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  • evolution  (272)
  • Springer  (272)
  • PANGAEA
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1995-1999  (272)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: chemoreception ; deterrents ; Pieris ; Brassicaceae ; cardenolides ; host-plant selection ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are specialist herbivores of cruciferous plants. They exploit glucosinolates, secondary plant metabolites chemotaxonomically characteristic for this plant family, as token stimuli. In addition to particular glucosinolates, some genera of the Cruciferae contain cardenolides, steroidal allelochemicals that act as potent feeding and oviposition deterrents to several Pieris species. We investigated the sensory mechanisms by which these compounds are perceived in larvae. Pieris caterpillars and many other lepidopterous species are endowed with so-called generalist deterrent receptors, that respond to a broad spectrum of secondary plant substances. In Pieris caterpillars we found a second type of deterrent chemoreceptor in maxillary styloconic taste sensilla. This neuron is very sensitive to cardenolides (threshold 0.1–0.3 μM). The generalist deterrent receptor also responds to these substances but its threshold lies at 50–100× higher concentrations. In behavioural preference experiments Pieris brassicae L. caterpillars preferred cardenolide-treated cabbage leaf discs when confronted with a choice between them and a deterrent substance that does not occur in the Brassicaceae. The cardenolides acted as potent deterrents when offered against untreated cabbage leaf discs. This demonstrates that the balance of activity elicited in the two types of deterrent chemoreceptors determines the behavioural decision.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 359-368 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; host plant range ; near-isogenic ; Y-linkage ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Y-linked gene (R-gene) in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) confer the ability of larvae to survive on types of the plant Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae) which are immune to attack by susceptible conspecifics. Two near-isogenic flea beetle lines were developed. The YE-line contained the Y-linked R-gene, and male larvae from this line survived on B. vulgaris. The ST-line did not contain the gene and did not survive on the plant. The YE-line had been developed through 8–9 generations of backcrosses (YE-males with ST-females) and the two lines were considered to be isogenic except for genes located on the Y-chromosome. A single copy of the Y-linked gene is sufficient to transfer a susceptible genotype (ST) into a resistant genotype (YE) which is able to utilize a plant that is immune to attack by specimens without R-genes. The Y-linked gene had no effects on survival on other plant species tested. The gene did not have any effect on developmental times and weights of adult beetles reared on other plants than B. vulgaris. Developmental times of larvae with the Y-linked gene were longer on B. vulgaris than on normal host plants, R. sativus and S. arvensis, but the adults obtained the same size on these plant species. No trade-offs of the Y-linked gene were discovered. The results suggest that the occurrence of the Y-linked gene is a derived trait which has enabled the flea beetle to expand its host plant range. The evolution of a host shift to B. vulgaris seems not to be favoured by the presence of this single gene.
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  • 3
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    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 393-417 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Orientation system ; compass mechanisms ; mosaic map ; navigational map ; migration program ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein erster Versuch von Bellrose, die Evolution des Orientierungssystems der Vögel zu beschreiben, ging von der Annahme aus, Kompaßorientierung und die Fähigkeit zur Navigation habe sich im Zusammenhang mit dem Vogelzug entwickelt. Kompaßmechanismen sowie die Mosaik- und die Navigationskarte spielen jedoch bereits bei der Orientierung im Heimbereich entscheidende Rollen, müssen sich also dort entwickelt haben unter dem Selektionsdruck, die täglichen Flugwege zu optimieren, vielleicht schon bei den Vorfahren der Vögel. Magnetkompaßorientierung erscheint als der einfachste Orientierungsmechanismus und müßte deshalb an den ältesten Orientierungsstrategien beteiligt gewesen sein. Ein Magnetkompaß ist bei Wirbeltieren weit verbreitet, doch gibt es Hinweise auf unterschiedliche Funktionsprinzipien. Es ist deshalb offen, ob die Vögel ihn von ihren Vorfahren übernommen oder eigenständig entwickelt haben. Das gleiche gilt für den Sonnenkompaß. Die entscheidende Rolle des Magnetkompaß bei der ontogenetischen Entwicklung des Sonnenkompaß läßt eine ähnliche Beziehung bei der phylogenetischen Entwicklung vermuten. Über kurze Entfernungen kann man sich Orientierung durch Wegumkehr allein mit Kompaßmechanismen vorstellen, wobei Umwege integriert werden müssen. Bei dieser Strategie akkumulieren sich jedoch die Fehler; die bei größeren Entfernungen resultierende Ungenauigkeit erzeugte einen Selektionsdruck, der das Benutzen von Ortsinformation begünstigte. Dies führte zur Entstehung der Mosaikkarte, die auf Kompaßorientierung und Landmarken beruht. Sie ist heute als eigenständiger Mechanismus anzusehen, der nach angeborenen Regeln aufgebaut wird. Die Navigationskarte entsteht, indem die gleichen Regeln auf Faktoren mit Gradienten-Charakter angewandt werden; sie hat sich offenbar aus der Mosaikkarte entwickelt. Ob sie eine Sonderentwicklung der Vögel infolge ihrer Flugfähigkeit ist, muß offen bleiben. Da die Vögel die Grundelemente ihres Orientierungssystems wahrscheinlich von ihren Vorfahren übernommen haben, würden wir erwarten, daß diese Mechanismen bei allen Vögel gleich sind bzw. nach den gleichen Regeln erstellt werden. Vorstufen des Vogelzugs waren zunächst ungerichtete Flüge auf der Suche nach günstigeren Bedingungen; in diesem Stadium reichten die vorhandenen Navigationsmechanismen zur Orientierung zwischen den verschiedenen Gebieten aus. Als aus diesen ersten Ortsbewegungen ein regelmäßiger Zug zwischen zwei Regionen wurde, begann sich das Zugprogramm zu entwickeln, wobei sich zunächst eine spontane Richtungstendenz herausbildete. Der Magnetkompaß konnte als erstes Referenzsystem für diese Zugrichtung dienen. Später erhielt die Himmelsrotation ihre entscheidende Bedeutung, wobei die Vögel die Referenzrichtung Süd zunächst aus dem Polarisationsmuster am Tage ableiteten. Im Laufe der Zeit entstanden die differenzierten Zugprogramme mit Richtungsfolgen, steuernden Zeitprogrammen und Triggermechanismen. Die Zugrichtung und Länge der Zugstrecke unterliegen auch weiterhin einer ständigen Selektion, die für optimale Anpassung an die jeweiligen Umweltbedingungen sorgt. Der Übergang vom Tag- zum Nachtzug bereitete keine Probleme, denn die Vögel mußten zunächst keine neuen Orientierungsmechanismen entwickeln, da sich der Magnetkompaß zu jeder Tageszeit einsetzen läßt. Später entstand der Sternkompaß, der in seinen Funktionseigenschaften hervorragend auf die Bedürfnisse von Zugvögeln angepaßt ist und als eigenständige Entwicklung der Nachtzieher angesehen werden muß. Dazu erwarben die Nachtzieher die Fähigkeit, die Information der Himmelsrotation aus der Bewegung der Sterne abzuleiten und direkt auf den Sternkompaß zu übertragen. Da das Zugverhalten bei Vögeln mehrfach unabhängig voneinander entstanden ist, muß man Entsprechendes auch von den Mechanismen der Zugorientierung annehmen. Das bedeutet, daß sich die betreffenden Mechanismen bei den verschiedenen Arten unterschiedlich entwickelt haben könnten, doch ist mit konvergenten Entwicklungen zu rechnen.
    Notes: Summary In a first attempt to explain the evolution of the avian navigational system, Bellrose suggested that compass mechanisms and the ability for true navigation had developed in connection with migration across increasing distances. Yet birds use compasses, the mosaic and the navigational maps even close to home and for homing. This means that those mechanisms must have developed for orientation within the home range, with the necessity to optimize the everyday flights acting as selective pressure. In view of this, any attempt to reconstruct the evolution of the avian navigational system must start out with the non-flying ancestors of birds. Considering the requirements of orientation by landmarks and by using a compass, compass orientation with the help of the magnetic field appears to be the simplest mechanism; consequently, it must be assumed to belong to the most ancient orientation strategies. The magnetic compass is wide-spread among animals, but it appears to function according to different principles among the various groups of vertebrates so that it is unclear whether birds inherited their magnetic compass from their reptilian ancestors or developed a mechanism of their own. The same is true for the sun compass. The crucial role of the magnetic compass in the ontogenetic development of the sun compass might indicate a similar relationship for the phylogenetic development. Over short distances within the home range, orientation based solely on compass orientation appears possible, using the strategy of route reversal, with non-straight routes being integrated. Since this strategy accumulates errors, it becomes inaccurate over longer distances, thus causing selective pressure to use local site-specific information. This leads to the formation of the mosaic map, a mechanism that includes landmarks as well as compass orientation. Today, the mosaic map of landmarks is a mechanism by itself, established according to innate learning principles that associate information on path integration with site-specific information, thus forming a directionally oriented mental representation of the distribution of landmarks. The navigational map is formed by applying the same principles to factors of the nature of gradients; it thus appears to have developed from the mosaic map. Whether or not it is a special development of birds associated with their flying ability is unclear. Because the birds probably inherited the basic mechanisms of orientation from their ancestors, one would expect these mechanisms to be similar in all birds. For the mechanisms involving learned components, this means that they are established following common rules. Birds improved those mechanisms and adapted them to their specific needs. Migration is assumed to have begun with non-directed search movements for regions offering better conditions. At this stage, the already existing mechanisms of homing were sufficient for navigation between the various areas. When these first movements turned into regular migration between two regions, the migratory program began to evolve, starting out with spontaneous tendencies in a preferred direction. The magnetic compass may have served as first reference system for the migratory direction; later, celestial rotation, indicated by the changing pattern of polarized light during the day, obtained its important role in indicating the reference direction geographic South. In the course of time, sophisticated migration programs with changes in direction, controlling time programs, responses to trigger mechanisms etc. developed. The migratory direction and distance, i.e. the amount of migratory activity, continue to be subject to selective pressure so that birds can respond to the environmental conditions in an optimal way. The transition from daytime migration to night migration did not require new mechanisms, as the magnetic compass can be used at any time of the day. Later, however, the star compass evolved, which is to be considered a special development of night-migrating birds, with its way of functioning well adapted to the specific needs of migrants. Birds also developed the ability to derive information on celestial rotation from the rotating stars at night and to transfer this information directly to the star compass. Since migratory habits evolved many times independently among birds, the same has to be assumed for the specific mechanisms of migratory orientation. This means that they need not necessarily be identical in all bird migrants. We are to expect convergent developments, however, leading to mechanisms of the most suitable type.
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  • 4
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 30 (1999), S. 37-58 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: protein ; experimentation ; conceptual variation and selection ; evolution ; Mulder ; Liebig ; Pflüger ; Nägeli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A philosophically comprehended account is given of the genesis and evolution of the concept of protein. Characteristic of this development were not shifts in theory in response to new experimental data, but shifts in the range of questions that the available experimental resources were fit to cope with effectively. Apart from explanatory success with regard to its own range of questions, various other selecting factors acted on a conceptual variant, some stemming from a competing set of research questions, others from an altogether different field of inquiry, and still others from the external environment. These results are best explained on, hence support, an evolutionary model of the progress of experimental investigation, whose outlines are briefly discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: β-lactam antibiotics ; biosynthetic genes ; clusters ; evolution ; chromosome resolution ; genome plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genes pcbAB, pcbC and penDE encoding enzymes that catalyze the three steps of the penicillin biosynthesis have been cloned from Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans. They are located in a cluster in Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium nalgiovense. The three genes are clustered in chromosome I (10.4 Mb) of P. chrysogenum, in chromosome II of P. notatum (9.6 Mb) and in chromosome VI (3.0 Mb) of A. nidulans. The cluster of the penicillin biosynthetic genes is amplified in strains with high level of antibiotic production. About five to six copies of the cluster are present in the AS-P-78 strain and 11 to 14 copies in the E1 strain (an industrial isolate), whereas only one copy is present in the wild type (NRRL 1951) strain and in the low producer Wis 54-1255 strain. The amplified region in strains AS-P-78 and E1 is arranged in tandem repeats of 106.5 or 57.6-kb units, respectively. In Acremonium chrysogenum the genes involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis are separated in at least two clusters. The pcbAB and pcbC genes are linked in the so-called ‘early cluster’ of genes involved in the cephalosporin biosynthesis. The ‘late cluster’, which includes the cefEF and cefG genes, is involved in the last steps of cephalosporin biosynthesis. The ‘early cluster’ was located in chromosome VII (4.6 Mb) in the C10 strain and the ‘late cluster’ in chromosome I (2.2 Mb). Both clusters are present in a single copy in the A. chrysogenum genome, in the wild-type and in the high cephalosporin-producing C10 strains.
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  • 6
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    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 343-383 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: agnosticism ; Darwinian ; evolution ; materialism ; Malthusian ; nebular hypothesis ; popularization ; professionalization ; transitional forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley helped popularize science by writing for general interest publications when science was becoming increasingly professionalized. A non-professional, Chambers used his family-owned Chambers' Edinburgh Journal to report on scientific discoveries, giving his audience access to ideas that were only available to scientists who regularly attended professional meetings or read published transactions of such forums. He had no formal training in the sciences and little interest in advancing the professional status of scientists; his course of action was determined by his disability and interest in scientific phenomena. His skillful reporting enabled readers to learn how the ideas that flowed from scientific innovation affected their lives, and his series of article in the Journal presenting his rudimentary ideas on evolution, served as a prelude to his important popular work, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Huxley, an example of the new professional class of scientists, defended science and evolution from attacks by religious spokesmen and other opponents of evolution, informing the British public about science through his lectures and articles in such publications as Nineteenth Century. He understood that by popularizing scientific information, he could effectively challenge the old Tory establishment -- with its orthodox religious and political views -- and promote the ideas of the new class of professional scientists. In attempting to transform British society, he frequently came in conflict with theologians and others on issues in which science and religion seemed to contradict each other but refused to discuss matters of science with non-professionals like Chambers, whose popular writing struck a more resonant chord with working class readers.
