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  • Articles  (419)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (419)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 1980-1984  (419)
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  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (419)
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  • Articles  (419)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous behaviour in certain versions of the critical oxygen index test (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 6-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Measured Critical Oxygen Index values at 40°C for Opal polymethylmethacrylate (Perspex) sheet have been found to be remarkably dependent on the gas velocity within the column of the Hot Flammability Test Apparatus. Investigation of the atmosphere present in the column has indicated that the effect is almost solely attributable to varying quantities of ambient air entering the column as the flow rate is altered. A modification to the apparatus is proposed that successfully prevents this entrainment of air at normal testing flow rates.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A computational study of physical and chemical inhibition in a perfectly stirred reactor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 14-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper reports a set of modeling studies that were undertaken to acquire a more detailed knowledge of combustion inhibition mechanisms. Mixtures of H2/O2/Ar reacting in the idealized perfectly stirred reactor were investigated. Three H2/O2 kinetic mechanisms were considered, differing from one another by the number of HO2 reactions included. Two physical inhibitors, Ar and N2, and one chemical inhibitor, HBr, were investigated. Additional parameters considered were pressure, equivalence ratio, inhibitor concentration and rate coefficient variation. The most effective inhibitor was HBr which acted chemically and caused substantial reduction in radical concentrations in the mixtures considered. The molecules Ar and N2 acted as physical diluents with N2, the more effective of the two due to its larger heat capacity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050104
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative studies of the burning behaviour of textiles from polyester/cotton and pure cotton (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 24-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A test device consisting of an asbestos covered wooden cylinder was developed to study the burning behaviour of textiles relative to transmitted thermal energy and heat flux registered at 20 sensor points on the cylinder. In order to simulate a ‘line situation’ a reproducible procedure was used for igniting the fabrics at the hem edge by open flames. By linking known tolerance thresholds for second degree burn injuries in humans to the measured time patterns of transmitted thermal energy, the burning behaviour of a pure cotton twill, a 35/65% polyester-cotton twill and a 65/35% polyester-cotton twill was compared. All fabrics, which had no fire-retardant finishes, were also tested in combination with cotton underwear and in some of the experiments they were soaked with an inflammable solvent before ignited. In contrast to customary opinions it could be shown that in apparel burn accidents without inflammable solvents fabrics made from polyester-cotton blends are more advantageous with regard to the thermal energy transmitted to the skin of the wearer than fabrics made from cotton. Even when the burning clothes are soaked with an inflammable solvent, polyester-cotton blends are practically not more disadvantageous than 100% cotton fabrics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison between different reaction to fire test methods on wall-lining and flooring materials (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 77-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: For building control purposes of wall-lining and flooring materials in Europe several empirical reaction to fire tests are used. This paper examines the correlation between a number of different tests looking at some 42 different materials, and comments thereon.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050208
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A correction to standard test equations for use with the hot flammability test apparatus (HFTA) (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 85-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050209
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New regional editor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050302
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050301
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050212
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fire resistance test and its relation to real-world fires (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 112-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The characteristics of fire resistance test furnaces are examined. It is shown that the efficiency of a furnace, as measured in terms of the heat load it imposes on a test specimen, depends markedly on the size of the furnace and the nature of the furnace gas. Only with large furnaces heated by gases of high radiation potential (near-black gases) can the test results be regarded as meaningful and reproducible. Reling a defective furnace with a material of very low thermal inertia, though helpful, is unlikely to bring its performance up to the required level. Methods of determining the efficiency of test furnaces are outlined. The theorem of uniformity heat load is recognized as a succinct descriptor of fires with respect to their destructive potential. As such, it forms the basis for correlating real-world fires with standard test fires.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050306
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer during polymer combustion (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 128-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050308
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of sample dimension on the critical oxygen index of thin polypropylene films (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This investigation examines the influence of sample dimensions on the Critical Oxygen Index, as determined on a Stanton Redcoft Hot Flammability Test Apparatus instrument. The materials used were polypropylene films in a range of thicknesses from 40 μm up to 300 μm and polymethylmethacrylate of 1600 μm thickness. Both the Critical Oxygen Index and the rate of spared of burn in the samples were determined. It is concluded that, for polypropylene, the sample dimensions were important in determining the Critical Oxygen Index and the rate of spread of burn and, further, that the ratio of the volume of material burned in unit time to the volume flow of oxygen in the same time remains constant, the value of the constant being 2.5 × 10 -4. For polymethlmethacrylate, in confirmation of the work of Fenimore and Jones, the sample dimensions were unimportant when investigating the Critical Oxygen Index, although the rate of burn by volume showed a significant increase with sample width. The volume ratio showed a corresponding increase.
