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  • ddc:600  (1,385)
  • English  (730)
  • German  (655)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy (RE) transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Morocco. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. Such a phase model could be shared widely as part of Morocco's engagement in international platforms of multilateral collaboration, such as the Energy Transition Council (chaired by the United Kingdom (UK) and managed by the British Embassy - Rabat). The analysis shows that Morocco has fully embarked on the energy transition. According to the MENA phase model, Morocco can be classified as being in the second phase "System Integration of Renewables". Nevertheless, Morocco plans to considerably increase the use of natural gas in order to back up intermittent solar and wind energy sources. The diversification of energy sources and a diverse portfolio of storage options, including solar thermal power and hydrogen, can foster flexibility options. To this end, a roadmap for power-to-X (PtX) should be considered for a smooth transition of the Moroccan energy supply and demand system. The expansion of local REs can significantly contribute to reducing Morocco's high fossil fuel imports that are causing a high fiscal burden. With this regard, energy security can be strengthened. Next to large-scale deployment, decentralisation of the energy system must be built to encourage an energy transition on all societal levels. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% RE are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Morocco's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: Green hydrogen and synthetic fuels are increasingly recognized as a key strategic element for the progress of the global energy transition. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, with its large wind and solar potential, is well positioned to generate renewable energy at low cost for the production of green hydrogen and synthetic fuels, and is therefore considered as a potential future producer and exporter. Yet, while solar and wind energy potentials are essential, other factors are expected to play an equally important role for the development of green hydrogen and synthetic fuels (export) sectors. This includes, in particular, adequate industrial capacities and infrastructures. These preconditions vary from country to country, and while they have been often mentioned in the discussion on green hydrogen exports, they have only been examined to a limited extent. This paper employs a case study approach to assess the existing infrastructural and industrial conditions in Jordan, Morocco, and Oman for the development of a green hydrogen and downstream synthetic fuel (export) sector.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-03-05
    Description: This paper examines the current and prospective greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of e-fuels produced via electrolysis and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the years 2021, 2030, and 2050 for use in Germany. The GHG emissions are determined by a scenario approach as a combination of a literature-based top-down and bottom-up approach. Considered process steps are the provision of feedstocks, electrolysis (via solid oxide co-electrolysis; SOEC), synthesis (via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; FTS), e-crude refining, eventual transport to, and use in Germany. The results indicate that the current GHG emissions for e-fuel production in the exemplary export countries Saudi Arabia and Chile are above those of conventional fuels. Scenarios for the production in Germany lead to current GHG emissions of 2.78-3.47 kgCO2-eq/L e-fuel in 2021 as the reference year and 0.064-0.082 kgCO2-eq/L e-fuel in 2050. With a share of 58-96%, according to the respective scenario, the electrolysis is the main determinant of the GHG emissions in the production process. The use of additional renewable energy during the production process in combination with direct air capture (DAC) are the main leverages to reduce GHG emissions.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-03-05
    Description: Direct air capture (DAC) combined with subsequent storage (DACCS) is discussed as one promising carbon dioxide removal option. The aim of this paper is to analyse and comparatively classify the resource consumption (land use, renewable energy and water) and costs of possible DAC implementation pathways for Germany. The paths are based on a selected, existing climate neutrality scenario that requires the removal of 20 Mt of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year by DACCS from 2045. The analysis focuses on the so-called "low-temperature" DAC process, which might be more advantageous for Germany than the "high-temperature" one. In four case studies, we examine potential sites in northern, central and southern Germany, thereby using the most suitable renewable energies for electricity and heat generation. We show that the deployment of DAC results in large-scale land use and high energy needs. The land use in the range of 167-353 km2 results mainly from the area required for renewable energy generation. The total electrical energy demand of 14.4 TWh per year, of which 46% is needed to operate heat pumps to supply the heat demand of the DAC process, corresponds to around 1.4% of Germany's envisaged electricity demand in 2045. 