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  • Weitere Quellen  (34)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (29)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • 1995-1999  (25)
  • 1980-1984  (9)
  • 1
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    The planktonic life of octopuses (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 377 (6545). p. 107.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-04
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  • 2
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    Yet more danger for coelacanths (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 374 (6520). p. 314.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-06
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  • 3
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    Relative departures in July temperatures in northern Canada for the past 6,000 yr (1981)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 289 (5794). pp. 164-167.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2016-04-11
    Beschreibung: There has been concern about recent temperature trends and the future effects of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere1,2; but instrumental records only cover a few decades to a few centuries and it is essential that proxy data sources, such as pollen spectra from peats and lake sediments, be carefully interpreted as climate records. Several workers have shown statistically significant associations between the modern pollen rain and climatic parameters, an approach that by-passes the recognition of pollen/vegetation units. Statistically defined equations that associate abiotic and biotic elements are called transfer functions. We report here on the application of transfer function equations to nine middle and late Holocene peat and lake sediment sequences from northern Canada (Fig. 1).
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  • 4
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    Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans-surface productivity and oxygen utilization (1980)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 288 (5788). pp. 260-263.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-03-01
    Beschreibung: Organic detritus passing from the sea surface through the water column to the sea floor controls nutrient regeneration, fuels benthic life and affects burial of organic carbon in the sediment record. Particle trap systems have enabled the first quantification of this important process. The results suggest that the dominant mechanism of vertical transport is by rapid settling of rare large particles, most likely of faecal pellets or marine snow of the order of 〉200 μm in diameter, whereas the more frequent small particles have an insignificant role in vertical mass flux4–6. The ultimate source of organic detritus is biological production in surface waters of the oceans. I determine here an empirical relationship that predicts organic carbon flux at any depth in the oceans below the base of the euphotic zone as a function of the mean net primary production rate at the surface and depth-dependent consumption. Such a relationship aids in estimating rates of decay of organic matter in the water column, benthic and water column respiration of oxygen in the deep sea and burial of organic carbon in the sediment record.
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  • 5
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    Acoustic observations of heat content across the Mediterranean Sea (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 385 . pp. 615-617.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-27
    Beschreibung: The ability to monitor the heat content of oceans over long distances is becoming increasingly important for understanding the role of oceans in climate change, for determining the variability of the state of the oceans, for operational ocean observing systems, and for studying large-scale ocean processes such as water-mass formation. Although the properties of the upper layers of the ocean can be routinely measured on large scales by satellite remote sensing (providing altimetric and infrared data) and with expendable probes dropped from commercial vessels, the deep interior of the ocean is more difficult to monitor. Ocean acoustic tomography1 is a promising technique for such applications, as it has the potential to provide systematic, instantaneous and repeated measurements of the ocean interior over large parts of an ocean basin. Here we demonstrate the capability of this technique for measuring the heat content across an entire (albeit small) ocean basin—the western Mediterranean Sea.
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  • 6
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    Two-way exchange between the Easter mantle plume and the Easter microplate spreading axis (1996)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 382 (6589). pp. 344-346.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-27
    Beschreibung: The conventional model whereby plume volcanism forms linear age-progressive volcanic chains, with the youngest activity occurring nearest a spreading axis (at a 'hotspot'), has been challenged for the Easter seamount chain1–4. Whereas early work suggested the existence of a linear melting anomaly (a 'hotline')1,2, more recent studies3,4 have proposed a hotspot near Salas y Gomez island, connected with the Easter microplate spreading system by an ~800-km-long, volcanically active plume channel. Here we use geochemical, geological and geochronological data to argue that the hotspot lies close to Easter Island. Moreover, new isotopic data for lavas from the seamount chain provide evidence for bidirectional flow between the spreading axis and the plume, thus supporting geophysical and fluid-dynamical models of mantle flow in a plume/spreading axis system5–7. Material balance and flux considerations show the Easter plume to be weak and cool compared with those beneath larger features such as Iceland, Hawaii and the Galápagos islands.
