This measuring system is able not only to estimate size and velocity of particles (bubbles and droplets in liquids) but also to give complete information on the space related motion of particles. Thus a significant improvement is achieved in the accuracy of measurement.By using the simultanous measurement of both: bubble sizes and volumetric hold up of the dispersed phase, one is able to calculate the local interfacial area. In the first part of this paper the measuring system, its properties and limits are illustrated. In the second part results obtained in a bubble column will be presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010117
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    A Special Feeder for Diffraction Pattern Analysis of Dry Powders (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerous unit operations in particle technology require that dry powders are fed into a system with as little fluctuation as possible in flow rate and velocity and that the powder is dispersed in flowing air. A feeding and dispersing system has been developed which allows mass throughputs between 0.1 and 20 kg/h. It has been used as a feeder unit for dry particle size analysis from diffraction patterns.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010127
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    Laser Diffraction Spectrometers/Experience in Particle Size Analysis (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Over the past few years, laser diffraction spectrometry has become a very important method of particle size analysis. Typical features include the large measuring range, the simplicity of operation and the speed with which analyses can be carried out. The principle of measurement and the set-up of three commerical instruments are described.The following points are discussed, with reference to examples:-Relevant parameters, such as particle shape, shape of distribution curve or dispersion, bution curve or dispersion,-reproducibility, comparison of the results obtained with different types of apparatus between one another and with other, analytical methods, and-on-line use of the instruments for the measurement of dynamic processes, eg. flocculation and dispersion processes.Operating experience gained with six instruments over a number of years is discussed.The measuring method which is described here is in a stage of rapid development and dissemination. It is for this reason that recent improvements and new developments cannot be dealt with here. For example, an apparatus named Helos from Sympatec GmbH, Remlingen, has appeared on the market. The external appearance of the instruments marketed by the Malvern and Leeds and Northrup companies has changed somewhat.The author's practical experience (in some instances extremely wide-ranging) with these devices is presented here in summary form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010126
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    Response of the Coulter Counter® Model ZM to Spheres (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 32-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Most existing theories of the response of electrical sensing zone particle size analysers, for instance of the type Coulter Counter®, predict that a significant deviation from sizing linearity will occur at and above some 40% of the aperture diameter. Practical experience, at least for the only test models available - latex spheres - shows that this is not the case in practice. Linear particle response up to 80% of the aperture diameter has been established, confirming the prediction recently made by Scarlett in a new response theory.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010106
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    A Study of the Physical Significance of Three-Dimensional signature waveformsPresented at the Fineparticle Characterization Conference, Hawaii, 1-5 August 1983 (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown that the projected area of a rotating fineparticle can be used to construct a signature waveform which is descriptive of some aspects of the three-dimensional morphology of a fineparticle. If the fineparticle is rotated systematically about two mutually independent axes, through two sets of 90 degrees rotations, the signature waveform can be related to the surface area of the convex hull. It could be that the convex hull of a fineparticle is related to its fluid dynamic behaviour and its ability to modify the effective viscosity of a fluid in its suspension. This type of significance of different types of Cauchy signature waveforms are discussed. The concept of three-dimensional signature waveforms is extended to cover the structural shape waveform and the fractal waveforms which, respectively, describe the spatial structure and the ruggedness of a fineparticle profile. The possible utilization of all three types of waveforms to describe in a complete manner the three-dimensional structure of a rugged fineparticle is discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010110
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    Representation and Evaluation of Particle Size Analysis Data (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 89-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: While editing the first issues of Particle Characterization it has been recognized by the editors that the papers submitted differ widely in the representation of data and in the nomenclature chosen to characterize such common variables as particle size, different equivalent particle diameters, average particle sizes, cumulative and density values of a distribution etc. In oder to make papers published in this Journal more readily assimilable and graphs representing particle size analysis data instantly recognizable by using agreed upon standardized nomenclature the following paper has been submitted by one of the editors. It was first presented at the Harold Heywood Memorial Symposium, September 1974, at the University of Technology, Loughborough, U. K.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010115
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    Calibration of Optical Particle Counters with Respect to Particle Size (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 108-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In optical particle counters the calibration function describing the relationship between the amplitude of the scattered light pulses and particle size depends on several parameters. In this paper, several calibration methods are discussed. As an example, the calibration of an optical particle counter (HC-15, Polytec GmbH & Co., Waldbronn, FRG) is demonstrated, using real aerosols with unknown particle shape and refractive index, and a precollector with known collection efficiency. The error analysis, when performed together with the results of an indirect check of the obtained calibration curve, provide evidence that this method yields good calibration curves for the aerosol being measured. The method is then applied to obtain the calibration curves for quartz dust, ash from a fluidized bed combustor and coal dust.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010118
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    Experimental Investigation of the Tensile Strength of a Powder bed by split cell type tensile testersPresented at Fine Particle Society, Pacific Region Meeting, Honolulu, August 1983. (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 133-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New types of equipment for measuring the tensile strength of a powder bed, based on the Warren Spring type of split cell, have been developed by the authors and are reported in this paper. The main modification is an extension of the range of the porosity of the powder bed to be tested by improving the sliding mechanism of the split cell. Three versions of the modified equipment are introduced and explained, and the reduction of the sliding friction and the stability of the split cell at a high compression range are shown. The results obtained with beds of a wide porosity range are presented in a new equation for the adhesion force of a powder bed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010123
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    Data Reduction in Fluid Classification Methods (1984)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 1 (1984), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluid classification methods for particle size analysis are based on the concept of cut size. The particles suspended in a fluid are passed through several separation stages, of progressively finer cut-size, so that each stage collects a fraction of the feed solids in the same way as each screen in a stack of sieves.There is an inherent error involved in the data reduction, which often leads to a poor comparison between the results of fluid classification and sedimentation, although both in principle measure the equivalent Stokes' diameter.This paper investigates the problem and attributes the above mentioned error to the difference between the equiprobable size and the analytical cut size. The paper presents a simple correlation which relates the analytical cut size and the equiprobable size if both the measured size distribution and the grade efficiency curve of the separator follow, approximately, log-normal functions. The usefulness of the correlation is exemplified in the case of the Bahco analyser. Measured grade efficiency curves for each separation stage provide the necessary data for the above mentioned correction and this is then applied to examples of practical particle size analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19840010128
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    Yeast BOD sensor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220116
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    Model of growth and ergot alkaloid production by Claviceps purpurea (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 255-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A growth model for Claviceps purpurea in submerged batch culture is presented. In developing the model, the basic principles of the growth and the morphological properties of C. purpurea are considered. The growth of C. purpurea is assumed to occur in a three-step manner; the first step involves the assimilation and the growth of cells; the second one involves cell division, and the third one involves transformation of the mature cells to a state where they have no ability to divide but do have the ability to produce ergot alkaloids and then they gradually die. Inorganic phosphate is assumed to be the limiting substrate for the first and the second steps in conditions of carbon source being in excess. The model constants are determined by model simulation and graphical searching techniques to find the minimum value of the absolute difference between the experimental and the simulated curves for biomass, alkaloids, and sucrose.
