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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to DISCUSSION by Kate A. Berry (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05427.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TESTING FOR TREND IN LAKE AND GROUND WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The detection of gradual trends in water quality time series is increasing in importance as concern grows for diffuse sources of pollution such as acid precipitation and agricultural non-point sources. A significant body of literature has arisen dealing with trend detection in water quality variables that exhibit seasonal patterns. Much of the literature has dealt with seasonality of the first moment. However, little has been mentioned about seasonality in the variance, and its effect upon the performance of trend detection techniques. In this paper, eight methods of trend detection that arise from both the statistical literature as well as the water quality literature have been compared by means of a simulation study. Varying degrees of seasonality in both the variances and the means have been introduced into the artificial data, and the performances of these procedures are analyzed. Since the focus is on lake and ground water quality monitoring, quarterly sampling and short to moderate record lengths are examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05385.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF SOIL CONDITIONS ON FARM STRATEGIES TO REDUCE AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Utilizing predictions of pollutant movement generated by the CREAMS model, the economics of reducing field losses of sediment and nitrate percolation were compared between two soil types on each of two slopes common to the Upper Eastern Shore of Maryland. The soils considered were Matapeake silt loam and Sassafras sandy loam textures on field slopes of 3.5 percent and 7.5 percent. A representative cash grain farm was used as a basis of comparison. Under assumptions of profit maximization, economic optimal cropping systems varied by slope. Results further indicated that relative cost-effectiveness of sediment or nitrate percolation control varied by soil type for both slopes considered. Unit costs of sediment control were less on silt loam soils, while unit costs of nitrate percolation control were less on sandy loam soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05397.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENERATION OF SYNTHETIC AND MISSING CLIMATIC DATA FOR PUERTO RICO (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Climatic data such as temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed have been widely used to estimate evapotranspiration. Moat of the solar radiation data and portions of the relative humidity data are either not available or missing from the records in Puerto Rico. Depending upon the availability and data characteristics of records, three methods (including a regression technique, an averaging of historical data, and a regional average) were used to generate missing data, and a time series analysis was used to synthesize a series of climatic data. The limitations and applicability of each method are discussed. The results showed that the time series analysis method can be successfully used to synthesize a series of monthly solar radiations for several stations. The regression technique and the regional average can be successfully applied to generate missing monthly solar radiation data. The regression technique and the averaging of historical data have been satisfactorily used to interpolate missing monthly relative humidity. The explained variance (R2) varied from 0.68 to 0.88, which are both significant at the 0.05 level of significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05398.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTWATION, KEZAR LAKE, NEW HAMPSHIRE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate were utilized as sediment phosphorus inactivants to improve the water quality of a northeastern eutrophic lake. A four-year monitoring program has provided an extensive lake-database utilized to evaluate the short-and long-term effectiveness of sediment phosphorus inactivation as a lake restoration technique. An immediate impact of treatment was marked by a reduction in hypolimnetic BOD and dissolved oxygen deficit, lower chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations, improved transparency, and the elimination of obnoxious blue-green phyto-plankton blooms. For two to three years after treatment, these pa-rameters continued to exhibit both less variability and improved values over the pre-treatment conditions. The improved water quality conditions warranted an upgrade of the lake trophic status from eutrophic to mesotrophic. Four years after the treatment, the mean hypolimnetic total phosphoru.s and chlorophyll-a have increased and transparency has decreased from initial post-treatment levels. Although long-term trends show water quality decreasing since the treatment, the water quality has stabilized at a level suitable for recreation. A major benefit is an increase in the average attendance at the lake by almost 2,000 people per summer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05400.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HUMAN STABILITY IN A HIGH FLOOD HAZARD ZONE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The delineation of high flood hazard zones within a flood plain is usually independent of the hydraulic parameters that constitute a life threatening situation. In order to define human instability in high hazard areas, a study was conducted to identify when an adult human could not stand or maneuver in a simulated flood flow. An analysis was performed on a rigid body monolith resulting in a toppling hazard envelope curve (velocity vs. depth). A 120 lb monolith was then constructed and tested to relate the actual flow velocity and depth at toppling to theory. A series of human subjects (90–201 Ibs) were placed in a recirculating flume and tested to determine the velocity and depth of flow that caused their instability.The test results determined that the product number, which is the product of the velocity and depth at toppling of the monolith, closely compared to the theoretical envelope curve. The monolith results represent the lower limit of human stability. Also, the product number appeared to be a predictor of human instability in flood flow. A relationship was developed to estimate the product number at which a human subject becomes unstable as a function of the height and weight of the subject.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05404.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FLUVIAL SEDIMENT STORAGE IN WETLANDS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The important ecological and hydrological roles of wetlands are widely recognized, but the geomorphic functions of wetlands are also critical. Wetlands can be defined in geomorphic, as well as in hydrological or biological terms, and a geomorphic definition of wetlands is proposed. An analysis of fluvial sediment budget studies shows that wetlands typically serve as short-term sediment sinks or longer-term sediment storage sites. In ten study basins of various sizes, an estimated 14 to 58 percent of the total upland sediment production is stored in alluvial wetland or other aquatic environments. Of the sediment reaching streams, 29 to 93 percent is stored in alluvial wetland or channel environments. For basins of more than 100 km2, more than 15 percent of total upland sediment production and more than 50 percent of sediment reaching streams is deposited in wetlands. The data underestimates the magnitude of wetland sediment storage due to the lack of data from large river systems. A theoretical analysis of river channel sediment delivery shows that wetland and aquatic sediment storage is inevitable in fluvial systems and systematically related to basin size. Results suggest that wetlands should be managed in the context of drainage basins, rather than as discrete, independent units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05402.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A PRACTICAL SOIL MOISTURE PROFILE MODEL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A computationally simple, physically based model capable of generating reliable estimates of volumetric soil moisture content is described. The model requires only rainfall, pan evaporation, and soil column description by texture group as inputs, and predicts soil moisture values within as many as three user-defined soil horizons. The microcomputer based model is intended for practical engineering and agricultural applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05403.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EVALUATION OF SOME APPROACHES TO ESTIMATING NON-POINT POLLUTANT LOADS FOR UNMONITORED AREAS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Evaluation of the non-point source pollutant load entering a lake from multiple tributaries requires either that all tributaries be monitored or that some extrapolation method be used to estimate loads originating in areas not monitored. Unmonitored areas include not only watersheds of tributaries that are not monitored, but also portions of a monitored tributary's drainage basin downstream from the monitoring site and areas of direct drainage. Significant portions of large lake drainage basins are often not monitored, and loads for these areas are often estimated by extrapolation. Six simple extrapolation procedures were evaluated by using them to estimate loads for areas that had been monitored and comparing the estimated loads with the monitored loads. Three approaches were based on inter-basin ratios of area, C-factor, and discharge. The other approaches used regression relationships between concentration and flow to estimate concentrations for the unmonitored basin. The ratio approaches generally were more reliable than the regression approaches. However, extrapolation by any method tested was not very precise. Some methods also were biased when applied to watersheds of a size different than the monitored one. Extrapolation by any of these methods would compromise the precision of the lake-wide load estimate, if the unmonitored area were a significant part of the entire basin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05405.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION BY NEMATICIDES: INFLUENCE OF RECHARGE TIMING UNDER PINEAPPLE CROP (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Toxic organic compounds, such as DBCP, EDB, and c TCP, that are associated with pineapple cultivation in Hawaii have been discovered in drinking water wells on Oahu. In order to reach and contaminate the Pearl Harbor aquifer, pesticides must be transported quickly downward away from the soil surface prior to complete volatilization, degradation, or adsorption of residuals. This paper assesses the role of pesticide application timing relative to subsequent rainfall-induced recharge events in determining the amount and extent of chemical leaching from the soil. A water balance model for a pineapple crop is developed to estimate the time series of recharge from two fields for which soil contamination profiles are available. In general, the amounts of DBCP, EDB, and TCP found in the soil profiles of the two fields are consistent with expectations of leaching based on an analysis of the recharge time series. The results indicate that recharge during and immediately following the application of pesticides is important in determining whether groundwater contamination will result.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03063.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION IN RWERS: A DEAD-ZONE MODEL SOLUTION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The longitudinal dispersion of tracer material in rivers is simulated by a dead-zone model that involves two coupled differential equations. For an instantaneous injection of tracer material, the problem is solved by the Laplace. Transform and numerical inversion to obtain the time-concentration curve at any sampling station. The optimal values of the model parameters are estimated from field measurements. Applications of the model to three different rivers generally show that the model reproduces the longitudinal dispersion characteristics in natural streams with sufficient accuracy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03067.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGIONALIZATION OF STORM HYETOGRAPHS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Regionalization of design storms can enhance their utility. Otherwise they have to be separately developed for different regions. Huff curves developed from point rainfall data collected at Coshocton, Ohio, and Chicago, Illinois, and from area-averaged Illinois and Texas precipitation data, are compared. The curves are similar in shape and position, with some visual differences depending on quartile. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests showed no significant differences in moat of the comparisons. Where significant differences existed, they may not represent real differences due to the small number of storms sampled. Consequently, regionalization of Huff curves from Ohio to Illinois to Texas may be appropriate. The comparison of Huff curves is affected to an unknown degree both by the effects of area averaging of data and by basis. of-development differences. The effects of observed differences in Huff curves on watershed response variables (e.g., peak flow) requires further study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05683.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OXYGEN DEMAND IN ICE COVERED LAKES AS IT PERTAINS TO WINTER AERATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Winterkill, the death of fish under ice due to oxygen deficiency, threatens hundreds of shallow lakes in the upper Midwest of the United States every winter. For decades, attempts have been made to prevent winterkill, usually through aeration, with mixed results. In large part, the failure of strategies to prevent winterkill can be linked to a lack of understanding of winter limnology and in particular, of oxygen dynamics under ice.Most winterkill lakes behave as closed systems with regard to oxygen. Consequently, the oxygen content of an ice and snow covered lake is essentially a function of the amount of initial storage and the rate of depletion. Should the stored oxygen be insufficient to prevent near anoxia before melting of the ice cover occurs, winterkill will result.Most oxygen consumption in ice covered lakes is due to bacterial respiration and chemical oxidation at the sediment/water interface, the remainder occurring in the water column. Oxygen consumption (and thus depletion) is a function of the velocity and oxygen concentration of the near sediment water. This is due to the fact that oxygen transport to the sediment is mediated by a diffusive boundary layer adjacent to the sediment surface. Winter oxygen depletion rates decrease when the oxygen concentration of the overlying water falls below about 3 mg/l. Aeration techniques which increase the oxygen concentration and velocity of the near-sediment water also increase the oxygen consumption (depletion) rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01329.