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  • 7
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 865-871 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Orangutan ; MHC class I ; HLA-C ; natural killer cells ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  HLA-B and C are related class I genes which are believed to have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor. Previous study showed the presence of orthologues for both HLA-B and C in African apes but only for HLA-B in Asian apes. These observations suggested that the primate C locus evolved subsequent to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae. From an analysis of orangutan Tengku two HLA-C-like alleles (Popy C*0101 and Popy C*0201) were defined as well as three HLA-B-like (Popy-B) alleles. By contrast, no Popy-C alleles were obtained from orangutan Hati, although three Popy-B alleles were defined. Thus an HLA-C-like locus exists in the orangutan (as well as a duplicated B locus), implying that the primate C locus evolved prior to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae and is at least 12–13 million years old. Uncertain is whether all orangutan MHC haplotypes contain a C locus, as the failure to find C alleles in some individuals could be due to a mispairing of HLA-C-specific primers with certain Popy-C alleles. These results raise the possibilities that other primate species have a C locus and that the regulation of natural killer cells by C allotypes evolved earlier in primate evolution than has been thought.
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  • 8
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    Minds and machines 9 (1999), S. 309-346 
    ISSN: 1572-8641
    Keywords: language ; grammar ; syntax ; semantics ; evolution ; emergence ; brain size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract It is commonly argued that the rules of language, as distinct from its semantic features, are the characteristics which most clearly distinguish language from the communication systems of other species. A number of linguists (e.g., Chomsky 1972, 1980; Pinker 1994) have suggested that the universal features of grammar (UG) are unique human adaptations showing no evolutionary continuities with any other species. However, recent summaries of the substantive features of UG are quite remarkable in the very general nature of the features proposed. While the syntax of any given language can be quite complex, the specific rules vary so much between languages that the truly universal (i.e. innate) aspects of grammar are not complex at all. In fact, these features most closely resemble a set of general descriptions of our richly complex semantic cognition, and not a list of specific rules. General principles of the evolutionary process suggest that syntax is more properly understood as an emergent characteristic of the explosion of semantic complexity that occurred during hominid evolution. It is argued that grammatical rules used in given languages are likely to be simply conventionalized, invented features of language, and not the result of an innate, grammar-specific module. The grammatical and syntactic regularities that are found across languages occur simply because all languages attempt to communicate the same sorts of semantic information.
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  • 9
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    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 (1999), S. 325-352 
    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Keywords: evolution ; nomenclature ; phylogeny ; species ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It is argued, with selected examples from freshwaterfish systematics, that species should be viewed as anexpression of self-perpetuated clustered variation innature, conforming to the phylogenetic speciesconcept. The importance of species lies in thefunctional and structural significance of theirdiagnostic characters. Species can be nested by theircharacters into a tree diagram (phylogeny) orhierarchical alignment structure (classification) ofcharacter distribution, which may be taken to reflectevolution, the unifying theory of organismaldiversification. The phylogenetic species concept,which emphasizes recognition of a pattern ofvariation, describes better than any other proposedconcept the units called species by systematists.Other concepts are based on processes and normally donot permit recognition of particular taxa. Specieshave unique histories, and speciation may proceed bydifferent mechanisms. Whereas it may be postulatedthat speciation entails an irreversible change in thegenetic structure of taxa, recognized by phenotypicexpression and apparently also maintained to a largeextent by selection for a particular phenotype,species recognition must remain independent ofassumptions about species history and spatialdistribution. Species are monophyletic taxa and thespecies category does not differ significantly inphylogenetic regard from other systematic categories.Species as such are not necessarily evolutionaryunits. It is recommended to apply species names withreference to the diagnostic characters of the speciesand to abandon the type specimen described by theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature as anomenclatural reference unit.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: D. melanogaster ; evolution ; frameshifting ; retrotransposon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Earlier related to parasitic elements, retrotransposons of eukaryotes have been demonstrated to participate in general cell processes such as chromosome repair and evolution of gene expression (Teng et al., 1996; McDonald, 1993). Here, we report the existence of two class of genomic copies of retrotransposon 1731 with different expression strategies, one of which might be driven by natural selection. The first class uses conventional translation frameshifting known to ensure expression of revere transcriptase (RT) open reading frame (ORF), depending on the efficiency of frameshifting. The bulk of genomic copies are related to the second class where the frameshift is prevented as a result of the substitution of a rare codon recoginsing rare tRNA by a codon preferred by host genome, whereas the RT ORF is restored by downstream single nuclotide deletion. We suggest that natural selection has driven the switching of 1731 expression strategy from retrovirus-like to the fussion-ORF expression. This observation is in accordance with the detection in testes of fused Gag-RT polypetide encoded by 1731. The abundance of RT in testes may serve for normal development of host tissue.
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  • 11
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 6 (1999), S. 129-159 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: acoustic communication ; cats ; evolution ; Felidae ; vocalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the three friendly close-range vocalization types known in the Felidae was plotted on a recently published phylogeny of the cat family (Felidae) based on sequence comparisons of two mitochondrial DNA genes and other molecular and biochemical characters, with extrapolated divergence ages of its various lineages. It was found to be congruent with this phylogeny. One of the sound types is likely to be present in 30 species of the family (documented in 22 so far), another is present in 4, and the third in 2 species only; these sound types represent a phylogenetic transformation series. The latter two vocalization types also differ considerably from the first in the mode of sound production. From this, evolutionary conservatism over a long epoch for the one widespread vocalization type can be inferred, and less conservatism in the type present in four species, while the emergence of the least common type is evidence of relatively considerable and rapid evolutionary change. Thus, acoustic communication signals in a group of taxa can evolve at considerably different rates, and for a specific character this rate can differ between different lineages of that group. The ultimate causes of the evolutionary stability or of the subsequent relatively rapid change in sound structure and mode of sound production in these felid vocalizations are unknown.
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  • 12
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    Journal of computational neuroscience 7 (1999), S. 119-147 
    ISSN: 1573-6873
    Keywords: central pattern generators ; dynamical modules ; computational neuroethology ; walking ; biomechanics ; evolution ; dynamical systems theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Are there general principles for pattern generation? We examined this question by analyzing the operation of large populations of evolved model central pattern generators (CPGs) for walking. Three populations of model CPGs were evolved, containing three, four, or five neurons. We identified six general principles. First, locomotion performance increased with the number of interneurons. Second, the top 10 three-, four-, and five-neuron CPGs could be decomposed into dynamical modules, an abstract description developed in a companion article. Third, these dynamical modules were multistable: they could be switched between multiple stable output configurations. Fourth, the rhythmic pattern generated by a CPG could be understood as a closed chain of successive destabilizations of one dynamical module by another. A combinatorial analysis enumerated the possible dynamical modular structures. Fifth, one-dimensional modules were frequently observed and, in some cases, could be assigned specific functional roles. Finally, dynamic dynamical modules, in which the modular structure itself changed over one cycle, were frequently observed. The existence of these general principles despite significant variability in both patterns of connectivity and neural parameters was explained by degeneracy in the maps from neural parameters to neural dynamics to behavior to fitness. An analysis of the biomechanical properties of the model body was essential for relating neural activity to behavior. Our studies of evolved model circuits suggest that, in the absence of other constraints, there is no compelling reason to expect neural circuits to be functionally decomposable as the number of interneurons increase. Analyzing idealized model pattern generators may be an effective methodology for gaining insights into the operation of biological pattern generators.
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  • 13
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 31 (1999), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: archaea ; methanogens ; bioenergetics ; ATPases ; ATP synthases ; evolution ; proteolipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent molecular studies revealed nine to ten gene products involved infunction/assembly of the methanoarchaeal ATPase and unravel a closerelationship of the A1A0-ATPase and theV1V0-ATPase with respect to subunit composition and thestructure of individual subunits. Most interestingly, there is anastonishing variability in the size of the proteolipids in methanoar chaealA1A0-ATPases with six, four, or two transmembranehelices and a variable number of conserved protonizable groups per monomer.Despite the structural similarities the A1A0-ATPasediffers fundamentally from the V1V0-ATPase by itsability to synthesize ATP, a feature shared withF1F0-ATPases. The discovery of duplicated andtriplicated versions of the proteolipid in A1A0-ATPsynthases questions older views of the structural requirements for ATPsynthases versus ATP hydrolases and sheds new light on the evolutionof these secondary energy converters.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: chromosome painting ; evolution ; karyotype ; marsupials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 2n = 14 karyotype is shared by some species in each of the marsupial orders in Australian and American superfamilies, suggesting that the ancestral marsupial chromosome complement was 2n = 14. We have used chromosome painting between distantly related marsupial species to discover whether genome arrangements in 2n = 14 species in two Australian orders support this hypothesis. Cross-species chromosome painting was used to investigate chromosome rearrangements between a macropodid species Macropus eugenii (2n = 16) and a wombat species in a different suborder (Lasiorhinus latifrons, 2n = 14), and a dasyurid species in a different order (Sminthopsis macroura, 2n = 14). We demonstrate that many chromosome regions are conserved between all three species, and deduce how the similar 2n = 14 karyotypes of species in the two orders are related to a common ancestral 2n = 14 karyotype.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; nasuta-albomicans ; complex ; cytoraces ; body size ; fertility ; ovariole number ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Our long range interracial hybridization experiments between a pair of cross fertile races, Drosophila nasuta (2n = 8) and D.albomicans (2n = 6) have resulted in the evolution of two new karyotypic strains under laboratory conditions, which are named as Cytorace 1 and Cytorace 2. These Cytoraces harbor chromosomes from both parents. Here, we compare the body size of the parental races and newly evolved Cytoraces and the relationship between the body size and fitness. Analysis reveals that the parental races have reduced fertility and are larger in body size than newly evolved Cytoraces. Thus, the newly evolved Cytoraces show reduced body size and better fitness in the course of their evolution.
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  • 16
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    Genetica 107 (1999), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: DDE signature ; env ; evolution ; gag ; transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of transposable element structures can be analyzed in populations and species and by comparing the functional domains in the main classes of elements. We begin with a synthesis of what we know about the evolution of the mariner elements in the Drosophilidae family in terms of populations and species. We suggest that internal deletion does not occur at random, but appears to frequently occur between short internal repeats. We compared the functional domains of the DNA and/or amino acid sequences to detect similarities between the main classes of elements. This included the gag, reverse transcriptase, and envelope genes of retrotransposons and retroviruses, and the integrases of retrotransposons and retroviruses, and transposases of class II elements. We find that each domain can have its own evolutionary history. Thus, the evolution of transposable elements can be seen to be modular.
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    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 131-140 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: animal coloration ; aposematism ; evolution ; fluctuating asymmetry ; perception ; predation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aposematic animals use anti-predator defence mechanisms such as distastefulness coupled with distinctive odours, sounds, or colour visual signals to predation from domestic chicks we show that the protective value of such visual warning displays is enhanced by increasing size of the signal pattern elements and decreased by pattern asymmetry. These results provide the first experimental evidence that predation may select for individual symmetry of visual warning displays, and concur with earlier demonstrations that asymmetric signals are more difficult to detect, learn, and remember, compared to symmetric signals. Collectively, our findings suggest that prey species possessing warning coloration should be subjected to selection for large and symmetric pattern elements.
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    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 591-600 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: between-habitat distribution ; birds ; cognitive abilities ; evolution ; habitat selection ; interspecific relationships ; phytophagous insects ; stochasticity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Different habitat preferences in animals have been interpreted mostly as a result of different adaptive design of the species and/or as a result of interspecific competition. We propose an alternative view of evolution of habitat preferences. Our model is based on progressive stochastic acquisition of cognitive clues discriminating habitat features which correlate with expected fitness. We assume that acquisition of each cognitive clue allowing discrimination of ‘better’ and ‘worse’ habitats (according to the average fitness in each habitat) will constrain further evolution, because each further clue will discriminate habitats only within previously acquired preferences. Simple simulation model shows that if it is the case, even the species with equal habitat-related fitness differences will rapidly diversify in their habitat preferences. Therefore, similarly as in the evolution of other species-specific traits, the evolution of animal–habitat relationship may be strongly affected by stochastic events and historical contingency.
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    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 619-639 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: aposematism ; bioluminescence ; Bufo bufo ; defence ; evolution ; Lampyridae ; predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bioluminescence most likely evolved under selection from the visually guided behaviours of co-occurring organisms, in particular that of predators. Many possible functions of light signals have been proposed and some are supported, but whatever their function may be, they make an easy target of the emitter unless it is defended. Therefore, we want to emphasise that in many cases bioluminescence can only have evolved through a defensive function. If this were the case, one would expect multimodal adaptiveness of luminescence with at least some evidence for a defensive function. Light signals could be used in many ways to reduce predation, but for spontaneous glowing species in particular, aposematism seems the only functional strategy. In a preliminary experiment with glowing and non-glowing dummy prey, we found that wild-caught toads discriminated against glowing prey. They showed significantly lower attack responses and higher latencies towards glowing prey dummies. However, some of the toads were less reluctant because they did not distinguish initially between prey with or without the light stimulus. Since the toads were collected in areas abundant with lampyrid glow-worms, which is the only luminous organism at this locality, and our results concur with the general evidence that they may have had previous experiences with this prey, we attribute the result to luminescent aposematism. From the literature, and from our own experiments, we know that toads and many other potential predators experience lampyrids as disagreeable prey. In future experiments we will test whether glow-worms are defended by luminescent aposematism or not.
