ALBERT

Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Note: Contents: 1 Future water use in the Guanting basin under climate change and socio-economic transition ; 2 The geographical setting for integrated water resource management in the Guanting basin ; 3 Regional climate modeling ; 4 Simulation of natural water availability with the eco-hydrological model SWIM ; 5 Quality assessment of SWIM-Guanting simulations ; 6 Regionalization of socio-economic scenarios and adaptation options for the Guanting basin ; 7 Water Quantity Management – the Model WBalMo ; 8 Monitoring of trophic status and phytoplankton in water bodies of the Guanting basin ; 9 Water quality management: modeling of nutrient emissions with MONERIS ; 10 Reservoirs of the Guanting basin ; 11 Impacts and adaptation ; 12 Exploring alternative water distribution rules with behavioral irrigation experiments ; 13 InfoSYS Guanting ; Glossary

Note: Inhalt: Einleitung. - Meeresforschung in der deutschen Nordsee : über Tradition, Beharrlichkeit und Exzellenz. - Gezeiten : ausgewählte Ereignisse. - Themen & Texte. - Die stille Frühgeschichte der Biologischen Anstalt Helgoland : über ihre Entstehung 1892 und über die Wiederaufnahme ihrer Arbeit 1945 / Christian Salewski. - Wassereimer mit wundersamen Kleinstlebewesen : die Wiege der Meeresforschung auf Helgoland / Karen H. Wiltshire und Peter Lemke. - Lebensgemeinschaften erforschen : Karl August Möbius und die Austernbänke / Christian Buschbaum. - "Da muss man tauchen" : die Erfassung der untermeerischen Algenvegetation / Klaus Lüning. - Forschung im Wandel : von Organismen zu Ökosystemen / Maarten Boersma. - Otto Kinne : Direktor der Biologischen Anstalt Helgoland von 1962-1984 / Karen H. Wiltshire. - Ein persönlicher Rückblick : von einer kleinen Feldstation zum Wissenschaftsbetrieb / Harald Asmus und Ragnhild Asmus. - Gerhard Drebes : Experte für marines Phytoplankton / Kerstin Mölter. - Gastliche Häuser : Gestern und Heute / Gotthilf Hempel. - Die Biologische Anstalt Helgoland und ihr Anschluss an das AWI / Jörn Thiede und Rainer Paulenz. - Jubiläumsgemälde / Lionel Playford. - Zahlen & Daten / Karen H. Wiltshire und Kerstin Mölter. - Von "Alte Post" bis "Bluehouse" : Stationsgebäude im Wandel der Zeit. - Entwicklungsgrade° : eine Zeitreihe. - Prägende Persönlichkeiten. - Forschungsflotte. - Literatur. - Fotonachweise, Impressum.

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Why Forecast? -- 1.2 The Informatics Challenge in Forecasting -- 1.3 The Model-Data Loop -- 1.4 Why Bayes? -- 1.5 Models as Scaffolds -- 1.6 Case Studies and Decision Support -- 1.7 Key Concepts -- 1.8 Hands-on Activities -- 2. From Models to Forecasts -- 2.1 The Traditional Modeler's Toolbox -- 2.2 Example: The Logistic Growth Model -- 2.3 Adding Sources of Uncertainty -- 2.4 Thinking Probabilistically -- 2.5 Predictability -- 2.6 Key Concepts -- 2.7 Hands-on Activities -- 3. Data, Large and Small -- 3.1 The Data Cycle and Best Practices -- 3.2 Data Standards and Metadata -- 3.3 Handling Big Data -- 3.4 Key Concepts -- 3.5 Hands-on Activities -- 4. Scientific Workflows and the Informatics of Model-Data Fusion -- 4.1 Transparency, Accountability, and Repeatability -- 4.2 Workflows and Automation -- 4.3 Best Practices for Scientific Computing -- 4.4 Key Concepts -- 4.5 Hands-on Activities -- 5. Introduction to Bayes -- 5.1 Confronting Models with Data -- 5.2 Probability 101 -- 5.3 The Likelihood -- 5.4 Bayes' Theorem -- 5.5 Prior Information -- 5.6 Numerical Methods for Bayes -- 5.7 Evaluating MCMC Output -- 5.8 Key Concepts -- 5.9 Hands-on Activities -- 6. Characterizing Uncertainty -- 6.1 Non-Gaussian Error -- 6.2 Heteroskedasticity -- 6.3 Observation Error -- 6.4 Missing Data and Inverse Modeling -- 6.5 Hierarchical Models and Process Error -- 6.6 Autocorrelation -- 6.7 Key Concepts -- 6.8 Hands-on Activities -- 7. Case Study: Biodiversity, Populations, and Endangered Species -- 7.1 Endangered Species -- 7.2 Biodiversity -- 7.3 Key Concepts -- 7.4 Hands-on Activities -- 8. Latent Variables and State-Space Models -- 8.1 Latent Variables -- 8.2 State Space -- 8.3 Hidden Markov Time-Series Model -- 8.4 Beyond Time -- 8.5 Key Concepts -- 8.6 Hands-on Activities -- 9. Fusing Data Sources -- 9.1 Meta-analysis -- 9.2 Combining Data: Practice, Pitfalls, and Opportunities -- 9.3 Combining Data and Models across Space and Time -- 9.4 Key Concepts -- 9.5 Hands-on Activities -- 10. Case Study: Natural Resources -- 10.1 Fisheries -- 10.2 Case Study: Baltic Salmon -- 10.3 Key Concepts -- 11. Propagating, Analyzing, and Reducing Uncertainty -- 11.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 11.2 Uncertainty Propagation -- 11.3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 11.4 Tools for Model-Data Feedbacks -- 11.5 Key Concepts -- 11.6 Hands-on Activities -- Appendix A Properties of Means and Variances -- Appendix B Common Variance Approximations -- 12. Case Study: Carbon Cycle -- 12.1 Carbon Cycle Uncertainties -- 12.2 State of the Science -- 12.3 Case Study: Model-Data Feedbacks -- 12.4 Key Concepts -- 12.5 Hands-on Activities -- 13. Data Assimilation 1: Analytical Methods -- 13.1 The Forecast Cycle -- 13.2 Kalman Filter -- 13.3 Extended Kalman Filter -- 13.4 Key Concepts -- 13.5 Hands-on Activities -- 14. Data Assimilation 2: Monte Carlo Methods -- 14.1 Ensemble Filters -- 14.2 Particle Filter -- 14.3 Model Averaging and Reversible Jump MCMC -- 14.4 Generalizing the Forecast Cycle -- 14.5 Key Concepts -- 14.6 Hands-on Activities -- 15. Epidemiology -- 15.1 Theory -- 15.2 Ecological Forecasting -- 15.3 Examples of Epidemiological Forecasting -- 15.4 Case Study: Influenza -- 15.5 Key Concepts -- 16. Assessing Model Performance -- 16.1 Visualization -- 16.2 Basic Model Diagnostics -- 16.3 Model Benchmarks -- 16.4 Data Mining the Residuals -- 16.5 Comparing Model Performance to Simple Statistics -- 16.6 Key Concepts -- 16.7 Hands-on Activities -- 17. Projection and Decision Support -- 17.1 Projections, Predictions, and Forecasting -- 17.2 Decision Support -- 17.3 Key Concepts -- 17.4 Hands-on Activities -- 18. Final Thoughts -- 18.1 Lessons Learned -- 18.2 Future Directions -- References -- Index

