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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the larval cuticle proteins coded by the secondary sex chromosome pair:X2 andneo-Y ofDrosophila miranda: I. Comparison at the DNA sequence level (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 405-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Lcp gene family ; Gene homogenization ; CAAT-box motifs ; Gene phylogeny ; Sex chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The larval cuticle protein genes (Lcps) represent a multigene family located at the right arm of the metacentric autosome 2 (2R) inDrosophila melanogaster. Due to a chromosome fusion theLcp locus ofDrosophila miranda is situated on a pair of secondary sex chromosomes, theX2 andneo-Y chromosome. Comparing the DNA sequences fromD. miranda andD. melanogaster organization and the gene arrangement ofLcp1-Lcp4 are similar, although the intergene distances vary considerably. The greatest difference betweenLcp1 andLcp2 is due to the occurrence of a pseudogene inD. melanogaster which is not present inD. miranda. Thus the cluster of the fourLcp genes existed already before the separation of themelanogaster andobscura group. Intraspecific homogenizations of different cluster units must have occurred repeatedly between theLcp1/Lcp2 andLcp3/Lcp4 sequence types. The most obvious example is exon 2 of theLcp3 gene inD. miranda, which has been substituted by the corresponding section of theLcp4 gene rather recently. The homogenization must have occurred before the translocation which generated theneo-Y chromosome.Lcp3 ofD. melanogaster has therefore no orthologous partner inD. miranda. Rearrangements in the promoter regions of theD. miranda Lcp genes have generated new, potentially functional CAAT-box motifs. Since three of theLcp alleles on theneo-Y are not expressed andLcp3 is expressed only at a reduced level, it is suggestive to speculate that the rearrangements might be involved ascis-regulatory elements in the up-regulation of theX2-chromosomalLcp alleles, inDrosophila an essential process for dosage compensation. TheLcp genes on theneo-Y chromosome have accumulated more base substitutions than the corresponding alleles on theX2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02339014
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the larval cuticle proteins coded by the secondary sex chromosome pair:X2 andneo-Y ofDrosophila miranda: II. Comparison at the amino acid sequence level (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 413-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Drosophila ; Cuticle proteins (LCP) ; Conserved protein motifs ; Gene phylogeny ; Sex chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The larval cuticle proteins (LCPs) are encoded by a multigene family,Lcp1-4, located at the right arm of the metacentric autosome 2 (2R) inDrosophila melanogaster. Due to a chromosome fusion theLcp locus ofDrosophila miranda is situated on a pair of secondary sex chromosomes, theX2 andneo-Y chromosomes. Comparing the deduced amino acid sequences of the autosomalD. melanogaster loci with the sex-chromosomal loci ofD. miranda, we were able to trace the evolution of theLcp loci with respect to their different chromosomal inheritance. The length of the signal peptide is conserved in all four LCPs, while the size of the mature LCPs varies. Conserved protein motifs became obvious from the alignment, indicating regions of structural and functional importance. Analyzing intra- and interspecific sequence similarities of theLcp gene families allowed us to reconstruct the phylogeny of the gene cluster. Alignment with cuticle amino acid sequences originating from divergent insect species reveals motifs already present in the primordial insect LCPs. These motifs indicate different levels of constraint acting during the evolution of the LCPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02339015
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the Larval Cuticle Proteins Coded by the Secondary Sex Chromosome Pair: X2 and Neo-Y of Drosophila miranda: II. Comparison at the Amino Acid Sequence Level (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 413-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Drosophila— Cuticle proteins (LCP) — Conserved protein motifs — Gene phylogeny — Sex chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The larval cuticle proteins (LCPs) are encoded by a multigene family, Lcp1–4, located at the right arm of the metacentric autosome 2 (2R) in Drosophila melanogaster. Due to a chromosome fusion the Lcp locus of Drosophila miranda is situated on a pair of secondary sex chromosomes, the X2 and neo-Y chromosomes. Comparing the deduced amino acid sequences of the autosomal D. melanogaster loci with the sex-chromosomal loci of D. miranda, we were able to trace the evolution of the Lcp loci with respect to their different chromosomal inheritance. The length of the signal peptide is conserved in all four LCPs, while the size of the mature LCPs varies. Conserved protein motifs became obvious from the alignment, indicating regions of structural and functional importance. Analyzing intra- and interspecific sequence similarities of the Lcp gene families allowed us to reconstruct the phylogeny of the gene cluster. Alignment with cuticle amino acid sequences originating from divergent insect species reveals motifs already present in the primordial insect LCPs. These motifs indicate different levels of constraint acting during the evolution of the LCPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006100