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE DISCHARGE OF SEDIMENT IN CHANNELIZED ALLUVIAL STREAMS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Approximately 400 million cubic feet of channel sediments have been delivered to the Mississippi River from the Obion-Forked Deer River system in the last 20 years. The discharge of sediment from these channelized networks in West Tennessee varies systematically with the stage of channel evolution. Variations in yields over time reflect the shifting dominance of fluvial and mass-wasting processes as the networks adjust to lower energy conditions. Maximum bed-material discharges occur during the initial phases of degradation (Stage III). In contrast, yields of suspended-sediment peak during the threshold stage (Stage 1V: large-scale mass wasting) as sediments are delivered from main-channel banks and tributary beds. Suspended-sediment yields then decrease as aggradation (Stage V) becomes the dominant trend in the main channels, but remains relatively high through restabiliza-tion (Stage VI) because of continued degradation and widening in the tributaries. Bed-material discharges decrease from the degradation stage (III) to Stage V, and increase again during restabiliza-tion (Stage VI) because secondary aggradation increases gradients and incipient meandering serves to rework bed sediments. This secondary maxima in bed-material discharge is analogous to those described previously as complex, or oscillatory, response. The trends of sediment production and transport described from these rejuvenated networks are in agreement with experimental and theoretical results of earlier investigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01330.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LOW-HEAD HYDROPOWER IMPACTS ON STREAM DISSOLVED OXYGEN (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A method to evaluate the effect of hydropower development on downstream dissolved oxygen (DO) is presented for a low head dam. Water, previously aerated during release over spillways and under gates, is diverted through the hydropower facility without further aeration. The oxygen transfer that occurs as a result of air entrainment at the various release points of a dam is measured. Oxygen transfer efficiencies are calculated and incorporated into an oxygen transfer model to predict average release DO concentrations. This model is used to systematically determine the effect of hydropower operation on downstream DO. Operational alternatives are investigated and a simple operational guide is developed to mitigate the effects of hydropower operation. Combinations of reduced generation and optimal releases from the dam allow the hydropower facility to operate within DO standards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01331.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELING WATER UTILIZATION IN LARGE-SCALE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS: A QUALITATiVE RESPONSE APPROACH (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Given limited available data and the present state of knowledge on the social aspects of irrigation, there is a need to develop new quantitative methods to measure water management performance in large-scale systems. A qualitative response framework is adapted to formulate a dynamic logit model of weekly field water adequacy and quantify indirectly farmer water utilization. Model parameters are estimated in a weighted least-squares regression using four seasons of data from a Philippine canal system. Estimated coefficients and independent model forecasts indicate greater effective use of rainfall than irrigation in sustaining high levels of water adequacy during the rainy season. Irrigation utilization is two times higher in the dry season, while system location has a much smaller but still significant impact. Utilization rates for both rain and irrigation showed considerable responsiveness to the prevailing scarcity of water. The qualitative response approach is well suited to the aggregated data available for large-scale systems, and allows advances in modeling dynamic water management behavior. Formal evaluation of the model will require further empirical applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01332.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PERMEABILITY OF AIR AND IMMISCIBLE ORGANIC LIQUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The conductivity of air, mineral oil (relative viscosity 77), and a light nontoxic oil (relative viscosity 4.7) was measured in three porous media: a sand, loamy sand, and a silt loam. The measurements were made over a range of water contents for each porous medium. Small volumes of air were present as well as significant amounts of water during most of the oil conductivity measurements. The results were compared to two methods for calculating conductivities of immiscible fluids in water-wet porous media. A new equation that accounts for swelling and for the gas slippage effect in very small pores was formulated for use with these methods The observed conductivities, spanning seven orders of magnitude, agree reasonably well with calculated values. Only three soil parameters are required to calculate the conductivities: (1) the saturated conductivity of water, (2) the saturated conductivity of the immiscible fluid of interest, and (3) a pore size index value that is obtained from an estimate from the water release curve of the porous material. Remediation of organic liquid spills is briefly discussed to illustrate the practical applications of gas phase conductivities, as well as those for immiscible organic liquid phases. It is concluded that, in light of spatial variation under field conditions, the method presented for calculating values of three-phase conductivities will be useful in the management of immiscible organic liquid spills and leaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01333.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FARM INCOME AND GROUND WATER QUALITY IMPLICATIONS FROM REDUCING SURFACE WATER SEDIMENT DELWERIES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The potential surface water and ground water quality tradeoff implications from the nonpoint source provisions of the 1987 Water Quality Act are investigated in this paper using a national linear programming model developed at Iowa State University and modified by the Economic Research Service and the Leaching Evaluation of Agricultural Chemicals (LEACH) Handbook developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The linear programming model is used to maximize net farm revenue using optimal combinations of crop rotations and tillage practices for each region of the United States given natural resource constraints. The LEACH handbook is used to determine the relative potential for pesticides to leach below the root zone for different soil types, hydrologic conditions, pesticides used, and tillage practices. The results indicate that imposing a surface water quality erosion constraint aimed at reducing sediment concentrations results in a larger decrease in farm income than imposing a uniform 5 ton per acre per year erosion constraint. Both constraints could result in regional improvement in ground water quality in some regions of the country while decreasing ground water quality in other regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01334.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE DELAWARE RWER BASIN (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Thornthwaite water balance and combinations of temperature and precipitation changes representing climate change were used to estimate changes in seasonal soil-moisture and runoff in the Delaware River basin. Winter warming may cause a greater proportion of precipitation in the northern part of the basin to fall as rain, which may increase winter runoff and decrease spring and summer runoff. Estimates of total annual runoff indicate that a 5 percent increase in precipitation would be needed to counteract runoff decreases resulting from a warming of 2°C; a 15 percent increase for a warming of 4°C. A warming of 2° to 4°C, without precipitation increases, may cause a 9 to 25 percent decrease in runoff. The general circulation model derived changes in annual runoff ranged from −39 to +9 percent. Results generally agree with those obtained in studies elsewhere. The changes in runoff agree in direction but differ in magnitude. In this humid temperate climate, where precipitation is evenly distributed over the year, decreases in snow accumulation in the northern part of the basin and increases in evapotranspiration throughout the basin could change the timing of runoff and significantly reduce total annual water availability unless precipitation were to increase concurrently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01335.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A PROPOSED MODIFICATION TO REGULATION OF LAKE OKEECHOBEE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The current Lake Okeechobee regulation schedule is two feet higher than previous schedules that were in operation during the early 1970's. Its implementation was in response to prolonged periods of drought that occurred during the 1960's and early 1970's and the large increases in consumptive uses that were projected, and are presently occurring in south Florida. The additional storage provided by the schedule undoubtedly helped prevent more severe water shortages during the record setting 1980–1982 drought. However, two environmental concerns associated with the present schedule surfaced in recent years with the return to more normal rainfall conditions. First, the present schedule allows frequent high water conditions to exist in the lake that appear to be stressful to the unique littoral zone habitat of the lake. Second, the allowable buildup of storage prior to the dry season, combined with the large required decrease in storage prior to the hurricane (wet) season, contribute to the need for large regulation releases to tidewater. These large discharges have undesirable impacts on ecosystems of the downstream estuaries. This paper presents an alternative schedule that better meets the needs of the estuarine habitats without negatively impacting the other objectives of managing the lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01337.x
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  • 21
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    ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL REDUCTIONS IN RECREATIONAL BENEFITS DUE TO SEDIMENTATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A travel cost model is developed to estimate the potential reductions in recreational benefits from sedimentation in Reelfoot Lake in northwestern Tennessee. In addition to the consumer surplus estimates generated by the model, three other aspects of the study were significant. First, the study applied a relatively untested methodology for deriving the opportunity cost of travel time. The study resulted in a value that is less than one-half of the Water Resource Council's “one-third of the wage rate” rule-of-thumb. Second, water quality perceptions were unsuccessfully incorporated into the model as a demand shifter. This raised questions as to the appropriate manner in which perceptions could be included in a travel cost model. Finally, a simple methodology was outlined by which estimates of the recreational value of Reelfoot Lake could be used to suggest how much cost could be justified for soil erosion control on agricultural land surrounding the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01338.x
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    THE ROLE OF ADVISORY BOARDS IN A WATER MANAGEMENT AGENCY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Since Saskatchewan assumed the responsibility for managing the Province's water resources in 1930, the importance of the Province's water resources has been recognized by assigning the responsibility for managing the resource to higher levels in the government structure. With such recognition, there tended to be an overlapping of responsibilities that resulted in undefined areas of jurisdiction and duplication of services. Also, there was no opportunity for direct public participation in the management structure. These deficiencies were recognized, and following a series of public hearings a “Cabinet Committee on Water Concerns” in 1983 concluded that the most appropriate government structure for managing the water resources of Saskatchewan would be a Crown corporation. As a result, in 1984 the Saskatchewan Water Corporation was formed and given the responsibility to manage, administer, develop, control, and protect the water and related land resources in Saskatchewan. An important aspect of this responsibility was that the corporation should initiate a process of public involvement. Thus, six “Regional Watershed Advisory Boards” were established. The Advisory Boards provide the Corporation with a linkage to the general public by providing advice, participating in policy revision and development, and assisting Corporation staff in other related water management activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb01336.x
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    ESTIMATING ANNUAL FLOOD PROBABILITIES USING FOURIER SERIES METHOD (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Fourier series method is proposed as a feasible non-parametric approach for the estimation of the density and distribution functions of annual floods. Clearly, the goodness of fit to empirical data improves as higher Fourier terms are incorporated, and the choice of a higher term depends on whether the inclusion of this term will reduce the fitting error to within a specified tolerance level. This method was applied to the flood data from eight rivers, and to data simulated from known distributions. The results are clearly better than other parametric methods, just like other non-parametric techniques currently used to estimate annual flood probabilities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05388.x
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    ESTIMATING A CARBON/CHLOROPHYLL RATIO IN NANNOPLANKTON (CRETEIL LAKE, S-E PARIS, FRANCE) (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The phytoplankton biomass of the Créteil Lake was characterized through 47 paired measurements of particulate organic carbon and chlorophyll. When determining the tranfers of organic carbon in the lake, the need to convert the phytoplankton biomass into carbon units led to the estimation of a carbon to chlorophyll ratio using regression analyses. An average C:Chl ratio of 80 was found. C:Chl has been found to be highly variable but the value commonly used is C:Chl = 40. In Créteil Lake, the high C:Chl value would characterize the nannoplankton that dominated in the lake. No general conversion factor apparently exists for natural populations; thus, more studies may be necessary for a better knowledge of the carbon budget in lakes.