Note: Beiträge überwiegend in deutsch, ein Beitrag in englisch

Note: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1: Overview of modern and Quaternary vegetation in China. - 1.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Shen Caiming. - 1.1.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.1.1.1 Gobi desert and desert vegetation in eastern Xinjiang. - 1.1.1.2 Extremely arid desert and shrubland vegetation in the Qaidam Basin. - 1.1.1.3 Arid desert shrub and semi-shrub vegetation in the Hexi Corridor. - 1.1.1.4 Sylvosteppe or pine-oak forest in the transitional region between semi-humid and semi-arid monsoonal climate of temperate zone in the Loess Plateau. - 1.1.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.1.2.1 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Qinghai. - 1.1.2.2 Holocene vegetation succession of steppe/meadow in north Xizang (Tibet). - 1.1.2.3 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the Loess Plateau. - 1.1.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Xinjiang. - 1.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu and Li Chunhai. - 1.2.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.2.1.1 Coniferous and broadleaved forest and meadow of temperate zone in Northeast China. - 1.2.1.2 Oak forest of river valley, Chinese pine forest, and shrub steppe in the lower valley of Liaohe River, North China plain, southern Shanxi, and central Shaanxi plain. - 1.2.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.2.2.1 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in North China. - 1.2.2.2 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Northeast China. - 1.3 Southeast region / Shu Junwu and Tang Lingyu. - 1.3.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.3.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.3.2.1 Vegetation succession since the mid-Pleistocene in Hubei. - 1.3.2.2 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the lower valley of the Yangtze River. - 1.3 .2.3 Forest succession since the last glaciation in southeast coast of Fujian. - 1.3.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the central Taiwan. - 1.4 South region / Mao Limi, Tang Lingyu and Shen Cairning. - 1.4.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.4.1.1 Vegetation in the southern zone of middle subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. - 1.4.1.2 Vegetation in the zone of south subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. - 1.4.1.3 Tropical semi-evergreen monsoonal forest and tropical monsoonal forest. - 1.4.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.4.2.1 Vegetation in the Zhujiang delta and Chaozhou plain since the Pleistocene recorded by pollen and spores. - 1.4.2.2 Vegetation and climate since the late Pleistocene in Leizhou Peninsula and Holocene vegetation and climate in Hainan Island. - 1.4.2.3 Late Quaternary pollen and spores, vegetation and climate records in the South. - 1.4.2.4 Vegetation and climate since the late Pleistocene in Hong Kong. - 1.5 Southwest region / Shu Junwu, Tang Lingyu and Shen Caiming. - 1.5.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.5.1.1 Vegetation of evergreen broadleaved forest in the Yunnan , Guizhou and western Sichuan Plateau. - 1.5.1.2 Vegetation of coniferous forest in southeast Xizang. - 1.5.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.5.2.1 Holocene vegetation in northwest Yunnan. - 1.5.2.2 Vegetation and monsoonal climate history since the late Pleistocene in western and south-central Yunnan. - 1.5.2.3 Holocene vegetation in western Sichuan. - 1.5.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in Guizhou. - 1.5.2.5 Vegetation and monsoonal climate history since the late Pleistocene in southeastern Xizang. - Chapter 2 Main types of Quaternary pollen and spores and their characteristics in different regions of China. - 2.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Mao Limi. - 2.1.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Northwest China. - 2.1.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Northwest China. - 2.1.2.1 Identifiable features of main Compositae pollen types. - 2.1.2.2 Identifiable features of Artemisia, Tamarix, and Zygophyllum pollen. - 2.1.2.3 Identifiable features of Rhamnus, Hippophae, and Elaeagnus pollen. - 2.1.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary spores and pollen in Northwest China. - 2.1.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Northwest China. - 2.1.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Northwest China. - 2.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu. - 2.2.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Northern China. - 2.2.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Northern China. - 2.2.2.1 Identification keys of pollen morphology for several saccate genera of Pinaceae. - 2.2.2.2 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for genera of Betulaceae. - 2.2.2.3 Identifiable features of tricolpate pollen from Salix and Cruciferae. - 2.2.2.4 Identifiable features of tricolpate pollen from Ranunculaceae and Labiatae. - 2.2.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary spores and pollen in Northern China. - 2.2.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Northern China. - 2.2.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Northern China. - 2.3 Southeast region / Tang Lingyu and Shu Junwu. - 2.3.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.2.1 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.2 Identification keys of pollen morphology for several genera of Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.3 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for several genera of Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.4 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for several genera of tropical and subtropical. - 2.3.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Southeast China. - 2.3.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Southeast China. - 2.4 South region / Mao Limi and Tang Lingyu. - 2.4.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.2 Identifiable features of main Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.2.1 Modern distribution and paleophytogeography of Sonneratia and its identifiable features of pollen morphology. - 2.4.2.2 Modern distribution and paleoecology significance of Rhizophoraceae and its identifiable features of pollen morphology. - 2.4.3 Photomicrographs and descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.5 Southwest region / Tang Lingyu and Shu Junwu. - 2.5.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.2 Identifiable feature of main Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.2.1 Plant distribution and pollen features of Pinaceae in Southwest China. - 2.5.2.2 Identification keys of pollen morphology for Pinaceae. - 2.5.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.3.1 Photomicrographs for common pollen in Southwest China. - 2.5.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - Chapter 3 Plates and descriptions of Quaternary pollen and spores in different region of China. - 3.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Mao Limi. - Spores of the pteridophyte Plates 1-3. - Gymnosperm pollen Plates 3-10. - Angiosperm pollen Plates 11-63. - 3.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu and Li Chunhai. - Spores of the algae Plates 1-3. - Spores of the bryophyte Plate 4. - Spores of the pteridophyte Plates 5-9. - Gymnosperm pollen Plates 9-24. - Angiosperm pollen Plates 25-63. - 3.3 Southeast region / Tang Lingyu, Zhou Zhongze and

Note: Contents: Vorwort ; 1. Das Klimaproblem und die Klimapolitik ; 2. Die Bestandsaufnahme der Klimapolitik ; 3. Ziele und Wege der Klimapolitik ; 4. Instrumente und Institutionen der Klimapolitik ; 5. Die Rolle der Wissenschaft in der Klimapolitik

Note: Contents: 1: Introduction ; 2: Framework ; 3: Traditional topics ; 4: Constrained credit ; 5: Net worth ; 6: Real estate ; 7: Commerical banks ; 8: Methods