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the Larval Cuticle Proteins Coded by the Secondary Sex Chromosome Pair: X2 and Neo-Y of Drosophila miranda: I. Comparison at the DNA Sequence Level (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 43 (1996), S. 405-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words:Drosophila—Lcp gene family — Gene homogenization — CAAT-box motifs — Gene phylogeny — Sex chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The larval cuticle protein genes (Lcps) represent a multigene family located at the right arm of the metacentric autosome 2 (2R) in Drosophila melanogaster. Due to a chromosome fusion the Lcp locus of Drosophila miranda is situated on a pair of secondary sex chromosomes, the X2 and neo-Y chromosome. Comparing the DNA sequences from D. miranda and D. melanogaster organization and the gene arrangement of Lcp1–Lcp4 are similar, although the intergene distances vary considerably. The greatest difference between Lcp1 and Lcp2 is due to the occurrence of a pseudogene in D. melanogaster which is not present in D. miranda. Thus the cluster of the four Lcp genes existed already before the separation of the melanogaster and obscura group. Intraspecific homogenizations of different cluster units must have occurred repeatedly between the Lcp1/Lcp2 and Lcp3/Lcp4 sequence types. The most obvious example is exon 2 of the Lcp3 gene in D. miranda, which has been substituted by the corresponding section of the Lcp4 gene rather recently. The homogenization must have occurred before the translocation which generated the neo-Y chromosome. Lcp3 of D. melanogaster has therefore no orthologous partner in D. miranda. Rearrangements in the promoter regions of the D. miranda Lcp genes have generated new, potentially functional CAAT-box motifs. Since three of the Lcp alleles on the neo-Y are not expressed and Lcp3 is expressed only at a reduced level, it is suggestive to speculate that the rearrangements might be involved as cis-regulatory elements in the up-regulation of the X2-chromosomal Lcp alleles, in Drosophila an essential process for dosage compensation. The Lcp genes on the neo-Y chromosome have accumulated more base substitutions than the corresponding alleles on the X2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006099
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preferential Y chromosomal location of TRIM, a novel transposable element of Drosophila miranda, obscura group (1991)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 101 (1991), S. 169-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated a novel transposable element from the Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda (obscura group) which shows an organization intermediate between that of typical retroviruses and the I factor of Drosophila melanogaster. The site of integration of this element, TRIM, is an inverted repeat. On the 5′ side the central region of TRIM is bordered by a sequence homologous to the tRNA primer binding site (PBS) and on the 3′ side by a sequence homologous to the polypurine tract (PPT). The 5′ LTR (long terminal repeat) contains transcription signals, such as a TATA box and a polyadenylation sequence. Three long open reading frames (ORFs) are found within the central region of the transposon. ORF1 and ORF2 show amino acid homology to the I factor of D. melanogaster and to conserved amino acid residues of retroviral reverse transcriptases. When used as a probe for in situ hybridization the TRIM element labels about 25 euchromatic sites and the chromocenter in polytene nuclei of D. miranda females. In the chromosome complement of males the polytenized part of the Y chromosome shows about the same number of additional TRIM homologous elements. Thus, as a result of this enrichment of TRIM elements in the Y chromosome, the genomic size of the TRIM population in D. miranda males is approximately doubled.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00355366