    Additional Material: 10 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050307
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correction to a table of relationship between rate of burning and oxygen concentration (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 131-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050309
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050401
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. iii 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050310
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short-term creep of concrete at elevated temperatures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 142-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Results of a study of time-dependent deformation of concrete over a period of five hours at room and elevated temperatures (22 to 649°C) are described. The influences of load, temperature and material variables are examined and data compared with several mathematical models commonly used to describe concrete creep behavior. Information obtained from this study will help in evaluation of the design of concrete structures to withstand fire and other high temperature environments.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050403
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal decomposition of polyurethanes and polyisocyanurates (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of a number of TDI- and MDI-based biscarbamates (model compounds for polyurethane foams) between 200°C and 1000°C showed that the urethane linkage undergoes an O-acyl fission at about 300°C to generate the free isocyanate and alcohol. In the case of the flexible foam analogues, the newly generated TDI reacts further to generate volatile polyureas, termed ‘yellow smoke’. The MDI residues generated in the decomposition of a rigid foams react to yield non-volatile polycarbodiimides. Both the yellow smokes and the polycarbodiimides decompose above 600°C to give a mixture of nitriles (including HCN) as well as a number of olefinic and aromatic compounds. The use of 13C labeling indicated that HCN and all the other nitriles generated during the high temperature decompositions originate in the thermal fission of the aromatic ring, the nitrile carbon being the 2-, 4- or 6- carbon of MDI.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050402
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of carbon monoxide in thermal degradation products of polymeric materials (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 149-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Gas chromatography using a column with a molecular sieve was applied to the determination of carbon monoxide in thermal degradation of polymeric materials. Attention was paid to the variance of individual determinations and conclusions were drawn regarding reproducibility of the processes studies. The carbon monoxide content in pyrolysis and thermooxidation products of the commonest polymeric materials and the effect of temperature on the amount of carbon monoxide formed were determined.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050404
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ignitability as proposed by the international standards organization compared with some european fire tests for building panels (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ignitability, one of the new fire test methods for building materials developing within the International Standards Organization is compared with the national fire test methods in Austria, Britain, France, Germany and Scandinavia. Different commercial wood-based panels have been tested, including fire retardant treated panels. The International Standards Organization ignitability test measures the time to ignition at radiation intensities from 1 to 5 Wm -2; it seems to be able to distinguish between different materials in an intelligible way. An evaluation of the results of this ignitability test is discussed. One possibility which is proposed here is to calculate the mean time to ignition at different fixed radiation intensities; such a mean value simplifies the evaluation and takes into account all the test data. Agreement with the national fire test methods is rather low, since they partly measure other fire parameters; agreement with the Austrian Schlyter method, which also evaluated ignitability, is somewhat better and agreement between the national fire test methods is relatively good for wood-based panels. This is consistent with earlier experience, which has shown that mainly new types of materials behave differently according to different national test methods.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050405
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progress on fire safety standards. Fire standards activities in ASTM (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 177-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050408
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The critical oxygen index test as a potential screening test for aerospace materials (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 175-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050407
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Letter to the editor (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 179-179 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050409
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measuring the leakage of door assemblies during standard fire exposures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 163-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The results of applying the tentative, high temperature, International Standards Organization test methods DP 5925 Part 3, which was developed to measure smoke leakage of door assemblies during the course of a standard fire endurance test, are reported. A critical analysis reveals that the basic objective of the test method is limited in its utility in that fire scenarios in high-rise buildings may not be adequately simulated. Independent of this limitation, the analysis then identifies certain theoretical problems with the test method and its procedures. These lead to a conclusion that the test method is not generally reliable. An alternative test concept which appears to remove this limitation and all of its problems is described, and its development is advocated.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050406
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  • 23
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    Conference report (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 180-181 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050410
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  • 24
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    Action of phosphorus compounds on fire-retardancy of cellulosic materials: A review (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Owing to their low cost phosphorus fire-retardants find vast application in making fire-retardant cellulosic compostions. They have been used both as a physical additive as well as part of the polymer structure. Acid forming phosphorus compounds are generally effective in cotton and other cellulosic. Acidic retardants produce char via a dehydration process and this brings about the final fire-retardancy in phosphate-containing composition. High efficiency of phosphorus fire retardants in polyurethane foam has also been suggested to be the result of stable char formation. The char affects the flammability in the three following ways: reduction of flammable fuel, insulation by the char and coating by the non-volatile thermally stable phosphorous acids which screen the hot carbon from the oxygen. Nitrogen-phosphorus synergism in cellulose in controversial and evidence indicates that it is non existent in polymers.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060203
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  • 25
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    Lightweight fire protection of steel framed buildings: Comments on russian experience in use of light weight fire protection coverings for steel frame buildingsFrom: Fire Resistance of Building Structures (Ognestoykost' stroitel' nykh Konstruktsiy) Collected Papers, Vol. 2, pp. 85-91. All Union Scientific Research Institute for Fire Protection, Moscow (1974). (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 51-53 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In recent year, increased attention, linked to the use of new structural design criteria and materials, has been given to maintaining the integrity of buildings and structures exposed to fire. Structures are now designed using lighter structural shapes and consequently differ from earlier, more traditional buildings, in terms of their resistance to the effects of the high temperature of fire. Contemporary structures are less expensive. Advance in building construction technology also result in faster erection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060202
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  • 26
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    The thermo-oxidative decomposition, ignition and burning of flame-retarded polystyrenes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The theromo-oxidative decomposition, flash ignition and burning of high-impact polystyrene containing the flame-retardant system decabromodiphenyl oxide + antimony trioxide was investigated using the Setchkin apparatus combined with mass spectrometry. The time dependences of the release rate of the main products into the gas phase during decomposition and burning showed that the flame-retardants markedly influence these processes. It was found that the retardants used exhibit an acceleration of the polymer degradation and that the efficiency of inhibition in the gas phase depends on the atomic ratio antimony: bromine.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060204
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  • 27
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    How well are we measuring smoke?Note This paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright. (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 65-67 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Estimates of the errors in light extinction measurements of smoke resulting from forward scattered light entering the detector and from the spectral width of the light source are presented. It is shown for specific examples that each of these effects can lead to an error of about 25% in typical applications. A potential method for calibrating extinction instruments is described.