20 Mt of water are provided yearly, corresponding to 40% of the city of Cologne's water demand (1.1 million inhabitants). The capture of CO2 (DAC) incurs levelised costs of 125-138 EUR per tonne of CO2, whereby the provision of the required energy via photovoltaics in southern Germany represents the lowest value of the four case studies. This does not include the costs associated with balancing its volatility. Taking into account transporting the CO2 via pipeline to the port of Wilhelmshaven, followed by transporting and sequestering the CO2 in geological storage sites in the Norwegian North Sea (DACCS), the levelised costs increase to 161-176 EUR/tCO2. Due to the longer transport distances from southern and central Germany, a northern German site using wind turbines would be the most favourable.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: The establishment of the Leveraging a Climate-neutral Society–strategic Research Network (LCS–RNet) (then named the International Research Network for Low Carbon Societies) was proposed at the Group of Eight (G8) Environment Ministers’ Meeting in 2008. Its 12th annual meeting in December 2021 focused on the discussion on how to transition into a just and sustainable society and how to reduce the risks associated with the transition. This requires comprehensive studies including on the concept of transition, pathways to net-zero societies and how to realise the pathways by collaborating with various stakeholders. This Special Feature provides new insights into sustainability science by linking the scientific knowledge with practical science for the transition through the exploration of studies presented at the annual meeting. Following the opening paper, "A challenge for sustainability science: can we halt climate change?", a wide range of topics were discussed, including practices for sustainable transformation in the Erasmus University, practices in industry, energy transition and international cooperation.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 13
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    Berlin : Technische Universität
    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: Vor dem Hintergrund einer kontinuierlich zunehmenden Pro-Kopf-Wohnfläche und den damit verbundenen negativen Auswirkungen auf Klima und Umwelt sollen mit dieser Arbeit die Bundesförderprogramme auf deren Anreizwirkung bezüglich eines achtsamen Umgangs mit der Ressource Wohnfläche überprüft werden. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt auf den durch die Förderbank KfW durchgeführten Bundesförderprogrammen, die ein wichtiges Instrument der Nachhaltigkeitsstrategie des Bundes im Bereich Wohngebäude bilden. Mithilfe eines Screenings der aktuellen Förderprogramme der KfW sowie durch Gespräche mit Vertretenden der KfW soll kritisch beleuchtet werden, wie sich die derzeit verfolgten Leitbilder der Förderung im Wohngebäudebereich zu dem Leitbild einer achtsamen Wohnflächennutzung verhalten. Zudem sollen mögliche Anknüpfungspunkte für Suffizienzstrategien im Handlungsfeld Wohnfläche identifiziert und in den Kontext des aktuellen Sach- und Forschungsstands gestellt werden. Auf Grundlage der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse soll gezeigt werden, wie Suffizienzstrategien im Handlungsfeld Wohnfläche anhand innovativen Modellvorhaben erprobt werden können, um daraus Erkenntnisse für die Bundesförderung abzuleiten.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: As society's reliance on software systems escalates over time, so too does the cost of failure of these systems. Meanwhile, the complexity of software systems, as well as of their designs, is also ever-increasing, influenced by the proliferation of new tools and technologies to address intended societal needs. The traditional response to this complexity in software engineering and software architecture has been to apply rationalistic approaches to software design through methods and tools for capturing design rationale and evaluating various design options against a set of criteria. However, research from other fields demonstrates that intuition may also hold benefits for making complex design decisions. All humans, including software designers, use intuition and rationality in varying combinations. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of what is known and unknown from existing research regarding the use and performance consequences of using intuition and rationality in software design decision-making. To this end, a systematic literature review has been conducted, with an initial sample of 3909 unique publications and a final sample of 26 primary studies. We present an overview of existing research, based on the literature concerning intuition and rationality use in software design decision-making and propose a research agenda with 14 questions that should encourage researchers to fill identified research gaps. This research agenda emphasizes what should be investigated to be able to develop support for the application of the two cognitive processes in software design decision-making.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2023-09-29