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of dosage compensation (1996)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 4 (1996), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: sex chromosome evolution ; dosage compensation ; Drosophila ; histone acetylation ; X chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In polytene chromosome squashes from the fruit flyDrosophila melanogaster, the single, dosage-compensated X chromosome in males can be distinguished from the autosomes by the presence of an isoform of histone H4 acetylated at lysine 16, H4.Ac16. We have used H4.Ac16 as a marker to examine the evolving relationship between dosage compensation and sex chromosome composition in species ofDrosophila with one (D. melanogaster), two (D. pseudoobscura) or three (D. miranda) identifiable X chromosome arms. In each case, we find that H4.Ac16 is distributed as discrete, closely spaced bands along the entire length of each X chromosome, the only exception being the X2 chromosome ofD. miranda in which a terminal region constituting about 10% of the chromosome by length is not labelled with anti-H4.Ac16 antibodies. We conclude that, with this exception, dosage compensation extends along the X chromosomes of all three species. AsD. pseudoobscura andD. miranda diverged only about 2 Mya, the spread of dosage-compensated loci along X2 has been rapid, suggesting that regional changes rather than piecemeal, gene-by-gene, changes may have been involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02254957
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enigma of Y chromosome degeneration: Neo-Y and Neo-X chromosomes of Drosophila miranda a model for sex chromosome evolution (1998)
    Springer
    Genetica 102-103 (1998), S. 409-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; evolution ; sex chromosomes ; Y chromosome degeneration ; Y chromosome mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Y chromosome degeneration is characterized by structural changes in the chromosome architecture and expansion of genetic inertness along the Y chromosome. It is generally assumed that the heteromorphic sex chromosome pair has developed from a pair of homologues. Several models have been suggested. We use the unique situation of the secondary sex chromosome pair, neo-Y and neo-X (X2), in Drosophila miranda to analyze molecular mechanisms involved in the evolutionary processes of Y chromosome degeneration. Due to the fusion of one of the autosomes to the Y chromosome (about 2 Mya), a neo-Y chromosome and a neo-X chromosome, designated X2, were formed. Thus, formerly autosomal genes are inherited now on a pair of sex chromosomes in D. miranda. Analyzing DNA sequences from the X2 and neo-Y region, we observed a massive accumulation of DNA insertions on the neo-Y chromosome. From the analysis of several insertion elements, we present compelling evidence that the first step in Y chromosome degeneration is driven by the accumulation of transposable elements, especially retrotransposons. An enrichment of these elements along an evolving Y chromosome could account for the switch from a euchromatic into a heterochromatic chromatin structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017058119760
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Common Mechanisms of Y Chromosome Evolution (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; evolution ; heterochromatin ; Y chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Y chromosome evolution is characterized by the expansion of genetic inertness along the Y chromosome and changes in the chromosome structure, especially the tendency of becoming heterochromatic. It is generally assumed that the sex chromosome pair has developed from a pair of homologues. In an evolutionary process the proto-Y-chromosome, with a very short differential segment, develops in its final stage into a completely heterochromatic and to a great extends genetically eroded Y chromosome. The constraints evolving the Y chromosome have been the objects of speculation since the discovery of sex chromosomes. Several models have been suggested. We use the exceptional situation of the in Drosophila mirandato analyze the molecular process in progress involved in Y chromosome evolution. We suggest that the first steps in the switch from a euchromatic proto-Y-chromosome into a completely heterochromatic Y chromosome are driven by the accumulation of transposable elements, especially retrotransposons inserted along the evolving nonrecombining part of the Y chromosome. In this evolutionary process trapping and accumulation of retrotransposons on the proto-Y-chromosome should lead to conformational changes that are responsible for successive silencing of euchromatic genes, both intact or already mutated ones and eventually transform functionally euchromatic domains into genetically inert heterochromatin. Accumulation of further mutations, deletions, and duplications followed by the evolution and expansion of tandem repetitive sequence motifs of high copy number (satellite sequences) together with a few vital genes for male fertility will then represent the final state of the degenerated Y chromosome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026584016524
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  • 9
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    Preferential Y chromosomal location of TRIM, a novel transposable element of Drosophila miranda, obscura group (1991)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0009-5915
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0886
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Evolution of dosage compensation (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0967-3849
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-6849
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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