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    Development of an improved radiant heat source for fire testing (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 68-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development, construction, and testing of a gas-fired radiant heat source for use as part of a fire test method is described. The unit has been shown capable of operation over extended periods at surface temperatures yielding radiance corresponding to that of a black body at 935 °C. This permits a 60% increase of specimen irradiance over that possible with a burner previously used, without modifying the specimen-burner configuration factor. One such application of this burner allows operation with specimen irradiance levels at 5 W cm-2 or for short periods at levels approaching 7 W cm-2 at higher temperatures. This performance is achieved while maintaining effective spatial separation between specimen and heat source. This assists in avoiding imposition of vitiated air near the surface of a burning specimen. Some performance data are provided on its behavior when supplied with natural gas. The unit can burn propane but only with a significant reduction of thermal output.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060206
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    The Delphi method - a complement to research (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 76-79 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In making fire safety decisions the designer often finds that some input variables concerning his problems are chance variables. As detailed statistical data are rarely available the designer must rely largely on his expert judgment. With the application of the Delphi method such decisions can be optimized and formalized. The essence of the Delphi method is described and its use illustrated through an example related to the assessment of fire resistance requirements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060208
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    Toxic gas tests in perspective (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 72-75 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study of the 1979 UK fire statistics and the Annual Report of the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys shows that only 1 death per 1000 is attributable to toxic gases from combustion. However, of the ‘deaths by violence’ it rises to 30 (3%). As 37% of all fires in occupied buildings were confined to the first item ignited and 53% to the area of origin it is postulated that such fires (and the consequent deaths) largely concerned substances which will burn on their own. From experience these are largely materials with limiting oxygen indices below 22 or 22-28 for restricted burning only. Those with limiting oxygen indices 〉28 cannot on their own sustain combustion. These considerations suggest the mode in which toxic gas tests should be conducted, i.e., horizontally or vertically and vertically only for the first two groups, respectively, and in the presence of a fire sustainer for the limiting oxygen index 〉28 group. Wood in the form of a wooden crib is suggested as suitable. To this end some experiments are described with PVC placed on top of a No. 5 crib (PSA). These latter show that, making the best assumption possible from the existing data, the wood contributes about 63% to the toxicity and the PVC 37%. On the large scale, other work has shown that wooden cribs alone will give lethal concentrations of carbon monoxide for significant periods. Thus difficult-to-burn substances need to evolve gases of exceptional toxicity for their contribution to be worth considering.
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    Modeling of NBS mattress tests with the harvard mark V fire simulation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 80-95 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: NBS burned eleven mattresses made up with bedding in two different rooms, typical of a residential bedroom and a nursing home patient room, respectively. Seven of the mattresses flamed and burned vigorously, the other four were of a construction or so heavily flame-inhibited that they only smoldered. The burning behavior of the seven that flamed was modeled with the Harvard Mark V fire simulation. The experimental burn behavior for tests conducted in one room was well reproduced using only total weight of combustible, surface area and heat of combustion. Smoke production values were found to have little effect on the predicted behavior except for the smoke production itself. Fires in a second room, whose ventilation was intentionally restricted by the configuration of the adjoining space, could not be as well reproduced by the present, single-room fire model. During this study several changes were made to the simulation. The most significant change was the inclusion of mixing of the hot exiting fire gases with the cold incoming air. As a part of this, the inter-layer radiation exchange was reformulated to include the effect of smoke contamination of the lower layer. The reformulation of the radiation model has a marked effect on the predicted upper layer gas temperatures, generally improving the quality of the simulation.
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    Erratum (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 98-98 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060211
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    Toxicity of polyurethane-derived oxidative thermal decomposition productsAbbreviations: GSH = reduced glutathione; MDA = 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane; MDI = 4,4′diphenylmethane diisocyanate; NADPH = reduced nicotinamide-adenine; dinucleotide phosphate; UDP = uridine-5′-diphosphate (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 96-98 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060301
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    Fire test behaviour of various crystal types of melamine phosphate in intumescent formulations (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 119-121 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Melamine orthophosphate crystals vary in shape and formula according to their method of production. The types vary widely in their behaviour when incorporated into an epoxy resin intumescent coating for trials in a small scale fire test. Heat treatment of melamine phosphate crystals at 210 °C, a process designed to reduce their solubility, profoundly affects the performance of any crystal type in a fire test. In such cases crystal shape alone appears to determine performance, whereas the shape, formula, and state of agglomeration affect performance in coatings produced with untreated melamine phosphate. Small plates of side 20 μm heat treated at 210 °C, are the preferred type for optimum performance and weathering characteristics.
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    A fire test device suitable for small-scale testing of fire retardant coatings (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 111-118 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A fire test device suitable for small-scale, comparative testing as a first step in investigating the performance of fire retardant materials is described. The procedure developed is not intended to predict the performance of a given material in a real fire, since the local conditions can be extremely variable. However, the parameters in the device can be varied over a wide range to screen the performance of various materials in given situation. Typical results for an intumescent mastic consisting of epoxy resin, hardener and melamine phosphate are quoted, together with appropriate calibration curves. A method of estimating the thermal resistance of the developing char is also discussed.
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    High temperature oxygen index studies of halogenated polyester thermosets containing antimony and molybdenum oxides (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 122-126 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A study has been made of the effect of antimony and molybdenum oxides on the temperature-critical oxygen index relationship of halogenated polyester thermosets. The polyesters were prepared from maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride and propylene glycol, using either tetrachlorophthalic anhydride, tetrabromophthalic anhydride or chlorendic anhydride as the halogen source. Marked differences were observed in the effect of the two oxides. The critical oxygen index values of the halogenated polyesters containing maoybdenum (VI)oxide decreased with increase in timperature, which is in accordance with what is normally found for organic polymers, with and without additives. In contrast to this, the critical oxygen index values of the formulations containing antimony(II)oxide increased with increased with increase in temperature to reach a maximum value at around 100-150 °C. These results indicate that antimony(II)oxide is a better flame retardant than molybdenum(VI)oxide, since not only is it superior at the primary ignition stage but it shows enhanced activity at the higher temperatures which would be experienced by polymeric material in the early stages of a fire. It is concluded that higher temperature critical oxygen index studies provide a better guide to the flame retardant activity of additives than do ambient critical oxygen index determinations alone.