Note: Contents: Part One: Value ; Chapter: 1. Introduction to Corporate Finance ; Chapter: 2. How to Calculate Present Values ; Chapter: 3. Valuing Bonds ; Chapter: 4. The Value of Common Stocks ; Chapter: 5. Net Present Value and Other Investment Criteria ; Chapter: 6. Making Investment Decisions with the Net Present Value Rule ; Part Two: Risk ; Chapter: 7. Introduction to Risk and Return ; Chapter: 8. Portfolio Theory and the Capital Asset Pricing Model ; Chapter: 9. Risk and the Cost of Capital ; Part Three: Best Practices in Capital Budgeting ; Chapter: 10. Project Analysis ; Chapter: 11. Investment, Strategy, and Economic Rents ; Chapter: 12. Agency Problems, Compensation, and Performance Measurement ; Part Four: Financing Decisions and Market Efficiency ; Chapter: 13. Efficient Markets and Behavioral Finance ; Chapter: 14. An Overview of Corporate Financing ; Chapter: 15. How Corporations Issue Securities ; Part Five: Payout Policy and Capital Structure ; Chapter: 16. Payout Policy ; Chapter: 17. Does Debt Policy Matter? ; Chapter: 18. How Much Should a Corporation Borrow? ; Chapter: 19. Financing and Valuation ; Part Six: Options ; Chapter: 20. Understanding Options ; Chapter: 21. Valuing Options ; Chapter: 22. Real Options ; Part Seven: Debt Financing ; Chapter: 23. Credit Risk and the Value of Corporate Debt ; Chapter: 24. The Many Different Kinds of Debt ; Chapter: 25. Leasing ; Part Eight: Risk Management ; Chapter: 26. Managing Risk ; Chapter: 27. Managing International Risks ; Part Nine: Financial Planning and Working Capital Management ; Chapter: 28. Financial Analysis ; Chapter: 29. Financial Planning ; Chapter: 30. Working Capital Management ; Part Ten: Mergers, Corporate Control, and Governance ; Chapter: 31. Mergers ; Chapter: 32. Corporate Restructuring ; Chapter: 33. Governance and Corporate Control Around the World ; Part Eleven: Conclusion ; Chapter: 34. Conclusion: What We Do and Do Not Know About Finance

Note: Content: Preface. - 1 IASC Internal Development. - IASC Organization. - IASC Council . - IASC Executive Committee. - IASC Secretariat. - Allen Pope New IASC Executive Secretary. - IASC Secretariat Moves to Iceland. - IASC Future Strategy. - IASC Medal 2017. - 2 IASC Working Groups. - Cross-Cutting Initiatives. - Atmosphere Working Group (AWG). - Cryosphere Working Group (CWG). - Marine Working Group (MWG). - Social and Human Working Group (SHWG). - Terrestrial Working Group (TWG). - 3 Arctic Science Summit Week 2016. - Upcoming ASSWs. - 4 Data and Observations. - Arctic Data Committee (ADC). - Sustaining Arctic Observing Networks (SAON). - 5 Partnerships. - Asian Forum for Polar Sciences (AFoPS). - Arctic Council. - 6 Capacity Building. - IASC Fellowship Program. - Overview of Supported Early Career Scientists. - Annex. - Polar Acronyms.

Note: Contents: Chapter 1. Water Everywhere and Nowhere ; Chapter 2. Back to Life ; Chapter 3. Put Watersheds to Work ; Chapter 4. Make Room for Floods ; Chapter 5. Bank It for a Dry Day ; Chapter 6. Fill the Earth ; Chapter 7. Conserve in the City ; Chapter 8. Clean It Up ; Chapter 9. Close the Loop ; Chapter 10. Let It Flow ; Chapter 11. Rescue Desert Rivers ; Chapter 12. Share

Note: Contents: Introduction: Entering a New Era of Water Management ; Part I. Abundance ; 1. First Water, Then the World ; 2. Laissez-Faire Metaphysics ; 3. Managing Water for “the People” ; Part II. Scarcity ; 4. America’s Post-colonial Model of Development ; 5. The Space of Scarcity ; Part III. Security ; 6. The Globalization of Normal Water ; 7. Securing the Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus ; Part IV. Rethinking the Anthropocene ; 8. The Anthropocene and the Naturalization of Process ; 9. Thinking Ecologically in an Age of Geology ; Conclusion: Water in the Anthropocene

Note: Contents -- Chapter 1: Engaging with Environmental Transformation in Oceania -- Chapter 2: Climate Change, Christian Religion and Songs: Revisiting the Noah Story in the Central Pacific -- Chapter 3: Climate Change and Worries over Land: Articulations in the Atoll State of Kiribati -- Chapter 4: Experiencing Environmental Dynamics in Chuuk, Micronesia -- Chapter 5: Young ni-Vanuatu Encounter Climate Change: Reception of Knowledge and New Discourses -- Chapter 6: Whose Beach, Which Nature? Coproducing Coastal Naturecultures and Erosion Control in Aotearoa New Zealand -- Chapter 7: The ``White Magic´´ of Modernity: Retracing Indigenous Environmental Knowledge in Settler-Colonialist Australia -- Chapter 8: Naturally Occurring Asbestos: The Perception of Rocks in the Mountains of New Caledonia -- Chapter 9: Epilogue: Re-building Ships at Sea: Ontological Innovation in Action -- Index

Note: Contents: Part 1: Introduction ; 1 Understanding Change Through the Lens of Resilience ; Part 2: Recognizing Vulnerability ; 2 Japan After March 11th 2011: Between Swift Reconstruction and Sustainable Restructuring ; 3 Climate Change Vulnerability of Olive Oil Groves in Dry Areas of Tunisia: Case Study in the Governorate of Médenine ; 4 The Vehicle Transportation Problem in the Megacity São Paulo (Brazil) ; 5 Disasters and Their Impacts on Air Quality in the Human Living Environment ; 6 Vulnerability of Pastoral Social-Ecological Systems in Mongolia ; Part 3: Awareness and Preparedness for Change ; 7 The Importance of Information Availability for Climate Change Preparedness in the Cultural Heritage Sector: A Comparison Between the UK and Japan ; 8 Anticipating Environmental Change in Development Planning for the Archipelago of Indonesia ; 9 Institutional and Technical Innovation in Pakistan for Resilience to Extreme Climate Events ; 10 Development of an International Institutional Framework for Climate Adaptation and Practice in Adaptation Planning in Developing Countries ; 11 Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Products and Services by Japanese Companies with Base-of-the-Economic-Pyramid (BoP) Businesses ; 12 Systems Established for Reconstruction After the Great East Japan Earthquake, and the Current Situation on the Ground ; Part 4: Tools and Methods for Building Resiliency ; 13 Developing an ICT-Based Toolbox for Resilient Capacity Building: Challenges, Obstacles and Approaches ; 14 Development of Tools to Assess Vulnerability to Climate Change in South Asia ; 15 Development Plan as a Tool to Improve the Disaster Resilience of Urban Areas ; 16 Swarm Planning—Developing a Tool for Innovative Resilience Planning ; Part 5: Transformation from Disaster and Crisis ; 17 Green Infrastructure in Reconstruction After the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami: A Case Study of Historical Change on Awaji Island in Japan ; 18 The Long Term Economic Value of Holistic Ecological Planning for Disaster Risk ; 19 Disaster Response and Public Consultation in Cleaning Up Radioactive Contamination of the Environment ; 20 Building Resilience in Africa Through Transformation and a Green Economy: Challenges and Opportunities ; Part 6: Building Resiliency with Community ; 21 Community Based Environmental Design: Empowering Local Expertise in Design Charrettes ; 22 Solar-Based Decentralized Energy Solution - A Case of Entrepreneur Based Model from Rural India ; 23 The Importance of Social Capital in Building Community Resilience ; 24 The Veneer House Experience: The Role of Architects in Recovering Community After Disaster ; Part 7: Conclusion ; 25 Understanding Resilience Through the Lens of Change