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    WATER QUALITY MODEL CALIBRATION: A COMPARISON OF INPUT AND OUTPUT ERROR CRITERIA (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A common framework for the analysis of water resources systems is the input-parameter-output representation. The system, described by its parameters, is driven by inputs and responds with outputs. To calibrate (estimate the parameters) models of these systems requires data on both inputs and outputs, both of which are subject to random errors. When one is uncertain as to whether the predominant source of error is associated with inputs or outputs, uncertainty also exists as to the correct specification of a calibration criterion. This paper develops and analyzes two alternative least squares criteria for calibrating a numerical water quality model. The first criterion assumes that errors are associated with inputs while the second assumes output errors. Statistical properties of the resulting estimators are examined under conditions of pure input or output error and mixed error conditions from a theoretical perspective and then using simulated results from a series of Monte Carlo experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05390.x
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    MODEL FOR PREDICTING TRANSPORT OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR METABOLITES IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A finite element model based on Galerkin's upstream weighted residual technique was developed to predict the simultaneous convective-dispersion transport and transformations of pesticides and their metabolites in the unsaturated zone. Transformations of the parent compound and its metabolites were assumed to be first-order reactions for oxidation and hydrolysis, while adsorption of the pesticide species (parent compound and metabolites) to the soil components was assumed to be represented by a linear equilibrium (Freundlich type) isotherm. Volatilization and plant root uptake of pesticides in the solution phase were neglected in the analysis. The proposed model was used to simulate the transport and transformation of aldicarb and its metabolites, aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone, in the soil profile. Several examples are used to demonstrate the accuracy, validity, and applicability of the proposed model. Simulated results indicate that the proposed model can potentially be used to estimate the mass flux of water, and pesticide and pesticide metabolite concentrations in the subsurface environment. However, further verification of the model against actual field data is needed to fully demonstrate the model's potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05391.x
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    EFFECTS OF SIMULATED CANOPY COVER AND ANIMAL DISTURBANCES ON RILL AND INTERRILL EROSION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A rainfall simulator was used on runoff plots to study the effects of simulated canopy cover, trampling disturbance, and soil type on nil and interrill erosion. Sandy loam soil was more erodible than clay loam soil. Furthermore, the simulated canopy cover signffi-Soilfactorsrelatedtonil cantly influenced nil and interrill erosion. The effect of trampling on rill and interrill erosion varied with soil type (clay loam versus sandy loam) and erosion type (nh versus interrill erosion). On large plots, where both nil and internill erosion were involved, 30 percent trampling significantly increased soil loss. However, on small plots, 30 percent trampling significantly reduced interrill erosion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05393.x
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    THE DETERMINATION OF AN OPTIMAL POLICY FOR PROTECTING GROUND WATER QUALITY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An analytical framework is presented that identifies the tradeoffa that a regional authority desiring to enhance ground water quality is confronted with as it strives to balance the preferences of farmers and households while endeavoring to maximize net regional welfare. The basic rule developed indicates that the regional authority must choose a policy whereby any increase (decrease) in regional income is just equal to the decrease (increase) in net benefits to households.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05392.x
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    FLOW PERSISTENCE AS A MODIFIER OF SEASONAL RUNOFF PATTERNS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The effect of flow persistence on seasonal patterns of watershed runoff was modeled by using runoff of the immediate antecedent month as an index. Monthly runoff was expressed as a function of monthly rainfall, season of the year, and runoff of the antecedent month. The three independent variables were expressed functionally as sliding polynomials, thus producing a piece-wise, form-free, three-dimensional causative structure. A model form allowing complete interactivity of the three independent variables could not be optimized because of insufficient data with high values of both antecedent runoff and monthly rainfall. A model with reduced interactivity was successfully optimized. Data sets from five watersheds ranging from 0.14 to 398 square miles were analyzed. Results were presented as a series of contour maps that showed contours of monthly runoff in the data space of season and monthly rain. In the series of maps, the patterns of the runoff contours changed with changing values of antecedent runoff. During the wet season of the year the contours changed significantly with antecedent runoff, but changes in the dry season were minimal. The quantitative change of runoff was more readily portrayed with cross-sections through the contoured surfaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05396.x
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    DESIGN OF A DIVERSION SYSTEM TO MANAGE THE FIRST FLUSH (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To manage the first flush of storm runoff in urbanized areas, a diversion box and detention basin system has been proposed for a new storm sewer system or for retrofitting an existing system. A software package for a personal computer has been developed to facilitate the analysis and design of the system. Hydrographs and pollutographs are generated at the inlet and outlet of the diversion box and the detention basin. The peak outflow and peak pollutant concentrations are compared with the allowable outflow and pollutant concentration for urban stormwater quantity and quality management. The model is developed for both analysis and design purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03087.x
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    UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF ESTIMATES FROM A RUNOFF CONTOUR MAP (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted an analysis to quantify the uncertainty associated with interpolating runoff to specific sites using a runoff contour map. We interpolated runoff to 93 gaged watersheds from a runoff contour map using (1) hand interpolation to the watershed outlet, (2) a computer interpolation to the watershed outlet, and (3) hand interpolation to the watershed centroid. We compared the interpolated values to the actual gaged values and found that there was a bias in the average interpolated value for runoff estimated at basin outlets, with interpolated values being less than the actual. We found no significant difference between the hand interpolation method and the computer interpolation method except that the computer method tended to have higher variability due to factors inherent to the software used. There were no strong spatial correlations or regional patterns in the runoff interpolations, which indicates that there are no regional biases introduced in the development of the contour map.We determined that we could estimate runoff, on the average, within approximately 8.9 cm (3.5 in; 15 percent) of the measured value using the three methods. The results of this work indicate that runoff contour maps can he used in regional studies to estimate runoff to ungaged systems with quantifiable uncertainty.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03084.x
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    ESTIMATING EVAPORATION FROM UTAH'S GREAT SALT LAKE USING THERMAL INFRARED SATELLITE IMAGERY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water surface temperatures can be obtained from satellite thermal remote sensing. Landsat and other satellites sense emitted thermal infrared radiation on a regular basis over much of the earth's surface. Evaporation is accomplished by the net transport of mass from the water surface to the atmosphere. The evaporative transfer predominantly determines the water surface temperature. Hence, there should be good correlations between evaporation and surface temperatures. Previous investigations on Utah Lake with satellite-derived temperatures and pan- and model-derived evaporation values have produced good correlations. However, more study was required with additional satellite data and evaporation measurements for saltwater conditions. The applicability of this method for estimating evaporation on Utah's Great Salt Lake was of particular interest at this time because of the unprecedented rise of this terminal lake. Satellite thermal data and evaporation data from four different years were obtained for the Great Salt Lake and the surrounding region. More than 350 correlation and linear regression analyses were performed on the temperature and evaporation data. The lake salt concentrations were also factored into the analyses in several different ways. The correlation results were generally very good and a methodology for using satellite-derived water surface temperatures along with salt concentrations was developed to estimate evaporation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03090.x
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    MODELING OF LEAKAGE THROUGH CRACKED CLAY LINERS - II: A NEW PERSPECTIVE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An hydraulic description of moisture transport through the compacted clay layers of a landfill cover liner is presented. Previous descriptions have assumed that micro-pore processes control the transport. The present description incorporates the influence of voids or macro-pores created by desiccation cracking. The existence and importance of cracks is documented using laboratory and field data. Although micro-pore flow can be modeled confidently using Darcy's Law, the contribution of macro-pore flow is often neglected because of the lack of field verified models to describe its occurrence. The variety of modes and mechanisms of flow that are operative in flow through cracked clay liners is discussed, and analogies are made to familiar concepts in open channel flow theory. The discussion provides the conceptual framework for the development of a numerical model to simulate both the micro- and macro-pore flow phenomena.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03092.x
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    DEFINING REGIONAL POPULATIONS OF LAKES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Topographic maps are commonly used to define populations of lakes in regional surveys of surface water quality. To illustrate the effect of different maps on that process, we compared the lakes represented on the 1:250,000-scale maps used for the Northeast Region of the Eastern Lake Survey—Phase I (ELS-I) to the lakes on a sample of large-scale maps (1:24,000 or 1:62,500). Lake areas at or near the lower limit of representation delimited “smallest-lake” values for the compared 1:250,000-scale maps. The regional median for these values was 4.5 hectares (ha) and ranged from 0.6 to 24.8 ha. Lake representation is influenced by cartographic limitations such as map scale, age, and complexity as well as the inherent variability of waterbodies (e.g., water level fluctuations or the creation of reservoirs, beaver impoundments, and oxbows). The total number of lakes on large-scale maps increased markedly as lake area decreased. Approximately 15,700 of the estimated 29,000 lakes in the EPA's Northeast Region were 1 to 4 ha in area. Because maps affect the size distribution of lakes included in a regional survey and because lake areas are thought to modify lake chemistry, maps ultimately affect the estimates of regional surface water quality.