    Description: Leftovers are particularly at risk of being discarded, and therefore a main component of household food waste. This study provides insights into sources of heterogeneity in leftover management behaviours, with a particular focus on the use of meal kits providing matched portion and ingredient sizes, and identifies consumer segments via a latent class analysis. We investigate whether belonging to a segment with positive attitudes toward leftovers, and engagement in conscious leftover management behaviours decreases the amounts of dinner leftovers and food waste. Besides, we demonstrate that several food waste antecedents, emotions, personal norms, intention and dinner procurement routines elicit leftover management segment membership. In addition to examining such individual differences, we also investigate the role of meal-level determinants, in particular, whether meal kits heterogeneously affect dinner leftovers depending on the consumer's leftover management segment. Data was collected from 868 households from six countries, using an online survey and diaries. Results of the latent class analysis point towards five consumer segments. We found differences in dinner leftovers amount across classes and detected heterogeneous effects of meal kits. That is, meal kits were able to diminish leftovers in two segments, but not in the other segments. These results provide novel insights into consumer heterogeneity regarding the occurrence, antecedents, and potential solutions of leftovers and resulting household food waste. Implications for both theory and policy are discussed.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2023-10-25
    Description: The production of green hydrogen in Germany is more competitive than expected compared to imports. This is the key finding of a meta-analysis conducted by the Wuppertal Institute on behalf of the North Rhine-Westphalia Association for Renewable Energies (Landesverband Erneuerbare Energien NRW). The hydrogen study focuses primarily on the year 2030 and beyond - and confirms the advantages of green hydrogen produced in Germany from domestic renewable energies, especially when the evaluation is viewed from a holistic system perspective.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 18
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    Köln : Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: workingpaper , doc-type:workingPaper
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2023-12-08
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 21
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    New York, NY : Association for Computing Machinery
    Publication Date: 2023-12-08
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2023-12-08
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2023-12-08
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Der Anteil erneuerbarer Energien bei der Wärme- (und Kälte-)Versorgung lag 2021 in Deutschland bei 16,5 % (knapp 200 TWh/a). Davon stammten 86 % aus Biomasse und davon wiederum 47% allein aus Holzfeuerungen im häuslichen Bereich. Der Rest der erneuerbaren Wärme stammte aus oberflächennaher Geothermie und Umgebungswärme (Wärmepumpen) mit 9 % und Solarthermie mit 4,2 %. Bisher vergleichsweise kleine Beiträge stammten aus der tiefen Geothermie. Im Jahr 2021 waren bezogen auf die rund 21 Millionen im Bestand befindlichen Einzelgebäudeheizanlagen (nicht Einzelraumfeuerstätten) 1,1 Mio. Wärmepumpen und 0,9 Mio. Biomassekessel im Betrieb. Hinzu kommen zusätzliche 2,5 Mio. solarthermische Anlagen mit einer Gesamtkollektorfläche von rund 21 Mio. m2. Bei den neu installierten Wärmeerzeugern konnten Wärmepumpen und Biomassekessel auch 2021 einen deutlich steigenden Absatz verzeichnen, wobei ihr Anteil an den insgesamt rund 930.000 neu installierten Wärmerzeugern bei knapp 25% lag. Doch 2021 nutzten immer noch rund 19 Mio. Wärmeerzeuger Gas und Öl. Darüber hinaus müssen in Wohngebäuden auch noch Etagenheizungen und veraltete Biomasseheizsysteme ausgetauscht werden. Für eine erfolgreiche Wärmewende bis 2045 im Gebäudewärmebereich müssen also weiterhin jedes Jahr rund eine Million neue komplett Erneuerbare-Heizanlagen installiert und in Betrieb genommen werden. Nach dem Anschluss an zumindest perspektivisch vollständig erneuerbar versorgte Wärmenetze sind für alle anderen Objekte Wärmepumpen, Wärmepumpen-Biomasse-Hybride und, nur wo es keine anderen Möglichkeiten gibt, reine Biomassekessel zu installieren. Alle Lösungen lassen sich zusätzlich mit Solarthermieanlagen ergänzen. Im Vergleich zu Erdgasthermen ist jedoch allein die Installation der deutlich komplexeren Systeme mit mindestens dem doppelten Zeitaufwand zu veranschlagen, während die Branche bereits heute über einen realen Fachkräftemangel klagt. Es braucht also wirksame Lösungsansätze der Forschung zur Überwindung dieser und vieler anderer Hemmnisse zur erfolgreichen Wärmewende bis 2045.