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    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 755-776 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Batesian ; evolution ; learning ; mimicry ; Müllerian ; predators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I argue that the nature of mimetic relationships remains contentious because there are insufficient data to enable full evaluation of theoretical models. There is, however, a growing appreciation of the need to draw together empirical studies to provide foundations for theoretical work. I review some recent data that considers the responses of predators to changing numbers of defended prey items and the nature of mimicry along a palatability spectrum. A simple model of predator behaviour is constructed which combines assumptions from Pavlovian learning studies with traditional ‘number dependent’ learning models. This model has two important properties. First it shows that Pavlovian assumptions can be represented in a simple model which generates interesting predictions. Second it indicates some areas that still need detailed empirical study – most importantly perhaps is the way that predators respond to prey with different levels of edibility.
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    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 23-41 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: agriculture ; evolution ; functional mimicry ; natural ecosystems ; sustainability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses the question of how much biodiversity is enough in the context of the concept of agriculture as a mimic of nature. Following an historical review of the likely origins of ecosystems I show that the currently accepted components of biodiversity, viz. genetic, species and ecosystem, and their functional expression, are relevant to agriculture. Examples of adequate biodiversity are given and it is concluded that what constitutes enough biodiversity in an agricultural system is dependent upon the goal in question and will be different depending on whether the aim is, for example, to increase yield stability or deal with salinity, ground water levels, soil erosion, leaching of nutrients or weed control. The point is made that ecosystems and their composition are contingent in nature so the history of events, their frequency and intensity all need to be considered when interpreting the natural biodiversity present and thus determining what is enough in particular circumstances.
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    Experimental and applied acarology 23 (1999), S. 181-216 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Microarthropods ; canalized ; evolution ; constraint ; reproductive biology ; spermatophore.
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates how the course of evolutionary change of an organismal pattern is canalized by organismal properties. As an example we use the mechanisms of indirect sperm transfer of some microarthropod groups. Miniaturized droplet spermatophores, characterized by a rather similar pattern of structural and functional components, are shown to have evolved independently in the Acari–Actinotrichida and the Pseudoscorpiones within the Arachnida and in the Entognatha (Collembola and Diplura–Campodeoidea), Symphyla, Pauropoda and Pselaphognatha within the Antennata. At least in the phylogenetic lineages leading to the various antennatan groups, evolution of miniaturized spermatophores took place in a similar sequence of transformation steps. It is likely that – originally – large sac spermatophores with a rigid sheath were deposited on the ground. The subsequent sequence of evolution involved carrying structures, a viscous sheath of the spermatophore-droplets, a stable water balance of the spermatophore under habitat conditions and miniaturized spermatophore droplets with immobilized sperm cells. Finally, mate dissociation became a common mode of behaviour in all groups mentioned. Each of the transformation steps was not only an adaptation to a particular selective condition, but additionally a precondition for further adaptive innovation. In this way the sequence of evolutionary change was rigidly determined. Moreover, integration of subsequently evolved components of the spermatophores into a complex network of interacting components obviously caused constraints of interaction, which in turn have caused a remarkable evolutionary stability of the character patterns. Using water mites as an example, it is shown how in a changed environment few behavioural changes have initiated an evolutionary sequence which has finally led convergently in several lineages to semi-direct or direct sperm transfer and to a massive repatterning of the original reproduction pattern. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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    Space science reviews 90 (1999), S. 169-178 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: Comets: structure ; composition ; evolution
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The initial structure of a comet nucleus is most probably a homogeneous, porous, fine-grained mixture of dust and ices, predominantly water. The water ice is presumably amorphous and includes considerable fractions of occluded gases. This structure undergoes significant changes during the early evolution of the nucleus at large heliocentric distances, due to internal radiogenic heating. Structural changes occur mainly as a result of gas flow through the porous medium: the gas pressure that builds up in the interior is capable of breaking the fragile structure and altering the pore sizes and porosity. These effects are modeled and followed numerically, testing a large number of parameters.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 31-49 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical ecology ; evolution ; variation ; population dynamics ; community ; species interactions ; infochemical ; semiochemical ; parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; learning ; phenotypic plasticity
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The marriage of chemistry with ecology has been a productive one, providing a wealth of examples of how chemicals play important roles in the loves and lives of living organisms. At first the marriage may have been a simple and monogamous one with the major scientific aim of making proximate analyses of chemically mediated, individual level interactions. But times have changed and chemical ecology is broadening, embracing different approaches and disciplines. There is, for example, increasing appreciation of variability in the systems under study and an increase in evolutionary thinking. Another promising development is greater recognition of the potential importance of chemically mediated interactions for population dynamics and for structuring communities and species coexistence. The latter is an utterly underexplored area in chemical ecology. The field of chemical ecology of insect parasitoids shows some of these promising developments. Responses of parasitoids to infochemicals are increasingly studied with an integrated approach of mechanism and function. This integration of “how” and “why” questions significantly enhances the evolutionary and ecological understanding of stimulus–response patterns. The future challenge in chemical ecology is to demonstrate how chemically mediated interactions steer ecological and evolutionary processes at all levels of ecological organization. To reach this goal there is a need for interdisciplinary collaboration among chemists and ecologists working at different levels of organization and with different approaches, with other disciplines as partners.
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    Acta biotheoretica 47 (1999), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sexual selection ; mate selection ; gamete selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; asssortative mating
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Results of an agent-based computer simulation of the evolution of diploid sexual organisms showed that several mate selection strategies confer much higher average fitness to the simulated populations, and higher evolutionary stability to the alleles coding for these strategies, than random mating. Strategies which select for 'good genes' were very successful, and so were strategies based on assortative mating. The results support the hypothesis that mating is not likely to be random in nature and that the most successful mate selection strategies are those based on assortative mating or on advantageous genes.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 7-10 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; evolution ; molecular ; pairing ; recognition
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract One principal function of biological molecules in bacteria is to recognize other molecules. This allows cells to assemble for regulated enzymatic catalysis and the integration of biochemical pathways. Recognition is also an essential and a specific property in base pairing of DNA in the double helix. Therefore, recognition events must have been central to early self-assembly of primitive genetic material, genomes, cells, genetic recombination and especially in enzyme-substrate-product recognition events. Molecular recognition events are examined with an emphasis on their central role in early prokaryotic evolution.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; conjugation ; DNA ; evolution ; gene transfer ; transduction ; transformation
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The transfer of genetic information by transformation, conjugation and transduction in bacteria occurs frequently in nature. These diverse gene transfer mechanisms in bacteria are the result of evolution and are not linked to reproduction as in eukaryotic organisms. In this review, gene transfer in bacteria will be considered from an evolutionary perspective.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 297-304 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; cell ; diversity ; division ; Earth ; evolution ; metabolism ; self-assembly ; surfaces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract About 80% of the evolutionary history of life on Earth is restricted to microorganisms which have had several billion years to speciate. The reasons for the origin (self-assembly) of life on Earth, bacterial cell division and why there are so many different bacteria and their global dispersal are discussed from an evolutionary perspective.
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    Hydrobiologia 406 (1999), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; Branchiobdellida ; Hirudinea ; Clitellata ; Lumbriculidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The debates about the relationship among clitellate taxa at research conferences on aquatic oligochaetes have provided two alternative hypotheses. While both involve cladistic analyses, the differences focus on questions of homology. A single unique synapomorphy supports a taxon consisting of Branchiobdellida plus Lumbriculidae. Muscle ultrastructure provides a potential autapomophy for Lumbriculidae within the clade, while Branchiobdellida has many autapomophies. Some proposed synapomorphies for a Branchiobdellida plus Hirudinea grouping (jaws, oral sucker) are not based on homologous structures. Others (loss of chaetae, median male pore) are not unique, or are based on potentially convergent characters. Initial molecular analyses support a Branchiobdellida - Hirudinea grouping. A preliminary manually drawn cladogram based on re-evaluated characters supports Lumbriculidae, Branchiobdellida, Acanthobdella and Euhirudinea as a monophyletic taxon. Observations on sperm ultrastructure support this hypothesis. If substantiated, a very considerable change in nomenclature will result. However, before any nomenclatural changes are proposed, a resolution of the apparently paraphyletic Oligochaeta is necessary.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 56 (1999), S. 17-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: embryo ; larva ; metamorphosis ; indirect or direct development ; life-history model ; altricial ; precocial ; allometry ; fish biologists vs. fishery biologists ; alprehost ; ontogeny ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lack of knowledge of early and juvenile development often makes it difficult to decide when a fish becomes a juvenile or, for that matter, a definitive phenotype. According to the established life-history model, a fish develops naturally in a saltatory manner, its entire life consisting of a sequence of stabilized self-organizing steps, separated by distinct less stabilized thresholds. Changes are usually introduced during thresholds. In principle, there are two ways to reach the juvenile period: by indirect or by direct development. Indirectly developing fishes have a distinct larva period that ends in a cataclysmic or mild remodeling process, called metamorphosis, from which the fishes emerge as juveniles. During metamorphosis, most temporary organs and structures of the embryos and larvae are replaced by definitive organs and structures that are also possessed by the adults. In contrast, directly developing fishes have no larvae. Their embryos develop directly into juveniles and do not need major remodeling. Consequently, the beginning of their juvenile period is morphologically and functionally less distinct than in indirect development. The life-history model helps to find criteria that identify the natural boundaries between the different periods in the life of a fish, among them, the beginning of the juvenile period. Looking at it from a different angle, when ontogeny progresses from small eggs with little yolk, larvae are required as the necessary providers of additional nutrients (‘feeding entities’ similar to amphibian tadpoles or butterfly caterpillars) in order to accumulate materials for the metamorphosis into the definitive phenotypes. Directly developing fishes start with large demersal eggs provided with an adequate volume of high density yolk and so require no or little external nutrients to develop into the definitive phenotype. These large eggs are released and develop in concentrated clutches. It therefore becomes possible and highly effective to guard them in nests or bear them in external pouches, gill chambers or the buccal cavity. Viviparity is the next natural step. Now the maternal investment into large yolks can be supplemented or replaced by direct food supply to the developing embryos like, for example, the secretion of uterine histotrophe or nutrient transfer via placental analogues. When the young of guarders and bearers start exogenous feeding, they are much larger or better developed than larvae of nonguarders and the larva period in the former is reduced to a vestige or eliminated entirely. In the latter case, the juvenile period begins with the first exogenous feeding. Such precocial fishes are more specialized and able to survive better in competitive environments. In contrast, altricial forms retain or revert to a life-history style with indirect development and high fecundity when dispersal is advantageous or essential. Fishes become juveniles when the definitive phenotype is formed in most structures, either indirectly from a larva via metamorphosis or directly from the embryo.
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    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomonitoring ; cp-scaling ; life history ; maturity index ; nematode ; evolution ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nematodes are increasingly being used in environmental studies. One of the potential parameters to measure the impact of disturbances and to monitor changes in structure and functioning of the below-ground ecosystem is the nematode Maturity Index; an index based on the proportion of colonizers (r-strategists s.l.) and persisters (K-strategists s.l.) in samples. In this paper the original allocation of nematode taxa on the colonizer-persister scale, and the tolerance and sensitivity of colonizers and persisters are discussed from an evolutionary viewpoint. The phenomenon that neither relative egg size nor body length is an unequivocal character to scale nematodes suggests that the main selection for life history traits occurred independently in the major evolutionary branches.
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: 18S rDNA ; biogeography ; Bryopsidales ; evolution ; Halimeda ; phylogeny ; Tethys ; vicariance
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Partial 18S rDNA sequences, including a 102 base pair insertion, were used to infer a phylogeny among 48 samples across all sections in Halimeda Lamouroux, 1812. The phylogeny reveals a separation of the monophyletic section Rhipsalis into a western Atlantic and a western Pacific clade. Consequently, morphologically similar species within this section such as H. monile (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux (western Atlantic), and H. cylindracea Decaisne (western Pacific), are not sister taxa. Vicariant events that separated the tropical regions of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans can explain the observed biogeographical pattern in section Rhipsalis.
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    Hydrobiologia 406 (1999), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: anterior regeneration ; evolution ; fission ; asexual reproduction ; Naididae ; Annelida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agametic reproduction by fission has evolved numerous times in the Annelida. In this group, as well as others, the developmental processes of fission appear to be based on those of regeneration. Thus far, all fissiparous annelids whose regenerative abilities have been investigated fully are capable of regenerating both anteriorly and posteriorly. However, in this paper, I describe a unique exception to this association between fission and regenerative abilities. Regeneration experiments demonstrate that the fissiparous annelid Paranais litoralis (Oligochaeta: Naididae) has lost the capacity for full anterior regeneration. The four anterior segments of P. litoralis are produced routinely during each round of fission, yet this species is incapable of producing these same segments by anterior regeneration. I propose that fissiparous reproduction, possibly coupled with a low susceptibility to amputation in nature, may have relaxed selection for anterior regeneration in P. litoralis. The decoupling of fission and regenerative abilities suggests that some steps in the developmental trajectories that lead to fission and regeneration may have diverged in this species.
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    Hydrobiologia 402 (1999), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; spiral cleavage ; Spiralia ; cell lineage
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is clear that the spiralian developmental program represents a highly flexible platform for the generation of diverse larval and adult body plans. The widespread occurrence of this pattern of early development attests to its tremendous evolutionary success. Despite the large degree of conservation in the spiral cleavage pattern and other basic aspects of early development, changes in cell fate maps and in the mechanisms of blastomere specification have arisen. While we have learned a great deal about this mode of development, a number of important questions remain to be answered. To what extent do these conditions apply to the lesser studied spiralian phyla? What constraints have led to the preservation of the early spiral cleavage program? How has this developmental program been adapted for the construction of the various spiralian body plans (e.g. the segmental body plans of annelids or to the potential secondary loss of segmentation)? Are most changes associated with the elaboration of these different larval and adult body plans restricted to the late period of development? What molecular/genetic processes underlie this developmental program? Clearly, the spiralian phyla represent an important group of organisms for further studies on development and evolution.