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  • 7
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    Oceanography: All change in the Arctic (1999)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 397 (6718). pp. 389-391.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2015-07-16
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  • 8
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    Chlorin accumulation rate as a proxy for Quaternary marine primary productivity (1996)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 383 (6595). pp. 63-65.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-27
    Beschreibung: A knowledge of past changes in the biological productivity of the oceans is important for understanding the interactions between carbon cycling and climate. Phytoplankton productivity in today's oceans can be estimated from the concentrations of chlorophyll in sea water1, but chlorophyll is not preserved in the sediments. Existing proxies for past algal productivity do not represent total productivity; for example, biogenic opal2 reflects the contribution of only part of the phytoplankton community, and the organic carbon record can be subject to contamination from terrestrial inputs2,3. Although chlorins, the pigment-transformation products of chlorophyll, are widespread in Quaternary marine sediments, their potential as proxy measures of past variations in primary productivity has not been convincingly demonstrated. Here we report a high-resolution molecular stratigraphic record of chlorin concentrations over the past 350,000 years in a sediment core from the subtropical Atlantic continental margin. Maxima in the chlorin accumulation rate coincide with significant peaks in the accumulation rates of biogenic opal (at the end of glacial terminations) and organic carbon (between terminations). These results suggest that chlorins, unlike other proxies, can serve as a measure of total primary productivity variations.
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  • 9
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    Basin-scale ocean circulation from combined altimetric, tomographic and model data (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 385 . pp. 618-621.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-27
    Beschreibung: The ocean stores and transports vast quantities of heat, fresh water, carbon and other materials, and its circulation plays an important role in determining both the Earth's climate and fundamental processes in the biosphere. Understanding the development of climate and important biological cycles therefore requires detailed knowledge of ocean circulation and its transport properties. This cannot be achieved solely through modelling, but must involve accurate observations of the spatio-temporal evolution of the global oceanic flow field. Estimates of oceanic flow are currently made on the basis of space-borne measurements of the sea surface, and monitoring of the ocean interior. Satellite altimetry and acoustic tomography are complementary for this purpose1, as the former provides detailed horizontal coverage of the surface, and the latter the requisite vertical sampling of the interior. High-quality acoustic-tomographic2 and altimetric3 data are now available to test the combined power of these technologies for estimating oceanic flows. Here we demonstrate that, with the aid of state-of-the-art numerical models, it is possible to recover from these data a detailed spatio-temporal record of flow over basin-scale volumes of fluid. Our present results are restricted to the Mediterranean Sea, but the method described here provides a powerful tool for studying oceanic circulation worldwide.
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  • 10
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    Salty brines on the Mediterranean sea floor (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 387 . pp. 31-32.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-28
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  • 11
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    Meandering of the subtropical front south-east of the Azores (1982)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 300 (5889). pp. 245-246.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-03-08
    Beschreibung: A subtropical front was observed in the area south and southeast of the Azores during cruises of FS Meteor and FS Poseidon in early 1982. The front has a basically west–east extension, with considerable meandering observed. Meso-scale eddies are found on both sides. The overall flow pattern corresponds to earlier results on geopotential differences in the upper northeast Atlantic, but the baroclinic transport of the order of 107 m3 s−1 is found to be concentrated in a 60-km wide jet. We suggest here that the current band is part of the gyre circulation, resulting from a branching of the North Atlantic Current.
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  • 12
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    Dependence of multiple-attenuation techniques on the geological setting: A case study from offshore Taiwan (1999)
    American Institute of Physics
    In:  The Leading Edge, 18 (1). pp. 74-80.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-01-18
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  • 13
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    Increased El Niño frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming (1999)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 398 (6729). pp. 694-697.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-25
    Beschreibung: The El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is the strongest natural interannual climate fluctuation1. ENSO originates in the tropical Pacific Ocean and has large effects on the ecology of the region, but it also influences the entire global climate system and affects the societies and economies of manycountries2. ENSO can be understood as an irregular low-frequency oscillation between a warm (El Niño) and a cold (La Niña) state. The strong El Niños of 1982/1983 and 1997/1998, along with the more frequent occurrences of El Niños during the past few decades, raise the question of whether human-induced 'greenhouse' warming affects, or will affect, ENSO3. Several global climate models have been applied to transient greenhouse-gas-induced warming simulations to address this question4, 6, but the results have been debated owing to the inability of the models to fully simulate ENSO (because of their coarse equatorial resolution)7. Here we present results from a global climate model with sufficient resolution in the tropics to adequately represent the narrow equatorial upwelling and low-frequency waves. When the model is forced by a realistic future scenario of increasing greenhouse-gas concentrations, more frequent El-Niño-like conditions and stronger cold events in the tropical Pacific Ocean result
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  • 14
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    Eddy-induced enhancement of primary production in a model of the north Atlantic Ocean (1998)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 394 . pp. 266-269.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-02-27
    Beschreibung: In steady state, the export of photosynthetically fixed organic matter to the deep ocean has to be balanced by an upward flux of nutrients into the euphotic zone1. Indirect geochemical estimates2 of the nutrient supply to surface waters have been substantially higher than direct biological and physical measurements3, particularly in subtropical regions. A possible explanation for the apparent discrepancy is that the sampling strategy of the direct measurements has under-represented episodic nutrient injections forced by mesoscale eddy dynamics, whereas geochemical tracer budgets integrate fluxes over longer time and space scales. Here we investigate the eddy-induced nutrient supply by combining two methods potentially capable of delivering synoptic descriptions of the ocean's state on a basin scale. Remotely sensed sea-surface height data from the simultaneous TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 satellite missions are assimilated into a numerical eddy-resolving coupled ecosystem–circulation model of the North Atlantic Ocean. Our results indicate that mesoscale eddy activity accounts for about one-third of the total flux of nitrate into the euphotic zone (taken to represent new production) in the subtropics and at mid-latitudes. This contribution is not sufficient to maintain the observed primary production in parts of the subtropical gyre, where alternative routes of nitrogen supply will have to be considered.