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    Effect of oxygen flow rate and dripping on the linear regression rate of polystyrene (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 38-40 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070105
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    Correlation of smoke and fumes from overheated materials in an aircraft fuselage and in a laboratory test apparatus (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 132-149 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: To assess the utility of a laboratory test for smoke and fume emission from overheated materials, six materials were heated to 500°C in larger amounts in three locations in an air-conditioned aircraft fuselage on the ground. Smoke, acidic or alkaline gases and carbon monoxide were monitored. It was shown that the laboratory test results could be a basis for predicting the smoke- and fume-emission behaviour of materials subjected to overheating, e. g. in aircraft in flight.
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    Assessment of toxic hazards of smoke: Toxicological potency and intoxication rate thresholds (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 128-131 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Smoke toxicity test methods which determine only lethal toxicological potency under ‘worst case’ conditions do not satisfactorily address the critical issue of relative hazard, including time-to-escape and tenability limits resulting from the fire performance of materials under comparable conditions. Since threats to escape from a fire are largely time-dependent, toxic insults produced by burning materials should also be considered as rate processes. Assessment of time thresholds exhibited by burning materials under test conditions to effect performance impairment (incapacitation) of an animal model would appear to be more relevant than lethal toxicological potencies in estimating probability of successful escape from fires. A model is advanced in which intoxication rate thresholds for materials are obtained using a rodent exposure test method. Concentration-time curves, obtained from experimentally derived concentration-time-response surfaces, are the basis for estimating rate thresholds which are distinctively different for each material and which vary as a function of test conditions. it is this performance impairment response surface which is potentially a key to the modeling of toxic hazards of smoke in perspective with other hazards presented by fire.
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    Burning characteristics of beds and bedding - situation and developments (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 157-162 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The term ‘bed’ has a variety of meanings in different countries. In central Europe, ‘bed’ is used for a bedstead with a mattress, a duvet and a pillow, Following clear definitions of the components of a ‘bed’ the author considers methods for testing the burning characteristics of beds and reports on experiences with model beds in fire tests.
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    Flammability limits of the polymer pyrolysates generated from flame retarded poly (ethylene terephthalate)Issued as NRCC No. 22388. (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 150-156 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A device constructed and used to determine the flammability limits of pyrolysate-air mixtures as a function of percentage weight loss on pyrolysis has been employed to investigate the pyrolysate gases generated from poly (ethylene terephthalate) both in the presence and absence of chemical flame retardants. The chemicals tripropyl phosphate (TPP), dibromopropanol (DBP) and tris (2, 3 dibromopropyl) phosphate (TRIS) all influenced both the lower and upper flammability limits, with the largest effects being obtained when both phosphorus and bromine were present, followed by bromine only and then phosphorus only. The results indicate TPP has negligible condensed phase activity with only small gas phase action. DBP has no condensed phase activity but is a very active gas phase inhibitor. In contrast, TRIS has a detrimental effect upon the condensed phase reactions in that it is responsible for the formation of a more flammable pyrolysate gas mixture. Fortunately, its gas phase inhibition reaction is capable of reducing the overall flammability.
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    Why it is difficult to measure the burning characteristics of materials and products (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 180-184 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Flammability tests are difficult because of the complexity of burning processes and of safety considerations. Experimental fires only give a partial view of the combustion process. Owing to the dynamic processes occurring in the flame, tests are very sensitive to external influences. Use, therefore, of flammability test methods should be made only with a clear understanding of what is being tested. Only officially standardized and recognized test methods should be sued.
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    Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) of dielectric materials (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 173-179 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Polymeric Dielectrics are usually chemically complex, and it is attractive to establish techniques capable of providing a general assessment of material composition and thermal behaviour. Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) is capable of providing such an assessment and complementing flammability studies. The use of STA in both of these roles is demonstrated for a number of polymer materials used in high-voltage cables. The materials investigated include various polyethylenes, ethylene-copolymers and filled polyvinylchloride formulations. Fingerprint identification of materials and the influence of chemical structure and additives on thermal behaviour is discussed. In particular the influence of antimony trioxide-chlorinated hydrocarbon flame retardants is examined. The application of STA information in guiding flammability studies is shown by example, and some potential routes for further development are also discussed.
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    The pyrolysis of organic nitriles (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Detailed quantitative studies are reported on the kinetics of acetonitrile pyrolysis using an isothermal quartz tubular flow reactor at 720-1033 K and 1 atm. Pressure using flow rates, in nitrogen, of 2-200 ml min-1. The pyrolysis of several other nitriles (acrylonitrile, propionitrile, methacrylonitrile and benzonitrile) has also been investigated qualitatively by pyrolysis-gas chromatography.
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    Comparative study of the toxicity of combustion products from flame retardant and untreated materials (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire retardants improve reaction to fire characteristics such as ignitability and flame propagation. This paper presents the toxicological results of tests performed on eleven pairs of untreated and treated materials, including woods, synthetic materials and textiles (both natural and synthetic). It is shown that the effects of fire retardants on toxicity results can be variable. In addition, the problem of the use of toxicity results is discussed more generally.
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    Combustion products from burning wool fabric (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 210-215 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A Preliminary study of the thermal degradation of wool fabric was carried out under a wide range of oxidative degradation conditions including flaming combustion. Product collection methods and analysis conditions were designed to minimize secondary reactions. The degradation products obtained included a variety of organic nitriles and heterocyclic compounds as well as the usual aromatic and oxygenated products. Variations in moisture content and fire retardant level in the wool had little effect on the organic volatiles produced form the fabrics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070409
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    Statistics of fires in dwellings involving textiles in the United Kingdom (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 202-209 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: There is widespread concern at present about the fire risk form the use of modern materials in upholstery and other domestic articles. One of the main characteristics of fires in dwellings which start with the ignition of textiles or furniture is that they have a high casualty rate compared with other kinds of domestic fires. Most of the casualties form such fires occur in fires which start in upholstery or bedding, often accidentally ignited by smokers' materials. Asphyxiations by smoke is the commonest cause of death in ‘textile’ and ‘upholstery’ fires. This paper presents relevant statistical information on fires in dwellings attended by local authority fire brigades which result from the ignition of upholstery, bedding, other textiles or furniture and the casualties which these fires cause.