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    Immobilization of β-galactosidase and other enzymes onto p-amino-carbanilated cellulose derivatives (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Galactosidase and other enzymes were immobilized on p-amino-carbanilated derivatives of cellulose and methylol cellulose using the diazo method and through glutaraldehyde. The optimum conditions for coupling cellulose tri-(p-amino-carbanilate) (CTAC) to β-galactosidase were established. The diazo coupling method with CTAC gave greater activity than with glutaraldehyde when coupled to β-galactosidase (Escherichia coli). The stability of the CTAC-β-galactosidase system was examined. The disubstituted p-amino-carbanilate derivative (CDAC) gave a lower activity, whereas the methylol analog (MCTAC) gave slightly greater activity. The CTAC was also used to immobilize glucose oxidase, trypsin, pepsin, and papain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220206
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    Hydrophobic chromatography of β-galactosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 377-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrophobic interaction of β-galactosidase with Sepharose 4B substituted with 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine was studied in both batch and column experiments. The equilibrium and the binding rate constants were determined for different phosphate buffer concentrations. The equilibrium constants exhibit a hysteresis effect, i.e., desorption constants are less than adsorption constants, and the higher the ionic strength to start the desorption, the larger the effect. The rate data are not satisfactorily described by a simple reversible first-order model. The column chromatographic data are semiquantitatively described by a local equilibrium theory without axial dispersion or intraparticle diffusion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Enzyme formation during solid-substrate fermentation in rotating vessels (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 411-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus awamori NRRL 4869 was cultured on the solid substrate, wheat bran, in a modified Rollacell apparatus to produce α-galactosidase and invertase. The swivel cap on the elongated bottle permits the introduction of air while the bottle rotates. Parameters of air flow rate (0.05-0.2 liter/kg/min), rpm (0.15-15 rpm), and weight of solids (150 and 300 g) were varied. At low air flow rates (0.05 liter/kg solid/min), α-galactosidase production was minimal independent of the rotation rate. At 0.15 rpm and 0.2 liter/kg solids/min air flow rate, invertase production ceased after five days; whereas α-galactosidase production continued. The modified Rollacell can be a useful apparatus for studying solid-substrate cultures.
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    Flow microfluorometry measurements of multicomponent cell composition during batch bacterial growth (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 457-462 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220216
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220301
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    Extraction of hemicellulose from ryegrass straw for the production of glucose isomerase and use of the resulting straw residue for animal feedTechnical Paper No. 5143 of the Agricultural Experimental Station, Oregon State University. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 519-531 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hemicellulose fraction of ryegrass straw was extracted with NaOH and used for the production of glucose isomerase by Streptomyces flavogriseus. The level of hemicellulose extracted increased proportionately with increasing NaOH concentration up to about 4%, then the rate of increase slowed down. Hemicellulose extraction was facilitated by the combined application of heat and NaOH. Approximately 15% hemicellulose (12% as pentosan) could be obtained by treating straw with 4% NaOH for either 3 hr at 90°C or 24 hr at room temperature. The highest level (3.04 units/ml culture) of intracellular glucose isomerase was obtained when the organism was grown at 30°C for two days on 2% straw hemicellulose. The organism also produced a high yield of glucose isomerase on xylose or xylan. The NaOH-treated straw residue, after removal of hemicellulose, had approximately 75% higher digestibility and 20% higher feed efficiency for weanling meadow voles than untreated straw. Thus, the residue could be used as animal feed. A process for the production of glucose isomerase and animal feed from ryegrass straw was also proposed.
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    Growth of yeast on n-alkanes. I. Stochastic model (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 571-595 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a system where yeast cells grow on n-alkanes dissolved in oil drops suspended in water, the dispersed oil phase will, in most cases, be fully segregated. This means that each drop has its own history that depends on its degree of saturation with yeast cells. This degree of saturation with yeast cells is determined by a stochastic process depending on adsorption, desorption, and cell production. Although many authors mention segregation as a phenomenon likely to occur, so far this segregation has hardly been taken into account. In this paper the interaction of the population of completely segregated oil drops with the population of yeast cells, which results in growth, is described. The consequences of the model are elucidated by the discussion of some extreme cases. The batch fermentation of hydrocarbons by yeast cell is simulated by means of a Monte Carlo procedure. Adsorption, desorption, and production of yeast cells are considered as chance processes. The history of all individual drops is recorder. The influence of the chance of desorption appears to be much larger than that of the chance of adsorption (at the investigated range). Also the size of the inoculum at the start of the process appears to have a strong influence on the course of fermentation.
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    Equilibrium relationships in the degradation of starch by an amyloglucosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 643-649 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220313
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    Relationship between bulking and physicochemical-biological properties of activated sludges (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 969-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Research into bulking in laboratory-scale activated-sludge plants are reported upon. A correlation between sludge volume index (SVI) and biopolymer content (exocellular polymer, ECP) has been determined or sludge obtained under various operating conditions and with different chemical and physical characteristics. This paper interprets that correlation. A method for ECP determination that is quicker and just as precise as the gravimetric one and which enables this parameter to be used not only to interpret bioflocculation mechanisms but also as a parameter for evaluating optimal plant operation is reported.
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    Continuous production of bacitracin by immobilized living whole cells of Bacillus sp. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1015-1023 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Whole cells of Bacillus sp., a bacitracin-producing bacteria, were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The continuous production of bacitracin by an immobilized whole-cell-containing air-bubbled reactor was examined with 0.5% peptone solution. The bacitracin productivity (28 units/ml/hr) obtained with this system was higher than that with a batch system. The effluent bacitracin concentration increased with increasing aeration rate and reached a steady-state maximum above the aeration rate of 3.0 liter/min. A high bacitracin productivity was retained for at least eight days when the gel was washed with sterilized saline at a flow rate of 250 ml/hr for 2 hr once a day. The half-life of the immobilized whole-cell system was about 10 days. Bacitracin productivity by the immobilized whole-cell reactor was higher than that by a conventional continuous fermentation process at high dilution rates.