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    MANAGING GROUND WATER QUALITY IN RELATION TO AGRICULTURAL ACTiVITIES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Ground water quality is an environmental issue of national concern. Agricultural activities, because they involve large land areas, often are cited as a major contributor of ground water contaminants. It appears that some degree of ground water contamination from agricultural land use is inevitable, especially where precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration. For this reason, and because agriculture differs significantly from point sources of pollution, farmers, policymakers, and scientists need alternative management strategies by which to protect ground water. Mathematical models coupled to geographic information systems to form expert systems can be important management tools for both policymakers and agricultural producers. An expert system can provide farmers, researchers, and environmental managers with information by which to better manage agricultural production systems to minimize ground water contamination. Significant research is necessary to perfect such a system, necessitating interim ground water management strategies that include not only a strong research program, but educational and public policy components as well.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03097.x
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    EFFECTS OF FOREST HERBICIDE APPLICATIONS ON STREAMWATER CHEMISTRY IN SOUTHWESTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The herbicide glyphosate was applied to portions of two watersheds in southwestern British Columbia to kill vegetation that was competing with Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) plantations. This application had little significant effect on streamwater chemistry (K+, Na2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NOs3-, NH4+, PO43-, SO4=, and SiO2 concentrations, electrical conductivity, and pH) when vegetation cover in a watershed was reduced by 4%, but had significant (P〉0.05) effects, which lasted for at least five years, when cover was reduced by 43%. In this case, most parameters increased in value following the application, with K+ and Mg2+ concentrations and pH values exhibiting the most prolonged increases and NO3- concentrations exhibiting the greatest percentage increases. Sulphate and dissolved SiO2 concentrations decreased following the application. Streamwater chemical fluxes showed similar trends to concentrations except that changes in fluxes were less significant and no decreases were observed. Forest management induced losses of NO3-N in streamwater during the first five post-treatment years in the study area decreased in the order: herbicide application (approximately 40 kg/ha) 〈 clearcutting and slashburning (approximately 20 kg/ha) 〈 clearcutting (approximately 10 kg/ha). In watersheds similar to those of the study area, herbicide application is likely to have a greater impact on streamwater chemistry, in general, than would clearcutting or clearcutting followed by slashburning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03098.x
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    HYDROLOGIC UNCERTAINTY MEASURE AND NETWORK DESIGN (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper presents a simple methodology, using the entropy concept, to estimate regional hydro logic uncertainty and information at both gaged and ungaged grids in a basin. The methodology described in this paper is applicable for (a) the selection of the optimum station from a dense network, using maximization of information transmission criteria, and (b) expansion of a network using data from an existing sparse network by means of the information interpolation concept and identification of the zones from minimum hydrologic information. The computation of single and joint entropy terms used in the above two cases depends upon single and multivariable probability density functions. In this paper, these terms are derived for the gamma distribution.The derived formulation for optimum hydrologic network design was tested using the data from a network of 29 rain gages on Sleeper River Experimental Watershed. For the purpose of network reduction, the watershed was divided into three subregions, and the optimum stations and their locations in each subregion were identified. To apply the network expansion methodology, only the network consisting of 13 stations was used, and feasible triangular elements were formed by joining the stations. Hydrologic information was calculated at various points on the line segments, and critical information zones were identified by plotting information contours. The entropy concept used in this paper, although derived for single and bivaviate gamma distribution, is general in type and can easily be modified for other distributions by a simple variable transformation criterion.
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    MODELING OF LEAKAGE THROUGH CRACKED CLAY LINERS -I: STATE OF THE ART (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The existence and importance of macro-pores to the containment efficiency of cover clay liners at waste landfills is documented. Macro-pores exist as voids, or cracks, and act to increase the volume and rate of leakage through cover liners. Existing numerical models used to simulate flow through clay liners are shown to neglect the macro-pore aspect of the problem. Current theories of macro-pore flow developed from related areas of research are presented, and applications to the landfill liner problem are considered.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03091.x
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    ACCOUNTING FOR DISCREPANCIES IN PAN EVAPORATION CALCULATIONS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Four experiments were made to document and account for differences in evaporation data that were calculated using pans equipped with float-activated recorders and pans with hook gauge/rain gauge instrumentation. Paired in-pan comparisons indicated that evaporation differences were not due to the technique of measuring water level within the pan. Also, the recorder float-lag did not account for the differences. By sampling rainfall events, it was found that evaporation pans and standard (8 in. orifice) rain gauges record significantly different amounts of rain, which results in differences in calculated evaporation on rainy days. Monitoring networks with evaporation pans should have uniform instrumentation that accurately records rainfall into the pans for consistent results.
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    CHANGES IN STRATIFICATION IN ONONDAGA LAJKE, NEW YORK (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The calibration of a mixed-layer stratification model to the complex stratification region of Onondaga Lake is documented. The short- and long-term impacts of the closure of an adjoining alkali plant on the stratification regime of Onondaga Lake are evaluated with this model from the perspective of natural variations associated with meteorological variability. Chemical stratification prevailed in the lake during the operation of the facility as a result of its discharge of ionic waste. A predicted likely short-term impact of the closure, that was subsequently observed, was the failure of the lake to turn over in the spring immediately following the closure. Spring turnover did not occur regularly during the operation of the facility; but turnover can be expected to occur regularly in the future. Other projected changes in average stratification conditions include: 1) a 45% shorter period of stratification, 2) a 3m deeper upper mixed layer, and 3) a 30% lower maximum density gradient. Substantial variability in the stratification is predicted as a result of meteorological variability, indicating that comparison of characteristics for individual years during and after the operation of the facility could be misleading. The changes in the stratification regime are expected to affect water quality. In particular, certain features of the oxygen resources of the hypolimnioa are expected to improve (e.g., delayed onset of anoxia).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03096.x
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    WATER QUALITY AND MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS BEFORE AND AFTER A HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water samples and macroinvertebrates were collected from Finley Creek, Indiana, both before and two years after the cleanup of a nearby hazardous waste site. Water quality constituents were compared between years. Below the disposal site higher concentrations of constituents were found before and after the cleanup. However, two years after the cleanup, an improvement of water quality was observed. Total dissolved solids decreased by 52% and macroinvertebrate taxa increased by 44%.
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    INTERPLAY BETWEEN PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY AND MODEL AGGREGATION ERROR (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: S: Modeling error can be divided into two basic components: use of an incorrect model and input parameter uncertainty. Incorrect model usage can be further subdivided into inappropriate model selection and inherent modeling error due to process aggregation. Total modeling error is a culmination of these various modeling error components, with overall optimization requiring reductions in all.A technique, utilizing Monte Carlo analysis, is employed to investigate the relative importance of input parameter uncertainty versus process aggregation error. An expanded form of the Streeter-Phelps dissolved oxygen equation is used to demonstrate the application of this technique. A variety of scenarios are analyzed to illustrate the relative obfuscation of each modeling error component. Under certain circumstances an aggregated model performs better than a more complex model, which perfectly simulates the real system. Alternately, process aggregation error dominates total modeling error for other situations. The ability to differentiate modeling error impact is a function of the desired or imposed model performance level (accuracy tolerance).
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    A CLOSED SYSTEM SAMPLE TRANSFER DEVICE FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNI)S (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A sample transfer device was designed to provide a closed loop sampling system between a ground water sampling pump and a 40 ml volatile organic compound (VOC) vial. The same attachment can also be used with a bailer. The unit is constructed of a poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) body into which two stainless steel needles are press fitted. The needles puncture the Teflon septum of a vial; fluid flows through the longer needle into the vial and exits the vial from the shorter needle. The device eliminates sample transfer bias associated with head space, visible gas bubbles, and atmospheric contamination. Field sampling designed to determine differences in trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations presumedly due to the device were statistically significant in one case, and insignificant in the second.
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    MUNICIPAL UTILIZATION OF WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT: THE ONTARIO EXPERIENCE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Managing the demand for municipal water supply has become a viable alternative or supplement to traditional supply management responses. Though senior governments in Canada are committed to the concept, there is a lack of knowledge concerning the level of use of the demand management concept and little promotion of water conservation. This paper assesses the extent of the use of this concept as it applies to municipal water supply across southern Ontario and examines factors that influence the variation in use of water conservation strategies. Information from 219 municipalities revealed that the concept is not in wide use in southern Ontario and that existing variation can be partially explained by the extent of problems experienced and the population size served by the municipal water supply system. Suggestions for increasing municipal use of the demand management concept are offered.
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    ASSESSMENT OF STORMWATER RUNOFF FOR RECYCLE IN COOLING TOWERS AT KSC, FLORIDA (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In addition to measuring the quantity of stormwater runoff generated during ten rainfall events from the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) area of Kennedy Space Center (KSC), historical rainfall records were also used for determining the feasibility of implementing a program of stormwater recycling to air conditioning cooling towers. It was projected that 0.182 million gallons per day (MGD) of runoff would be generated from the VAR area during a year of average rainfall (48 inches); only 0.117 MGD is required for coolant makeup water in the VAR area. Due to the seasonal variations in rainfall, stormwater recycling may not always meet all the cooling water demands.