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  • 15
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    Fluxes of biogenic components from sediment trap deployment in circumpolar waters of the Drake Passage (1982)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 299 (5879). pp. 145-147.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2019-01-21
    Beschreibung: Circumpolar surface waters dominate the circulation of the Southern Ocean and sustain one of the ocean's largest standing stocks of biomass thereby producing a significant output of biogenic components, mainly diatoms, to the bottom sediments. Generally transit of biogenic matter from the sea surface to the sea floor affects nutrient regeneration fuels benthic life and transfers signals to the sediment record1–5. Reliable quantification of the relationship between biological production, fractionation of skeletal and tissue components and bottom sediment accumulation depends on direct vertical flux measurements from sediment trap deployments6–9, which have proved to be most scientifically productive10–13. We now present data on vertical mass fluxes from the Southern Ocean and evidence for strong biogeochemical fractionation between organic carbon-, nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds, siliceous and calcareous skeletal remains, and refractory aluminosilicates.
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  • 16
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    Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and North-West Africa (1981)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 293 (5829). pp. 193-196.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-09-02
    Beschreibung: Analysis of aeolo-marine dust deposits in the subtropical eastern Atlantic enables the strength of the major wind patterns during the late Quaternary to be evaluated and gives an insight into the climate of North Africa.
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  • 17
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    3-D seismic discontinuity for faults and stratigraphic features: The coherence cube (1995)
    American Institute of Physics
    In:  The Leading Edge, 14 (10). pp. 1053-1058.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-26
    Beschreibung: Seismic data are usually acquired and processed for imaging reflections. This paper describes a method of processing seismic data for imaging discontinuities (e.g., faults and stratigraphic features). One application of this nontraditional process is a 3-D volume, or cube, of coherence coefficients within which faults are revealed as numerically separated surfaces. Figure 1 compares a traditional 3-D reflection amplitude time slice with the results of the new method. To our knowledge, this is the first published method of revealing fault surfaces within a 3-D volume for which no fault reflections have been recorded.
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  • 18
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    Depth-pressure relationships in the oceans and seas (1998)
    American Institute of Physics
    In:  Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 103 (3). pp. 1346-1352.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-07-16
    Beschreibung: Two sets of equations, covering all world oceans and seas, are presented to calculate pressure from depth for the computation of sound speed, and depth from pressure for use in ocean engineering. They are based on the algorithm of UNESCO 1983 [N. P. Fofonoff and R. C. Millard, Jr., Unesco Tech. Papers in Mar. Sci. No. 44 (1983)], and on calculations from temperature and salinity profiles. The pressure to depth conversion is presented first. The equations can be used in those cases where the desired accuracy is reduced to ±0.8 m. The equations to convert depth to pressure provide an overall accuracy between ±8000 Pa and ±1000 Pa. This leads to errors in sound speed consistently smaller than ±0.02 m/s. The discussion, and comparisons with results and other formulas, suggest that the new equations are a substantial improvement on the previous simplified ones, which should now be abandoned.