Note: Contents: Einleitung: Energie und die Steinzeit ; 1. Die solare Disruption ; 2. Finanzen und die Disruption des Energiesystems ; 3. Strom 2.0 - Dezentrale, partizipative Energie und die Disruption der Stromversorger ; 4. Die Elektroauto-Disruption ; 5. Die Disruption durch autonome (selbstfahrende) Autos ; 6. Das Ende der Kernkraft ; 7. Das Ende des Erdöls ; 8. Erdgas - Eine Brücke ins Nirgendwo ; 9. Das Ende der Biokraftstoffe ; 10. Das Ende der Kohle

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Lyngen-Alpen und Bergland von Kåfjord und Storfjord / Karl-Dieter Meier. - Bemerkungen zur glaziären und periglaziären Landschaftsformung in den Lyngen-Alpen (Lyngen Halbinsel) und im Bergland von Kåfjord und Storfjord, Norwegisch Lappland, mit ausgewählten themenbezogenen Wanderexkursionen. - 1. Einführung. - 2. Physiogeographische Charakteristik der Lyngen-Alpen und des Berglandes von Kåfjord und Storfjord. - 2.1. Relief. - 2.2. Geologisch-tektonischer Bau, Festgesteine. - 2.3. Lockersedimente. - 2.4. Klima. - 2.5. Vegetation. - 3. Glaziäre Formung. - 3.1. Vergletscherungsgeschichte bis zur "Kleinen Eiszeit". - 3.2. Neuzeitliche Vergletscherung und aktuelle Gletscherdynamik. - 3.3. Zusammenhänge zwischen Gletscher- und Klimaschwankungen. - 4. Periglaziäre Formung. - 4.1. Permafrosterscheinungen und -indikatoren. - 4.2. Räumliche Verbreitung des Permafrostbodens. - 4.3. Periglaziäre Formen und Ablagerungen (ohne Permafrostboden). - 4.3.1. Blockfelder. - 4.3 .2. Sturzschutthalden und -kegel. - 4.3.3. Gelisolifluktionserscheinungen und -formen. - 4.3.4. Frostmusterböden. - 5. Exkursionsvorschläge zur glaziären und periglaziären Landschaftsformung. - 5.1. Anfahrt und Logistik. - 5.2. Fahrstrecken und Wanderexkursionen. - 5.2.1. Fornesdal - Rypedalsvatn (ca. 20 km). - 5.2.2. Fugldal - Fugldalsvatn (ca. 12 km). - 5.2.3. Goverdal - Sörvestbre- Rundvatn (ca. 17 km). - 5.2.4. Slettmo- Sörellendal (ca. 12 km). - 5.2.5. Steindal- Nallannjunni - Steindalsbre (ca. 15 km). - 5.2.6. Lyngsdal - Dalbotn - Vest- / Midt- / Sydbre (ca. 20 km). - 5.2.7. Koppangsdal - Koppangsbre (ca. 6 km). - 5.2.8. Tyttebaerdal - Brevatn - Stortinddalsbre (ca. 20 km). - 5.2.9. Bensnes - Trollvatn (ca. 10 km). - 5.2.10. Sörlenangsbotn - unteres Strupskarddal - Blåvatn- oberes Strupskarddal - Strupvatn - Strupbre (ca. 24 km). - 5.2.11. Veidal - Olderelvvatn - Veidalsvatn (ca. 12 km). - 5.2.12. Indre Nordmannvika - Nordmannvikdal - Nordmannviktind (See 549 m ü. Mo) - Jovnnacahca- Sannjariehppi - Gauknes - Kippeldal (ca. 23 km). - 5.2.13. Skarvdal - Kopperlia - Bievlajavri - Moldojokkadal - Bievlavarri ( ca. 22 km). - 6. Ergebnisse, Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick. - 7. Literaturverzeichnis. - 8. Kartenverzeichnis. - 8.1. Quartärgeologische Karten. - 8.2. Karten der Festgesteine. - 8.3. Topographische Karten. - 9. Luftbildverzeichnis. , Inhaltsverzeichnis westliche Finnmarksvidda / Karl-Dieter Meier und Dietbert Thannheiser. - Eine Exkursion zur kaltklimatischen quartären Landschaftsformung auf der westlichen Finnmarksvidda, Norwegisch Lappland. - 1. Einführung. - 2. Physiogeographische Charakteristik. - 2.1. Relief und Gewässernetz. - 2.2. Geologisch-tektonischer Bau und Lockersedimente. - 2.3. Klima und Permafrostboden. - 2.4. Vegetation und Böden. - 3. Exkursion über die Finnmarksvidda-Hochfläche. - 3.1. Wissenschaftlicher Hintergrund. - 3.2. Streckenverlauf und Logistik. - 3.3. Streckenbeschreibung. - 3.3.1. Alta - Skillemo. - 3.3.2. Skillemo - Gargia - Beskades - Solovorni. - 3.3.3. Skillemo - Trangdalen - Avzejavri - Solovorni (Alternativstrecke). - 3.3.4. Solovorni - Masi. - 3.3.5. Masi - Gievdneguoika. - 3.3.6. Gievdneguoika - Kautokeino. - 3.3.7. Kautokeino - Avze - Kivijärvi. - 4. Schlussfolgerungen. - 5. Literatur. - 6. Geologische und geomorphologische Karten. - 7. Topographische Karten.

Note: Contents: Kapitel 1: Wer zur Quelle will, muss gegen den Strom schwimmen. Zur Entstehung der Interessengemeinschaft kommunale Trinkwasserversorgung (IKT) ; Kapitel 2: Ein kleines Tal und der Durst der Moderne: Wasser und Naturschutz ; Kapitel 3: Bomben in Pottenstein, oder: Gewässerschutz beginnt vor der Haustür ; Kapitel 4: Gemeinsam für die Wasserentsorgung, oder: Ein Schmutzzaun in Schwarzarbeit fürs Abwasser? ; Kapitel 5: Ein luftiges Örtchen im altbayerischen Neuland ; Kapitel 6: Zusammenfassung. Rückblick und Ausblick