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    WATER AND WATER RIGHTS TRANSFERS: A NEW POLICY FOR NEBRASKA (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Nebraska has abundant supplies of high quality surface and ground water. The U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1982, declaring ground water to be an article of commerce, is widely perceived as giving neighboring states easier access to Nebraska water. Some neighboring states, particularly Colorado and Wyoming, are in water short situations. Additionally, current legal restrictions on certain types of transfers within the State could be inhibiting the “highest and best use” of Nebraska's water. Thus, in 1987 the Nebraska Legislature called for the development of a new water policy for Nebraska that would promote the economically efficient use of water, yet protect the environment as well as the rights of individuals (for example, third parties) and the public.Through an interagency study employing an extensive public involvement process, a policy to be recommended to the Legislature in 1989 emerged. The policy revises the basic definition of water rights and transfers and eliminates most of the inconsistencies in the water allocation system by treating most types of water resources, most types of water users, and most locations of use similarly in the permitting process. (The principal exception is the individual irrigator using ground water on the overlying land where overlying land is one government surveyed section; such use is not defined to be a transfer nor is a permit required.) An impact assessment would be required of most new water uses except on site uses of ground water. Compensation measures could be specified as a condition of the permit where appropriate. The permit would be issued only if the benefits of the proposed transfer clearly outweigh adverse effects that could not be avoided or effectively compensated. The policy allows for the sale or lease of “salvaged” water. It calls for the State to facilitate transfers by acting as a clearinghouse for potential buyers and sellers, and it allows the State to sponsor water projects. An annual fee to be paid by many water users, in order to provide a fund for compensation and for state sponsored water projects, was proposed. However, it met with extensive opposition. Thus, the policy recommends only that the Legislature examine potential funding programs and equitable user fees.
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    STANDARDIZATION OF PEAK-VOLUME TRANSFORMATIONS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A general treatment of logarithmic transformations and standardization of peak flows on powers of direct runoff is given. Interpretation is offered in this regard for several recent works. There is no basis in reason and no justification in practice for the power standardization. All power standardizations may be calculated from the original relationship.
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    A MANGANESE OXIDATION MODEL FOR RIVERS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The presence of manganese in natural waters (〉0.05 mg/L) degrades water-supply quality. A model was devised to predict the variation of manganese concentrations in river water released from an impoundment with the distance downstream. The model is one-dimensional and was calibrated using dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, manganese, and hydraulic data collected in the Duck River, Tennessee. The results indicated that the model can predict manganese levels under various conditions. The model was then applied to the Chattahoochee River, Georgia. Discrepancies between observed and predicted may be due to inadequate pH data, precipitation of sediment particles, unsteady flow conditions in the Chattahoochee River, inaccurate rate expressions for the low pH conditions, or their combinations.
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    DROUGHT INDICATED IN CARBON-13/CARBON-12 RATIOS OF SOUTHWESTERN TREE RINGS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Stomatal closure during periods of moisture deficiency should theoretically lead to elevated 13C/12C ratios as reduction of available CO2 leads to diminished photosynthetic discrimination against 13C in favor of 12C. Stable-carbon isotope ratio chronologies developed from 5-yr tree-ring groups at 17 sites in six southwestern states were tested for a drought relationship by first fitting a spline curve to each chronology to remove the long-term trend and calculating indices as the ratio of actual to spline curve value. The time series of “Del Indices” so developed are significantly correlated with 5-yr mean Palmer Hydrological Drought Indices (post-1930 period) and reconstructed July Palmer Drought Severity Indices from respective areas. Overall, in the period since 1790, the driest pentads were 1900–04 and 1960–64, whereas the wettest were 1980–84 and 1915–19. Maps of drought represented for two pentads seem to be reasonable representations, although spatial correlations of Del Indices with PHDI were generally not significant. These Del Index drought reconstructions may provide a useful measure of past physiological response to drought (stomatal closure), although the present cost of analysis would prevent this from being a routine method.
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    MONITORING STRATEGIES TO DETERMINE COMPLIANCE WITH WATER QUALITY OBJIECTIVES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Two sampling strategies designed to test for compliance with water quality objectives are examined. For objectives based on long-term mean requirements, fixed frequency sampling at frequent intervals is most advantageous regardless of the underlying distribution of the data. For objectives that are based on maximum allowable concentrations, effective sampling strategies increase the likelihood of detecting noncompliance.If data are highly autocorrelated or sharply seasonal in distribution, an exceedance-driven sampling strategy is more effective and efficient for detecting violations than fixed frequency sampling. However, data generated by exceedance-driven sampling provide biased estimates of mean and standard deviation.
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    MANGANESE OXIDATION RELATED TO THE RELEASES FROM RESERVOIRS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Stratified reservoir waters frequently contain objectionable quantities of dissolved manganese. The oxidation and removal of dissolved manganese during transport below Normandy Dam, Tennessee, was shown to be much more rapid than expected from chemical oxidation. Oxidation took place in only a day of travel time rather than months or years. Laboratory studies showed that removal was associated with a slime found on rock surfaces below the dam and led to the development of column technology as a possible method of treating natural waters containing manganese. Hydraulic loadings on the columns in the range of 390–780 m3/hr.ha accomplished a 90 percent removal rate of soluble manganese over an influent concentration range of 2 to 15 mg/l.
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    RESERVOIR RELEASES TO USES WITH DIFFERENT RELIABILITY REQUIREMENTS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Releases from a reservoir may be allocated to a number of uses, each of which may require a given volume of water at a different reliability. The paper provides a method that can be used to estimate the volume of water associated with a given reliability for each use of water when the proportion of releases allocated to each use is known. These results can be used to evaluate the meeting of specified objectives under a published release policy derived by stationary stochastic dynamic programming. The results can also be used to solve water allocation problems when the probability distribution of available water is known (or can be estimated) and water has multiple uses, each of which has different volume and reliability requirements.
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    ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT EFFECTS AND NUTRIENT LIMITATION IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Lake Okeechobee, the third largest lake in the United States, is a shallow, mixing basin with annual total phosphorus concentrations ranging from 50–100 μg P/L. Data, mainly from unpublished agency reports, are analyzed to determine if nutrients limit phytoplankton, to describe spatial and temporal variability in trophic state parameters, and to evaluate conclusions obtained from empirical trophic state models. Algal bioassay experiments that have been used to assess nutrient limitation have produced equivocal results. However, seasonal minima in orthophosphorus and inorganic nitrogen indicate that both nutrients may be limiting seasonally. Strong, but reverse north-south gradients and large seasonal changes in phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, show that empirical models based on annual phosphorus loadings or concentrations are not adequate to predict chlorophyll concentrations or other trophic state variables. Spatially-segmented, multi-class phytoplankton-nutrient models of seasonal phytoplankton responses that are coupled with hydrodynamic models may provide predictability in assessing effects of changing nutrient loads on phytoplankton composition and standing crop. Successful modeling efforts of responses to nutrients also must deal with resuspended and benthic algae, periphyton, and emergent and submergent aquatic plants that must play important trophic roles in some of the lake basin.
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    LEAD AND CADMIUM ASSOCIATED WITH SALTWATER INTRUSION IN A NEW JERSEY AQUIFER SYSTEM (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The U.S. Geological Survey collected ground-water samples from the upper and middle aquifers of the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in a 400-square-mile area of New Jersey from 1984 through 1986. Concentrations of lead were greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 50 micrograms per liter in water from 16 of 239 wells. The cencentrations of cadmium were greater than the MCL of 10 micrograms per liter in water from 10 to 241 wells. One-half of the wells that exceeded the lead MCL were in known areas of saltwater intrusion, as were all 10 wells that exceeded the cadmium MCL. The association of elevated concentrations of these metals with elevated concentrations of chloride indicates a mochanism related to saltwater intrusion.
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    DISCUSSION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    DISCUSSION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    REPLY TO DISCUSSION by A. Russell Flegal and Kenneth H. Coale (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    DISCUSSION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    DISCUSSION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    ESTIMATION OF RECHARGE FROM A RESERVOIR USING TWO WATER BUDGET MODELS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Reservoir water levels, observation well data, and meteorological parameters were collected at a recharge dam site in Central Saudi Arabia. This data, along with other information on the reservoir and the underlying aquifer, were used to estimate the amounts of recharge through the reservoir bed by applying two water budget models. The first is a water budget model for the reservoir only, while the second is for an aquifer reach extending upstream and downstream from the reservoir. The results of the two approaches were discussed and compared.
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    A PROGRAM TO CALCULATE CHANNEL SCOUR AND FILL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A computer program written in BASIC calculates net changes in stream channel cross-sections. Calculations are based on dividing the channel cross-section into discrete regions of scour and fill. Internal boundaries of these regions (along the x-axis of the cross-section) are determined by the location of vertical depth measurements taken at two distinct times. The right and left boundaries of the cross-section can be specified so that scour or fill can be calculated for any portion of the profile desired.
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    THE VALUE OF STREAMFLOW FORECASTING IN RESERVOIR OPERATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The value of streamflow forecasts in reservoir operation depends on a number of factors and may vary considerably. Assessment of forecast benefits is presented here for three specific systems. Statistical streamflow models of increasing forecasting ability are coupled with a recently developed stochastic control method in extensive simulation experiments. The performance of the system is statisticafly evaluated with regard to energy generation and flood and drought prevention. The results indicate that forecast benefits are system specific and may range from quite substantial to fairly minimal.
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    LAND-USE AND WATER-QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE GEORGES CREEK BASIN, MARYLAND (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Models developed in Ohio to predict water quality conditions resulting from various land uses associated with the surface mining of coal are employed to ascertain their transferability to Maryland conditions. Discriminant analysis is employed to assess patterns of association between water quality and land use variables, and predictive models were then constructed with which to quantify changes in stream quality to be expected from the changing mosaic of upstream land uses in the Georges Greek basin of western Maryland. Data collected under procedures specified by the regulatory authority in Maryland may have accounted for the lack of statistically significant results from these models. Suggested changes in the collection of data are made for the coal region of Maryland.
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    KALMAN FILTER CALCULATION OF SAMPLING FREQUENCY WHEN DETERMINING ANNUAL MEAN SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A linear filter (Kalman filter) technique was used with a Streamflow-concentration model the minimize surface water quality sampling frequencies when determining annual mean solute concentrations with a predetermined allowable error. The Kalman filter technique used the stream discharge interval as a replacement for the more commonly used time interval. Using filter computations, the measurement error variance was minimized within the sample size constraints. The Kalman filter application proposed here is applicable only under several conditions including: monitoring is solely to estimate annual mean concentration; discharge measurement errors are negligible; the Streamflow-concentration model is valid; and monthly samples reflect the total variance of the solute in question.