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    Amperometric determination of choline with use of immobilized choline oxidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1071-1086 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Choline oxidase (choline: oxygen oxidoreductaserpar; was immobilized on a partially aminated polyacrylonitrile membrane. The enzyme electrode, consisting of an immobilized-enzyme membrane and an oxygen probe, was employed for the determination choline. Dissolved oxygen consumption by the enzymatic reaction was measured amperometrically. The rate assay method was used for the choline determination. The response time of the sensor was 7 sec for choline. The choline assay was done within 1 min. The choline calibration curve was linear from 0 to 0.1mM. The response was reproducible within an average relative error of 2.3% when 0.2mM choline was employed for experiments. The choline in the fermentation media was determined by the sensor. Furthermore, phospholipids in the serum were also determined with native phospholiphase D and the enzyme electrode.
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    Measurement of small volumetric flow rates in small-scale chemostats (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 655-659 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220315
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    Oxygen uptake of trichoderma reesei (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 693-696 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Pulse response in an immobilized-enzyme column: Theoretical method for predicting elution curves (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 779-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical method for predicting the elution profile of a pulse response in an immobilized-enzyme column is proposed. The method is based on a mass balance model, which is extensively used in gel chromatography. To test the method, a pulse of sucrose solution was applied to a column of spherical acrylamide gel in which was entrapped invertase from yeast, and it was eluted with 0.05M acetate buffer at pH 5.0. The elution curves of the substrate and the product were in fairly good agreement with the theoretically calculated ones. The method was extended to the system of reversible as well consecutive reactions.
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    Investigation of fermentors with various contacting devices (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 799-820 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work, earlier published work on the development and investigation of fermentors with various contacting arrangements is reviewed. Methods and results of investigations on optimal construction of contacting plates are presented, and mass transfer and other characteristics of the performance of the equipment are discussed. Comparative estimates of various methods of determining mass transfer coefficients are presented. The construction and basic operating characteristics of several column fermentors with various contacting arrangements are described.
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    Ethanol production in an immobilized-cell reactor (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1735-1748 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biomass can be converted to sugars by hydrolysis with enzymes or mineral acids. These sugars can be converted into a number of chemical intermediates in biological reactors. Biological reactions are generally slow and selection of the most efficient reactor is important in these applications. Immobilized-cell reactors allow high cell densities and high throughput by attaching the microorganisms to a fixed support. This paper examines the rate of production of ethanol from glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisia in a packed column. These rates are compared with those for the same reaction in a stirred reactor.
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    Extracellular microbial polysaccharides. II. Evolution of broth Power-law parameters for xanthan and pullulan batch fermentation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 875-883 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The shear viscosities of xanthan batch fermentation broths obey a power-law relation τ = K (P)[ẏ]N(P), where the power-law parameters are functions of xanthan concentration P. within the shear rate range of 1.15 to 384.0 sec-1. Cell-free solutions prepared from these samples exhibit the same values of K and N as the corresponding cell-bearing broth. Further, in the course of the fermentation time, t, it was found that K(P) and N(P) were related by an equation of the form ln K[P(t)] = ln τ0 - N[P(t)]·ln ẏ0, leading to a dimensionless power-law equation valid over the entire fermentation: (τ/τ0) = (ẏ/ẏ0)N[P(t)]. The resulting power-low from[(τ/τ0) = [ẏ/ẏ0]N(t)] indicates that all related samples will exhibit power-low plots passing through the common point, (τ0γ0). These equations have previously been observed with other polysaccharide solution. They are also shown here to be applicable to the pullulan fermentation data of Leduy et at. The parameter K is related to polymer concentration (P) with the correlation K = A PB, where B = 1.75 ± 0.25 for xanthan solutions. With X(t), S(t), and P(t) available from paper I, the correlations of this paper (hereafter referred to as II) [K(t) = f(P)(t) and N(t) = g(K(t))] provide a predictive description of the shear viscosity evolution of polysaccharide-producing fermentation broths.
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    Fermentation of Bacillus thuringiensis for exotoxin production: Process analysis study (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1707-1724 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The exotoxin produced by certain serotypes of Bacillus thuringiensis was used as a means of microbiological control of the larval development of flies. The optimal batch cultivation conditions with respect to pH, temperature, aeration, agitation, and initial concentration of growth-limiting substrate were determined. A dynamic model describing the process was designed and fitted to the experimental data. The application of a method for estimating exotoxin and bacterial concentrations from on-line measurable quantities such as oxygen consumption and heat production is presented.
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    Production of high-fructose syrup by a heat-fixed Lactobacillus sp. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1957-1977 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Lactobacillus sp. isolated from soil and capable of growing on xylose-containing medium exhibited high glucose isomerase activity. The enzyme was thermostable, stable toward dialysis, and activated by heat treatment. It did not show the presence of xylose or ribose isomerase activities; the Km for glucose and xylose substrates were 0.48M and 0.513M, respectively. The heat treatment of ultrasonic crude extract gave insoluble fixed active glucose isomerase enzyme. The properties of free and immobilized enzyme in heat-fixed whole cells differed in many respects. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity changed from 70 to 85°C, the optimum substrate concentration changed from 1.0M to 2.4M, and the optimum pH from 7.4 to 6.0. Co2+ and Mg2+ ions activated the enzyme when used singly, but in combination they inhibited the enzyme and Mn2+ had no effect on the enzyme. Free and immobilized enzymes, when used in the used in the conversions of corn and bagasse hydrolysates to fructose, gave 58, 25.6%, and 50, 27.6% conversions, respectively. Immobilized enzyme retained a significant activity for more than 30 hr and was able to operate at higher glucose concentrations showing less products inhibition effect as compared to free enzyme. In the batch process it was able to operate for about eight cycles.