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Einige Klimaneutralitätsszenarien für Deutschland nehmen an, dass zukünftig "unvermeidbares" CO2, z. B. aus der Zementproduktion, als Kohlenstoffquelle für die inländische Herstellung von Kraftstoffen oder chemischen Grundstoffen genutzt wird. In diesem Artikel wird dargelegt, warum eine solche CO2-Nutzung verglichen mit einem alternativen Pfad einer geologischen Speicherung des CO2 und einem gleichzeitigen Import "grüner" Kraft- und Grundstoffe zumindest aus energetischer Sicht nachteilig erscheint.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Im Rahmen einer aktuellen Studie zur Transformation des Europäischen Energiesystems zur Klimaneutralität unter Berücksichtigung der Gaskrise entwickelte das Wuppertal Institut ein Szenario (EU27+UK) für die Transformation der europäischen Industrie inklusive Raffinerien und Kokereien, in dem die industriellen Treibhausgasemissionen bis zum Jahr 2050 um 99 % gegenüber 2018 gemindert werden. Der Endenergiebedarf der Industrie sinkt in diesem Szenario durch den Einsatz von Wärmepumpen, andere Energieeffizienzmaßnahmen sowie einen Rückgang der Produktion in Raffinerien bis 2040 deutlich und der Bedarf an fossilen Gasen kann zeitnah gemindert und bis 2045 auf nahezu Null gesenkt werden. Im Rahmen dieses Szenarios erfolgte auch eine detaillierte Abbildung der Entwicklung der Prozesswärmebereitstellung in Deutschland. Die Bereit- stellung von Niedertemperaturwärme (〈 150 °C) erfolgt im Szenario größtenteils über Wärmepumpen und Fernwärme. Solar- und Geothermie spielen eine (kleinere) Rolle. Für die Dampfbereitstellung (150 - 500 °C) werden vielfach hybride Strom/H2-Kessel eingesetzt, daneben Biomasse. In der Chemieindustrie spielen auch langfristig Reststoffe aus Steamcrackern eine wichtige Rolle. Die Bereitstellung von Hochtemperaturwärme erfolgt prozessspezifisch je nach den technischen Gegebenheiten der Prozesse (z. B. H2 in den Direktreduktions- anlagen und Biomasse in den Walzwerken der Stahlindustrie, abfallbasierte Brennstoffe vor allem in den Klinkeröfen der Zementindustrie, Biomethan und Strom in der Glasindustrie, Strom für Primär- und Sekundäraluminium). Biogene Energieträger in Kombination mit CCS (BECCS) ermöglichen in der Stahlindustrie und in der mineralischen Industrie die Bereitstellung von Hochtemperaturwärme und gleichzeitig negative Emissionen zur Kompensation von Restemissionen.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Der Klimawandel stellt uns vor die globale Herausforderung, auf fossile Energieträger zu verzichten. Die erfolgreiche Transformation des Energiesystems ist eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für eine vollständige Reduktion der Treibhausgase. Eine solche Transformation kann nur gelingen, wenn der fundamental neue Charakter des Systems erfasst und im abgeleiteten Rückschluss daraus der passende Pfad eingeschlagen wird. Im Kern lässt sich dieser neue Charakter als ein defossilisiertes, auf regenerativen Energien basierendes Energiesystem beschreiben.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Der Wärmesektor hat einen Anteil von rund 55 Prozent am deutschen Primärenergieverbrauch, wobei der Anteil klimafreundlicher Wärmeerzeugung (erneuerbare Energien und Abwärmenutzung) bislang aber noch sehr gering ist und unter 20 Prozent liegt. Entsprechend sind die Potenziale zur Erschließung von Dekarbonisierungserfolgen im Wärmesektor besonders groß. Ein Gelingen der Wärmewende ist daher zwingende Voraussetzung dafür, dass die nationalen Klimaschutzziele erreicht werden. Gerade Städte spielen auf Grund des hohen Energie- und Ressourcenverbrauchs, der hohen örtlichen Dichte von Infrastrukturen und durch die Vielzahl von Akteuren eine zentrale Rolle bei der Energiewende und für den Klimaschutz. So bilden beispielsweise gewachsene Strukturen im Bestand und hohe Nutzungsdichten potenzielle Restriktionen für die Integration von Technologien zur effizienten Nutzung erneuerbarer Energiequellen. Städtische Quartiere sind gleichzeitig der sinnvollste Umsetzungsmaßstab für integrierte innovative Systeme, da hier die größten Synergieeffekte zwischen Effizienzmaßnahmen und nachhaltiger Energieerzeugung erschlossen werden können.