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    PRESERVATION OF SAMPLES FOR DISSOLVED MERCURY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water samples for dissolved mercury require special treatment because of the high chemical mobility and volatility of this element. Widespread use of mercury and its compounds has provided many avenues for contamination of water. Two laboratory tests were done to determine the relative permeabilities of glass and plastic sample bottles to mercury vapor. Plastic containers were confirmed to be quite permeable to airborne mercury, glass containers were virtually impermeable. Methods of preservation include the use of various combinations of acids, oxidants, and complexing agents. The combination of nitric acid and potassium dichromate successfully preserved mercury in a large variety of concentrations and dissolved forms. Because this acid-oxidant preservative acts as a sink for airborne mercury and plastic containers are permeable to mercury vapor, glass bottles are preferred for sample collection. To maintain a healthy work environment and minimize the potential for contamination of water samples, mercury and its compounds are isolated from the atmosphere while in storage. Concurrently, a program to monitor environmental levels of mercury vapor in areas of potential contamination is needed to define the extent of mercury contamination and to assess the effectiveness of mercury clean-up procedures.
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    A NEW METHOD FOR ESTIMATING FUTURE RESERVOIR STORAGE CAPACITIES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A new method has been developed for estimating future reservoir storage capacities, allowing for sediment deposition and compaction. Reservoir sedimentation surveys for 117 reservoirs, conducted by the Illinois State Water Survey over the past 60 years, were used to determine regional constants K to represent the severity of sediment deposition in the reservoirs. More than half of the 82 water supply reservoirs investigated had records of reservoir sedimentation surveys, and their K values were calculated by using data from those sediment surveys. The average K values of the remaining non-surveyed water supply reservoirs were estimated from the regional distribution of the K values. Other important factors considered in the estimation of future reservoir storage capacities are the trap efficiency of the reservoirs and the variation of density of sediment deposits due to compaction. The model can also be used for analyzing the economics of alternative sites and of design features that can be incorporated in dams for reducing reservoir sedimentation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03061.x
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    COORDINATION OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE AC A CASE STUDY OF LAKE RESTORATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The potential for joint public and private action for lake restoration is examined using Lake Apopka, Florida, as a case study. Initial calculations indicate that private incentives alone are inadequate to attract investment in a facility to grow and harvest water hyacinths for conversion to methane gas. However, the private externality of water quality improvement associated with harvesting water hyacinths provides a key linkage between the public's water quality objectives and the private gas producer's actions. In order to establish the potential basis for negotiation, the public's willingness-to-pay for environmental services associated with improved water quality is estimated and compared with the estimated subsidy required to induce private action. A conceptual framework is then presented for coordinating actions between private firms and public water management agencies in order to internalize the private externality of water quality improvement while simultaneously achieving the public and private objectives. Results indicate that the subsidization of water hyacinth production and harvesting compares favorably with alternative means of enhancing the water quality of Lake Apopka.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03066.x
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    DEVELOPMENT OF A BACTERIAL TRANSPORT MODEL FOR COARSE SOILS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A bacterial transport model, developed to analyze bacterial translocation in coarse-grained soils, is presented. The complex governing equation is presented first, followed by analyses of each of the major processes influencing bacterial transport. These analyses suggest simplification of the governing equation is feasible when input data on specific processes are limited or unavailable. Model parameters, including bacterial die-off, bacterial distribution, input bacterial concentration, and saturated hydraulic conductivity, were randomly generated using a procedure known to produce either a normal or log-normal distribution of random numbers. Monte Carlo simulations were completed, and the resulting output was used to generate cumulative frequency distributions showing the probability of bacterial transport beyond various soil depths. Results from these simulations indicate that bacteria have a high probability of traveling through coarse-grained soils when low clay content and soil water temperatures limit bacterial retention and die-off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03071.x
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    REAL-TIME QUALITY CONTROL OF STREAMFLOW DATA—A SIMULATION STUDY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The problem of real-time quality control of streamflow data is addressed. Five methods are investigated via a Monte-Carlo simulation experiment based on streamflow data from Bird Creek basin in Oklahoma. The five methods include three deterministic approaches and two statistical approaches. The relative performance of the investigated methods is evaluated under hypothesized random mechanism generating isolated outliers. The deterministic method based on streamflow gradient analysis and the statistical method based on forecast residual analysis perform best in detecting such outliers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03076.x
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    MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE FROM BASINS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : One of the most common methods of artificial recharge to the ground water is from basins. In this paper, seven analytical solutions that describe artificial recharge from basins are presented. Most of these solutions are derived by directly solving the general partial differential equation for ground water flow. The solutions differ in that they use different boundary conditions, basin shapes, and consider the nonlinearity of the artificial recharge problem differently. Use of each analytical solution is demonstrated in this paper by application to an example problem. A comparison of each analytical solution presented in this paper was made to give suggestions on their use, their ease of implementation, and their relative agreement. Although no attempt is made in the paper to conclude which analytical solution is best for all problems, some general conclusions can be stated on the applicability of the various analytical solutions. Of the analytical solutions presented in this paper, Glovers and Hantush's solutions for rectangular recharge basins are highly recommended. Baumanns solution for a circular basin also gave fairly reliable results and is very easy to evaluate numerically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03077.x
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    TRANSITIONS IN MIDWESTERN GROUND WATER LAW (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The evolution of ground-water law in eight states in the Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin) is examined, and a review of transitions in ground-water doctrines is presented. Two underlying themes in changing ground-water management are communicated. First, ground-water law is evolving from private property rules of capture based on the absolute ownership doctrines to rules requiring conservation and sharing of ground water as a public resource. Second, in both courts and state legislatures, a proactive role of ground-water management is emerging, again, with an emphasis on sharing. Both of these trends are apparent in the Midwest. In the last decade midwestern states have (1) seen significant shifts in court decisions on ground-water use with greater recognition of the reciprocal or mutually dependent nature of ground-water rights, and (2) seen increased legislative development of comprehensive ground-water management statutes that emphasize the reciprocal liabilities of ground-water use. These trends are examined and ground-water management programs discussed for eight states in the Midwest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03078.x
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    MULTIDISCIPLINARY PLANNING AND MANAGING OF WATER REUSE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper examines a rapidly expanding area of water supplies, specifically water reclamation and reuse, and provides a comprehensive planning methodology for developing and evaluating water reuse alternatives. The methodology uses five phases: goal setting, identification of reuse opportunities, development and evaluation of planning alternatives, assessment of water reuse linkages, and making decisions and recommendations. A tool called “input-output modeling” is used in the third phase to present numerical data and choices. The methodology seeks to integrate the hydrologic and socio-economic aspects of water resources planning in the area of study.Water reuse may satisfy some of the increasing demands for water in the world, but water quality, economics, public attitudes, and legal and institutional constraints may impose limits on the extent to which it can be employed. The challenge in planning systems is to maximize the utilization of water reuse in the fact of these constraints. The importance of multidisciplinary collaboration cannot be overemphasized.This paper assesses the potential for water reclamation and reuse in developing countries by considering the relationships among the pertinent technical, social, economic, and environmental parameters. Generally, the planning process for water reuse has focused on specific technological processes, but in order to ensure the efficient transfer of waste water reuse technology into the society, the methodology seeks to provide a conceptual model which integrates the hydrologic and socioeconomic aspects of water resources planning and water reuse within the study area. (KEY WORDS: water reuse; water reclamation; planning; methodology; model; reuse technology; socio-hydrologic systems; socioeconomic systems.)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03080.x
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    STORM RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAZED WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN OREGON (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Rainfall and runoff data from 485 storms during the summers of 1979–84 were evaluated to characterize storm runoff volumes (SF) and peak flows (QP) for 13 small watersheds in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon and to determine differences among grazing intensities and vegetation types. Storm hydrographs were separated by using watershed-specific baseflow rise rates of 0.002–0.013 cfsm/hr. Median SF and QP were 0.0014 in and 0.43 cfsm, respectively, for all storms. Total storm rainfall (PPT) and initial flow (QI) were important stepwise regression variables in accounting for the variation in SF and peak flow above initial flow (QPI); 30- and 60-mm rainfall intensities and rainfall duration were relatively unimportant. Two classes of vegetation were evaluated: (1) western larch-Douglas-fir (nine watersheds), and (2) other (four watersheds representing fir-spruce, lodgepole pine, mountain meadow, and ponderosa pine). Mean SF and QP did not differ (P=0.05) among vegetation classes but significant differences were apparent in the relation of SF to PPT and QI, and QPI to PPT and QI. As PPT and QI increased, SF and QPI from larch-Douglas-fir watersheds increased at a slower rate than they did from the other watersheds. Four levels of grazing intensity had no effect on storm runoff.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05669.x