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    Hydrobiologia 402 (1999), S. 21-37 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; Annelida ; nephridia ; ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Annelida, nearly each segment contains a pair of ducts that either are protonephridia or metanephridia. These segmental organs function as excretory organs and, after having been modified, they may also act as gonoducts during maturity. In certain polychaetous annelids and especially in clitellates this function has been adopted by additional gonoducts which generally are formed at the begining of maturity. At the end of the last century the gonocoel theory tried to explain the relation between gonads, coelomic cavities and nephridia. Using the gonocoel theory axiomatically, Goodrich (1945) assumed that in annelids a pair of protonephridia and a pair of gonoducts represent the primary condition. Evolution of metanephridia on the one hand and the fusion of gonoducts and nephridia on the other hand occurred within the Annelida. Based on recent ultrastructural investigations into the development of different segmental organs, this paper re-evaluates Goodrich′s hypothesis. According to these data the segmental organs differentiate from a single anlage. Each consists of three or four cells which line a small lumen filled with microvilli. The duct becomes ciliated and the most proximal cells are separated when the coelom extends by fluid accumulation between the lining cells. During enlargement of the coelomic cavity the proximal part of the anlage is passively opened, so that the cilia face the coelom, to form the funnel. If separation of the proximal duct cells is suppressed, the anlage differentiates into a protonephridium, which secondarily may acquire a funnel during maturity by proliferation of proximal duct cells. Thus, different pathways in nephridial development lead to completely different segmental organs in the fertile adult. Additional gonoducts evolve in different lineages within the annelids.
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    Hydrobiologia 412 (1999), S. 191-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Branchiopoda ; paleontology ; phylogeny ; evolution ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We present a cladistic analysis of all branchiopod groups, using a total of 42 morphological characters. The class Branchiopoda is composed of five superorders and 11 orders (nine recent, two fossil). The orders Ctenopoda, Anomopoda and Onychopoda form a monophyletic group, combined in the superorder Cladocera. The order Haplopoda, the fourth so-called cladoceran order (s. lat.), belongs to a new monotypic superorder, the Leptodorida. The circumtropical Cyclesteria hislopi is the sole representative of a new conchostracan order, the Cyclestherida.
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    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: evolution ; genetic resources ; PCR-RFLP ; RAPDs ; Vicia ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We report the results of two methods of DNA analysis to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among 29 Vicia subgen. Vicia species in comparison with two species of subgenus Vicilla sect. Vicilla. The methods employed were RAPD analysis of total genomic DNA and PCR-RFLP analysis of five chloroplast genes, rbcL, rpoB, 16S, psaA and trnK. The results of each method were similar and complementary, and support the current taxonomic systems of subsp. Vicia. According to RAPD and PCR-RFLP analysis the Narbonensis complex can be considered a well separated section, which may be related to section Vicia. Sections Vicia, Atossa and Wiggersia are separate, but closely related sections. Species of the section Hypechusa form a single monophyletic section, where V. lutea, V. anatolica and V. hyrcanica are quite remote from other species. Our results suggest that within the subgenus Vicia, V. faba is more closely related to V. bithynica and that these two species are most closely related to section Peregrinae. We found that PCR-RFLP of cp DNA provided more precise information concerning relationships between Vicia sections than RAPD analysis. However, RAPD analysis was more informative concerning diversity of closely related Vicia taxa, such as the variable groups, section Narbonensis and V. sativa aggregate.
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    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Histidine decarboxylase ; Tetrahymena ; gene sequencing ; evolution ; histamine
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract RNA was isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis GL and using human histidine decarboxylase (HDC) gene primers, the RT-PCR product was sequenced. A fraction containing 207 base pairs was compared to the published sequences of prokaryotic and mammalian (rat, mouse and human) HDC cDNA (exons). The HDC-cDNA fraction of Tetrahymena was similar to the mammalian cDNA-s and it was completely different from the prokaryotic HDC-gene. The results indicate the presence of a mammalian-like HDC-gene already in a unicellular eukaryote organism and demonstrates also that the divergence of the prokaryotic–eukaryotic common gene took place already at this low evolutionary level.
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    Photosynthesis research 60 (1999), S. 29-42 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: enzyme catalysis ; evolution ; genetic engineering ; photosynthesis ; protein assembly ; protein degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) has played a central role in our understanding of chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis. In particular, its catalysis of the rate-limiting step of CO2 fixation, and the mutual competition of CO2 and O2 at the active site, makes Rubisco a prime focus for genetically engineering an increase in photosynthetic productivity. Although it remains difficult to manipulate the chloroplast-encoded large subunit and nuclear-encoded small subunit of crop plants, much has been learned about the structure/function relationships of Rubisco by expressing prokaryotic genes in Escherichia coli or by exploiting classical genetics and chloroplast transformation of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the complexity of chloroplast Rubisco in land plants cannot be completely addressed with the existing model organisms. Two subunits encoded in different genetic compartments have coevolved in the formation of the Rubisco holoenzyme, but the function of the small subunit remains largely unknown. The subunits are posttranslationally modified, assembled via a complex process, and degraded in regulated ways. There is also a second chloroplast protein, Rubisco activase, that is responsible for removing inhibitory molecules from the large-subunit active site. Many of these complex interactions and processes display species specificity. This means that attempts to engineer or discover a better Rubisco may be futile if one cannot transfer the better enzyme to a compatible host. We must frame the questions that address this problem of chloroplast-Rubisco complexity. We must work harder to find the answers.
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    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Klebsiella aerogenes ; ribitol dehydrogenase ; evolution ; mutant structures
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant ribitol dehydrogenase (RDH-F) was purified from Klebsiella aerogenes strain F which evolved from the wild-type strain A under selective pressure to improve growth on xylitol, a poor substrate used as sole carbon source. The ratio of activities on xylitol (500 mM) and ribitol (50 mM) was 0.154 for RDH-F compared to 0.033 for the wild-type (RDH-A) enzyme. The complete amino acid sequence of RDH-F showed the mutations. Q60 for E60 and V215 for L215 in the single polypeptide chain of 249 amino acid residues. Structural modeling based on homologies with two other microbial dehydrogenases suggests that E60 → Q60 is a neutral mutation, since it lies in a region far from the catalytic site and should not cause structural perturbations. In contrast, L215 → V215 lies in variable region II and would shift a loop that interacts with the NADH cofactor. Another improved ribitol dehydrogenase, RDH-D, contains an A196 → P196 mutation that would disrupt a surface α-helix in region II. Hence conformational changes in this region appear to be responsible for the improved xylitol specificity.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cysteine positions ; evolution ; gene duplication ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; isoform classes ; redox regulation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper (Wenderoth et al., J Biol Chem 272: 26985–26990, 1997) we reported that the positions of the two redox regulatory cysteines identified in a plastidic G6PD isoform from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) differ substantially from those conserved in cyanobacterial G6PDH sequences. To investigate the origin of redox regulation in G6PDH enzymes from photoautotrophic organisms, we isolated and characterized several G6PD cDNA sequences from higher plants and from a green and a red alga. Alignments of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that the cysteine residues cluster in the coenzyme-binding domain of the plastidic isoforms and are conserved at three out of six positions. Comparison of the mature proteins and the signal peptides revealed that two different plastidic G6PDH classes (P1 and P2) evolved from a common ancestral gene. The two algal sequences branch off prior to this class separation in higher plants, sharing about similar amino acid identity with either of the two plastidic G6PDH classes. The genes for cytosolic plant isoforms clearly share a common ancestor with animal and fungal G6PDH homologues, whereas the cyanobacterial isoforms branch within the eubacterial G6PDH sequences. The data suggest that cysteine-mediated redox regulation arose independently in G6PDH isoenzymes of eubacterial and eukaryotic lineages.
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    International journal of fracture 98 (1999), S. 55-76 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Anisotropic ; damage ; evolution ; crack tenso.
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the establishment of anisotropic conjugate force based damage evolution laws in the framework of Rice's (1971) ‘normality structure’. The damage variable is the second-order crack tensor (Kachanov, 1980), which represents preexisting Griffith microcracks in a solid. The principal results include the deduced damage surfaces, potentials and kinetic equations for the basic internal variables and damage tensor during isothermal processes. The generalized pth order crack tensors and qth order energy release rates are introduced. The deduction in this paper is fully independent of the specific form of the free energy or Gibbs energy functions, so the deduced damage evolution laws have a wide applicable range including plasticity. Using the deviatoric stress as the conjugate force, the two well-established anisotropic yield surfaces, Karafillis and Boyce (1993) and Hill (1950), are recovered from the deduced damage surface.
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    Autonomous robots 7 (1999), S. 89-113 
    ISSN: 1573-7527
    Keywords: learning ; evolution ; plastic individuals ; Baldwin Effect
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In the last few years several researchers have resorted to artificial evolution (e.g., genetic algorithms) and learning techniques (e.g., neural networks) for studying the interaction between learning and evolution. These studies have been conducted for two different purposes: (a) looking at the performance advantages obtained by combining these two adaptive techniques; (b) understanding the role of the interaction between learning and evolution in biological organisms. In this paper we describe some of the most representative experiments conducted in this area and point out their implications for both perspectives outlined above. Understanding the interaction between learning and evolution is probably one of the best examples in which computational studies have shed light on problems that are difficult to study with the research tools employed by evolutionary biology and biology in general. From an engineering point of view, the most relevant results are those showing that adaptation in dynamic environments gains a significant advantage by the combination of evolution and learning. These studies also show that the interaction between learning and evolution deeply alters the evolutionary and the learning process themselves, offering new perspectives from a biological point of view. The study of learning within an evolutionary perspective is still in its infancy and in the forthcoming years it will produce an enormous impact on our understanding of how learning and evolution operate.
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    Neural processing letters 10 (1999), S. 181-193 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Keywords: evolution ; learning ; ontogeny ; neural development ; structure optimization
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The interaction between learning and evolution has elicited much interest particularly among researchers who use evolutionary algorithms for the optimization of neural structures. In this article, we will propose an extension of the existing models by including a developmental phase – a growth process – of the neural network. In this way, we are able to examine the dynamical interaction between genetic information and information learned during development. Several measures are proposed to quantitatively examine the benefits and the effects of such an overlap between learning and evolution. The proposed model, which is based on the recursive encoding method for structure optimization of neural networks, is applied to the problem domain of time series prediction. Furthermore, comments are made on problem domains which associate growing networks (size) during development with problems of increasing complexity.
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 65-82 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; explanation ; evolution ; preadaptation ; specialization
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The concept of preadaptation, though useful, continues to trouble evolutionary scientists. Usually, it is treated as if it were really adaptation, prompting such diverse theorists as Gould and Vrba, and Dennett to suggest its removal from evolutionary theory altogether. In this paper, I argue that the as-if sense is ill-founded, and that the sense of preadaptation as a process may be defended as unequivocal and generally useful in evolutionary explanations, even in such problem areas as human evolution.
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 39-54 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: experiment ; evolution ; industrial melanism ; natural selection
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract H. B. D. Kettlewell's field experiments on industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, have become the best known demonstration of natural selection in action. I argue that textbook accounts routinely portray this research as an example of controlled experimentation, even though this is historically misleading. I examine how idealized accounts of Kettlewell's research have been used by professional biologists and biology teachers. I also respond to some criticisms of David Rudge to my earlier discussions of this case study, and I question Rudge's claims about the importance of purely observational studies for the eventual acceptance and popularization of Kettlewell's explanation for the evolution of industrial melanism.
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  • 47
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 253-278 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: ancestry ; Bayesianism ; creationism ; Darwin ; evolution ; likelihood ; natural selection ; phylogeny ; probability ; Reichenbach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Modus Darwin is a principle of inference that licenses the conclusion that two species have a common ancestor, based on the observation that they are similar. The present paper investigates the principle's probabilistic foundations.
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  • 48
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 395-430 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptationism ; Daniel C. Dennett ; electric fish ; electroreception ; evolution ; evolutionary function ; indeterminism ; mental content ; neuroethology ; sensory modality ; underdetermination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Are attributions of content and function determinate, or is there no fact of the matter to be fixed? Daniel Dennett has argued in favor of indeterminacy and concludes that, in practice, content and function cannot be fixed. The discovery of an electrical modality in vertebrates offers one concrete instance where attributions of function and content are supported by a strong scientific consensus. A century ago, electroreception was unimagined, whereas today it is widely believed that many species of bony fish, amphibians, sharks, skates, and rays possess this non-human sensory modality. A look at the history of science related to this discovery reveals a highly interdisciplinary endeavor, encompassing ethology, behavioral analysis, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology. While each area provides important evidence, none is sufficient on its own to fix content and function. Instead, I argue that an interdisciplinary, neuroethological approach is required to carry out such determinations. Further, a detailed consideration of biological research suggests that while content and function claims are empirically underdetermined and uncertain, there is insufficient reason to believe in an additional problem of indeterminism. In particular, Dennett's indeterminism arises from a research methodology -- logical adaptationism -- that generates evidence from only one of the areas of neuroethology. However, logical adaptationism does not reflect adaptationism as it is practiced in contemporary biology. I conclude that Dennett is faced with a dilemma: On the one hand, he can hold to logical adaptationism and the indeterminism that results from it, while giving up the relevance of his arguments to biological practice. On the other, he can embrace a more accurate version of adaptationism -- one which plays a role in a larger neuroethological framework -- but from which no strong indeterminacy claims follow.
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 561-584 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: change ; evolution ; evolutionary epistemology ; selection
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the debate in evolutionary epistemology about the nature of the evolutionary process at work in the development of science: whether it is Darwinian or Lamarckian. It is claimed that if we are to make progress through the many arguments that have grown up around this issue, we must return to an examination of the concepts of change and evolution, and examine the basic kinds of mechanism capable of bringing evolution about. This examination results in two kinds of processes being identified, dubbed ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’, and these are claimed to exhaust all possibilities. These ideas are then applied to a selection of the debates within evolutionary epistemology. It is shown that while arguments about the pattern and rate of evolutionary change are necessarily inconclusive, those concerning the origin of novel variations and the mode of inheritance can be resolved by means of the distinctions made here. It is claimed that the process of selection in the evolution of science can also be clarified. The conclusion is that the main process producing the evolution of science is a direct or Lamarckian one although, if realism is correct, an indirect or Darwinian process plays a vital role.