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Umsetzung wie auch Förderung der Industrietransformation obliegen insbesondere Akteuren auf der europäischen sowie der nationalen Governance-Ebene. Gleichwohl sind vor dem Hintergrund der Dringlichkeit der Herausforderung und der Maßstabsebene eines Großteils der erforderlichen Maßnahmen auch kommunale Akteure und lokale Initiativen, darunter öffentliche Betreiber, Verwaltungen, öffentlich-private Kooperationen, Unternehmen oder zivilgesellschaftliche Gruppen in diesem Bereich von Bedeutung. Das liegt auch an der Tatsache, dass je nach wirtschaftlicher Struktur die Industrie für einen großen Teil der Treibhausgasemissionen in einer Kommune oder Region verantwortlich sein kann. Gleichzeitig gibt es vielfältige Stellschrauben vor Ort, um Klimaschutzmaßnahmen umzusetzen. Aufgrund der hohen Dichte an Akteuren und Institutionen bestehen auf der kommunalen Ebene große Handlungsmöglichkeiten für nachhaltige Transformationen, etwa im Bereich des Klimaschutzes. Viele Kommunen setzen in ihren Klimaschutzkonzepten allerdings einen Schwerpunkt auf andere Bereiche, wie bspw. auf Klimaschutz bei öffentlichen Gebäuden, auch wegen der direkten Handlungsmöglichkeiten. Um die Industrie zu adressieren, greift die Kommunalverwaltung vornehmlich auf Beratungsangebote und Anreize zur Nutzung von erneuerbaren Energien zurück. Dabei gewinnt das Thema Klimaschutz gleichermaßen für Unternehmen wie auch für Kommunen immer weiter an Bedeutung. Für beide ist schon heute Klimaschutz ein wichtiger Wettbewerbs- und Standortfaktor. Die bislang auf (Landes-)Politik, Unternehmen und Wissenschaft fokussierte Analyse der Industrietransformation in SCI4climate.NRW erweitert mit diesem Bericht den Blick auf die Einbindung und Rolle kommunaler Akteure, Strukturen und Prozesse. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Einflussmöglichkeiten Kommunen im Mehrebenen-Governance System der Industrietransformation in NRW haben und welche Interessen, Chancen und Herausforderungen seitens der Kommunen bestehen, um die Industrietransformation mitzugestalten. Der Fokus wird dabei auf die Grundstoffindustrie, konkret auf die Chemie-, Stahl- und Zementindustrie, gelegt, da diese Industriezweige mit sehr hohen Treibhausgasemissionen verbunden sind und bislang bei der Frage nach kommunalen Handlungsmöglichkeiten von der Forschung noch wenig betrachtet wurden. Neben einer Literaturrecherche werden drei Fallstudien präsentiert, um sowohl die Möglichkeiten der Kommunen zu analysieren, aktuelle Aktivitäten einzuordnen sowie Chancen und Herausforderungen, die mit den Tätigkeiten verbunden sind, zu ermitteln.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Die Bereitstellung industrieller Prozesswärme ist eine zentrale Herausforderung für ein zukünftiges klimaneutrales Energiesystem. In diesem Artikel wird die Vielfalt an etablierten und neuen Energieträgern und Technologien zur treibhausgasarmen bzw. -neutralen Bereitstellung von Prozesswärme vorgestellt. Zudem werden ihre wichtigsten Stärken und Schwächen skizziert, um daraus geeignete Anwendungsfelder und eine Priorisierung ihres Einsatzes zu identifizieren.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Die Bereitstellung industrieller Prozesswärme ist eine zentrale Herausforderung für ein zukünftiges, treibhausgasneutrales Energiesystem. Durch einen Vergleich der Prozesswärmebereitstellung in zwei Energiesystemszenarien werden Gemeinsamkeiten, die auf Richtungssicherheit hindeuten, dargestellt, sowie methodische und inhaltliche Gründe für Abweichungen herausgearbeitet.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: To combat climate change, it is anticipated that in the coming years countries around the world will adopt more stringent policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the use of clean energy sources. These policies will also affect the industry sector, which means that industrial production is likely to progressively shift from CO2-emitting fossil fuel sources to renewable energy sources. As a result, a region's renewable energy resources could become an increasingly important factor in determining where energy-intensive industries locate their production. We refer to this pull factor as the "renewables pull" effect. Renewables pull could lead to the relocation of some industrial production as a consequence of regional differences in the marginal cost of renewable energy sources. In this paper, we introduce the concept of renewables pull and explain why its importance is likely to increase in the future. Using the examples of direct reduced iron (DRI) and ammonia production, we find that the future costs of climate-neutral production of certain products is likely to vary considerably between regions with different renewable energy resources. However, we also identify the fact that many other factors in addition to energy costs determine the decisions that companies make in term of location, leaving room for further research to better understand the future relevance of renewables pull.