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    WELFARE EFFECTS OF ALTERNATWE WATER RATIONING SCHEMES: A CASE STUDY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Four alternate schemes often used to deal with a water shortage are: physical rationing, lifeline with increasing block rates, rationing with resale, and pure price rationing. Each of these are analyzed using a supply-demand framework. The theoretical results are applied to a representative California water district and the welfare loss is calculated for a hypothetical 20 percent reduction in water supply for six different income classes. We find that reliance on schemes using the price mechanism in one form or another is clearly superior, in terms of welfare loss, as a means of dealing with a water shortage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05682.x
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    EARLY MORNING CANOPY TEMPERATURES FOR EVALUATING WATER STRESS IN A WHEAT CROP (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Several crop water stress indices were examined to determine their potential for use from a space-based system. These indices were compared using data collected over a wheat crop grown under arid environmental conditions. Indices that required concurrent ground-based measurements were less adaptable than the simple difference between canopy temperatures of a field with unknown stress conditions and a similar crop known to be unstressed. The results indicate that it would be feasible to develop space-based crop water stress techniques that would be useful for scheduling irrigations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05414.x
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    RESPONSE CAPABILITY IN WATER CONTAMINATION EMERGENCIES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Contamination of supplies by a wide variety of pollutants has long presented water managers with difficult problems. In the last fifteen years the issue of groundwater contamination has received a great deal of attention. Most work has focused on the source side of the problem. Questions have included: where do pollutants come from, how widespread is the problem, and what are the effects of the contaminants on human health and the environment? Very little work, however, has yet been done on the response side of this issue. Are water managers aware of water pollution problems (actual or potential) and their magnitude, and how well prepared are they to deal with contamination situations if they should develop? This paper reports results from a study of such questions for the southern New Jersey area. The study was intended to assess both the methodological and substantive issues involved in an empirical investigation of response capability. In addition to reporting methodological findings, the paper concludes that, while problem awareness is relatively high, actual preparedness and response capabilities are strikingly low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05415.x
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    CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTREME PRECIPITATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Records of extreme precipitation were investigated using the Discrete Autoregressive Moving Average (DABMA) process, which can explain long persistences of wet and dry spells that exist in daily precipitation data. The results show that the daily precipitation with strong autocorrelation is inclined to be better fit by a Discrete Autoregressive (DAB) model. On the other hand, those data with weak autocorrelations tend to be best fit by a Discrete Moving Average (DMA) model. It can also be concluded that based on the records from extremely wet and dry regions there is no geographic preference regarding the selection of the best model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05418.x
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    SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO SOIL CATENAS IN ILLINOIS: IMPLICATIONS FOR IRRIGATION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Soil water was monitored by neutron scattering in six soils, three each within two drainage catenas in east-central Illinois, over a 15-month time span. The prairie soils have formed in: (1) 76–152 cm of silt loam, eolian sediments (bess) over glacial till (Catlin-Flanagan-Drummer catena), and (2) bess greater than 152 cm in thickness (Tama-Ipava-Sable catena). We characterized the water content of these soils over the total time span and for wet and dry climatic subsets, as an aid to potential irrigation decisions. Soils of the thin bess, C-F-D catena dried out to lower water contents and had greater soil water variability than did the thick bess soils. Under wet conditions, soil water contents in the two catenas were quite similar. Alleviation of surface and subsurface drying via irrigation would thus be more advantageous to yields on the C-F-D soils than on the T-I-S soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05416.x
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    COARSE WOODY DEBRIS AND CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY: A FLUME STUDY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In recent years, logs and other structures have been added to streams for the purposes of altering channel morphology to improve fish habitat. This flume study was conducted to evaluate the effects of coarse woody debris on local channel morphology. Wooden dowels were used to simulate the effects of individual logs in a stream, and scour depth and surface area were determined at the end of each test run. The maximum scour depth was significantly correlated (90 percent confidence level) with both the vertical orientation of the dowels and the channel opening ratio; the scour surface area was significantly correlated (90 percent confidence level) with both the flow depth and the vertical orientation. Upstream-oriented dowels caused relatively large streambed scour and also deflected flows toward the streambank. Downstream-oriented dowels generally caused less bed scour and appeared to provide better bank protection because flow was generally deflected from the bank. In conjunction with data from field studies, these results provide information on the effects of orientation, hydraulic function, and relative stability of coarse woody debris in streams.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05417.x
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    CONFLICT ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT ALTERNATWE FOR THE MANAYLJNK CANAL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The solution of a water resource allocation problem by an alternative social arrangement is presented. Classical Austrian economic theory and the “new resources economics” provide both theoretical and practical evidence to support the development of well-defined, private property rights to the water resource in question. A conflict analysis demonstrates that management of the Manayunk Canal by a firm would reconcile existing confrontations through compromise use of the water resource. Benefit and cost calculations show that a compromise among industrial and recreational interests, currently competing in the political arena, would increase social benefits.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05419.x
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    PEAKING STORAGE TANKS FOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Construction of a “peaking storage tank” may reduce the operational cost of municipal water in the availability of a time-of-use energy rate. A peaking storage tank is used for storing water that is pumped from wells or other sources of supply during off-peak periods when energy costs are less for use during periods of on-peak water demand. The optimal size of a peaking storage tank is that which results in the minimum total cost, which includes both the storage construction cost and the cost of operation of the pumps. The operational cost for a given time-of-use rate is determined by help of a pipe network simulation model solved by the Newton-Raphson technique and a dynamic programming optimization model. A more simplified method is also introduced. Analyses show that low off-peak energy costs make the construction of peaking storage tanks economically attractive and reduce on-peak energy use, which results in electrical load leveling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05420.x
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    APPLICATION OF THE U.S.G.S. DIFFUSION HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL FOR URBAN FLOODPLAIN ANAYSIS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The two-dimensional Diffusion Hydrodynamic Model, DHM, is applied to the evaluation of floodplain depths resulting from an overflow of a leveed river. The environmental concerns of flood protection and high flow velocities can be better studied with the help of the two-dimensional DHM flow model than by use of the one-dimensional modeling techniques. In the test case, some of the predicted flood depth differences between the DHM and the one-dimensional approach (i.e., HEC-2) are found to be significant. Although the DHM generates considerable information, it is easy to use and does not require expertise beyond that required for use of the one-dimensional approaches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05422.x
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    VALUING IRRIGATION WATER IN PUNJAB PROVINCE, PAKISTAN: A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Linear programming models of a representative farm in a district of Pakistan's Punjab Province are formulated for the purpose of estimating the value of irrigation water. The models provide for choices among several irrigation levels for each potential crop. Solutions of the model for several water supply situations provide the basis for approximating the total, average, and marginal values of irrigation water. Prices for important crops in Pakistan are controlled at levels below their levels elsewhere in the world, so models are specified for both financial (domestic price) and economic (world price) scenarios. The value of water to society (its economic value) is high relative to the costs of some generally available water-augmenting investments, while financial values, which measure water management and allocation incentives faced by farmers, are less than the corresponding economic values. At current water supply levels, incremental returns to added water estimated from the economic model would justify investments in water-saving or water-augmenting technologies, while such a decision would be barely attractive assuming financial prices. While present government commodity price policies may serve to protect low-income and non-farm members of the population, they also inhibit farmer investments to increase the productivity of scarce irrigation water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05421.x
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    DISCUSSION (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05424.x
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    Reply to DISCUSSION by Behzad Mohammadi (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05425.x
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    IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT ALTERNATIVES OF A DOLOMITE AQUIFER IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Irrigation development of the dolomite aquifer in eastera Kankakee and northern Iroquois Counties, Illinois, is extensive and increasing. Interruptions of domestic supplies have been reported with increasing frequency during the 1980's. To address this issue, a regional assessment of the ground-water resources of the region was conducted in 1987 and 1988. Options for managing the dolomite aquifer were also investigated. Hydrogeology of the dolomite aquifer was determined using five aquifer tests. Tranamissivity values of the dolomite aquifer ranged from 14,000 to 50,000 gpd/ft (168 to 600 m3/m/day). Storage coefficients were between 0.0001 and 0.0002, within the range of a confined (artesian) aquifer. Based on flow-net analyses, recharge of the dolomite aquifer ranged from 85,000 to 285,000 gpd/mi2 (124.4 to 417.0 m3/day/km2). Water levels of the dolomite aquifer were mapped during five periods in 1987 and 1988 by measuring up to 226 wells completed in the dolomite aquifer. Maximum regional water-level declines because of irrigation pumpage were 44 feet (13.4 m) in 1987 and 72 feet (21.9 m) during the drought of 1988. Based on ground-water use data, precipitation records, and hydrogeologic information, the magnitude of water-level declines can be attributed more to differing hydrogeologic conditions than to pumpage or climatic changes. Existing ground-water management methods for resolving conflicts over the ground-water resources of the study area are reviewed and alternative management options explored.