Note: Contents: I. Prinzipien einer freiheitlich-rechtsstaatlichen Wirtschaftsethik ; 1. Wirtschaftsethisch relevante Grundwerte freiheitlicher Gesellschaften ; 2. Gemeinwohl und individuelle Entscheidungsautonomie ; 3. Ethik und individuelle (Vertrags-)Autonomie ; 4. Zur (öffentlichen) Sicherung der Freiwilligkeit ; 5. Folgerungen für die Unternehmens- und Wirtschaftsethik ; II. Exemplarische wirtschaftsethisch- und unternehmensethische Falldiskussionen ; 1. Vorstandsgehälter und leistungsgerechte Entlohnung ; 2. Unternehmensübernahmen und -beteiligungen ; 3. Patentrechte und Interessen der »Dritten Welt« ; III. Manager und Verantwortung ; 1. Verantwortung – Elementare Unterscheidungen ; 2. Shareholder- vs. Stakeholder-Ansatz ; 3. (In-)direkte Gewinnorientierung ; 4. Der Manager und das Verhältnis von Eigentumsprivileg und Gewinnstreben ; 5. Friedman vs. Freeman – eine Bestandsaufnahme ; IV. Bindungen ; 1. Bindung an (moralische) Regeln und rationale Interessenverfolgung ; 2. Tugend und intrinsische Motivation am Beispiel des Ultimatumspiels ; 3. Zur Vorteilhaftigkeit von unternehmerischen (Moral-)Bindungen ; 4. Recht handeln – auch wenn die Welt darüber zugrunde geht? ; V. Elemente ethischer Theoriebildung ; 1. Grundlegendes ; 2. Utilitaristische Theorien ; 3. Anti-utilitaristische universalistische Ethiken ; 4. Partikularistische Zweck-Mittel-Ethik ; VI. Zum Überlegungsgleichgewicht ; 1. Rechtfertigung für enttäuschte Kenner ; 2. Das Überlegungsgleichgewicht: Leitintuition ; 3. Die Herstellung von Überlegungsgleichgewichten – eine Skizze ; 4. Anlässe zur Herstellung eines Überlegungsgleichgewichts und die Rolle von Regeln ; 5. Die Methode und ihre Ansprüche ; VII. Wo der Pluralismus endet ; 1. Die unvollständige Realisierbarkeit von Idealen der Zwangsfreiheit ; 2. Individuelle ethische Verantwortung ; 3. Warum es im Westen besser ist

Note: Optical fibre technology -- Principles of optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) for distributed sensing -- Raman-based distributed temperature sensors (DTS) -- Brillouin based distributed temperature and strain sensors -- Rayleigh backscatter: distributed vibration sensors and static measurements -- Applications of distributed temperature sensors -- Distributed strain sensors: practical issues, solutions and applications -- Applications of distributed vibration sensors (DVS) -- Other types of distributed sensors and their applications

Note: Contents: 1: Introduction ; 2: Climate Change and International Law ; 3: Treaty-Based Lawmaking: Rules, Tools and Techniques ; 4: Evolution of the United Nations Climate Regime ; 5: The Framework Convention on Climate Change ; 6: Kyoto Protocol ; 7: Paris Agreement ; 8: Climate Governance beyond the United Nations Climate Regime ; 9: International Climate Change Law & Other Areas of International Regulation ; 10: Conclusion

Note: Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung 1 Motivation 2 Introduction 2.1 Arctic climate changes and their impacts on Coastal processes 2.2 Shoreline retreat along Arctic coasts 2.3 Impacts of Coastal erosion 2.3.1 Material fluxes 2.3.2 Retrogressive thaw slumps 2.3.3 Socio-economic impacts 2.4 Objectives 2.5 Study area 2.6 Thesis structure 2.7 Authors’ contributions 3 Variability in rates of Coastal change along the Yukon coast, 1951 to 2015 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Study Area 3.3 Data and Methods 3.3.1 Remote sensing data 3.3.2 Field survey data 3.3.3 Classification of shoreline 3.3.4 Transect-wise analyses of shoreline movements through time 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Temporal variations in shoreline change rates 3.4.2 Alongshore rates of change 3.4.3 Shoreline dynamics along field sites 3.4.4 Dynamics of lagoons, barrier Islands and spits (gravel features) 3.4.5 Yukon Territory land loss 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Temporal variations in shoreline change rates 3.5.2 Alongshore rates of change 3.5.3 Dynamics of lagoons, barrier Islands, and spits (gravel features) 3.5.4 Expected shoreline changes as a consequence of future climate warming 3.6 Conclusions Context 4 Coastal erosion of permafrost Solls along the Yukon Coastal Plain and Kuxes oforganic carbon to the Canadian Beaufort Sea 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study Area 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Sample collection and laboratory analyses 4.3.2 Soll organic carbon determinations 4.3.3 Flux of organic soil carbon and Sediments 4.3.4 Fate of the eroded soil organic carbon 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Ground lce 4.4.2 Organic carbon contents 4.4.3 Material fluxes 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Ground lce 4.5.2 Organic carbon contents 4.5.3 Material fluxes 4.5.4 Organic carbon in nearshore Sediments 4.6 Conclusion Context 5 Terrain Controls on the occurrence of Coastal retrogressive thaw slumpsalong the Yukon Coast, Canada 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Study Area 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 Mapping of RTSs and landform Classification 5.3.2 Environmental variables 5.3.3 Univariate regression trees 5.4 Results 5.4.1 Characteristics of RTS along the coast 5.4.2 Density and areal coverage od RTSs along the Yukon Coast 5.5 Discussion 5.5.1 Characteristics and distribution of RTSs along the Yukon Coast 5.5.2 Terrain factors explaining RTS occurrence 5.5.3 Coastal processes 5.6 Conclusions Context 6 Impacts of past and fiiture Coastal changes on the Yukon coast - threats forcultural sites, infrastructure and travel routes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Study Area 6.3 Methods 6.3.1 Data for shoreline projections 6.3.2 Shoreline projection for the conservative scenario (S1) 6.3.3 Shoreline Projection for the dynamic scenario (S2) 6.3.4 Positioning and characterizing of cultural sites 6.3.5 Calculation of losses under the S1 and S2 scenarios 6.3.6 Estimation of future dynamics in very dynamic areas 6.4 Results and discussion 6.4.1 Past and future shoreline change rates 6.4.2 Cultural sites 6.4.3 Infrastructure and travel routes 6.5 Conclusions 7 Discussion 7.1 The importance of understanding climatic drivers of Coastal changes 7.2 The influence of shoreline change rates on retrogressive thaw slump activity 7.3 On the calculation of carbon fluxes from Coastal erosion along the Yukon coast 7.4 Impacts of present and future Coastal erosion on the natural and human environment 7.5 Synthesis 8 Summary and Conclusions Bibliography Supporting Material Data Set ds01 Table S1 Table S3 Abbreviations and Nomendature Acknowledgements