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    The influence of applied heat flux on the combustion of epoxies (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 7 (1983), S. 216-218 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810070410
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080101
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    Some aspects of fire safety design on railways (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 6-9 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080103
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    Toxicity of fire effluents: Application of test data (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The application of the results of any fire toxicity test is extremely difficult because of the complexity of the problem and the limitations of the test. This paper will discuss the potential use of test data in the decision-making process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080102
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    The incapacitative effects of exposure to the thermal decomposition products of polyurethane foams (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The mechanisms of incapacitation resulting from exposures to the thermal decomposition products of flexible and rigid polyurethane foams (PUF) were studied over a range of different temperatures under pyrolytic or non-flaming oxidative decomposition conditions. Individual cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to atmospheres increasing in separate experiments from very low concentrations until early physiological signs of incapacitation were detected. When flexible PUF was pyrolysed at 900°C and rigid PUF was oxidized at 600°C, clear atmospheres containing CO and HCN were produced and the signs of toxicity were very similar to those produced by HCN gas alone, consisting of an episode of hyperventilation followed by a semi-conscious state. Pyrolysis of flexible PUF at 600°C and 300°C produced a dense yellow smoke but no HCN. The signs, consisting of hyperventilation throughout exposure and dyspnoea afterwards, were consistent with pulmonary irritation, Since TDI monmer is not present at 6000 C it is concluded that some as-yet unidentified but highly irritant chemical species is present in smoke from flexible PUF.
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    Flame-retardant paints (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 17-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Flame-retardant paints have been developed which can considerably upgrade the performance of combustible substrates in surface spread of flame test, but there is uncertainty as to their benefit in a real fire situation. This is partly owing to the lack of agreement on laboratory test methods and even of their value. Flame-retardant paints commercially available in the United Kingdom are of two types, the intumescent type and the antimony oxide type, and their mechanism of action is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080105
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    Rate of heat release measurements with the Swedish box test (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 20-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Swedisn box apparatus was modified to include an oxygen analysis of the exhaust gases to be compared with the conventional exhaust gas temperature measurement. A slow-burning material shows good correlation between the temperature measurement and the rate of heat release. A fast-burning material, however, consumes all the available oxygen, and the temperature measurement becomes a measure of only the thermal properties of the material.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080106
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    An investigation of fire plume impingement on a horizontal ceiling. 1 - Plume region (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 28-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental study of buoyant, axisymmetric, turbulent, diffusion flames is described. Measurements included profiles of mean velocity, mean temperature and mean concentrations of major species for flames having heat release rates of 1.67 and 8.51 kW. An integral model was developed and calibrated with both present and earlier measurements. Empirical constants account for flow entrainment and rates of fuel consumption. Overall, the integral model provided satisfactory predictions of bulk velocity, temperature and concentrations in both combusting and non-combusting plumes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    A procedure to calculate fire resistance of structural members (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 40-48 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Progress in the field of theoretical prediction of fire resistance has been rapid in recent years. A procedure has been developed at the National Research Council of Canada for calculation of the fire resistance of structural members. The various steps in the construction of a mathematical model to calculate temperatures, deformations and strength are shown using as an example the calculation of the fire resistance of a cylindrical tubular steel column filled with concrete. A comparison of results calculated using the model with those of a fire test is also discussed.
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    Reply to ‘toxicity of Teflon®: Similar results obtained with radient-convective heat sources or in hot fire gases’ (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 55-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080111
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    Home Office Legislation, Regulations and Controls in the UK in respect of premises within the scope of the Fire Precautions Act 1971 (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Fire Precautions Act 1971, in contrast with previous legislation, is directed exclusively to the provision of fire precautions in buildings after occupation. The system of control is by fire certificate and can be applied to a class of premise (listed in Section 1) by means of a designating order. In the case of any particular use of premise, the Secretary of State, under Section 12, may by Regulation, make provision as to precautions which are to be taken in relation to the risk to persons in case of fire.
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    Toxicity of Teflon®, similar results obtained with radiant-convective heat sources or in the hot fire gases (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 54-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080110
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    Reply to: ‘combustion product toxicity: Dependence on the mode of product generation’ and ‘Toxicity of Teflon®: Similar results obtained with radiant-convective heat sources or in hot gases’ (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 56-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080112
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080201
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    Test methods and standards. Fire performance of products (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 64-68 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: More than 700 standardized rules for fire testing are used round the world in order to assess the fire safety of materials, products and constructions in different technical fields. This article discusses the reasons for this variety of test methods and evaluation systems and the attempts to create systematic models in this special field of material testing, including new suggestions and developments in ISO and CIB for future approaches.