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    MODELING THE EFFECT OF BRUSH CONTROL ON RANGELAND WATER YIELD (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : With the increase in water demand in Texas, attention has turned to improving water yield by brush control on rangeland watersheds. Several hydrologic models have been developed for either farmland or rangeland. However, none of the models were specifically developed to assess the impact of brush control on rangeland water yield. Yet, modeling the impact of brush control on water yield needs to be considered if alternative techniques are to be compared. Two models, Ekalaka Rangeland Hydrology and Yield Model (ERHYM-II) and Simulator for Water Resources on Rural Basins (SWRRB) were selected. The Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) method is used in both models to predict surface runoff from each rainfall event. The major differences between the ERHYM-II and SWRRB models are the evapotranspiration, soil water routing, and plant growth components. The models were evaluated on brush-dominated and chemically and mechanically brush-controlled range watersheds in Texas. Results indicated that both models were capable of simulating soil water and water yield from brush dominated and chemically brush-controlled range watersheds. The models were not able to predict water yield from the mechanically brush-controlled (root plowed) watershed with acceptable accuracy. The depressions that were caused by root plowing stored surface runoff and reduced water yield from the watershed. Information about the size of depressions was not available for further model evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05401.x
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  • 88
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    ESTIMATING MEAN AND VARIANCE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES WITH BELOW DETECTION LIMIT OBSERVATIONS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Left-censoring of data sets complicates subsequent statistical analyses. Generally, substitution or deletion methods provide poor estimates of the mean and variance of censored samples. These substitution and deletion methods include the use of values above the detection limit (DL) only, or substitution of 0, DL/2 or the DL for the below DL values during the calculation of mean and variance. A variety of statistical methods provides better estimators for different types of distributions and censoring. Maximum likelihood and order statistics methods compare favorably to the substitution or deletion methods. Selected statistical methods applicable to left-censoring of environmental data sets are reviewed with the purpose of demonstrating the use of these statistical methods for coping with Type I (and Type II) left-censoring of normally and log-normally distributed environmental data sets. A PC program (UNCENSOR) is presented that implements these statistical methods. Problems associated with data sets with multiple DLs are discussed relative to censoring methods for life and fatigue tests as recently applied to water quality data sets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05406.x
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  • 89
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    SOME STATISTICAL OBSERVATIONS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Some of the statistical techniques and results presented in publications in hydrology and water resources are, at best, misleading and, in other cases, plain wrong. The author discusses examples that he has found in recent publications. One reason for the number of doubtful papers may be simply that the total number of papers is increasing so fast; seven new journals in hydrology and water resources have been issued in the last few years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03083.x
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  • 90
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    EVALUATION OF CONSUMER NOTIFICATION UNDER THE SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974 as amended in 1986 requires that consumers be notified when maximum contaminant levels are exceeded in their community water supply and when prescribed testing and treatment procedures are not met. A review of communication theory indicates that for the message to be effective (1) it must be received by the intended audience, (2) it must be attended to by that audience, (3) it must be understood, and (4) it must be accepted and acted upon. A review and analysis of existing research evaluating notification programs administered under the Safe Drinking Water Act indicates (1) that receipt rates have been highly, variable, (2) that attention to the message has usually not been directly assessed, (3) that levels of understanding, while variable, have usually been minimal, and (4) that acceptance, though not often directly measured, seemed higher than expected. These results, while critical of past notification programs, indicate that understanding and acceptance can be increased if receipt and attention rates are increased. The paper concludes with a series of recommendations for improving receipt and attention rates, for increasing understanding, and, most importantly, for increasing acceptance and community action for upgrading local water treatment and quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05399.x
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  • 91
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    DROUGHT EPISODES MANAGEMENT: THE ROLE OF PRICE (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Municipal water utilities, when faced with drought conditions, typically impose a temporary water use restrictions program to achieve conservation goals. If water is sufficiently price-elastic, however, at least some of the problems associated with restrictions can be avoided by imposing a drought surcharge and allowing users to adjust voluntarily. This paper develops two sources of evidence on price elasticity in Honolulu, Hawaii, with the evidence suggesting that a drought surcharge will induce much of the desired conservation, especially when used with educational publicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03085.x
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  • 92
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    EFFECT OF SERIAL CORRECTION ON GROUND WATER QUALITY SAMPLING FREQUENCY (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Methods of calculating uncertainty in estimates of serial correlation coefficients, and correcting for bias in short and medium length (less than 50 data point) records, are presented. Uncertainty and bias in the estimation of serial correlation coefficients for ground water quality data is shown to be considerable and to result in inaccurate calculation of the sampling frequencies for monitoring purposes. The methods are applied to a ground water data set consisting of 87 monthly measurements of nitrate concentrations. The variation in serial correlation coefficients with variation of record length is examined. The optimum sampling frequencies for detection of changes in ground water nitrate concentrations are estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03086.x
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  • 93
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    COMBINATION OF RADAR AND GAUGE DATA IN A RAINFALL ARCHIVE SYSTEM (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Near real time daily rainfall estimates for the UK are available from three sources: a sparse network of gauges, radar data, or radar data adjusted by the sparse gauges. The PARAGON rainfall archive system, which has been developed by the UK Meteorological Office, is able to produce these estimates in near real time on a 5 km grid. The ability of these estimates to reproduce the 5 km grid point field derived later from a dense network of gauges is compared using case studies. Five techniques have been used to assess the relative quality of the various estimates. There is general agreement between the results of the various techniques. For the London radar there are examples of days when the rainfall estimate was improved by incorporating radar data; conversely, there are days when the radar data make it worse. Overall little evidence was found to suggest that adjusted radar data are consistently markedly better than gauge estimates. Discriminate use of radar data is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03089.x
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  • 94
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    EFFECT OF SULFOMETURON METHYL ON GROUND WATER AND STREAM QUALITY IN COASTAL PLAIN FOREST WATERSHEDS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Sulfometuron methyl [methyl 2-[[[[4,6-dimethly 2-(pyrimidinyl) a-mino] carbony l]amino] sulfonyl] benzoate] was applied by a ground sprayer at a maximum labeled rate of 0.42 kg ha-1 a.i. to a 4 ha Coastal Plain flatwoods watershed as site preparation for tree planting. Herbicide residues were detected in Streamflow for only seven days after treatment and did not exceed 7 mg m-3. Sulfometuron methyl was not detected in any stormflow and was not found in any sediment (both bedload and suspended). Sampling of a shallow ground water aquifer, 〉 1.5 m below ground surface, did not detect any sulfometuron methyl residues for 203 days after herbicide application. Lack of herbicide residue movement was attributed to low application rates, rapid hydrolysis in acidic soils and water and dilution in streamflow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03099.x
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  • 95
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    AN AUTO-CAD-BASED WATERSHED INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE HYDROLOGIC MODEL HEC-1 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A micro computer based Watershed Information System (W.LS.) is developed to assist in the preparation of input files for the hydrologic simulation model HEC-1. This system consists of three phases. Phase I utilizes the capabilities of AutoCAD version 9 and three programs, BASINS, PLANES, and CHANNELS, to extract, organize, and display watershed data. Phase II uses the program CN to calculate some HEC-1 parameter values. Phase II utilizes the program HECUPDATE to create HEC-1 input files. The system input includes topographic, soils, land use, watershed geometry data, and a skeletal HEC-1 input file. Output from the system includes a summary User Reference File, a Soils File, a Land Use File, a Watershed Geometry File, a Curve Number File, and a HEC-1 input file, which is ready to run. The W.I.S. has been applied to Macks Creek Watershed in southwest Idaho.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03102.x
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  • 96
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    SAGEBRUSH RANGELAND HYDROLOGY AND EVALUATION OF THE SPUR HYDROLOGY MODEL (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : An excellent hydrologic record on sagebrush range-land has been developed at the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwestern Idaho. The objectives of this paper were two-fold: (1) to analyze and describe the hydrologic record (8–18 years) from four sagebrush watersheds (1–83 ha); and (2) to evaluate the hydrology component of SPUR, a comprehensive rangeland model. The watersheds represent a gradient in elevation (1180–1658 m) and precipitation (240–350 mm/yr). Runoff was a small fraction (〉 2 percent) of the total water budget for all of the watersheds. It occurred very infrequently at the three lower elevation watersheds: Summit, Flats, and Nancy Gulch. At Lower Sheep, the highest elevation watershed, runoff occurred most years for a period of 1 to 17 weeks in the winter. Frozen soil combined with rainfall or snowmelt was associated with most of the runoff from Flats and Nancy Gulch. At Summit summertime thunderstorms produced all of the runoff. The average annual sediment yield from all of the watersheds was low (17–950 kg/ha). It was highest from Summit, which had well developed alluvial channels and very steep slopes. SPUR was able to simulate runoff with reasonable accuracy only at Summit, where frozen soils were not a factor. There was poor correlation between predicted and actual annual 8ediment loss. The model tended to overpredict evapotranspiration early in the growing season and underpredict it in the late summer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03103.x
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  • 97
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    ESTIMATED BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE IN DILUTE LAKES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Lake water sulfate values were examined for two areas in western Norway and the western United States presently receiving low levels of sulfate in atmospheric deposition. Data from these areas were used to estimate background concentrations of sulfate in lakes found in areas currently receiving acidic deposition. The two areas contain dilute lakes with concentrations of sea-salt corrected Ca+ Mg less than 50 μeq/l or conductivity 〈 10μS cm-1and receive precipitation with volume-weighted mean pH 〉 4.8. Based on observations from these areas, we conclude that background sulfate concentrations were probably no more than 10 to 15 μeq L-1for areas of Norway and the U.S. containing lakes with low concentrations of base cations. For southern Norway and the northeastern U.S., present lakewater sulfate concentrations represent an increase of 7 to 10 fold above these estimated background values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03059.x
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  • 98
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    HEDONIC PRICE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF A FLOODPLAIN ON PROPERTY VALUES (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The effect of a floodplain location on the market value for property is controversial, with the conventional wisdom being that buyers are myopic. Previous parametric and nonparametric statistical tests have proven inconclusive in deciding the issue. Herein, a theoretical model, that of hedonic price indexes, is posited and tested, using housing sales characteristics data obtained from a Multi-List Service cooperative. This study suggests that home buyers do adjust the purchase price for houses within a floodplain, and this amounts to, on average, just over 12 percent. The data are from a small midwestern town in which the last severe flooding occurred a decade ago.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03095.x
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  • 99
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    EFFECTS OF PLACER MINING DISCHARGE ON HEALTH AND FOOD OF ARCTIC GRAYLING (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : During the summers of 1982, 1983, and 1985, we assessed the effects of placer mining sedimentation on Arctic grayling, Thymallus arcticus, in the headwaters of Birch Creek, northeast of Fairbanks, Alaska. We compared differences between two streams (one that was undisturbed and one with mining activity upstream) near the confluence. Studies of caged fish demonstrated that, if grayling could not escape from streams carrying mining sediments, they would either die at high rates (sac fry) or suffer gill damage, starvation, and slowed maturation (age-O fingerlings and age-2 juveniles). Indirect effects of sedimentation, through loss of summer habitat for feeding and reproduction, may more severely affect grayling populations than the direct effects of sedimentation on the health and survival of individual fish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03100.x
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  • 100
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    CARBON CONTENT OF SEDIMENTS OF SMALL RESERVOIRS (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 25 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Carbon content was measured in sediments deposited in 58 small reservoirs across the United States. Reservoirs varied from 0.2 to 4000 km2 in surface area. The carbon content of sediment ranged from 0.3 to 5.6 percent, with a mean of 1.9 ± 1.1 percent. No significant differences between the soil and sediment carbon content were found using a paired t-test or ANOVA. The carbon content of sediments in reservoirs was similar to the carbon content of surface soils (0–10 cm) in the watershed, except in watersheds with shrub or steppe (desert) vegetation. Based on the sediment accumulation rates measured in each reservoir, the calculated organic carbon accumulation rates among reservoirs ranged from 26 to 3700 gC m-2yr-1, with a mean of 675 ± 739 gC m-2yr-1. The carbon content and accumulation rates were highest in sediments from grassland watersheds. High variability was found in carbon content, carbon accumulation, and sediment accumulation rates due to individual watershed and reservoir characteristics rather than to any broad physiographic patterns. The carbon accumulation rates in these reservoir sediments indicate that reservoir sediments could be a significant sink for organic carbon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb03065.x
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