Note: Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations and nomenclatureI 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.1.1 Permafrost and ground ice 1.1.2 Organic carbon pools and fluxes into the Arctic Ocean 1.1.3 Climate warming and permafrost thaw 1.1.4 Permafrost degradation and coastal erosion 1.1.5 Study area Yukon coast and Qikiqtaruk 1.2 Knowledge gaps 1.3 Aims and objectives 1.4 Thesis structure and author's contribution 2. Eroding permafrost coasts release low amounts of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from ground ice into the nearshore zone of the Arctic Ocean 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area 2.4 Methods 2.4.1 Field work 2.4.2 DOC concentration 2.4.3 DOC flux estimation 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Segmentation of the coast - literature synthesis 2.5.2 DOC concentration 2.5.3 DOC stocks and fluxes 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 DOC concentrations in ground ice 2.6.2 DOC fluxes from the YC 2.6.3 DOC fluxes and the Arctic carbon budget 2.7 Conclusion and Outlook 2.8 Acknowledgements 3.Transformation of terrestrial organic matter along thermokarst-affected permafrost coasts in the Arctic 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study area 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Field work 3.3.2 Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and vegetation 3.3.3 Organic matter 3.3.4 Statistics 3.3.5 Transformation of organic matter 3.3.6 Fate of organic matter in the nearshore zone 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Sedimentology, stratigraphy, and vegetation 3.4.2 Organic matter 3.4.3 C/N-ratios and δ13C 3.4.4 Biomarkers 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Transformation of organic matter in the disturbed zone 3.5.2 Fate of organic matter in the nearshore zone 3.5.3 Environmental impact of the RTS 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Acknowledgements 4. Rapid greenhouse gas release from eroding permafrost coasts 4.1 Summary 4.2 Background 4.3 Study site 4.4 Sampling and incubation setup 4.5 Findings and discussion 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Methods 4.7.1 Incubation conditions 4.7.2 Gas measurements 4.7.3 Geo- and hydrochemical analysis 4.8 Acknowledgements 5. Synthesis 5.1 Mobilization of permafrost OC pools by coastal erosion 5.2 Transformation of permafrost OM on transit from land to sea 5.3 Fate and pathways of permafrost OC in the nearshore zone 5.4 Conclusion and outlook References Appendix I: Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in Arctic ground ice I-1 Abstract I-2 Introduction I-3 Study area and study sites I-4 Material and methods I-4-1 Laboratory analyses I-4-2 Statistical methods I-5 Results I-5-1 DOC and DIC concentrations I-5-2 Correlation matrix I-5-3 Principal components I-5-4 Univariate Tree Model (UTM) I-6 Discussion I-6-1 DOC stocks in ground ice and relevance to carbon cycling I-6-2 Carbon sequestration and origin in relation to inorganic geochemistry I-6-3 DOC mobility and quality upon permafrost degradation I-7 Conclusions and outlook I-8 Acknowledgements Appendix II: Supplementary material for Chapter 2 II-1 Supplementary table - Ground ice and geochemical data II-2 Supplementary table - Coastal segments and DOC flux Appendix III: Supplementary material for Chapter 3 III-1 Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index map III-2 Photograph of a massive ice bed in a RTS III-3 Calculation of biomarker proxies III-4 Supplementary table - Summary of geochemical data III-5 Supplementary table - Summary of statistical analysis AppendixI V: Supplementary material for Chapter 4 IV-1 Design of the incubation experiment IV-2 Photograph of a standard incubation setup IV-3 Conversion of gas amounts into mass IV-4 Total and daily aerobic CH4 production IV-5 Histogram summarizing OC losses and CO2 emissions IV-6 Supplementary table - Summary of TOC, DOC, and pH data IV-7 Supplementary table - Summary of TN, TOC/TN, and δ13C-TOC data IV-8 Supplementary table - Summary of total CO2 and CH4 production data IV-9 Supplementary table - Comparison of incubation setups IV-10 Supplementary table - Summary of daily CO2 production data IV-11 Supplementary table - Summary of daily CH4 production data Acknowledgements-Danksagung

Note: Table of contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Abbreviations and Nomenclature 1. Introduction 1.1 Scientific Background 1.1.1 Climate and Permafrost 1.1.2 Remote Sensing 1.1.3 Research Questions 1.2 General Approach 1.3 Thesis Structure 1.4 Author’ s contributions 1.4.1 Chapter 2 1.4.2 Chapter 3 1.4.3 Chapter 4 1.4.4 Chapter 5 1.4.5 Appendix Paper 1 2. Detection of landscape dynamics in the Arctic Lena Delta withtemporally dense Landsat time-series Stacks 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study Area and Data 2.3.1 Study Area 2.3.2 Data 2.3.3 Methods/processing 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Regional Scale changes 2.4.2 Local scale changes 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Regional scale changes 2.5.2 Local scale changes 2.5.3 Data quality 2.5.4 Data usage and outlook 2.6 Conclusion 2.7 Data Archive 2.8 Acknowledgements 2.9 Appendix A. Supplementary Data 3. Landsat-Based Trend Analysis of Lake Dynamics across NorthernPermafrost Regions 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Study Sites 3.3.1 Alaska North Slope (NSL) 3.3.2 Alaska Kobuk-Selawik Lowlands (AKS) 3.3.3 Central Yakutia (CYA) 3.3.4 Kolyma Lowland (KOL) 3.4 Data and Methods 3.4.1 Data and Trend Analysis 3.4.2 Pixel-Based Machine-Leaming Classification 3.4.3 Object-Based Image Analysis 3.4.4 Data Quality and Post-Processing 3.4.5 Calculation of Lake Change Statistics 3.5 Results 3.5.1 NSL (Alaska North Slope) 3.5.2 AKS (Alaska Kobuk-Selawik Lowlands) 3.5.3 CYA (Central Yakutia) 3.5.4 KOL (Kolyma Lowland) 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Data Analysis 3.6.2 Comparison of Sites and Prior Studies 3.7 Conclusions 3.8 Supplementary Materials 3.9 Acknowledgements 3.10 Appendix A 4. Remotely sensing recent permafrost region disturbances across Arcticto Subarctic transects 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Lakes 4.3.2 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 4.3.3 Wildfire 4.4 Discussion 4.5 Methods 4.5.1 Remote Sensing Data Processing 4.5.2 Auxiliary Data Sources 5. Tundra landform and Vegetation productivity trend maps for theArctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Background & Summary 5.3 Methods 5.3.1 Polygonal tundra geomorphology mapping 5.3.2 Image processing 5.3.3 Image Classification 5.3.4 Decadal scale NDVI trend analysis 5.4 Data Records 5.5 Technical Validation 5.5.1 Tundra Geomorphology Map 5.5.2 NDVI Trend Map 5.6 Data Citation 6. Discussion/Synthesis 6.1 Landsat-based trend analysis 6.1.1 Spatial Scale 6.1.2 Time series analysis 6.1.3 Model complexity 6.2 Mapping of permafrost landscape dynamics 6.2.1 Lake dynamics 6.2.2 Wildfire 6.2.3 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 6.3 Pan-arctic scale distribution and consequences of changes inpermafrost 6.4 Outlook Bibliography A-1. Appendix: Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions A-1.1 Abstract A-1.2 Introduction A-1.3 Methods A-1.4 Results A-1.5 Discussion Danksagung/Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Contents Summary 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Precipitation changes 1.1.2 Large-scale atmospheric patterns 1.2 Objectives and research questions 1.3 Thesis outline and author contribution High spatial and temporal organization of changes inprecipitation over Germany for 1951–2006 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data 2.3 Methods 2.3.1 Threshold between wet and dry days 2.3.2 Derivation of time series of precipitation characteristics 2.3.3 Trend analyses under consideration of temporal and spatial correlation 2.3.4 Visualization of results 2.4 Results and discussion 2.4.1 Changes in total precipitation 2.4.2 Changes in mean, variability, and heavy precipitation indicators 2.4.3 Transition probabilities 2.4.4 Seven-day precipitation amount with return period 100 years 2.5 Conclusions Can local climate variability be explained by weatherpatterns? A multi-station evaluation for the Rhine basin 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Weather pattern classification 3.3.2 Finding optimal classification parameters 3.3.3 Evaluation of classifications 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Stratification of local climate variables 3.4.2 Performance of GCMs 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 On the optimal classification 3.5.2 On the skill of GCMs 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Data availability 3.A Appendix Do changing weather types explain observed climatictrends in the Rhine basin? An analysis of within andbetween-type changes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data and weather pattern classification 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Relationship of WPs and large-scale circulation modes 4.3.2 Trend detection methods 4.3.3 Relative share of between- and within-type changes 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Attribution of WPs to large-scale circulation modes 4.4. 2Between-Type Changes 4.4.3 Within-Type Changes 4.4.4 Relative share of between- and within-type changes 4.5 Discussion and conclusions 4.A Appendix 4.S Supplementary Discussion and conclusions 5.1 Main results 5.2 Discussion and directions for further research 5.2.1 Weather pattern classification for downscaling 5.2.2 Limitations for downscaling 5.3 Concluding remarks Bibliography