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    Predicting flash fire protection of clothing from laboratory tests using second-degree burn to rate performance (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Laboratory tests have been developed that evaluate realistically the protective performance of clothing materials and garments. Test conditions are chosen to stress the high temperature resistance of materials in the same manner as in an industrial flash fire exposure. A second degree burn in human tissue is used as the criteria to ate performance of materials. Test results have been correlated between the small-scale lab swatch test and a full-scale instrumented manikin garment test, and these results related to industrial experience. The TPP lab test has been found useful in evaluating the performance of candidate materials as replacement for existing materials with known acceptable protective performance. It can be used to specify the level of protection needed in a garment when the intensity of the exposure hazard is known. Also, the test is especially useful for developing new materials and selecting candidates for additional field testing.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Effective thermal inertia in relation to normalized heat load (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Normalized heart load, obtained by dividing heat absorption by thermal inertia, is a quantity useful in building design for relating fire severity in fully developed compartment fires to fire severity in standard fire resistance tests. Harmathy has shown how normalized heat load may be used for determining required fire resistance in projected buildings. The present work describes how effective values of thermal inertia can be calculated for such important materials as brick and concrete, both normal and lightweight, for which thermal properties depend strongly upon temperature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080205
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    Application of test results to analysis and control of fire growth hazards (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 69-76 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Some examples of the application of fire tests to hazard and risk assessment and some of the problems to be encountered are described. Reference is made to theoretical studies designed to show how to obtain basic data on material properties from ignitability and flame spread tests, and recent correlations of the rate of heat release required to cause flashover are presented. Progress in predicting fire growth from theory for certain idealized conditions will increasingly condition the choice of which processes shall be the subject of tests.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080204
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080301
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    Development of the cone calorimeter - A bench-scale heat release rate apparatus based on oxygen consumptionThis paper is a contribution of the National Bureau of Standards and is not subject to copyright. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 81-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Combustion of plastics ; combustion properties ; fire tests ; heat of combustion ; ignitability ; oxygen consumption ; rate of heat release ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new bench-scale rate of heat release calorimeter utilizing the oxygen consumption principle has been developed for use in fire testing and research. Specimens may be of uniform or composite construction and may be tested in a horizontal, face-up orientation, or, for those which do not melt, in a vertical orientation. An external irradiance of zero to over 100 kW m-2 may be imposed by means of a temperature-controlled radiant heater. The rate of heat release is determined by measuring combustion product gas flow and oxygen depletion, while the mass loss is also recorded simultaneously. The instrument has been designed to be capable of higher accuracy than existing instruments and yet to be simple to operate and moderate in construction cost. The instrument is thermed a ‘cone calorimeter’ because of the geometric arrangement of the electric heater.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810080206
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    Failure probabilities of constructions designed for fire resistance (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 96-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: ‘Normalized heat load’ is a quantifier of the destructive potential of fires, real-world compartment fires and test fires alike. For real-world fires it is subject to some uncertainties owing to the random nature of two of the variables it depends on: ventilation and fire load. For test fires also it is subject to uncertainties owing to a moderate degree of randomness that characterizes the results of test fires. A procedure is described for predicting the failure probability in fire of the boundaries of a compartment designed for fire resistance on the basis of information concerning the characteristics of the compartment and the design value of the fire load. The procedure is essentially deterministic, employing statistical considerations only as far as required by the nature of some of the input variables. With the aid of second-moment analysis, it is possible, furthermore, to design the compartment boundaries for appropriate target failure probabilities.
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    A room fire simulation model (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An interactive computer program for simulating the early fire growth in an enclosure is described. The enclosure is assumed to be divided into distinct homogeneous zones. The rate of heat release is defined for the fire and the conservation equations are solved for the zones, yielding the temperature and radiant heat conditions in the fire room. The purpose of the work was to develop a computer program to be used by people working with fire engineering applications and having little experience in computer calculations. The user converses with the program via a terminal connected to the computer. The dialogue is governed by commands adapted to the concepts of the user. Results of the computer model are compared with measured data of the burning of wood and plastic cribs in an enclosure, showing a good agreement between measured and calculated results.
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    Specification of combustible materials for passenger train design (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 113-124 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The general nature of fire problems on energy-conservative passenger trains is described, including a description of vehicle structures and lightweight design. Effects of high energy demand, tunnels and high maximum speeds on fire safety are outlined. The considerations used in design analysis are described, beginning with the development of a ‘worst-case fire scenario’. Typical combustible materials are considered and some of the reasons for choices are given. Notes on cavity and chimney effects emphasize the importance of clear objectives. Structural fire resistance is examined, and the basis of conventional recommendations analysed. The application of British Standard 6336 guidelines on fire tests and hazard assessment is examined. Limitation of fire load density is described, and some problems of calorific value determination outlined. Sources of ignition and hazards from passengers are defined. Flammability and flame-spread control are discussed, and rate of heat release is referred to in the context of fire behaviour. Problems of passenger escape linked to flashover, smoke and combustion gases are dealt with briefly.
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    Characterization of the burning behaviour of polymeric materials (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 137-147 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Measurements of the limits of flaming and smoldering combustion and relative rates of burning under elevated temperatures and oxygen-depleted conditions have been used to characterize the fire behaviour of polymeric materials using a semi-empicical approach (based on scientific theory) in terms of Power Law Indices. The work was based on modified current tests; namely the Limiting Oxygen Index (ASTM D2863) at elevated temperatures and the Setchkin Flash and Self-Ignition Test (ASTM D1929) modified to operate in oxygen-depleted atmospheres and to record rate of weight loss. Results show that the relative flammability and rate of burning of materials can change markedly with fire environment, and confirms the need to test materials lunder conditions representative of those of the anticipated end-use hazard.
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    Burning, pyrolysis, combustion and charoxidation. Need for clarifying terminology (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 224-226 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The vague meaning of the word ‘burning’ has long created communication difficulties among fire scientists, and has to unwarranted conclusions. It is suggested that the word ‘burning’ be used as an umbrella term, covering up to three dissimilar types of reactions: pyrolysis or gasification, (gas-phase) combustion, and char-oxidation.
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    Rate of heat release by oxygen consumption in an open test arrangement (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 8 (1984), S. 206-216 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: building materials ; fire tests ; heat release rate ; oxygen consumption ; spectral energy distribution ; weight measurement ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for measuring the rate of heat release from building materials in an open test arrangement. The method is based on an oxygen consumption technique. A vertical sample is placed under an open hood in which the combustion gases and a certain amount of air are collected. The decrease in oxygen concentration and the mass flow of the gases are measured in the exhaust duct. The rate of heat release is then calculated. The equipment has been calibrated with good agreement between input and measured effects. The total response time for the system is 10s. The method has been used for testing building materials at radiation intensities up to 5W Cm-2. It is able to distinguish between different board materials, and the repeatability is good, The paper describes the equipment, including the weighing of a burning sample and the selection of test condition. Smoke and gas analysis can be added when desirable. Some test results with building materials are also presented.