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    Journal of bioeconomics 1 (1999), S. 151-190 
    ISSN: 1573-6989
    Keywords: ecology ; ethnic disparities ; evolution ; hookworm ; malaria ; parasites ; plantations
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    Topics: Biology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The economic history of antebellum southern slavery has been and is the subject of ongoing debates among scholars. The literature includes assessments about the efficiency of slavery as well as about the adequacy of slave living standards and diets. Yet this literature under appreciates the important biologic and historical role that parasitic diseases played in the history of slavery. Recognizing the role of parasitic diseases calls into question some prevailing interpretations of slavery. Lacking direct evidence on slave diets, scholars turned to anthropometric evidence as proxies for the living standards of slaves, leading to the prevailing view that adult slaves were given adequate sustenance, but slave infants and children were severely malnourished. We argue it was not slave diets, but the combination of the plantation system and diseases that caused abnormally small slave children. The diseases that concern us, primarily hookworm and malaria, affected slaves ('blacks') and free labor ('whites') differently. Many slaves were concentrated on large plantations with infants and younger children crowded into 'nurseries.' This system allowed the maintenance and spread of diseases that adversely affected younger slaves. Southern white children however were less likely to be raised in conditions so conductive to parasitic diseases. The disease ecology of the antebellum South has implications for the prevailing view that slavery was more efficient than free labor. Biologic evidence indicates that people of tropical West African ancestry are more resilient to the effects of hookworm and malaria than European descendents. Thus when whites did contract these diseases, they were more afflicted than blacks. When slaves entered the adult work force they were taken from disease breeding grounds (slave nurseries) and sent into relatively (for blacks) healthy fields, while whites that went into the fields found a disease environment that was typically worse than that of their childhood. If black adults were more productive than were white adults because of a greater resilience to parasitic diseases, then part of any measured difference in productivity between slave and free farms should be attributed to the disease resistance of African descendents, rather than to any inherent efficiencies of slavery.
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    Genetica 107 (1999), S. 209-238 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; genomic symbionts ; host defense ; impact on genomes ; retronuons ; reverse transcription ; template switching
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Retroposition is an efficient route to move coding regions around the genome ‘in search’ of novel regulatory elements and to shotgun regulatory elements into the genome ‘in search’ of new target genes. The templates for such retrogenes are mRNAs, and for regulatory retronuons (nuon=any definable nucleic acid sequence) usually small non-mRNAs. An example in support of the ‘master gene’ model for SINEs (short interspersed repetive elements) is provided with neuronal BC1 RNA. Furthermore, an alternative explanation of LINE (long interspersed repetive elements) involvement in the generation of SINEs is given. I will also argue that the status of transposable elements with respect to the host resembles more symbiosis than parasitiasis and that host defense is often lenient as if even to ‘tolerate or support’ retronuons. Finally the paradox of evolution's lack of foresight and the future exaptive use of retronuons is being dealt with by referring to W.F. Doolittle's ‘Hierarchical Approaches to Genome Evolution’.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Acomys ; CENP-B box ; evolution ; satellite DNA ; speciation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Satellite DNAs (stDNAs) of four Acomys species (spiny-mice), A. cahirinus, A. cineraceus, A. dimidiatus and A. russatus, belong to closely related sequence families. Monomer sizes range from 338 to 364 bp. Between-species sequence identity was from 81.0% to 97.2%. The molecular phylogeny of the sequences helps to clarify the taxonomy of this ‘difficult’ group. The A. dimidiatus genome contains about 60 000 repeats. According to the restriction patterns, repeats are arranged in tandem. The stDNA maps to the centromeric heterochromatin of most autosomes, both acrocentric and metacentric, but appears to be absent in the centromeric region of Y chromosomes. A well-conserved centromere protein B (CENP-B) box is present in the stDNA of A. russatus while it is degenerated in the other species.
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 501-504 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: cytogenetics ; evolution ; interspecific hybrids ; oat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The newly discovered tetraploid oat Avena insularis was crossed with the diploid A. strigosa and the tetraploid A. murphyi. Considerably reduced chromosome association at meiosis and a low average number of chiasmata per cell of the A. strigosa × A. insularis hybrids indicated that the diploid A. strigosa did not participate in the creation of A. insularis. From A. murphyi, A. insularis differed by four chromosomal rearrangements and the hybrids between them were sterile. The tetraploids A. magna, A. murphyi and A. insularis share the two to four floret large diaspore, which is adapted to heavy alluvial soil. They all, however, diverge from one another by four chromosomal rearrangements. At this point it is not possible to determine whether they have diverged from a single tetraploid progenitor, or developed from different diploid species.
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Amaranthus ; evolution ; genome relationship ; structural chromosome changes
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Meiotic studies were carried out in four accessions of three grain species, viz. Amaranthus cruentus, A. powellii and A. retroflexus and their F1 hybrids to elucidate the genome relationships between the cultivated and wild types and the cytogenetical mechanisms involved in speciation. All the three species were morphologically distinct and cytologically uniform with 17 bivalents at metaphase I. Morphologically the interspecific hybrids were either intermediate or had an overall dominance of wild parents. Chromosome analysis at meiotic metaphase I in the F1 interspecific hybrids of A. powellii with the Indian and Mexican accessions of A. cruentus showed an average of chromosome association of 1.0 IV + 0.10 III + 14.78 II + 0.14 I and 1.0 IV + 0.45 III + 14.20 II + 0.25 I and 5.81% in the former and 8.44% in the later pollen grain fertility, respectively and that of A. retroflexus with A. cruentus (Indian and Mexican) showed almost similar chromosomal associations. These studies show close genomic homology amongst all these three species involving certain chromosomal aberrations resulting in their evolution.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Medicago ; Systematics ; evolution ; allozymes ; isozymes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Medicago intertexta andM. ciliaris have been controversially recognized as separate species. The only reliable diagnostic character, gland-tipped trichomes on the fruits inM. ciliaris, is controlled by presence of a single dominant allele, and such one-character taxonomies are debatable. Contributing to the difficulty,M. muricoleptis andM. granadensis, the other two species ofMedicago sectionSpirocarpos subsectionIntertextae, are sometimes confusingly similar toM. intertexta or to each other. Allozyme differences provided 95% verification of the suitability of the gland-tipped trichome character for separatingM. intertexta andM. ciliaris, thus corroborating their recognition as separate taxa. Several measures of allozyme variation indicated thatM. intertexta is more polymorphic than its sister species. Heterozygosity was also highest inM. intertexta, suggestive of a higher outcrossing rate, which is also consistent with larger floral size. Heterozygosity ofM. intertexta was concentrated in Sicily and nearby countries. Taxonomic difficulties in identifying SicilianM. intertexta are well known, and may be the result of interspecific hybridization and introgression.Medicago muricoleptis differed from the above two species in the frequency of several alleles, whileM. granadensis possessed numerous unique alleles consistent with its complete absence of genetic exchange with the other three substantially interfertile species.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 215 (1999), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Ranunculaceae ; Aconitum ; Delphinium ; Helleborus ; Nigella ; Seed oil ; fatty acids ; phylogeny ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many members ofRanunculaceae contain unusual fatty acids in their seed oils. This leads to rather typical genus-specific fatty acid patterns or “fingerprints” in these seed oils. The members of theDelphinioideae and/orHelleboroideae, however, do not contain highly unusual fatty acids. Nevertheless, their seed oil fatty acid fingerprints are also fairly typical and genus-specific, and the patterns found are rather consistent throughout several species of one genus. It was found that species ofAconitum do not contain fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms.Delphinium, Consolida, Helleborus, Nigella and others do contain C20 fatty acids. In allHelleborus species, for example, there was a consistent C20 fatty acid pattern of 20:0≪20:1≫20:2〉20:3. Species ofNigella andGaridella contain high levels,Helleborus low levels, of 20:2n-6 in their seed oils.Delphinium andAconitum both contain low levels of 18:3n-3, whereasHelleborus spp. consistently show high levels of this fatty acid. The genus-specific fatty acid patterns found are discussed, and a correlation with the subfamily and tribe affiliation of the genera investigated here is attempted.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Salicaceae ; Salix alba ; S. fragilis ; Allozymes ; clones ; population structure ; hybridization ; polyploidy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variability was estimated by enzyme electrophoresis in 239 Belgian clones from theSalix alba-S. fragilis complex. This morphological complex suggested a high frequency of hybrids. To test this hypothesis, the clones were pooled as a single co-adapted species complex and secondly as belonging to either species, i.e. beingS. alba-like orS. fragilis-like. The standard genetic variability measures showed higher values for the complex than for the separate species. However, the observed mean heterozygosity was lower in the putative hybrid complex than for each of the species separately. The fixation indices were more variable at the species level and indicated that mostS. fragilis locations appeared fixed forlap-1, whereas no fixation occured inS. alba locations. Averaged at the regional (i.e. catchment) level, this difference between the two species remained and values ranged from 0.457 to 0.617 inS. alba and were much higher, fixed homozygous or monomorph inS. fragilis. Hierarchical F-statistics revealed that most of the differentiation occured at the lower levels of localities and tributaries and that there was no further differentiation between catchments. Tributaries which are 10–25km in length were proposed as the most likely entities for further examination of putative hybridization and events of allelic fixations. By considering the two abovementioned approaches of data input, it could be suggested that most of the allozyme differentiation was between the species and less between the regions.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; A. alba ; A. cephalonica ; A. borisii-regis ; A. bornmuelleriana ; A. nordmanniana ; A. equi-trojani ; A. pinsapo ; A. numidica ; A. cilicica ; Allozyme variation ; genetic diversity ; phylogenetic relationships ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nineteen natural Mediterranean fir populations, belonging to eight species and to one natural hybrid (A. ×borisii-regis), were investigated by starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 31 alleles was scored at eight loci (IDH-B, ACP-A, PER-B, 6PGD-A, 6PGD-B, MNR-B, PGI-B, PGM-A. Great variation was observed in the heterozygosity among the population studied and ranged from 0.010 (A. pinsapo) to 0.328 (A. cephalonica). The interpopulation genetic diversity was about 26% of the total genetic diversity. From the dendrogram, new phylogenetic relationships were revealed. High affinity was observed between the Calabrian fir population and the one from north-west Greece as well as betweenA. equi-trojani grown in Asia Minor and the southern Greek populations. Species specific alleles were found inA. cilicica. From the findings of the present work, a new hypothesis concerning the taxonomy, distribution and evolution ofAbies species in the Balkan Peninsula is supported.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorococcales ; Microsporales ; Microspora ; Absolute configuration ; classification ; evolution ; flagellar apparatus ; ultrastructure ; zoospore
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spatial configuration of the flagellar apparatus of the biflagellate zoospores of the green algal genusMicrospora is reconstructed by serial sectioning analysis using transmission electron microscopy. Along with the unequal length of the flagella, the most remarkable characteristics of the flagellar apparatus are: (1) the subapical emergence of the flagella (especially apparent with scanning electron microscopy); (2) the parallel orientation of the two basal bodies which are interconnected by a prominent one-piece distal connecting fiber; (3) the unique ultrastructure of the distal connecting fiber composed of a central tubular region which is bordered on both sides by a striated zone; (4) the different origin of the d-rootlets from their relative basal bodies; (5) the asymmetry of the papillar region which together with the subapical position of the basal bodies apparently cause the different paths of corresponding rootlets in the zoospore anterior; (6) the presence of single-membered d-rootlets and multi-membered s-rootlets resulting in a 7-1-7-1 cruciate microtubular root system which, through the different rootlet origin, does not exhibit a strict 180° rotational symmetry. It is speculated that the different basal body origin of the d-rootlets is correlated with the subapical implant of flagella. It is further hypothesized that in the course of evolution the ancestors ofMicrospora had a flagellar papilla that has migrated from a strictly apical position towards a subapical position. Simultaneously, ‘ancestral’ shift of flagella along the apical cell body periphery has taken place as can be concluded from the presence of an upper flagellum overlying a lower flagellum in the flagellar apparatus ofMicrospora. The basic features of the flagellar apparatus of theMicrospora zoospore resemble those of the coccoid green algal generaDictyochloris andBracteacoccus and also those of the flagellate green algal genusHeterochlamydomonas. This strengthens the general supposition thatMicrospora is evolutionarily closely related to taxa which were formerly classified in the traditionalChlorococcales.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 214 (1999), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Malvales ; Sterculiaceae ; Tiliaceae ; Bombacaceae ; Malvaceae ; Inflorescence morphology ; epicalyx ; systematics ; homology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A broad comparative analysis reveals that the inflorescences of coreMalvales, familiesSterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae andMalvaceae, include characteristic repeating units. The basic repeating unit is called bicolor unit (afterTheobroma bicolor, where it was first observed). It is determinate and bears three bracts, one of which is invariably sterile, whereas the others subtend lateral cymes or single flowers. Through the demonstration of intermediate steps in closely related taxa the triad of bracts within a bicolor unit and the trimerous malvalean epicalyx are shown to be homologous. Various possibilities for an origin of the bicolor unit are discussed. Bicolor units are variously arranged to form complete inflorescences. In many taxa they are terminal on modules that comprise two (or fewer) prophylls. These modules may be arranged in elongated anthocladia or condensed sympodia, which in turn may constitute components of higher order inflorescence structures. The presence of the bicolor unit or its derivatives linksSterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae andMalvaceae. It is absent from all other families included in a broader defined orderMalvales and represents one of the rare morphological synapomorphies of coreMalvales. Furthermore, inflorescence morphology provides characters of systematic significance for various taxa within coreMalvales.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Phaseolus ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Taxonomy ; germplasm ; evolution ; origin ; allozyme ; Latin America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was made of the phylogenetic relationships among wild accessions of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and wild allies of Mesoamerican and Andean origins, using electrophoresis of seed storage proteins and isozymes. Mesoamerican wild species are phylogenetically more distant fromP. lunatus than Andean species, and apparently belong to the tertiary gene pool of Lima bean. The Andean wild species, which are investigated for the first time, reveal a high similarity to the Lima bean, and particularly with its Mesoamerican gene pool. These Andean species probably constitute a secondary gene pool of Lima bean, and are thus of considerable interest in the context of genetic improvement of the crop. Based on these observations, an Andean origin is suggested for the Andean wild species and forP. lunatus. These results point out the importance of collecting and conserving AndeanPhaseolus germplasm.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Brachycome ; B chromosome ; polymorphism ; evolution ; karyotyping ; centromere
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The A and B chromosomes of different karyotype variants (cytodemes A1, A2, A3 and A4) ofBrachycome dichromosomatica were analysed by computer-aided chromosome image analysis and fluorescencein situ hybridisation (FISH). Ribosomal DNA and the B chromosome-specific sequence Bd49 were detected on all B chromosomes. In addition to minor size variation of the Bs, polymorphism of the rDNA and Bd49 position and copy number revealed two major types of B chromosomes. The B chromosomes of all the cytodemes were indistinguishable from each other in length, but that of A3 showed evidence of rearrangements consistent with its long-term geographic isolation. The results presented suggest a monophyletic origin of the B chromosomes ofB. dichromosomatica.