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: Die klimapolitischen Ziele Deutschlands und der EU machen eine sehr schnelle und tiefgreifende Transformation sowohl der Energieversorgung als auch der energieverbrauchenden Sektoren notwendig. Diese Transformationsherausforderung betrifft nicht zuletzt die energieintensive Industrie in Deutschland, die vor grundlegenden technologischen Veränderungen wichtiger Produktionsprozesse steht. Die Herausforderungen für die Industrie werden durch die aktuelle Energiekrise weiter verschärft. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt das hier vorgestellte Klimaschutzszenario "SCI4climate.NRW-Klimaneutralität" (S4C-KN), das im Rahmen des vom Land NRW finanzierten Forschungsprojekts "SCI4climate.NRW" entwickelt wurde, die möglichen künftigen Entwicklungen in der energieintensiven Industrie in den Mittelpunkt der Analyse. Das Szenario analysiert diese Entwicklungen im Kontext eines gesamtwirtschaftlichen Transformationspfads hin zu einem klimaneutralen Deutschland im Jahr 2045.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: The EU Horizon 2020 project HiEff-BioPower (grant agreement No 727330, duration: 10/2016 - 09/2021) aimed at the development of a new, innovative, fuel flexible and highly efficient biomass CHP technology for a capacity range of 1 to 10 MW total energy output, suitable e.g. for on-site generation at larger residential apartment buildings or local heat grids. The new technology shall define a new milestone in terms of CHP efficiency and contribute to a sustainable energy supply based on renewable energies using otherwise unused residual biomass. It consists of a fuel-flexible updraft gasification technology with ultra-low particulate matter emissions, an integrated gas cleaning system and a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). The technology shall be applicable for a wide fuel spectrum for residual biomass (wood pellets, wood chips or selected agricultural fuels like agro-pellets) and achieve high gross electric (40%) and overall (90%) efficiencies as well as almost zero gaseous and particulate matter (PM) emissions (close or below the level of detection) as non-energy benefits. At the end of the project, final technology data has become available, as well as techno-economic analyses and market studies. Based on this data, this paper presents final results from the environmental impact assessment of the new HiEff-BioPower technology.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2023-03-09
    Description: Die Bundesregierung verfolgt das ambitionierte Ziel einer Beschleunigung des Ausbaus der erneuerbaren Energien auf 80 % bis 2030 bzw. einer nahezu vollständig erneuerbaren Stromversorgung 2035. Im Zuge der avisierten Elektrifizierung anderer Sektoren wie Wärme und Mobilität im Rahmen der Sektorenkopplung nimmt die Bedeutung des Stromsektors weiter zu. Angesichts der aktuellen geopolitischen Umwälzungen und den sich abzeichnenden Knappheiten für fossiles Gas wird in einer Kurzstudie evaluiert, welchen Platz Biogas in einem langfristig zukunftsfähigen Energiesystem einnehmen kann.
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: The food system faces a multitude of challenges, including high greenhouse gas emissions, threats to biodiversity, increased diet-related diseases due to unbalanced diets, and socially problematic complex supply chains. This requires not only a transformation of the agricultural economy but also a change in the diet and lifestyles of all consumers. Developing and using digital and technological innovations can help to solve these challenges. In this context, the study provides impulses on how digitalisation can contribute to transforming production and consumption and which prerequisites have to be given to achieve this. The study describes the approaches for digitalisation along the value chain. These include optimising the use of resources in agriculture - for example with the help of smart farming - and supporting consumers with digital tools and assistance systems - such as apps designed to support grocery shopping. In addition, new business models and a better connection between production and consumption processes are also possible. This includes, for example, new digital sales channels or tracking and communicating sustainability indicators such as CO2 emissions across all steps of the value chain in order to enable all stakeholders to take reliable action.