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  • 19
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    Cooling the tropics (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 376 (6537). pp. 212-213.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-16
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  • 20
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    Seismic attributes and their classification (1996)
    American Institute of Physics
    In:  The Leading Edge, 15 (10). p. 1090.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-08-30
    Beschreibung: Attributes have proliferated recently with different selections available on different workstations. What do they all mean? When do we use one and when another? The answers to these questions are not easy but the first step is to understand what our options are, and herein lies the purpose of this article.
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  • 21
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    Ecology: Competition and coexistence (1999)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 402 . pp. 366-367.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-28
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  • 22
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    Flavodoxin as an in situ marker for iron stress in phytoplankton (1996)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 382 . pp. 802-805.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-27
    Beschreibung: A fundamental issue in marine science is the identification of the factors controlling biological uptake of CO2, in high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll regions. A recent in situ iron fertilization experiment demonstrated that iron limitation is responsible for low phytoplankton stocks in the equatorial Pacific4. Here we show that flavodoxin, a biochemical marker of iron limitation, can be used to map the degree of iron stress in natural populations. Flavodoxin assays along a 900-km east-west transect in the northeastern subarctic Pacific revealed a pronounced increase in iron stress in the region west of the 135° W meridian. Addition of dissolved iron alleviated this stress. Immunostaining of single cells from the most western station showed that flavodoxin is present specifically within the chloroplasts of diatoms. Our approach provides a rapid means of defining the extent of iron stress in the ocean5 and supports the hypothesis that diatoms are iron stressed in the northeast Pacific.
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  • 23
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    Growth limits on phytoplankton (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 373 . p. 28.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-27
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  • 24
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    Seismic and geochemical evidence for large-scale mantle upwelling beneath the eastern Atlantic and western and central Europe (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 374 . pp. 34-39.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-27
    Beschreibung: Seismic tomography and the isotope geochemistry of Cenozoic volcanic rocks suggest the existence of a large, sheet-like region of upwelling in the upper mantle which extends from the eastern Atlantic Ocean to central Europe and the western Mediterranean. A belt of extension and rifting in the latter two areas appears to lie above the intersection of the centre of the upwelling region with the base of the lithosphere. Lead, strontium and neodymium isotope data for all three regions converge on a restricted composition, inferred to be that of the upwelling mantle.
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  • 25
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    The first fossil cephalopod statoliths to be described from Europe (1980)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 287 (5783). pp. 628-630.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-15
    Beschreibung: Statoliths of cephalopods are small, hard calcareous stones which lie within the cartilaginous skulls of octopods, sepioids and teuthoids1. Fossil statoliths, clearly belonging to genera which are alive today, have previously been described from 11 Cenozoic deposits spanning from the Eocene to the Pleistocene in North America2–5. Such statoliths are of particular interest because they provide a means of studying the evolution of living cephalopod groups which have no calcareous shells, including the cosmopolitan and numerous teuthoids and octopods. Here, the first cephalopod statoliths to be recognized in European deposits are described and identified as Loligo sp. They are compared with the North American fossil Loligo species and statoliths removed from the two living Loligo species of Europe.
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  • 26
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    Mantle plume noble gas component in glassy basalts from Reykjanes Ridge (1983)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 305 (5933). pp. 403-407.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-23
    Beschreibung: Basalts from the Reykjanes Ridge contain noble gases delivered from the non-degassed lower mantle by the Iceland plume. These lower mantle gases are thought to be a mixture of planetary and solar components, as would be expected if the Earth accreted from fine silicate particles.
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  • 27
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    Sex in giant squid (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 389 (6652). pp. 683-684.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-15
    Beschreibung: Recent captures of two female giant squid ( Architeuthis ) off southern Australia have provided the first record of a mated female specimen of these almost mythical deepsea creatures. We found sperm packages (spermatophores) embedded within the skin of both ventral arms of the larger of the two specimens. It seems that male giant squids may use their muscular elongate penis to ‘inject’ sperm packages under pressure directly into the arms of females.
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  • 28
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    Deep-breathing cephalopods? (1996)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 384 (6608). p. 421.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2021-08-20
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  • 29
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    Penguins disturbed by tourists (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 376 (6538). pp. 301-302.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-08-15
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  • 30
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    Optimum frequencies for noise‐limited active sonar detection (1981)
    American Institute of Physics
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 70 (5). pp. 1336-1338.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2020-05-11
    Beschreibung: The curves of optimum frequencies versus maximum range for active sonar detection under specific sets of assumptions are presented for the more recent expressions for attenuation given by Lovett [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 58, 620–625 (1975)] for the eastern North Pacific and Thorp [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 42, 270 (1967)] for the western North Atlantic as corrected at low frequencies by Kibblewhite et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 1040–1047 (1976)].