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    Continuous production of L-alanine using Pseudomonas dacunhae Immobilized with Carrageenan (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2045-2054 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous production of L-alanine from L-aspartic acid using immobilized Pseudomonas dacunhae was investigated. Pseudomonas dacunhae cells were immobilized with carrageenan gel. The L-aspartate β-decarboxylase activity of immobilized cells was enhanced by incubating the immobilized cells with a solution of 1M ammonium L-aspartate (pH 5.5) containing 0.1mM pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) at 37°C over 20 hr. The enzyme activity of immobilized cells was 59% that of intact cells. The pH profile of the enzyme reaction was broader in the immobilized cells than in the free cells. The enzyme activity of immobilized cells was maintained through repeated uses when a substrate solution containing 0.1mM PLP was used. Complete conversion of L-aspartate to L-alanine was attained when a solution of 2M ammonium L-aspartate (pH 6.2) containing 0.1mM PLP was passed upward through the immobilized cell column at a retention time of 8 hr at 37°C. Glutaraldehyde treatment of the immobilized cells resulted in a slight decrease of the enzyme activity but a marked increase of the operational stability. The half-life of enzyme activity was 46 days in glutaraldehyde-treated immobilized cells.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220601
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    Purification and immobilization of Aspergillus niger β-xylosidase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1127-1142 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Xylosidase from a commercial Aspergillus niger preparation was purified by differential ammonium sulfate precipitation and either gel permeation or cation exchange chromatography, giving 16-fold purification in 32% yield for the first technique or 27-fold purification in 19% yield for the second. The second method in addition almost completely removed interfering β-glucosidase activity. Enzymes prepared by this method was immobilized to 10 different carriers, but only when it was bound to alumina with TiCl4 and to alkylamine porous silica with glutaraldehyde were substantial efficiencies and stabilities achieved. With alumina, the variation of activation procedure, amount of β-xylosidase offered, and activation solution composition yielded maximum activities of over 40 U/g with approximately 70% immobilization efficiency. Variation of binding pH and incubation time led to a maximum immobilized activity of 1.3 U/g with 78% immobilization efficiency on silica.
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    Immobilized yeast cells with methanol oxidase activity: Preparation and enzymatic properties (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1155-1173 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cells form the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (ATCC 26012) were successfully immobilized by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel. The resulting gel showed high methanol oxidase activity especially after treatment with a detergent (CTAB). The enzymatic properties of the gel-entrapped cell were not very different from that of the soluble enzyme except that no inhibition was observed at high methanol concentration. In continuous reactors, the gel-entrapped cells showed a much higher stability than other enzyme preparations. The inactivation mechanism was investigated and proved to be the oxidation of essential SH group(s) of the methanol oxidase molecule by hydrogen peroxide. Treatment with β-mercaptoethanol prevented inactivation or regenerated activity.
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    Polymethylglutamate as a new matrix for covalently immobilized enzymes: Preparation and properties of urease and uricase (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1225-1235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polymethylglutamate (PMG), a synthetic polypeptide, was used as a new carrier to immobilize urease (EC 3.5.1.5) and uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) by the azide method. The enzymes could be immobilized onto PMG in various forms, such as film, fiber, coating on various beads, and a silicon tube. The retained activities of the immobilized enzymes were excellent (more than 95%), therefore it was possible to immobilized almost all activities of the enzymes added in the coupling mixtures. Heat stabilities of the resulting immobilized enzymes were markedly improved, while the optimal pH and Km values remained almost unchanged. The urease immobilized on the PMG-coated glass beads packed in a column, was found to retain its activity more than 80% of the initial value, even after the occasional use for a year. In view of the improved retained activities and stabilities of the immobilized enzymes, PMG may therefore be a very versatile matrix for the immobilized enzymes.
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    Microcalorimetry of microorganism metabolism of monosaccharides and simple aromatic compounds (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1249-1269 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat conduction solution enable rapid determination of the heats of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of substrate by microorganisms. Aliquots of 1.0 ml cell suspension, 5 × 109 cell/ml, were mixed with a few dozen nmol substrate contained in 0.5 ml, under a controlled atmosphere of air, O2, or N2. At these substrate concentration, with adapted microorganisms, metabolism and its heat generation are usually complete within 300 to 600 sec. The raw data yield ΔHapp values. The ΔHapp were determined in the range 0.001 to 0.010% substrate, and extrapolated (limit substrate concentration →0), to yield Δ0H̄, the limiting differential molar heat of metabolism. The Δ0H̄ values express the heat generated when there is rapid metabolism but little new growth, minimal contribution by H+ transfer from metabolites, and maintenance of aerobicity or anaerobicity as specified. Escherichiacoli B/5 was used for aerobic and anaerobic combustion of eight sugars. Pseudomonas multivorans, and an Acinetobacter, strain B-1, were used for aerobic metabolism of benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and a methylnaphthalene. The larger heats of combustion of the hydrocarbons enable the use of aqueous solutions of hydrocarbons well below their solubility limits. The quotient Δ0H̄/n (n = atoms carbon/molecule substrate) varies from (-)36 to (-)67 kcal/mol carbon for the sugars. The most reduced sugar yields the largest exothermic heats. The quotient varies from (-)27 to (-)81 kcal/mol carbon for the aromatic hydrocarbons. Comparison of the calorimetric heats of metabolism of those from total aerobic combustion in aquo (where available) give measure of the efficiencies with which the heat contents of the aqueous substrate are used by the bacteria.
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    Alcohol production by Yeast in whey ultrafiltrate (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1277-1281 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Development of a hollow-fiber system for large-scale culture of mammalian cells (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 79-95 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A flat-bed hollow-fiber cell culture system has been developed which maximizes the utilization of the large fiber surface while diminishing significantly the problems inherent in a cartridge-type reactor. The reactor core consists of a shallow bed of hollow fibers sandwiched between two stainless-steel microporous filter plates through which the media flow is directed normal to the plane of the fiber bed. Reactors with both 930 and 9300 cm2 of fiber surface have been successfully constructed and operated. A variety of cells has been grown in these reactors including SV3T3 cells, baby hamster kidney cells, Vero cells, and rhesus money kidney cells, and cell products such as plasminogen activator and migration inhibition factor (MIF) were produced. This system offers an excellent prototype for scaleup design.
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    Recent advances in enzymatic synthesis of amino acids (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 243-243 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Temperature effects on ethanol and isopropanol utilization by Candida krusei (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 267-275 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida Krusei has a optimum growth temperature of 37°C on SASOL ethanol-isopropanol mixture. The organism was unable to grow on isopropanol, but oxidized it partially to acetone in the presence and absence of ethanol. Growth at 40°C in the alcohol mixture was slightly faster than at 30°C over an ethanol concentration range of 0.43 to 3.6% (v/v), although at both temperatures the growth rate declined continuously with increasing concentration. At an ethanol concentration greater than 3.6% (v/v), the mixture was much more inhibitory to growth at 40 and 30°C. The inhibitory effect was due to the ethanol rather than the isopropanol. Metabolites such as acetate, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate accumulated in the medium, but the degree of accumulation depended upon the temperature and alcohol mixture concentration. At 40°C, acetaldehyde and acetate accumulated to a greater extent than 30°C on a 4.0% (v/v) synthetic alcohol mixture and this may also cause the greater inhibition at this temperature. The alcohol mixture is unsuitable for single cell protein (SCP) production in batch culture because of the low cell densities observed at all alcohol concentrations.