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    Journal of bioeconomics 1 (1999), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1573-6989
    Keywords: Malthus ; Darwin ; evolution ; policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This is a rather impressionist report of my recollections of the history of the bioeconomics field.
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    Journal of bioeconomics 1 (1999), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 1573-6989
    Keywords: Darwinian world view ; evolution ; evolutionary economics ; development ; subjectivism ; natural selection ; analogy ; adaptation ; evolutionary progress ; preferences ; genetic endowment ; growth of consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Bioeconomics—the merging of views from biology and economics—on the one hand invites the 'export' of situational logic and sophisticated optimization developed in economics into biology. On the other hand, human economic activity and its evolution, not least over the past few centuries, may be considered an instance for fruitfully applying ideas from evolutionary biology and Darwinian theory. The latter perspective is taken in the present paper. Three different aspects are discussed in detail. First, the Darwinian revolution provides an example of a paradigm shift which contrasts most significantly with the 'subjectivist revolution' that took place at about the same time in economics. Since many of the features of the paradigmatic change that were introduced into the sciences by Darwinism may be desirable for economics as well, the question is explored whether the Darwinian revolution can be a model for introducing a new paradigm in economic theory. Second, the success of Darwinism and its view of evolution have induced economists who are interested in an evolutionary approach in economics to borrow, more or less extensively, concepts and tools from Darwinian theory. Particularly prominent are constructions based on analogies to the theory of natural selection. Because several objections to such analogy constructions can be raised, generalization rather than analogy is advocated here as a research strategy. This means to search for abstract features which all evolutionary theories have in common. Third, the question of what a Darwinian world view might mean for assessing long term economic evolution is discussed. Such a view, it is argued, can provide a point of departure for reinterpreting the hedonistic approach to economic change and development. On the basis of such an interpretation bioeconomics may not only go beyond the optimization-cum-equilibrium paradigm currently prevailing in economics. It may also mean adding substantial qualifications to the subjectivism the neoclassical economists, at the turn of the century, were proud to establish in the course of their scientific revolution.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 216 (1999), S. 135-166 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Dipsacaceae ; Pseudoscabiosa ; Scabiosa ; Sixalix ; Lomelosia ; Pycnocomon ; Scabiosiopsis ; Tremastelma ; Epicalyx ; fruit anatomy ; evolution ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fruits ofDipsacaceae are single-seeded, have bristle-shaped calyx segments and are tightly enclosed by four fused bracts forming an epicalyx. Comparative morphological and anatomical studies reveal a great diversity of epicalyx and calyx, often relevant to fruit dispersal. The present contribution deals with theScabiosa group of genera, the core of theScabioseae tribe. Most of its taxa develop a diaphragma from a meristem on the inside of the epicalyx. This diaphragma, together with the lower part of the epicalyx encloses the fruit proper, whereas the upper parts form a so-called “epi-diaphragma” (ed) and a ± hyaline corona. Differences of the epicalyx with respect to the size and position of the ed, elaboration of the corona, origin of pits (=foveoles) and other morphological and anatomical specializations can be demonstrated. Together with palynological and karyological data these new facts support an improved concept of relationships and systematics for the taxa studied:Scabiosa sect.Scabiosa and sect.Cyrtostemma are closely related and should be united to form the genusScabiosa s. str.;Pycnocomon can be maintained as an independent genus, sister toScabiosa sect.Trochocephalus which then has to be treated as a genus,Lomelosia. In contrast, the following genera have to be included inLomelosia:Tremastelma asLomelosia sect.Callistemma, andScabiosiopsis as part ofLomelosia sect.Lomelosia. Pseudoscabiosa deviates in so many features that it has to be excluded from the redefinedScabioseae s. str.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 217 (1999), S. 279-297 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Arecaceae ; Phytelephantoideae ; Aleocharinae ; Baridinae ; Derelomini ; Mystrops ; Xanthopygus ; Brood-site pollination ; dioecy ; evolution ; floral scents ; flower-breeding ; pollination ; thermogenesis
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    Notes: Abstract The subfamilyPhytelephantoideae comprises three genera (Ammandra, Aphandra, andPhytelephas) and seven species of dioecious palms. The floral scents ofAmmandra dasyneura, A. decasperma, Aphandra natalia, Phytelephas aequatorialis, P. macrocarpa, andP. seemannii were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We studied the pollination biology ofA. natalia, P. aequatorialis, andP. macrocarpa, and tested how the synthetically produced main constituents of the floral scents ofAphandra andPhytelephas attracted insects in two natural populations ofPhytelephas. The genera are distinct in terms of floral scents.Ammandra has sesquiterpenes,Aphandra (+)-2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, andPhytelephas p-methyl anisol. These constituents dominated the scents quantitatively and qualitatively. The similarity between scents of male and female inflorescences was 76.5% inAmmandra, 84.2% inAphandra, and 〉99% inPhytelephas. Different species ofAleocharinae (Staphylinidae) pollinateAphandra natalia andPhytelephas species and reproduce in their male inflorescences.Derelomini (Curculinoidae) andMystrops (Nitidulidae) only visit and pollinatePhytelephas in which male inflorescences they reproduce. A species ofBaridinae (Curculionidae) only visits and pollinatesAphandra natalia, and reproduces in its female inflorescence. The apparent reliance on one or a few floral scent constituents as attractants and few and specific pollinators may indicate co-evolution. Sympatric species ofPhytelephantoideae have different scents. We suggest that species with similar scents have allopatric distributions due to the absence of a pollinator isolation mechanism.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Hymenophyllopsis ; Lophosoria ; molecular systematics ; evolution ; rbcL ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nucleotide sequences fromrbcL were used to infer relationships of Lophosoriaceae and Hymenophyllopsidaceae. The phylogenetic positions of these two monotypic fern families have been debated, and neither group had been included in recent molecular systematic studies of ferns. Maximum parsimony analysis of our data supported a sister relationship betweenLophosoria andDicksonia, and also betweenHymenophyllopsis andCyathea. Thus, both newly-examined families appear to be part of a previously characterized and well-supported clade of tree ferns. The inferred relationships ofLophosoria are consistent with most (but not all) recent treatments. However,Hymenophyllopsis includes only small delicate plants superficially similar to filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae), very different from the large arborescent taxa. Nevertheless, some synapomorphic characteristics are shared with the tree fern clade. Further studies on gametophytes ofHymenophyllopsis are needed to test these hypotheses of relationship.
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    In:  Heidelberg, Springer, vol. 113, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 1-56670-263-3)
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Handbook of geophysics ; Seismology ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Early warning systems (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis etc.) ; Earthquake hazard ; KTB ; ICDP ; IOcean Drilling Program ; climate ; Antarctica ; Nuclear explosion ; Volcanology ; GeodesyY ; satellites ; remote ; sensing ; gas ; hydrates ; Geothermics ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; potable ; water ; waste ; soils ; evolution ; Geol. aspects ; geotechnics ; Engineering geophys. ; ores
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    Acta biotheoretica 46 (1998), S. 141-156 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: locomotion ; Squamata ; lizards ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In lower quadrupedal vertebrates locomotor efficiency seems to result from the associate movements of the axial and appendicular systems, which are totally independent in structure and embryological origin. The curvature of the trunk, produced by a standing wave, magnifies the propulsive action of the limbs. In intermediate forms, the association of an elongate trunk with limbs reduced in size brings about functional consequences which may be noticeably diverse according to the degree of trunk elongation and limb reduction. According to environmental constraints, animals search for better locomotor efficiency, which implies the maintenance or breakage of this association of both locomotor systems. In some cases, limb action on the ground is added to the axial wave action through a perfect mutual adjustment of rhythmic activity, until mechanical inefficiency of the limbs is reached by possible loss of contact with the ground. In other cases, the limbs dragged on the ground during the stance phase act against the axial action or, on the contrary, are inhibited by the axial system. A review of available data tries to contribute to an understanding of the respective roles of both systems in the transition to limblessness.
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    BioMetals 11 (1998), S. 277-295 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: evolution ; classification ; EF-hand ; domain ; homology ; chimera ; congruence ; gene duplication ; gene fusion ; eukaryote ; dendrogram ; calmodulin ; troponin C ; light chain of myosin ; S100 ; parvalbumin ; calcineurin ; recoverin ; calpain ; sorcin ; diacylglycerol ; calbindin ; aequorin ; phospholipase C ; BM-40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-five distinct subfamilies of EF-hand proteins have been identified. They contain from two to eight EF-hands that are recognizable by amino acid sequence as being statistically similar to other EF-hand domains. All proteins within one subfamily are congruent to one another, i.e. the dendrogram computed from one of the EF-hand domains is similar, within statistical error, to the dendrogram computed from another(s) domain. Thirteen subfamilies - including Calmodulin, Troponin C, Essential light chain, Regulatory light chain - referred to collectively as CTER, are congruent with one another. They appear to have evolved from a single ur-domain by two cycles of gene duplication and fusion. The subfamilies of CTER subsequently evolved by gene duplications and speciations. The remaining 32 subfamilies do not show such general patterns of congruence; however, some - such as S100, intestinal calcium binding protein (calbindin 9kd), and trichohylin - do not form congruent clusters of subfamilies. Nearly all of the domains 1, 3, 5, and 7 are most similar to other ODD domains. Correspondingly the EVEN numbered domains of all 45 subfamilies most closely resemble EVEN domains of other subfamilies. Many sequence and chem-ical characteristics do not show systemic trends by subfamily or species of host organisms; such homoplasy is widespread. Eighteen of the subfamilies are heterochimeric; in addition to multiple EF-hands they contain domains of other evolutionary origins.© Kluwer Academic Publishers
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    Photosynthetica 35 (1998), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: evolution ; hydrogen ; life ; photosynthesis ; radiant energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis, as a fundamental element in the life process, is integrated in the evolution of living systems on the basis of hydrogen cycles on various hierarchic levels. Conversion of radiant energy enables the oxidation of water, whereby free oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere. Hydrogen is (reversibly) stored in organic materials formed under reductive CO2-fixation and by the incorporation of the other elements, which are necessary for living systems. All endergonic processes in living cells are finally driven by the energy released through the clean recombination of protons and electrons with oxygen to water. Duration of the stored energy and the complexity of the systems thus produced is correlated negatively with the conversion efficiency of the radiation energy. Entropy is a unifying principle in the evolution of living systems, inclusive human societies.
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    Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems 1 (1998), S. 59-88 
    ISSN: 1573-7454
    Keywords: agents ; evolution ; information filtering ; world wide web
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Amalthaea is an evolving, multi-agent ecosystem for personalized filtering, discovery, and monitoring of information sites. Amalthaea's primary application domain is the World Wide Web and its main purpose is to assist its users in finding interesting information. Two different categories of agents are introduced in the system: filtering agents that model and monitor the interests of the user and discovery agents that model the information sources.A market-like ecosystem where the agents evolve, compete, and collaborate is presented: agents that are useful to the user or other agents reproduce, while low-performing agents are destroyed. Results from various experiments with different system configurations and varying ratios of user interests versus agents in the system are presented. Finally issues like fine-tuning the initial parameters of the system and establishing and maintaining equilibria in the ecosystem are discussed.
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    Automated software engineering 5 (1998), S. 447-464 
    ISSN: 1573-7535
    Keywords: design ; domain-oriented design environments ; evolution ; end-user modification ; knowledge construction ; computer network design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We live in a world characterized by evolution—that is, by ongoing processes of development, formation, and growth in both natural and human-created systems. Biology tells us that complex, natural systems are not created all at once but must instead evolve over time. We are becoming increasingly aware that evolutionary processes are ubiquitous and critical for technological innovations as well. This is particularly true for complex software systems because these systems do not necessarily exist in a technological context alone but instead are embedded within dynamic human organizations. The Center for LifeLong Learning and Design (L3D) at the University of Colorado has been involved in research on software design and other design domains for more than a decade. We understand software design as an evolutionary process in which system requirements and functionality are determined through an iterative process of collaboration among multiple stakeholders, rather than being completely specified before system development occurs. Our research focuses on the following claims about software systems embedded within dynamic human organizations: (1) they must evolve because they cannot be completely designed prior to use, (2) they must evolve to some extent at the hands of the users, and (3) they must be designed for evolution. Our theoretical work builds upon our existing knowledge of design processes and focuses on a software process model and architecture specifically for systems that must evolve. Our theories are instantiated and assessed through the development and evolution of domain-oriented design environments (DODEs)—software systems that support design activities within particular domains and that are built specifically to evolve.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; evolution ; sex chromosomes ; Y chromosome degeneration ; Y chromosome mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Y chromosome degeneration is characterized by structural changes in the chromosome architecture and expansion of genetic inertness along the Y chromosome. It is generally assumed that the heteromorphic sex chromosome pair has developed from a pair of homologues. Several models have been suggested. We use the unique situation of the secondary sex chromosome pair, neo-Y and neo-X (X2), in Drosophila miranda to analyze molecular mechanisms involved in the evolutionary processes of Y chromosome degeneration. Due to the fusion of one of the autosomes to the Y chromosome (about 2 Mya), a neo-Y chromosome and a neo-X chromosome, designated X2, were formed. Thus, formerly autosomal genes are inherited now on a pair of sex chromosomes in D. miranda. Analyzing DNA sequences from the X2 and neo-Y region, we observed a massive accumulation of DNA insertions on the neo-Y chromosome. From the analysis of several insertion elements, we present compelling evidence that the first step in Y chromosome degeneration is driven by the accumulation of transposable elements, especially retrotransposons. An enrichment of these elements along an evolving Y chromosome could account for the switch from a euchromatic into a heterochromatic chromatin structure.