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  • 31
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    Contribution of Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the last glacial period (1997)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 389 . pp. 929-935.
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    Publikationsdatum: 2018-01-09
    Beschreibung: The nitrogen-isotope record preserved in Southern Ocean sediments, along with several geochemical tracers for the settling fluxes of biogenic matter, reveals patterns of past nutrient supply to phytoplankton and surface-water stratification in this oceanic region. Areal averaging of these spatial patterns indicates that reduction of the CO2 'leak' from ocean to atmosphere by increased surface-water stratification south of the Polar Front made a greater contribution to the lowering of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the Last Glacial Maximum than did the increased export of organic carbon from surface to deep waters occurring further north.
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  • 32
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    The internal structure of an active sea-floor massive sulphide deposit (1995)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 377 (6551). pp. 713-716.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-27
    Beschreibung: THE hydrothermal circulation of sea water through permeable ocean crust results in rock–water interactions that lead to the formation of massive sulphide deposits. These are the modern analogues of many ancient ophiolite-hosted deposits1–4, such as those exposed in Cyprus. Here we report results obtained from drilling a series of holes into an actively forming sulphide deposit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A complex assemblage of sulphide–anhydrite–silica breccias provides striking evidence that such hydrothermal mounds do not grow simply by the accumulation of sulphides on the sea floor. Indeed, the deposit grows largely as an in situ breccia pile, as successive episodes of hydrothermal activity each form new hydrothermal precipitates and cement earlier deposits. During inactive periods, the collapse of sulphide chimneys, dissolution of anhydrite, and disruption by faulting cause brecciation of the deposit. The abundance of anhydrite beneath the present region of focused hydrothermal venting reflects the high temperatures ( 〉 150 °C) currently maintained within the mound, and implies substantial entrainment of cold sea water into the interior of the deposit. These observations demonstrate the important role of anhydrite in the growth of massive sulphide deposits, despite its absence in those preserved on land.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
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    Possible predictability in overflow from the Denmark Strait (1999)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 397 . pp. 243-246.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-28
    Beschreibung: The overflow and descent of cold dense water from the Denmark Strait sill-a submarine passage between Greenland and Iceland-is a principal means by which the deep ocean is ventilated, and is an important element in the global thermohaline circulation. Previous investigations of its variability-in particular, direct current measurements(1,2) in the overflow core since 1986-have shown surprisingly little evidence of long-term changes in now speed. Here we report significant changes in the overflow characteristics during the winter of 1996-97, measured using two current-meter moorings and an inverted echo sounder located at different depths in the fastest part of the now. The overflow warmed to the highest monthly value yet recorded (2.4 degrees C), and showed a pronounced slowing and thinning at its lower margin. We believe that the extreme warmth of the overflow caused it to run higher on the continental slope off east Greenland, so that the lower current meters and the echo sounder were temporarily outside and deeper than the fast-flowing core; model simulations appear to confirm this interpretation, We suggest that the extreme warmth of the overflow is a lagged response to a warming upstream in the Fram Strait three years earlier (caused by an exceptional amplification of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation). If this is so, over-now characteristics may be predictable.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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    Giant squids may die when exposed to warm water currents (1983)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 303 (5916). pp. 422-423.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2019-04-16
    Beschreibung: Strandings of the giant squid, Architeuthis monachus (Steen-strup), have always stirred attention because of the rarity and enormous size of these cephalopods. These animals have never been observed in their natural habitat and little is known about their physiology and ecology. Stranding of giant squids in Newfoundland waters has been correlated with the inflow of warm water, suggesting that increased temperature may be causing their death1. Squids have also been carried to the Norwegian coast with the warm North Atlantic current2 and on 23 August 1982 a live specimen was caught off Radöy near Bergen, Norway (Fig. 1). This catch gave an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of temperature on the oxygen binding properties of blood from the giant squid. The present finding of an excess of a fourfold decrease in O2 affinity when temperature is increased from 6.4 to 15°C strongly suggests that giant squids may suffocate from arterial desaturation when increased ambient temperatures are experierced.
    Materialart: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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