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    The role of interphase nitrogen transport in the dynamic measurement of the overall volumetric mass transfer cefficient in air-sparged systems (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 301-319 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been shown both theoretically and experimentally that interphase nitrogen transport may have a significant influence on the rate of interphase oxygen transport, and thereby also on the value of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient of oxygen, kla, determined in mechanically agitated bubble fermentors using the variants of dynamic method presented in the literature. The experiments were carried out in 1M KCI solution at five stirrer frequencies and two gas inlet levels. The gas interchanges were performed either without interrupting the aeration and agitation of the charge (A) or with the aeration and agitation of the charge turned on at the same time (B). The applied variants of the interchange were N2→ O2→, O2→ N2, N2→ air, air→ N2, O→ O2, and O→ air. In the two last variants the oxygen dissolved in the charge was removed by reacting with sulfite ions. The kla values calculated by allowing for the nitrogen transport for procedure A were approximately equal to the values obtained by disregarding the nitrogen transport, whereas those for procedure B were higher (up to 40%), than the values obtained disregarding the nitrogen transport.
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    Enhanced product formation in continuous fermentations with microbial cell recycle*Portions of this paper were first presented at the ACS National Meeting, Chicago, II-linois, August 29, 1977. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 373-389 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of partial recycle of microbial cells on the operation of a chemostat has been investigated for two fermentations. Stable steady states without partial cell recycle were obtained for the conversion of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose by Gluconobacter oxydans subsp. suboxydans 1916B and for the conversion of glucose to 2-ketogluconic acid by Serratia marcescens NRRL B-486. The employment of partial cell recycle dramatically increased product formation rates for both fermentations.
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    The influence of major structural features of cellulose on rate of enzymatic hydrolysis (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 419-424 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Release of protoplasts from a fungus as a criterion of mechanical interactions in the fermentor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 441-446 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Regulation phenomena in methanol consuming yeasts: An experiment with model discrimination (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 499-521 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Assimilation as well as dissimilation of methanol in yeasts takes place through its oxidative intermediate formaldehyde which is several times more toxic to the growth of microorganisms than methanol itself. Still, the role of formaldehyde, produced during methanol assimilation, upon growth of yeasts is not clear. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to throw some light upon this aspect. Starting with a basic frame work for methanol uptake by yeasts, several models were developed assuming different modes of regulation of key enzymes by methanol and/or formaldehyde. The main feature of the basic framework consists in consideration of two routes for oxidation of formaldehyde to CO2, one associated and the other not associated with production of energy. Further, the rate of energy production form the energy-associated oxidation of formaldehyde is assumed to be controlled by the rate of energy consumption by anabolic reactions. The models were discriminated by subjecting these to biological constraints. As a result, the successful model suggests that in spite of higher inherent toxicity of formaldehyde, methanol exerts the controlling influence upon growth under normal conditions.
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    Dialysis continuous process for ammonium lactate fermentation: Simulated prefermentor and cell-recycling systems (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 523-534 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized mathematical model, previously developed and experimentally validated, was modified and used to computer-simulate the outcomes of adding two systems for increasing the concentration of cell mass in the fermentor, and thereby the rate and extent of substrate conversion, in a dialysis continuous process for the ammonium lactate fermentation of deproteinized whey. The addition of a nondialysis continuous prefermentor would not improve the process. However, the addition of cell retention time would be reduced ninefold, and the extent of converting substrate to product would be increased 25% and accomplished almost entirely by maintenance metabolism.
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    Biosorption of uranium and thorium (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 583-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Selected samples of waste microbial biomass originating from various industrial fermentation processes and biological treatment plants have been screened for biosorbent properties in conjunction with uranium and thorium in aqueous solutions. Biosorption isotherms have been used for the evaluation of biosorptive uptake capacity of the biomass which was also compared to an activated carbon and the ion exchange resin currently used in uranium production processes. Determined uranium and thorium biosorption isotherms were independent of the initial U or Th solution concentration. Solution pH affected the exhibited uptake. In general, lower biosorptive uptake was exhibited at pH 2 than at pH 4. No discernible difference in uptake was observed between pH 4 and pH 5 where the optimum pH for biosorption lies. The biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus at pH 4 exhibited the highest uranium and thorium biosorptive uptake capacity (g) in excess of 180 mg/g. At an equilibrium uranium concentration of 30 mg/liter, R. arrhizus removed approximately 2.5 and 3.3 times more uranium than the ion exchange resin and activated carbon, respectively. Under the same conditions, R. arrhizus removed 20 times more thorium than the ion exchange resin and 2.3 times more than the activated carbon. R. arrhizus also exhibited higher uptake and a generally more favorable isotherm for both uranium and thorium than all other biomass types examined.
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    Use of the haldane equation for steady-state substrate inhibition in biodegradation kinetics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2405-2409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Production of fuel ethanol by solid-phase fermentation (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 2425-2427 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260221120
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    Stabilization of chloroplast by radiation-induced immobilization with various glass-forming monomers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 833-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of immobilization with various glass-forming monomers on the stability of PS II activity of spinach chloroplast was investigated. PS II activity (O2 evolution due to the Hill reaction) was reduced very slightly by the addition of monomers including polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Immobilization of chloroplast was done with hydrophobic monomer as well as hydrophilic monomer and activity of immobilized chloroplast increased with decreasing monomer concentration as far as the polymerization was possible. The activity of immobilized chloroplast was very high and it decayed far more gradually with the storage time in comparison with the decay of unimmobilized chloroplast and was retained more than 30 days. The optimum monomer concentration for immobilization was about 10%. Thermostability of chloroplast also increased greatly by immobilization with these monomers, especially hydrophilic monomers.
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    Cultivation of a filamentous mold in a glass pilot-scale airlift fermentor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 863-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results of pilot plant studies using a glass airlift fermentation device (55 liter fermentation volume) have proven the relative merits of such a system in the fermentation of a filamentous mold, Monascus purpureus, on 4% (w/w) starch media. The resultant overall yield of cell mass (Yx/s) of 0.38 was an appreciable increase over the 0.32 obtained with a pilot scale stirred tank fermentor previously studied. Power requirements of the airlift fermentor were approximately 50% of those for the mechanically agitated system. The lack of mechanical shear in the airlift system provides a more gentle environment or the cultivation of organisms than does the high degree of shear prevalent in the mechanically agitated vessels. Mass transfer of oxygen to the aqueous phase of the fermentation volume is improved significantly through use of the airlift device. Mass transfer coefficients in the range of 200 reciprocal hr were obtained to approximately 80 reciprocal hr in the stirred tank fermentor.