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    Genetica 102-103 (1998), S. 229-239 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; fertility ; natural selection ; population genetics ; viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical analysis was carried out on the mutation load observed in long-maintained inbred lines from two experiments with Drosophila and mice. The rate of decline in fitness and its sampling distribution were predicted for both experiments using Monte Carlo simulation with a range of mutational parameters and models. The predicted rates of change in fitness were compared to the empirical observed rates, which were close to zero. The classical hypothesis of many deleterious mutations (about one event per genome per generation) of small effect (1–2%) resulting in a mutation pressure for fitness of about 1% per generation is incompatible with the data. Recent estimates suggesting an overall mutation pressure for fitness traits of about 0.1% are, however, compatible with the observed load.
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 5 (1998), S. 65-93 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: Multituberculata ; inner ear ; cochlea ; semicircular canals ; hearing ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inner ear of the Late Cretaceous multituberculates Nemegtbaatar gobiensis and Chulsan-baatar vulgaris is described from serial sections and enlarged models. The size and proportions of the inner ear as a whole are as expected for extant small mammals. The lengths of the cochlea (Nemegtbaatar gobiensis, 3.0 mm, Chulsanbaatar vulgaris, 2.0 mm) are comparable to those of other multituberculates, when ratios of length of the cochlea to skull length are calculated. The vestibule is not as expanded in the two taxa as in Lambdopsalis, ?Meniscoessus, and ?Catopsalis; the estimated volume for Nemegtbaatar gobiensis is 9 mm3. A slightly laterally curved, anteriomedially directed cochlea, relatively robust ear ossicles, and the estimations of the area of the tympanic membrane and stapedial footplate in Chulsanbaatar suggest high-frequency hearing but a relatively low sensitivity to low-decibel sounds. The semicircular canals of Nemegtbaatar and Chulsanbaatar are fully developed; the size of the anterior, posterior, and lateral canals and their angles and proportions are comparable to those of extant mammals of similar size. The anterior semicircular canal of Nemegtbaatar forms a smooth half-circle and thus is more derived than the angular canal of Ornithorhynchus. The notable differences between the ratio of the width of the lateral semicircular canal to skull length and the size of the vestibule in Nemegtbaatar and the Paleocene multituberculate Lambdopsalis bulla are probably related to different modes of life.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: Artiodactyla ; hippopotamuses ; Cetacea ; morphology ; cytochrome b ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A character analysis of selected conservative morphological traits from extant and fossil artiodactyls and cetaceans was combined with a similar analysis of conservative nucleotide positions from the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of available extant artiodactyls, cetaceans, sirenians, perissodactyls, and other mammals. This combined analysis focuses on the evidence that supports conflicting hypotheses of artiodactyl monophyly, including the affinities of hippopotamids and the monophyly or paraphyly of odontocete cetaceans. Highly conserved morphological traits of the astragalus and deciduous dentition provide strong corroboration of artiodactyl monophyly, including extant and fossil hippopotamids. In contrast, cytochrome b gene sequences are incapable of confirming this monophyly, due to excessive homoplasy of nucleotide and amino acid traits within extant Eutheria. In like manner, highly conserved and uniquely derived morphological features of the skull and auditory regions provide robust corroboration of Odontoceti monophyly, including extant and fossil physeteroids. Several nucleotide similarities do exist between physeteroids and mysticetes; however, most are either silent third-position transversions or occur also in two or more odontocete families. We suggest that increased taxon sampling, combined with functional considerations of amino acids and their secondary structure in protein-coding genes, are essential requirements for the phylogenetic interpretations of molecules at higher taxonomic levels, especially when they conflict with well-supported hypotheses of mammalian phylogeny, corroborated by uniquely derived morphological traits from extant and fossil taxa.
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    Genetica 102-103 (1998), S. 61-69 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: neutral theory ; slightly deleterious ; evolution ; mutations ; mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple neutral model predicts that the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous fixed differences between species will be the same as the ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous polymorphisms within species. This prediction is tested with existing mitochondrial datasets from 25 animal species. In slightly over half of the studies, the ratio of replacement to silent polymorphisms within species is significantly greater than the ratio of replacement to silent fixed differences between species. These observations are best explained by a substantial number of mildly deleterious amino acid mutations that contribute to heterozygosity but rarely become fixed.
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 30 (1998), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; nitric oxide reductase ; respiration ; denitrification ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Nitric oxide reductase (NOR) is a key enzyme in denitrification, reforming the N–N bond (making N2O from two NO molecules) in the nitrogen cycle. It is a cytochrome bc complex which has apparently only two subunits, NorB and NorC. It contains two low-spin cytochromes (c and b), and a high-spin cytochrome b which forms a binuclear center with a non-heme iron. NorC contains the c-type heme and NorB can be predicted to bind the other metal centers. NorB is homologous to the major subunit of the heme/copper cytochrome oxidases, and NOR thus belongs to the superfamily, although it has an Fe/Fe active site rather than an Fe/Cu binuclear center and a different catalytic activity. Current evidence suggests that NOR is not a proton pump, and that the protons consumed in NO reduction are not taken from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Therefore, the comparison between structural and functional properties of NOR and cytochrome c- and quinol-oxidizing enzymes which function as proton pumps may help us to understand the mechanism of the latter. This review is a brief summary of the current knowledge on molecular biology, structure, and bioenergetics of NOR as a member of the oxidase superfamily.
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    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 615-626 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: development ; evolution ; optimality ; phenotypic variation ; stochastic environments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used a probabilistic optimization model to explore the joint evolutionary effects of random phenotypic and environmental variation. Two forms of environmental noise were defined in which the optimal phenotype remained constant but all organisms experienced either the same proportionate or the same absolute fitness gains and losses. There was no evolutionary effect of proportionate fitness fluctuations. In contrast, the optimal genotype varied with absolute fitness fluctuations, despite the environmental effect being phenotype-independent. We refer to such phenotype-independent fluctuation in absolute fitness as the ‘fitness threshold model’, because shared fitness effects determine the zero-fitness points (i.e. the baseline) on an intrinsic fitness function. Thus, environmental effects that are unrelated to a focal trait can cause peak shifts in the genetic optimum for the trait. Changes in the fitness threshold not only changed peak locations, but also altered the slopes defining the peaks, and so should alter the rate of evolution towards optima. This model pertains to evolution in any system, unless there is no phenotypic or environmental variance, or the selection function and distribution of phenotypic error assume similar shapes. Our results have many basic and applied implications for topics such as the maintenance of genetic variation, the canalization of development and the management of natural populations.
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    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: environmental sex determination ; evolution ; nest-site philopatry ; reptiles ; sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The reason for the frequent occurrence of environmental sex determination (ESD) in reptiles is still not well understood, although much effort has been devoted to solving the issue. Stimulated by the occurrence of nest-site philopatry in some species, this paper examines a diploid model of the influence of nest-site philopatry on the evolution of ESD. Analysis shows that nest-site philopatry can lead to ESD because the fitnesses of sons and daughters are not influenced in the same way by nest-site quality. Daughters inherit the nest site and thus benefit more than sons from a high-quality nest site. Conversely, the fitness of daughters at low-quality nest sites is lower compared to the fitness of sons. Therefore, genes causing ESD can spread by causing the production of more sons at low-quality nest sites and more daughters at high-quality nest sites. Suggestions are made to test empirically whether nest-site philopatry led to the evolution of ESD.
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    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 153-164 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: algae ; anti-predator adaptations ; arms race ; Chlorella vulgaris ; chrysophytes ; continuous culture ; evolution ; flagellates ; multicellularity ; Ochromonas vallescia ; phagocyte ; predator–prey interactions ; selective pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Predation was a powerful selective force promoting increased morphological complexity in a unicellular prey held in constant environmental conditions. The green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, is a well-studied eukaryote, which has retained its normal unicellular form in cultures in our laboratories for thousands of generations. For the experiments reported here, steady-state unicellular C. vulgaris continuous cultures were inoculated with the predator Ochromonas vallescia, a phagotrophic flagellated protist (‘flagellate’). Within less than 100 generations of the prey, a multicellular Chlorella growth form became dominant in the culture (subsequently repeated in other cultures). The prey Chlorella first formed globose clusters of tens to hundreds of cells. After about 10–20 generations in the presence of the phagotroph, eight-celled colonies predominated. These colonies retained the eight-celled form indefinitely in continuous culture and when plated onto agar. These self-replicating, stable colonies were virtually immune to predation by the flagellate, but small enough that each Chlorella cell was exposed directly to the nutrient medium.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: cell size ; competition ; evolution ; fitness ; nutrient specificity ; selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An important problem in microbial ecology is to identify those phenotypic attributes that are responsible for competitive fitness in a particular environment. Thousands of papers have been published on the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular genetics of Escherichia coli and other bacterial models. Nonetheless, little is known about what makes one genotype a better competitor than another even in such well studied systems. Here, we review experiments to identify the phenotypic bases of improved competitive fitness in twelve E. coli populations that evolved for thousands of generations in a defined environment, in which glucose was the limiting substrate. After 10000 generations, the average fitness of the derived genotypes had increased by ∼ 50% relative to the ancestor, based on competition experiments using marked strains in the same environment. The growth kinetics of the ancestral and derived genotypes showed that the latter have a shorter lag phase upon transfer into fresh medium and a higher maximum growth rate. Competition experiments were also performed in environments where other substrates were substituted for glucose. The derived genotypes are generally more fit in competition for those substrates that use the same mechanism of transport as glucose, which suggests that enhanced transport was an important target of natural selection in the evolutionary environment. All of the derived genotypes produce much larger cells than does the ancestor, even when both types are forced to grow at the same rate. Some, but not all, of the derived genotypes also have greatly elevated mutation rates. Efforts are now underway to identify the genetic changes that underlie those phenotypic changes, especially substrate specificity and elevated mutation rate, for which there are good candidate loci. Identification and subsequent manipulation of these genes may provide new insights into the reproducibility of adaptive evolution, the importance of co-adapted gene complexes, and the extent to which distinct phenotypes (e.g., substrate specificity and cell size) are affected by the same mutations.
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Branchiopoda ; Anomopoda ; Radopoda ; trunk limbs ; taxonomy ; morphology ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation, using optical microscopy and SEM, of the trunk limbs of the Anomopoda has revealed a large number of characters, previously underused or unused in taxonomy and comparative morphology. All these characters, which are nicely paralleled by some more conventional traits (head shield and pores, postabdomen, antennae ...), show one clear tendency across all groups studied: a state of complexity at one extreme, and a state of often incisive simplification at the other extreme, with a number of transitional stages in between. The complex character state, which itself is a simplification of the leg structure of the Ctenopoda and other, ‘large’ Branchiopoda, is here considered to represent a primitive condition. The simplified state is considered advanced. Based on this assumption, we list a number of unifying characters (mainly structural aspects of P1 and P2, but also the gnathobase of P3 and P4) for all macrothricid and chydorid-like anomopods, which we unite in the new suborder Radopoda. Non-radopod Anomopoda are not reclassified. We then derive a cascade of (mainly trunk-limb based) characters to work out a hypothesis on the evolution of the Radopoda. The ‘chydorid’ line (basically the former family Chydoridae) is classified as a superfamily (the Eurycercoidea), with three families; the ‘macrothricid’ line is capped by the superfamily Macrothricoidea, with four families. Of these seven families, four are upgraded from subfamily status, the Chydoridae are left status quo, the Macrothricidae are redefined, and the Neothricidae are a new family. The Macrothricidae are further subdivided in two subfamilies, of which the Macrothricinae appear reasonably homogeneous (monophyletic), while the non-Macrothricinae require further study. Some of these (e.g. Guernella) have almost completely lost their P5, a situation parallel to that of the P6 in the Eurycercidae, Acantholeberidae, and Ophryoxidae.