Note: 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Linear Algebra 3. Univariate Distribution Theory 4. Multivariate Distribution Theory 5. Introduction to Calculus of Variation 6. Introduction to Control Theory 7. Optimal Control Theory 8. Numerical Solutions to Initial Value Problems 9. Numerical Solutions to Boundary Problems 10. Introduction to Semi-Langrangian Advection Methods 11. Introduction to Finite Element Modeling 12. Numerical Modeling of the Sphere 13. Tangent Linear Modeling and Adjoints 14. Observations 15. Non-variational Sequential Data Assimilation Methods 16. Variational Data Assimilation 17. Subcomponents of Variational Data Assimilation 18. Observation of Space Variation Data Assimilation Methods 19. Kalman Filter and Smoother 20. Ensemble-Based Data Asssimilation 21. Non-Gaussian Variational Data Assimilation 22. Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Particle Filter Methods 23. Applications of Data Asssimilation in the Geosciences 24. Solutions to Select Exercise Bibliography Index

Note: 1. Einführung 2. Grundlagen der Röntgenspektroskopie 2.1 Analytische Leistungsfähigkeit 2.2 Röntgenstrahlung und deren Wechselwirkung 2.2.1 Anteile eines Röntgenspektrums 2.2.2 Intensität der charakteristischen Strahlung 2.2.3 Nomenklatur der Röntgenlinien 2.2.4 Wechselwirkung der Röntgenstrahlung mit Materie 2.2.5 Erfassung der Röntgenspektren 2.3 Die Entwicklung der Röntgenspektroskopie 2.4 Durchführung einer Analyse 2.4.1 Analysenverfahren 2.4.2 Ablauf einer Analyse 3 Probenpräparation 3.1 Ziele der Probenpräparation 3.2 Präparationstechniken 3.2.1 Präparationstechniken für feste Proben 3.2.2 Ausdringtiefe 3.2.3 Kontaminationen 3.2.4 Homogenität 3.3 Präparation kompakter und homogener Materialien 3.3.1 Metalle 3.3.2 Gläser 3.4 Kleinteilige Materialien 3.4.1 Mahlen von kleinteiligen Materialien 3.4.2 Aufbereitung der Messprobe durch Schüttung 3.4.3 Aufbereitung der Messprobe durch Pressen 3.4.4 Aufbereitung der Messprobe durch Schmelzaufschluss 3.5 Flüssige Proben 3.5.1 Direkte Messung von Flüssigkeiten 3.5.2 Spezielle Aufbereitungsprozeduren für flüssige Proben 3.6 Biologische Materialien 3.7 Stäube und Aerosole 4. Gerätetypen für die Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse 4.1 Genereller Aufbau eines Röntgenspektrometers 4.2 Vergleich von wellenlängen- und energiedispersiven Gerätesystemen 4.2.1 Spektrenerfassung 4.2.2 Auflösung 4.2.3 Zählratenverträglichkeit 4.2.4 Lichtstärke 4.2.5 Spektrenartefakte 4.2.6 Mechanischer Aufwand und Betriebskosten 4.3 Geräteklassen 4.3.1 Handheld-Geräte 4.3.2 Transportable Geräte 4.3.3 Energiedispersive Spektrometer 4.3.4 Wellenlängendispersive Spektrometer 4.3.5 Sonderformen von Röntgenspektrometern

Note: Contents: PART 1: INTRODUCTION ; 1. The Corporation and Financial Markets ; 2. Introduction to Financial Statement Analysis ; 3. Financial Decision Making and the Law of One Price ; PART II: TIME, MONEY, AND INTEREST RATES ; 4. The Time Value of Money ; 5. Interest Rates ; 6. Valuing Bonds ; PART III: VALUING PROJECTS AND FIRMS ; 7. Investment Decision Rules ; 8. Fundamentals of Capital Budgeting ; 9. Valuing Stocks ; PART IV: RISK AND RETURN ; 10. Capital Markets and the Pricing of Risk ; 11. Optimal Portfolio Choice and the Capital Asset Pricing Model ; 12. Estimating the Cost of Capital ; 13. Investor Behavior and Capital Market Efficiency ; PART V: CAPITAL STRUCTURE ; 14. Capital Structure in a Perfect Market ; 15. Debt and Taxes ; 16. Financial Distress, Managerial Incentives, and Information ; 17. Payout Policy ; PART VI: ADVANCED VALUATION ; 18. Capital Budgeting and Valuation with Leverage ; 19. Valuation and Financial Modeling: A Case Study ; PART VII: OPTIONS ; 20. Financial Options ; 21. Option Valuation ; 22. Real Options ; PART VIII: LONG-TERM FINANCING ; 23. Raising Equity Capital ; 24. Debt Financing ; 25. Leasing ; PART IX: SHORT-TERM FINANCING ; 26. Working Capital Management ; 27. Short-Term Financial Planning ; PART X: SPECIAL TOPICS ; 28. Mergers and Acquisitions ; 29. Corporate Governance ; 30. Risk Management ; 31. International Corporate Finance