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    Editor's Note (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230502
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    Multiple steady-state phenomena within enzyme reactors: The enzyme reaction with two substrates (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 939-952 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theoretical dynamic characteristics of an isothermal continuous flow stirred tank enzyme reactor (CFSTER) operating on two substrates are investigated. Under certain conditions multiple steady states are possible; namely, with an enzyme which binds with the two substrates sequentially. The occurrence of multiple steady states is found to be primarily dictated by three dimensionless parameters which incorporate rate law constants. The global stability of certain steady states is examined by numerically solving the transient material balance on the CFSTER. The effect of recycle on the dynamics of an isothermal plug flow enzyme reactor (PFER) is also studied. A general conclusion indicated by this work is that any open isothermal reaction system wherein the reaction rate law passes through a maximum with increasing substrate concentration and where back mixing occurs with exhibit multiple steady-state behavior in some operating range.
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    Ribonuclease isolated from yeast (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis): Characterization and properties (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 953-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The homogeneity of a purified ribonuclease from brewers' yeast was determined by velocity sedimentation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques. The velocity sedimentation pattern gave a single peak with a Sapp 3.46 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed one major band. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme showed maximum absorption at 277-278 nm and minimum at 252 nm. The enzyme was relatively stable to extreme pH values and high temperature. Both NaCl and KCl increased the enzyme activity whereas enzyme was inhibited by divalent metal ions. The inhibition of the enzyme was increased in the order of Ca2+ 〉 Mg2+ 〉 Fe2+Cu2+. Chemical modification studies of the enzyme showed that tryptophan residues and disulfide bonds were required for enzyme activity.
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    Inorganic carbon sources and biomass regulation in intensive microalgal cultures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 995-1014 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Three freshwater and one marine algal species were grown under inorganic carbon limitation in laboratory continuous cultures. Comparisons were made between HCO3- alkalinity and bubbled CO2 as carbon sources. HCO3- alkalinity was an excellent source of inorganic carbon below specific pH levels, but chemical precipitation at high pH placed an upper limit on productivity that was far lower than potential light-limiting levels. With bubbled CO2 it was possible to achieve light limitation. The main factor controlling productivity was the mass flux of inorganic carbon added to the culture, which is the product of gas flow rate and influent PCO2 level. Small bubbles were more efficient than large bubbles at low gas flow rates and PCO2 levels, but led to froth flotation of algal cells and concomitant reductions in productivity at high bubble rates. At 1% CO2 productivity was still dependent on mass fluxes of added carbon, but was independent of bubble size. At high bubble rates with 1% CO2 narcosis was evident. Maximum yields occurred at intermediate dilution rates when inorganic carbon was supplied via bubbled gas.
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    Raw materials evaluation and process development studies for conversion of biomass to sugars and ethanolThis paper was prepared for presentation at the Second Annual Symposium on Fuels from Biomass, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 20-22 June 1978. This work was done with support from the Department of Energy. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in this report represent solely those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory nor of the Department of Energy. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 163-183 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A range of cellulosic raw materials in the form of agricultural crop residue was analyzed for chemical composition and assessed for potential yields of sugars through chemical pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of these materials. Corn stover was used as a representative raw material for a preliminary process design and economic assessment of the production of sugars and ethanol. With the process as presently developed, 24 gal ethanol can be obtained per ton of corn stover at a processing cost of about $1.80/gal exclusive of by-product credits. The analysis shows the cost of ethanol to be highly dependent upon: (1) the cost of the biomass, (2) the extent of conversion to glucose, (3) enzyme recovery and production cost, and (4) potential utilization of xylose. Significant cost reduction appears possible through further research in these directions.
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    An outdoor biophotolytic system using the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 213-220 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica B629 was suspended in small glass beds and incubated in a gas-tight glass vessel outdoors under a gas atmosphere comprising carbon monoxide (0.2%), acetylene (5%), oxygen (6.5%), and nitrogen. The solution phase initially contained sodium bicarbonate (10mM) at pH 7. Under these conditions the organism continuously produced hydrogen gas for over three weeks. The temperature of the culture was maintained below 30°C and minimum night temperatures were recorded. The vessel was covered by a shadecloth, which reduced the natural illumination by approximately 70%. The system is an alternative to those requiring the strict absence of oxygen and little nitrogen, and requires virtually no attention during the incubation period.
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    Bacterial utilization of pure and mixed C1 compounds for single cell protein production (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 235-242 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Comparison of dynamic oxygen electrode methods for the measurement of KLa (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 277-290 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dynamic oxygen electrode method for measuring KLa requires the use of a dynamic process model. Six models from the literature are described and compared with respect to their accuracy and ease of use. It is shown theoretically that for sufficient accuracy KLa should be less than the inverse electrode response time. Experimental measurements demonstrate their application to viscous and nonviscous systems. The liquid diffusion film is shown to cause an important measurement lag that can be accounted for by a first-order time delay. Investigation on the influence of the experimental starting conditions show the importance of the gas and hold-up dynamics. A new method is proposed to simplify the KLa calculation and to eliminate errors caused by starting conditions. This method, which accounts for gas, film, and electrode dynamical effects, requires only a simple semilog plot of the response data.
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    Determination of the specific growth of molds on semi-solid cultures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 321-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The determination of growth constant of Aspergillus niger were obtained for semisolid cultures on cassava flour, Manihot esculenta, as a sole carbon source. As a consequence, a technique was developed that consisted of the use of a packed-bed microfermentor with a working volume of 16 cm3. The bed consisted of gelatinized and granulated cassava flour containing mineral nutrients and mold spores. The carbon dioxide produced during the respiration was drawn off with a current of air and then absorbed in a solution of sodium hydroxide. The absorption of CO2, P, was correlated with the specific growth rate μ, by means of the equation P=Keμt, where t is time and K is a constant. Ammonium nitrogen was used as a limiting substrate and its concentration was varied from 0.039 to 2.5% in dry base. The maximum growth rate, μmax, and the saturation constant, Ks, were 0.31 hr-1 and 0.065 mmol (NH4)2SO4/g total dry solids. Substrate inhibition was presented and the constant ki gave a value of 1.5 mmol (NH4)2SO4/g total dry solids. The proposed method is highly recommended for the evaluation of the semisolid fermentation of molds and for strictly aerobic bacteria and yeasts. It can be used especially in the evaluation of the growth of microorganisms on peanut shells, coffee residues, sugar cane bagasse, and other agricultural wastes.