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    Hydrobiologia 387-388 (1998), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: behavior ; mating ; evolution ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent isolation of a mate recognition pheromone in the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller has shed new light on the mate recognition system of rotifers. One result is improved understanding of the importance of mating behavior as a highly efficient process used by rotifers to choose conspecifics. There are many differences in the main characteristics of mating behavior in members of five different families of rotifers. The present work describes the use of these characteristics to assess species boundaries, especially where boundaries between two or more species are unclear. The method proposed here can assess quantitatively the response of males of one species to females of a questionable taxon by measuring the percentage of matings initiated and the number of completed copulations. The data generated can then be used together with molecular, morphological, and other data to determine the species boundaries. This approach can help distinguish between morphological differences resulting from evolutionary divergence of species and morphological differences induced by environmental or ecological factors.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acanthocephala ; aschelminthes ; cladistics ; evolution ; Gnathostomulida ; phylogeny ; pseudocoelomates ; Rotifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated phylogenetic relationships of phylum Rotifera using cladistic analysis to uncover all most-parsimonious trees from a data set comprising 60 morphological characters of nine taxa: one Acanthocephala, six Rotifera, and two outgroups (Turbellaria, Gnathostomulida). Analysis of our matrix yielded a single most-parsimonious tree. From our analysis we conclude the following: (1) Class Digononta is paraphyletic; (2) it is still premature to reject rotiferan monophyly; (3) the classification hierarchy that best conforms to this morphologically based, cladistic analysis is similar to several traditional schemes. In spite of these results, it is significant that this analysis yielded a tree that is incongruent with those trees developed from molecular data or by using the principles of evolutionary taxonomy.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phylogeny ; acanthocephala ; rotifera ; bilateria ; evolution ; 18S rRNA gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Advances in morphological and molecular studies of metazoan evolution have led to a better understanding of the relationships among Rotifera (Monogononta, Bdelloidea, Seisonidea) and Acanthocephala, and their relationships to other bilateral animals. The most accepted morphological analysis places Acanthocephala as a sister group to Rotifera, although other studies have placed Acanthocephala as a sister taxon to Bdellodea or Seisonidea. Molecular analyses using nuclear 18S rRNA and mitochondrial 16S rRNA genes support Acanthocephala as a sister taxon to Bdelloidea, although no molecular data is available for Seisonidea. Combining molecular and morphological analyses of Bilateria leads to a tree with Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Acanthocephala and Gnathostomulida (and probably Gastrotricha) as a sister group to the annelid-mollusc lineage of the Spiralia (Lophotrochozoa).
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  • 88
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    Hydrobiologia 390 (1998), S. 171-217 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: taxonomy ; palaeoecology ; evolution ; punctuated equilibrium ; prey-predator coevolution ; bottlenecking ; thalassoidism ; zoogeography ; rift lakes ; lacustrine endemism ; Bellamya ; Neothauma ; Kaya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During late Cenozoic pre-rift times the viviparid genus Bellamya was probably confined to eastern Africa while in the Congo Basin occurred the genera Neothauma and Kaya (a new genus described herein). During the Pliocene, Kaya became extinct and Neothauma became a relict in Lake Tanganyika. All African rift lakes formed during or after the Pliocene were colonised by populations of Bellamya, which evolved into lacustrine endemics. The changes in shell morphology in Bellamya, such as ornamentation functioning as protection against predators, are modest and repetitive in time and space. After the initial adaptations stasis followed, and there is no indication of an arms race between prey and predator in this genus. In the lakes of the western rift that were formed prior to the Pliocene, namely Lake Tanganyika and Palaeolake Obweruka, Neothauma instead of Bellamya was the coloniser. Initially morphological inertia also occurred in this genus both in Tanganyika and, during the first four million years of its existence, in Palaeolake Obweruka, although from the outset this lake contained abundant highly specialised molluscivorous fishes. About 4.5 Ma a major extinction event occurred in the Obweruka Basin which led to the extermination of 50% of the molluscan species but none of the molluscivores. Among the viviparids, only one of the Neothauma species survived, its populations isolated and highly reduced in numbers. Immediately after this crisis a conchological quantum change occurred, the surviving lineage changing into a strongly ornamented thalassoid form. The dramatic morphological change is deemed to have been due to focussed selection by the predators on isolated and small prey populations. A radiative event immediately followed, producing still more strongly ornamented forms. The morphological changes that occurred in the Obwerukan Neothauma, in comparison to the modest and repeated patterns of evolution that can be observed in viviparids from other lakes, provides an example of true or quantum evolutionary change and yields evidence as to how it may have occurred. The fossil record of the fresh water molluscs of the Albertine Basin, thanks to its duration (ca. 12 million years), its relatively fine resolution (0.5–1.0 million years) and its sound chronostratigraphic framework, is a unique resource for understanding the tempo and mode of macroevolution.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: phylogeny ; acanthocephala ; rotifera ; bilateria ; evolution ; 18S rRNA gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Advances in morphological and molecular studies of metazoan evolution have led to a better understanding of the relationships among Rotifera (Monogononta, Bdelloidea, Seisonidea) and Acanthocephala, and their relationships to other bilateral animals. The most accepted morphological analysis places Acanthocephala as a sister group to Rotifera, although other studies have placed Acanthocephala as a sister taxon to Bdellodea or Seisonidea. Molecular analyses using nuclear 18S rRNA and mitochondrial 16S rRNA genes support Acanthocephala as a sister taxon to Bdelloidea, although no molecular data is available for Seisonidea. Combining molecular and morphological analyses of Bilateria leads to a tree with Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Acanthocephala and Gnathostomulida (and probably Gastrotricha) as a sister group to the annelid-mollusc lineage of the Spiralia (Lophotrochozoa).
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  • 90
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    Hydrobiologia 287-388 (1998), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: behavior ; mating ; evolution ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recent isolation of a mate recognition pheromone in the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller has shed new light on the mate recognition system of rotifers. One result is improved understanding of the importance of mating behavior as a highly efficient process used by rotifers to choose conspecifics. There are many differences in the main characteristics of mating behavior in members of five different families of rotifers. The present work describes the use of these characteristics to assess species boundaries, especially where boundaries between two or more species are unclear. The method proposed here can assess quantitatively the response of males of one species to females of a questionable taxon by measuring the percentage of matings initiated and the number of completed copulations. The data generated can then be used together with molecular, morphological, and other data to determine the species boundaries. This approach can help distinguish between morphological differences resulting from evolutionary divergence of species and morphological differences induced by environmental or ecological factors.
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  • 91
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 383-388 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: arcelin ; common bean ; evolution ; lectin-related genes ; lectin-related proteins ; Phaseolus genus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Arcelins are lectin-related proteins detected only in wild beans collected in Mexico and their presence has been related to resistance against the bean weevils. Six arcelin variants have been described and the gene sequence of four of them was determined. We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone encoding arcelin 6. Sequence data indicated that this protein is closely related to arcelin 1 and arcelin 2. The cluster dendrogram produced with the multiple alignment of the cDNA clones coding for arcelins showed that arcelins can be divided into three subgroups: i) arcelin 1, arcelin 2 and arcelin 6, ii) arcelin 4 and iii) arcelin 5a and arcelin 5b. Biochemical data indicate that arcelin 3 belongs to the same subgroup of arcelin 4. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA yielded similar restriction patterns among members of each subgroup, confirming the results obtained with the multiple alignment. Furthermore, the hybridisation patterns were specific for each arcelin variant. On the basis of these evidences, we suggest that the lectin locus could be a useful tool for understanding evolutionary relationships in common bean and in the genus Phaseolus.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acanthocephala ; aschelminthes ; cladistics ; evolution ; Gnathostomulida ; phylogeny ; pseudocoelomates ; Rotifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated phylogenetic relationships of phylum Rotifera using cladistic analysis to uncover all most-parsimonious trees from a data set comprising 60 morphological characters of nine taxa: one Acanthocephala, six Rotifera, and two outgroups (Turbellaria, Gnathostomulida). Analysis of our matrix yielded a single most-parsimonious tree. From our analysis we conclude the following: (1) Class Digononta is paraphyletic; (2) it is still premature to reject rotiferan monophyly; (3) the classification hierarchy that best conforms to this morphologically based, cladistic analysis is similar to several traditional schemes. In spite of these results, it is significant that this analysis yielded a tree that is incongruent with those trees developed from molecular data or by using the principles of evolutionary taxonomy.
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Arachis hypogaea ; DNA markers ; molecular polymorphism ; variation ; origin ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent studies on the genus Arachis using molecular markers have revealed very little demonstrable polymorphism in the cultivated groundnut, A. hypogaea. This has led to the hasty generalization that the groundnut lacks genetic variation. However, this is in complete contradiction to the results of other lines of investigations into the origin and evolution of A. hypogaea. Further, a characterization of the world collection for various traits also shows significant levels of variation for almost all genetic traits. The literature review in this article suggests that the lack of genetic variation was inferred because of an inadequacy in the material studied, and the range of techniques used to study molecular polymorphism. A comprehensive and rigorous examination of the material available in the groundnut world collection, either by improving current techniques, or by using such advanced techniques as SSRs and AFLP could well reveal polymorphism at the molecular level.
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  • 94
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 263-269 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: evolution ; interspecific hybridization ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A new species of oat, Avena insularis, is described. It was collected in southern Sicily where four populations were found on uncultivated clay soil. Morphologically, it is similar to the hexaploid wild oat A. sterilis, but can be distinguished by its smaller and more condensed panicle, less V-shaped dispersal unit and oblong disarticulation scar. Hybrids between A. insularis and the hexaploid cultivated oat A. sativa were obtained only when the latter was the seed parent in crosses. Chromosome pairing of the hybrids at meiosis was irregular with univalents and multivalents, but the mean number of chiasmata per cell was close to that of A. insularis. Furthermore, the hybrids were partially self-fertile. Thus, the newly discovered species seems closer to the hexaploid oats than any other tetraploid species, and is probably the tetraploid progenitor of hexaploid oats. Hybrids between A. insularis and A. magna were sterile because of irregular chromosome pairing at meiosis.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: evolution ; fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) ; genome ; repetitive DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isolation and characterization of the most prominent repetitive element families in the genome of tetraploid cotton (Gossypium barbadense L; [39]) revealed a small subset of families that showed very different properties in tetraploids than in their diploid progenitors, separated by 1-2 million years. One element, B77, was characterized in detail, and compared to the well-conserved 5S and 45S rRNA genes. The 572 bp B77 repeat was found to be concentrated in several discontinuous tandem arrays confined to a single 550 kb SalI fragment in tetraploid cotton. Genetic mapping based on the absence of the pentameric ‘rung’ in the G. barbadense ‘ladder’ showed that B77 maps to a D-subgenome chromosome. In situ hybridization supports the contention that the array is confined largely to a single chromosomal site in the D-subgenome. The B77 repeat has undergone a substantial increase in copy number since formation of tetraploid cotton from its diploid relatives. RFLPs observed among tetraploid cotton species suggest that amplification and/or rearrangement of the repeat may have continued after divergence of the five tetraploid cotton species. B77 contains many short direct repeats and shares significant DNA sequence homology with a Nicotiana alata retrotransposon Tna1-2 integrase motif. The recent amplification of B77 on linkage group D04 suggests that the D-subgenome of tetraploid cotton may be subject to different evolutionary constraints than the D-genome diploid chromosomes, which exhibit few genome-specific elements. Further, the abundance of B77 in G. gossypioides supports independent evidence that it may be the closest extant relative of the D-genome ancestor of cotton.
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    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 14 (1998), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Keywords: Automated record keeper ; evolution ; management of risk ; object-oriented
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the course of five years the development of an automated anesthesia record keeper has evolved through nearly a dozen stages, each marked by new features and sophistication. Commodity PC hardware and software minimized development costs. Object oriented analysis, programming and design supported the process of change. In addition, we developed an evolutionary strategy that optimized motivation, risk management, and maximized return on investment. Besides providing record keeping services, the system supports educational and research activities and through a flexible plotting paradigm, supports each anesthesiologist's focus on physiological data during and after anesthesia.
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    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 187-204 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: evolution ; meme ; gene ; morality ; culture ; psychological predisposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Dennett (1995) argues that memes or cultural replicators are largely autonomous of genes, and that they are fairly efficacious in determining who we are and what we do. I argue that Dennett's arguments are wrong in several aspects, which we can see by analyzing processes at appropriate levels. Specifically, I argue that it is not true that we as persons are created largely by memes, that our memes are not largely independent of our genes, and that we can use the universality of memes to make inferences about genetic predispositions. Finally, by suggesting an innate psychological mechanism for morality, I argue that morality may be largely the effect of genetic predispositions rather than autonomous.
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  • 98
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    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: evolution ; speciation ; levels of selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Biologists often define evolution as a change in allele frequencies. Consideration of the evolution of the pocket mouse will show that it is possible to have evolution without any change in the allele frequencies in a population (through change in the genotype frequencies). The implications of this for genic selectionism are then discussed. Sober and Lewontin (1982) have constructed an example to demonstrate the “blindness” of genic selectionism in certain cases. Sterelny and Kitcher (1988) offer a defense against these arguments which assumes a conventionalist approach to populations. The example considered here will be shown to offer a more plausible and far-reaching argument against the view that alleles can always be seen as the units of selection.
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    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 359-391 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; algorithm ; atavism ; contingency ; deep homology ; Dennett ; development ; disparity ; epicurean selectionism ; evolution ; exaptation ; Gould ; metaphors ; punctuated equilibrium ; selectionism ; spandrels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In his recent book on Darwinism, Daniel Dennett has offered up a species of a priori selectionism that he calls algorithmic. He used this view to challenge a number of positions advocated by Stephen J. Gould. I examine his algorithmic conception, review his unqualified enthusiasm for the a priori selectionist position, challenge Dennett's main metaphors (cranes vs. skyhooks and a design space), examine ways in which his position has lead him to misunderstand or misrepresent Gould (spandrels, exaptation, punctuated equilibrium, contingency and disparity), and discuss recent results in developmental biology that suggest that an a priori position does not fill the demands of an evolutionary biology. I conclude by insisting that evolutionary biology is many leveled, complicated, and is carried on an ever shifting and expanding empirical base that when disregarded results in caricature.
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    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 233-244 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: reference ; meaning ; individual ; class ; definition ; clade ; evolution ; phylogeny ; phylogenetic taxonomy ; systematics ; tree-thinking ; cladistics ; intention ; extension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Although naming biological clades is a major activity in taxonomy, little attention has been paid to what these names actually refer to. In philosophy, definite descriptions have long been considered equivalent to the meaning of names and biological taxonomy is a scientific application of these ideas. One problem with definite descriptions as the meanings of names is that the name will refer to whatever fits the description rather than the intended individual (clade). Recent proposals for explicit phylogenetic definitions of clade names suffer from similar problems and we argue that clade names cannot be defined since they lack intension. Furthermore we stress the importance of “tree-thinking” for phylogenetic reference to work properly.
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