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040101
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    Structural fire protection. Report of group session 5.2, CIB W14 commission meeting, Copenhagen, May 1978 (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Recent development and trends of development in progress within the field of structural fire protection are described and evaluated with a focus on the contributions circulated within CIB W14. The presentation is structured on the one hand with regard to different methods of design (experimental determination of fire resistance, analytical determination of fire resistance, analytical design based directly or indirectly on real fire exposure characteristics), on the other with regard to different structural materials (steel, concrete and wooden structures). The presentation gives evidence of a development towards an increased application of analytical design methods based on modern structural safety philosophy. The urgency of increased research is stressed for improving the present building code systems in order to achieve fire safety levels which are consistent with strictly defined functional requirements.
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    Two-layer modeling of smoke movement in building fires (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 17-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A description is given of a model which predicts the motion of combustion products and fresh air caused by a fire located in one room of a two-room structure. The gas in each room is assumed to be divided into two homogeneous layers, a layer next to the ceiling which contains hot combustion products and one next to the floor which contains fresh air. The model predicts the motion of the interface separating these layers and the density of the hot layers as a function of time and an arbitrarily specified fire heat release rate.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040103
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    Legislation in the United Kingdom relating to plastics, polymers and textiles (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 28-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper deals with legislation enacted in the United Kingdom for the control of the hazard form fire in buildings of public resort such as hotels, boarding houses, factories, offices and shops as well as domestic dwellings. It gives background to why the various Acts were deemed necessary, why subsequent Regulations under the Acts were introduced, an impression on the effect their enforcement has had and an introduction into what is envisaged for the future. The legislation is not the product of any one Government department nor is it enforced by any single agency. Much of it is enforced by local authority fire brigade fire prevention departments and other sections by local authority Building Control Officers. It is the view of the author that more controls are required by way of Regulations and that certain of the Regulations at present in force are in need of revision. Included in the paper are tables of the latest statistics available (1976) together with other data, previously unpublished, which in the author's opinion justify his claim that more controls are needed. In the final part of the paper the author recommends most strongly that the gap in the present British Standard fire tests produced by the lack of an effective means of evaluating the smoke-producing qualities and the toxicity of the produced by the lack of an effective means of evaluating the smoke-producing qualities and the toxicity of the products of combustion of different materials should be urgently studied with an amended priority.
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    An application of the self-ignition method of polymers: Anti-smoke additive induced glowing effect in the combustion of poly(vinylchloride) (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The effect of anti-smoke additives in poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) has been studied using self-ignition methods. The self-ignition reaction was followed thermally, visually and by gas - liquid chromatography of the gaseous phase around the sample. Particular emphasis was palced on the determination of the CO, CO2 and aromatic species. It is shown that ferrocence, among similar additives, considerably modifies the self-ignition behaviour of PVC by inducing glowing phenomena of various kinds. In some cases this incandescence can lead to self-ignition. From the analysis of carbon oxids and aromatic species as a function of time and temperature, it is possible to deduce that the anti-smoke reaction is associated, at least partially, with reactions which lead to incandescence. These reactions transform the carbon into carbon oxides instead of producing, in the gaseous phase, molecules which on further condensation lead to aromatic species at the origin of the soot. In short, the anit-smoke reaction appears to proceed mainly through a competing mechanism.
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    Flammability testing in Europe (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 149-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper outlines the current situation of fire testing in Europe under the headings of combustibility, ignitability, flame spread, heat release, smoke tests and toxicity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040307
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    Heat transfer characteristics of flight jacket materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 144-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The heat transfer behavior was determined for textile materials used in Air Force flight jackets. The primary objective as to incorporate flame resistant, thermally stable fiber forms in jackets to provide greater protection to aircrewmen from fire. Combinations of fabric/insulation, flammable and nonflammable, were evaluated in the layered configurations intended for use in either cold weather and moderately cold weather jackets. A combination of Nomex fabric (outer shell) and Kynol® batting (insulation) proved superior to all other combinations of fabric and batting.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040306
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    Intumescent coatings and their uses (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 154-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Thin coats of flame-retardant paints are unable to protect flammable substrates as there is not sufficient flame retardant in the thin coat to protect the substrate. Intumescent coatings foam and bubble when subjected to high temperatures and create multicellular cushions which prevent (a) heat from penetrating into the substrate and (b) flames from spreading along the surface. This paper concentrates on paints and varnishes, but also considers protective coatings for structural steel, smoke proof and wall piercings.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040308
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    An evaluation of heat release criteria in reaction-to-fire tests (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A theoretical approach is developed for evaluating quantitatively the heat evolved during a reaction-to-fire test. This involves determining the transfer function from two head balance equations, one concerning the walls and the other the air in the test box. A comparison between this theoretical approach and the empirical ‘area under the curve’ method has been made for 34 tests on electrical cables. It is shown that the empirical method is unacceptable.
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    Temperature of instantaneous ignition (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 163-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040310
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040401
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    The early fire behaviour of combustible wall lining materials (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The development of the Australian Standard AS 1530 Part 3 ‘Test for Early Fire Hazard Properties of Materials’ from the study of the fire behavior of cellulosic wall linings in simulated room fires has been outlined. Similar studies for assessing a wider range of wall linings are now reported including various plastic facings applied to hardboard. Using similar parameters for ignitability, spread of flame, heat evolved and smoke developed, the behaviors of the linings in the standard test have been compared to the behavior in corner-wall burns. Two methods of ignition were used for the burns; (a) timber cribs; and (b) impressed radiant heat with a pilot flame. The results are discussed in terms of the validity of the standard test as a multi-parameter assessment of materials in a fire hazard situation. The test has been validated for the wider range of wall lining materials.