Note: Contents Preface to the fourth edition Contributors Editor's acknowledgements Acknowledgements Part I: The role of physical geography 1 Approaching physical geography 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Historical development of physical geography 1.2.1 Physical geography before 1800 1.2.2 Physical geography between 1800 and 1950 1.2.3 Physical geography since 1950 1.3 Scientific methods 1.3.1 The positivist method 1.3.2 Critique of the positivist method 1.3.3 Realism as an alternative positivist approach 1.3.4 Benefits of multiple scientific methods in physical geography 1.4 The field, the laboratory and the model 1.4.1 Approaching data collection from the environment 1.4.2 Approaching laboratory work 1.4.3 Approaching numerical modelling 1.5 Using physical geography for managing the environment 1.6 Summary Further reading Part II: Continents and oceans 2 Earth geology and tectonics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Earth's structure 2.2.1 The interior of the Earth 2.2.2 The outer layers of the Earth 2.3 Rock type and formation 2.3.1 Igneous rock 2.3.2 Sedimentary rock 2.3.3 Metamorphic rock 2.3.4 The rock cycle 2.4 History of plate tectonics 2.4.1 Early ideas of global tectonics 2.4.2 Evidence that led directly to plate tectonic theory 2.5 The theory of plate tectonics 2.5.1 Lithospheric plates 2.5.2 Rates of plate movement 2.6 Structural features related directly to motion of the plates 2.6.1 Divergent plate boundaries 2.6.2 Transform faults 2.6.3 Convergent plate boundaries 2.6.4 Hot spots 2.7 The history of the continents 2.8 Summary Further reading 3 Oceans 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The ocean basins 3.2.1 The scale of the oceans 3.2.2 Geological structure of the ocean basins 3.2.3 The depth and shape of the ocean basins 3.3 Physical properties of the ocean 3.3.1 Salinity 3.3.2 Temperature structure of the oceans 3.4 Ocean circulation 3.4.1 Surface currents 3.4.2 The deep currents of the oceans 3.4.3 The weather of the ocean 3.5 Sediments in the ocean 3.6 Biological productivity 3.6.1 Photosynthesis in the ocean 3.6.2 Importance of nutrient supply to primary productivity 3.6.3 Animals of the sea 3.6.4 Pollution 3.7 Effect of global climate change on the oceans 3.8 Summary Further reading Part III: Past, present and future climate and weather 4 The Pleistocene 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Long-term cycles, astronomical forcing and feedback mechanisms 4.2.1 Orbital forcing theory 4.2.2 Evidence that orbital forcing causes climate change 4.2.3 Problems with orbital forcing theory 4.2.4 Internal feedback mechanisms 4.3 Short-term cycles 4.3.1 Glacial instability 4.3.2 The Younger Dryas 4.4 Further evidence for environmental change 4.4.1 Landforms 4.4.2 Plants 4.4.3 Insects 4.4.4 Other animal remains 4.5 Dating methods 4.5.1 Age estimation techniques 4.5.2 Age equivalent labels 4.5.3 Relative chronology 4.6 Pleistocene stratigraphy and correlation 4.7 Palaeodimate modelling 4.8 Summary Further reading 5 The Holocene 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Holocene climatic change 5.2.1 How the Holocene began 5.2.2 Drivers of climate change during the Holocene 5.2.3 The Little Ice Age 5.3 Holocene geomorphological change 5.3.1 Retreating ice sheets 5.3.2 Rising seas 5.4 Holocene ecosystem change 5.4.1 Responses of ecosystems to the end of the last glacial 5.4.2 Tropical Africa and the Sahara 5.4.3 European ecosystems 5.4.4 Island ecosystems 5.5 The rise of civilizations 5.5.1 Humans at the end of the last glacial 5.5.2 The beginnings of agriculture 5.5.3 Social and environmental consequences of agriculture 5.6 Human interaction with physical geography 5.6.1 Out of Eden? 5.6.2 Deforestation 5.6.3 Soil erosion and impoverishment 5.6.4 Irrigation and drainage 5.7 Summary Further reading 6 Atmospheric processes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The basics of climate 6.3 The global atmospheric circulation 6.4 Radiative and energy systems 6.4.1 The nature of energy 6.4.2 Distinguishing between temperature and heat 6.4.3 Radiation 6.4.4 Thermal inertia 6.4.5 The atmospheric energy balance 6.5 Moisture circulation systems 6.5.1 Moisture in the atmosphere and the hydrological cycle 6.5.2 Global distribution of precipitation and evaporation 6.5.3 The influence of vegetation on evaporation 6.5.4 Drought 6.6 Motion in the atmosphere 6.6.1 Convective overturning 6.6.2 The Earth's rotation and the winds 6.6.3 Long waves. Planetary Waves and Rossby Waves 6.6.4 Jet streams 6.7 The influence of oceans and ice on atmospheric processes 6.8 The Walker circulation 6.8.1 El Niño Southern Oscillation 6.8.2 North Atlantic Oscillation 6.9 Interactions between radiation, atmospheric trace gases and clouds 6.9.1 The greenhouse effect 6.9.2 A simple climate model of the enhanced greenhouse effect 6.9.3 Radiative interactions with clouds and sulfate aerosols 6.10 Ceoengineering 6.11 Summary Further reading 7 Contemporary climate change 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Climate change 7.2.1 Long-term change 7.2.2 Recent climate change and its causes 7.2.3 Predictions from global climate models (GCMs) 7.2.4 Critical evaluation of the state-of-the-art in GCMs 7.3 The carbon cycle: interaction with the climate system 7.4 Mitigation 7.5 Destruction of the ozone layer by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 7.6 The future 7.7 Summary Further reading 8 Global climate and weather 8.1 Introduction 8.2 General controls of global climates 8.3 The tropics and subtropics 8.3.1 Equatorial regions 8.3.2 The Sahel and desert margins 8.3.3 Subtropical deserts 8.3.4 Humid subtropics 8.4 Mid and high-latitude climates 8.4.1 Depressions, fronts and anticyclones 8.4.2 Mid-latitude western continental margins 8.4.3 Mid-latitude east continental margins and continental interiors 8.5 Polar climates 8.6 A global overview 8.7 Summary Further reading 9 Regional and local climates 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Altitude and topography 9.2.1 Pressure 9.2.2 Temperature 9.2.3 Wind 9.2.4 Precipitation 9.2.5 Frost hollows 9.3 Influence of water bodies 9.4 Human influences 9.4.1 Shelter belts 9.4.2 Urban climates 9.4.3 Atmospheric pollution and haze 9.5 Summary Further reading Part IV: Biogeography and ecology 10 The biosphere 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Biological concepts 10.2.1 What is a species? 10.2.2 The naming of species 10.2.3 Levels of organization 10.2.4 Biodiversity 10.3 Patterns of distribution 10.3.1 Potential species distributions 10.3.2 Actual species distributions 10.3.3 Spatial patterns in biodiversity 10.4 Terrestrial biomes 10.4.1 Equatorial and tropical forests 10.4.2 Savanna 10.4.3 Hot Desert 10.4.4 Mediterranean-type biome 10.4.5 Temperate grassland 10.4.6 Temperate broadleaf forest 10.4.7 Taiga 10.4.8 Tundra 10.5 Aquatic biomes 10.5.1 Marine regions 10.5.2 Freshwater regions 10.6 Summary Further reading 11 Ecosystem processes 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The flow of energy and resources 11.2.1 Energy entering an ecosystem 11.2.2 Ecological thermodynamics 11.2.3 Trophic levels and food webs 11.2.4 Biogeochemical cycles 11.3 Biotic interactions 11.3.1 Mutualism 11.3.2 Herbivory, prédation and parasitism 11.3.3 Commensalism 11.3.4 Amensalism 11.3.5 Competition 11.4 Temporal change in ecosystems 11.4.1 Short-term changes 11.4.2 Disturbance and resilience 11.4.3 Succession 11.5 Human impact 11.5.1 Degrading ecosystems 11.5.2 Urban ecology 11.5.3 Conservation 11.6 Summary Further reading 12 Freshwater ecosystems 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Running waters: rivers and streams 12.2.1 River ecosystem geomorphological units 12.2.2 Spatial variability of river ecosystems 12.2.3 Temporal variability of river ecosystems 12.2.4 Human alterations to river ecosystems 12.3 Still waters: lakes and ponds 12.3.1 Classification of lake ecosystems 12.3.2 Spatial variability of lake ecosystems 12.3.3 Human influences on lake ecosystems 12.4 Summary Further reading 13 Vegetation and env