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    Cephalexin synthesis by partially purified and immobilized enzymes (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 361-371 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzyme which catalyzes the synthesis of cephalexin fromD-α phenylglycinemethylester (PGM) and 7-amino-3-desacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (7-ADCA) was prepared from Xanthomonas citri (IFO 3835) and partially purified 30-fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, and Sepharose-4B column chromatography. The Km values for 7-ADCA, PGM, and cephalexin were determined as 11.1, 2.1, and 1.61 mM, respectively. The enzymatic cephalexin synthesis follows the reversible bi-uni reaction kinetics. The equilibrium constant is influenced by the initial mole ratios of 7-ADCA and PGM. The cephalexin hydrolysis is catalyzed by the same cephalexin synthesizing enzyme, but methanol does not participate in the hydrolytic reaction. The amount of enzyme in the reaction mixture affects the initial rate but does not influence the equilibrium product concentration. This cephalexin-synthesizing enzyme was immobilized onto several adsorbents. Among these, Kaolin and bentonite showed a higher retention of enzyme activity and stability for reuse. The immobilized-enzyme reaction kinetics were investigated and compared with those of the soluble enzyme. A rate expression for the enzymatic synthesis of cephalexin was derived. The results of computer simulation showed good agreement with the experimental results.
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    The scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of a unit process system based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the production of four strains of FMDV from BHK monolayer cells (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 551-565 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the scale-up from 0.1 to 100 liter of the unit process based on 3-mm-diameter glass spheres for the growth of BHK monolayer cells. The production of four strains of FMD virus at the 0.1-, 10-, and 100-liter scales was examined. Cell growth was estimated from measurements of the concentration of glucose in the growth medium, while the release of virus was inferred from measuring the concentration of LDH in the culture supernatant fluid. The yields of virus at 0.1-, 1-, and 10-liter scales were similar but that from the 100-liter version was somewhat lower. The reason for this lower yield and the method used to overcome it over outlined.
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    Photometabolic production of hydrogen from organic substrates by free and immobilized mixed cultures of Rhodospirillum rubrum and Klebsiella pneumoniae*We would like to dedicate this article to Professor George Manecke on his 65th birthday in honor of his outstanding contributions to the field of biotechnology. (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 605-614 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A culture of R. rubrum cells apparently contaminated with K. pneumoniae were immobilized by entrapment in agar. This system was used as model for hydrogen production by photometabolic means. Observed results indicated that the contaminant exerted a major influence on the observed results. This preparation, when immobilized and used in a specifically designed reactor with glucose substrate, showed operational half-lives of approximately 1000 hr. The feasibility of using this “mixed” culture for producing hydrogen from acid hydrolyzed cellulose and wood sawdust was also examined.
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    Immobilization of enzymes on metal-chelate regenerable carriers (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 663-668 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No abstract.
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    Casein hydrolysis in stirred tank reactors using chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetic supports (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 677-689 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nickel-NiO-BSA-chymotrypsin has been used to hydrolyze casein in both batch and continuous stirred tank reactors. The kinetics of hydrolysis in both types of reactor were considered. Some operational problems encountered using fine powder catalysts in batch stirred tank reactors are discussed. High gradient magnetic separation was found to be a powerful catalysts retention method for magnetic support particles, particularly when using a ferromagnetic collection matrix. Nickel particles of diameter 3-7 μm were easily separated from water at a processing velocity of 39 mm/sec. Nickel powder and precipitated Fe3O4 were also separated satisfactorily using a rotating drum magnetic separator.
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    Evaluation of feeding strategies in carbon-regulated secondary metabolite production through mathematical modeling (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 717-738 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is now growing evidence that the production of many secondary metabolic by microorganisms is subjected to carbon-catabolite regulation. Even though the exact mode of this regulation is not yet clear, an engineering analysis of the production process is still possible based upon a suitable hypothesis. By way of simulation of penicillin fermentation data obtained from the literature, a mechanistic model involving a substrate inhibition kinetics of product formation has been verified in this paper. Such a model has been found successful not only in predicting simple sugar-feeding strategy, but also a complicated computer guided strategy based upon controlling biomass growth rates in the tropo and idiophases. Using this model, for strategies for sugar feeding into penicillin fermentation have been investigated. These results show that similar penicillin productivities can be obtained using any of these strategies provided fermentations are carried out under optimal conditions corresponding to the strategy chosen. Effect of maximum oxygen transfer capacity of the fermentor under the conditions of fungal growth has been incorporated using an upper limit of biomass concentration on achievement of which the fermentations must be stopped due to serious oxygen limitations. Results of model simulations with such limits throw light upon the way in which different fermentors may behave with respect to product formation.
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    Energetic yields associated with hydrocarbon fermentations (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 793-803 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Energetic yields associated with microbial growth on hydrocarbons are investigated and compared with values for other organic substrates. Both cell growth and extracellular product formation are investigated. Both carbon and energy limitations are considered in estimating theoretical yields. Carbon, available electron, and ATP balances are used in the theoretical analysis. The results indicate that the availability of carbon may limit growth and product formation.
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    Self-cleaning membranes for ultrafiltration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 843-854 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to reduce the severe flux losses encountered during ultrafiltration of protein solutions, proteases were immobilized on Ultrafiltration membranes to hydrolyze the deposited solute molecules. Over a standard 22 hr run 25 to 78% improvement in cumulative permeate yield was obtained when processing 0.5% albumin or hemoglobin. It was also demonstrated that the flux enhancements were due to the biochemical action of the absorbed protease and not to its physical effect as a prefilter coat. with the aid of a model retardation of gel formation mechanism was demonstrated. Economics of the system were shown to be favorable, improving the rate of return on capital investment up to 50% by reduction of the total membrane area of the plant.
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    Multilevel control of multistage continuous culture using a microprocessor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 887-898 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the implementation of multilevel techniques using a microprocessor to control multistage continuous culture systems. A system which produces gramicidin S is taken as an example. The single level technique using the conjugate gradient method is applied to solve the two-stage and the three-stage continuous culture and is compared with the multilevel one. The results show that the application of multilevel techniques is more advantageous and suitable for this system than any other method which has been utilized so far. The advantages of using a microprocessor will be stated.