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    Fire performance standards and the problem of fire risk assessmentThis paper is a contribution from the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada, and is published with the approval of the Director of the Division. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is submitted that the development of a set of complementary performance test standards and of an algorithm for calculating from the test results the inherent potential of products for harm is the prerequisite of any progress towards a coherent fire risk assessment philosophy.
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    Current thinking and development in fire testing in EuropePaper presented at the South-East Asian and Pacific Fire Safety Conference, Singapore, 4-7 September, 1979. (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The paper examines briefly the history of fire testing in the UK and outlines the current European position as exemplified by activities in the EEC member countries, the Scandinavian countries and Eastern Europe. The role of ISO and the changing approach to the development of fire tests is considered. The interactions amongst test developing bodies, regulatory authorities and the regional organizations concerned with harmonization are highlighted.
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    Heat release rate in fires (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the definition of heat release rate in fires is given in terms of heat of combustion and mass loss rate of the fuel. Various components of the heat of combustion are defined. The dependency of heat of combustion components and mass loss rate on factors such as fire stages, oxygen to fuel ratio, heat flux received by the fuel, chemical composition of the fuel vapors and products are enumerated. Applications of heat release rate data for relative fire hazard of fuels, for various fire conditions, for human escape potential from fires and for the operation of fire-sensing devices are discussed.
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    An ignition test for plastics (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 201-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040407
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    Forthcoming meeting (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 202-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810040408
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    Smoke problems in buildings on fire: A TNO research project (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 4 (1980), S. 192-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The activities within the framework of TNO's research project on smoke problems in buildings on fire are reviewed. Two aspects will be dealt with extensively: smoke production and smoke movement. Furthermore, possible application of its finding will be discussed. The article reflects the state of the art at the end of 1978. In the meantime, the research programme has been concluded.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050101
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    Major pyrolysis and thermoxidative products from certain polyamides (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The nature of the pyrolysis and thermoxidative decomposition products of a number of polyamides was investigated using thermogravimetry, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The degree of potential toxic effect has been assessed from qualitative evaluation of the results.
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    Hydraulic fluids: An approach to high pressure spray flammability testing based on measurement of heat output (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: One of the main hazards associated with the use of hydraulic fluids is the accidental release of hydraulic fluid near to a source of ignition. Several tests simulating this hazard have been developed but, in the opinion of the authors, none fulfils all the scriterla required of a flammability test. A new form of test has been developed. A test chamber is ventilated by a smooth flow of air; the hydraulic fluid under test is sprayed into the test chamber and ignited. The temperature rise in the gases leaving the stack and the radiation from the flame are measured at a specified time and from these measurements the heat output of the flame is estimated. Different fluids are then compared on the basis of their heat output values and data are presented in the paper for a variety of fluids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050303
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    Correlation between the critical oxygen index test and other fire tests (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 93-102 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Critical Oxygen Index test is widely used as a measure of the flammability of many substances. This paper reviews attempts that have been made to compare Oxygen Index values with the results from other fire tests. Varying degrees of correlation are apparent, depending on the properties being measured in the respective tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050304
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    Testing products and materials for their contribution to flashover in rooms (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 5 (1981), S. 103-111 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The first part of the paper describes briefly the calculation of the rate of heat release required to cause flashover in a compartment. It is possible from theory to suggest that the thermal feedback which controls the supply of gaseous fuel from a given area of combustibles may be generally less important than that which controls the extension of the area, although eigher can cause the rapid transition of flashover in the absence of the other. In the second part of the paper some implications for the testing of products and linings are explored and some suggestions are made for the way in which test data can be used to predict the behaviour of fires in rooms. Suggestions are made for the way in which test data can be used to predict the behaviour of fires in rooms. Suggestions are made for the development of test having a more direct meaning, in terms of both hazard and quantitative theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810050305
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    The thermal behaviour of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 7-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal behaviour in air of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes as well as that of the raw materials of lignins has been investigated using thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry studies of lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes have shown their thermal resistance to be relatively higher than that of the intital raw materials of lignins in concrete kraft lignin and sodium ligninosulfonate. The differential thermal studies have demonstrated that the thermal degradation of products investigated takes place via exothermic processes. The lignins modified by chlorophosphazenes have been shown to be thermal and flame-resistant materials.
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    Determination of hydrogen cyanide in thermal degradation products of polymeric materials (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 13-15 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Thermal degradation products of nitrogen-containing polymeric materials were analysed for hydrogen cyanide. A spectrophotometric method was used for the determination of cyanides using the formation of a characteristic absorption peak of cyanonickel(II) ion in the ultraviolet spectral region. Pyrolysis and thermooxidation products were studied and conclusions on the reproducibility of the degradation process were drawn. The effect of temperature on the quantity of hydrogen cyanide formed was studied as well.
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    An analysis of smoldering fires in closed compartments and their hazard due to carbon monoxide (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 6 (1982), S. 99-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A review was made of smoldering fire experiments conducted in closed rooms and buildings. The results were summarized by tabulating maximum levels of CO, the time integral of CO concentration (‘dose’), CO2, temperature rise and oxygen consumption. A hazard time based on the attainment of a CO dose equal to 4.5% CO-minutes and the time for transition to flaming were also tabulated. The likelihood of reaching a critical CO condition during smoldering seems to be comparable with the likelihood of having transition to flaming occur. A theoretical model, requiring inputs of CO production rate and energy release rate, was executed and compared with available data. The theoretical results for CO concentration as a function of time were in good agreement with the experimental data. The model offers a means of extrapolating test data to compartments of various size in order to assess the general hazard of CO due to smoldering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fam.810060302
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