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    Simple model for the energetics of growth on substrates with different degrees of reduction (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 33-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple model is developed for the energy transformation in growing microbial systems. The model is based on a linear equation for ATP consumption in the processes of growth and maintenance. A combination of this equation with macroscopic balances for the various components, the systems exchanges with the environment, and application of the concepts of the elementary balance allow the derivation of linear equations for the exchange of substrate, oxygen, and carbon dioxide with the environment. For growth on one sole carbon and energy source the model allows the definition of a critical substrate yield are expected and below which is decreasing substrate yield and energy supply growth limitation are expected. This restriction can be interpreted in a variety of other ways. It supplies a rationale for non-energy-production-coupled transfer of hydrogen to oxygen or wasteful expenditure of ATP in growth on highly reduced substrates. It also allows the formulation of a limit to the maximum yield on oxygen that can never be exceeded in growth on highly reduced substrates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220104
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    Dynamic aspects of radiorespirometry during the cell cycle of Candida utilis: Some observations in phased culture under carbon-, nitrogen-, and phosphorus-limited growthNRCC NO. 17791. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 137-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many changes that occur in a cell during the cell cycle can be demonstrated in synchronous cultures and can reveal dimensions of cell metabolism not attainable by the study of balanced growth of asynchronous populations in batch cultures or the steady state in chemostat cultures. The release of 14CO2 from specifically labeled glucose by phased (continuously synchronized) cultures follows a characteristic pattern (profile) that depends upon the stage in the cell cycle and the period of labeling used. Successive profiles throughout a cycle showed differences that were altered under different nutrient-limiting growth conditions. Profiles obtained with glucose-1-14C, glucose-2-14C, glucose-3,4-14C, and glucose-6-14C and phased cells of Candida utilis under N-, P-, and C-limited growth demonstrated the variable character of the metabolic activity that occurred in the cells while contour changes within the profiles across the cycle indicated possible correlations with activities of the hexose monophosphate, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways during the cell cycle. The basis of these changes and their use as elementary parameters for study of problems of physiological changes in vivo are considered.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220111
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  • 93
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    Experimental technique for multilayer enzyme immobilization (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220115
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  • 94
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    Response of a continuous culture of saccharomyces cerevisiae to variation of temperature (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 231-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220118
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  • 95
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220201
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  • 96
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    Enzyme electrode for phenol (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 299-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An enzyme electrode is described for quantitative determination of phenol at micromolar concentrations. Immobilized phenol hydroxylase is attached to the surface of a Clark oxygen electrode. The Maximum rate of oxygen consumption is linearly dependent on phenol concentration over the 0.5-50μM range. The electrode can be used for at least 150 assays without an activity loss. Readout is very rapid - within 30 sec of sample addition. The electrode response is independent of pH between pH 6.5 and 9.5. The response increases linearly with temperature in the interval 10-40°C. It is necessary to incubate the enzyme electrode in a buffer containing NADPH for a few minutes before the addition of sample. This is to make the electrode response independent of the diffusion rate of this cosubstrate. This and other diffusional effects on the performance of the phenol electrode are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220205
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  • 97
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    Stability of the Cellulase of Trichoderma reesei under use conditions (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 323-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Enzyme stability studies have been reinvestigated under the conditions used for cellulose hydrolysis (pH 4.8, 50°C, 24 hr). The cellobiohydrolase (CBH) component as measured on Avicel is less stable than other enzymes of the cellulase complex, and is 60% inactivated by merthiolate (and other Hg compounds) under the above conditions. Endo-β-1,4-glucanase is much more stable, and more resistant to merthiolate and other compounds. Under unshaken conditions the Avicelase of the Rutgers strain C 30 shows greater stability to heat than that of other available strains. Biocides must be selected not only for their ability to prevent contamination, but also for their compatibility with cellulases. Tetracycline and chlortetracycline are inexpensive, effective in very low concentrations, have no harmful effect on the enzymes, and are compatible with the yeasts that subsequently grow on the sugar solutions to produce alcohol. Attempts have been made to stabilize the enzymes by chemical modification in such a way as to maintain their solubility. Glutaraldehyde treatment greatly increased the enzyme size, lowered the pI values, and gave a slight shift in the pH activity curve. There was, unfortunately, no increase in enzyme stability, and the activity of enzymes on solid celluloses was adversely affected. Shaking greatly reduced the hydrolysis of Avicel by Trichoderma reesei C 30 enzyme. The adverse effect was accompanied by a decrease in recoverable enzyme and protein.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220207
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  • 98
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    Studies of growth conditions in wood for three white-rot fungi and their cellulaseless mutants (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 363-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: White-rot fungi, which have the ability to degrade all the wood components including lignin, are of great interest in biotechnological processes based on wood and other lignocellulosic materials. It was demonstrated earlier that enough lignin can be degraded to cause a decrease in the energy demand for production of thermomechanical pulp if wood chips are pretreated by cellulaseless mutants of white-rot fungi. This paper concerns the growth conditions in wood for three white-rot fungi and their cellulaseless mutants in order to determine optimal conditions for such pretreatment processes. The pH and temperature optima have been determined as well as the growth rate in wood. The results show that the growth rate in wood. at least for Cel 44 (a cellulaseless mutant of Sporotrichum pulverulentum), is not the rate-limiting step in delignification. From different mixtures of urea and NH4H2PO4 the optimal nitrogen source was determined for the mutants. The optimal C/N ratio was found to vary between 160/1 and 400/1. It is suggested that the lower the C/N ratio, the faster the growth. It was also demonstrated that both water- and acetone-extractable substances in wood supported the growth of cellulaseless mutants. When some glucose was added to the wood, the weight loss caused by Cel 44 increased. All these observations support earlier findings that lignin in wood cannot be degraded by white-rot fungi unless a more easily metabolizable carbon source is used simultaneously.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220210
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  • 99
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    Energetic efficiency of a microbial process with an external power input: Thermodynamic approach (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 463-471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: NO Abstract.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220217
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  • 100
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    Characteristics of hexadecane partition by the growth medium of Acinetobacter sp. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 495-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The partition of n-hexadecane in the spent growth medium of Acinetobacter sp. HOI-N was determined by measuring the increase in the relative aqueous solubility of 3H-hexadecane as compared to controls. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was proportional to the protein concentration. The specific solubility of hexadecane (nmol/mg protein) was analyzed by least-squares fitting yielding an average slope of 0.6 with a standard deviation of 0.3, indicating either nonequilibrium of hexadecane or physical aggregation of protein. The amount of hexadecane partitioned was concentration dependent yielding optically clear microemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of less than 1.4mM and macroemulsions at hexadecane concentrations of 1.4mM or greater. Preliminary results indicated that hexadecane and partitioned by a lipoprotein complex.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220303
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