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: Das Ernährungssystem steht vor einer Vielzahl von Herausforderungen, wie unter anderem: hoher Treibhausgas-Emissionen, der Gefährdung der Biodiversität, der vermehrten ernährungsbedingten Krankheiten durch unausgewogener Ernährung sowie sozial-problematischen komplexen Lieferketten. Das erfordert nicht nur eine Transformation der Agrarwirtschaft sondern auch einen Wandel in den Ernährungs- und Lebensstilen aller Konsumierenden. Digitale und technologische Innovationen zu nutzen und weiterzuentwickeln kann helfen, diese Herausforderungen zu lösen. Vor diesem Hintergrund liefert die vorliegende Studie des Wuppertal Instituts Impulse, wie die Digitalisierung dazu beitragen kann Produktion und Konsum umzugestalten und welche Voraussetzungen dafür gegeben sein müssen. Die Studie beschreibt die Ansatzpunkte für die Digitalisierung entlang der Wertschöpfungskette. Dazu zählen die Optimierung des Ressourceneinsatzes in der Landwirtschaft, etwa mithilfe von Smart Farming, die Unterstützung von Verbraucher*innen durch digitale Tools und Assistenzsysteme - beispielsweise mit Apps als Einkaufshilfe. Daneben erlauben auch neue Geschäftsmodelle und Rahmenbedingungen eine bessere Vernetzung von Produktions- und Konsumprozessen. Dazu gehören zum Beispiel neue digitale Absatzkanäle oder Prozessstufen-übergreifend Nachhaltigkeitskennzahlen wie beispielsweise CO2-Emissionen mitzuführen und zu kommunizieren, um allen Akteur*innen richtungssicheres Handeln zu ermöglichen.
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2023-05-02
    Description: 22 years are left until the German target for climate neutrality should be reached. For the industrial sector, this implies a fundamental change and an acceleration of emission reduction, as from 2000 to 2021 the sector has reduced its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by only 13% (ERK, 2022). For the large structures, plants and assets that are characteristic for the energy intensive industrial sectors, the timespan implies no room for delay. One sector facing particular challenges is the chemical industry. Here, fossil resources are used not only for energetic purposes but for feedstock as well, in the petrochemical industry in particular. The efforts made in the petrochemical sector thereby not only affects the sectors own emissions, but the chemicals value chain at large, including the management of end-of-life products. The dependency on energetic resources for material use also means that there is a particular connection from the chemical industry to the energy system at large, which also entails special consideration. The chemical industry also has a particular relevance to the Antwerp-Rotterdam-Rhine-Ruhr-Area (ARRRA) which hosts several large petrochemical clusters in Germany as well as the Netherlands and Belgium, with complexly interlinked production chains. In reaching the climate targets, these regions especially face significant changes and may have the opportunity to position themselves as frontrunners for industrial transformation. That is, if a successful strategy can be found. In the recent years, numerous scenario analyses and roadmaps have been released drawing out pathways for chemical industries to develop in line with national and international climate targets. This can entail mapping of technological options, important prerequisites, particular challenges as well as important opportunities and timeframes. This meta-analysis summarizes and compares the findings of some of the most recent previous works at the national, European and global level. As the goal is to investigate the various strategic options and development paths for Germany and the ARRRA, it has a particular focus on roadmaps for Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. It takes a quantitative as well as qualitative approach, looking both at resource and production volumes, different emission reduction strategies relative importance, as well as policy recommendations and other important framework conditions. A particular focus is put on the use of non-fossil feedstocks to reduce emissions.
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2023-05-02
    Description: Die chemische Industrie ist auch für die Antwerpen-Rotterdam-Rhein-Ruhr-Region (engl. Antwerp-Rotterdam-Rhine-Ruhr-Area, kurz ARRRA) von besonderer Bedeutung, die mehrere große petrochemische Cluster in Deutschland, den Niederlanden und Belgien mit komplex vernetzten Produktionsketten beherbergt. Bei der Umsetzung der Klimaziele stehen diese Regionen vor bedeutenden Veränderungen und haben zugleich die Chance, sich als Vorreiter der Industrietransformation zu positionieren. Dafür müssen erfolgreiche Strategien für den Wandel identifiziert und angewendet werden. In den letzten Jahren wurden zahlreiche Szenarioanalysen und Roadmaps veröffentlicht, in denen Entwicklungspfade für die chemische Industrie im Einklang mit nationalen und internationalen Klimazielen aufgezeigt werden. Diese können eine Darstellung von technologischen Optionen, wichtigen Voraussetzungen, besonderen Herausforderungen sowie bedeutsamen Chancen und zeitlichen Entwicklungen beinhalten. Die vorliegende Metaanalyse fasst die Ergebnisse einige der aktuellsten Arbeiten auf nationaler, europäischer und globaler Ebene zusammen und vergleicht diese kritisch miteinander. Da das Kernziel der vorliegenden Analyse darin besteht, die verschiedenen strategischen Optionen und Entwicklungspfade für Deutschland und die ARRRA zu untersuchen, liegt der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit auf Publikationen mit Fokus Deutschland, den Niederlanden und Belgien. Dabei wird sowohl ein quantitativer als auch ein qualitativer Ansatz verfolgt, der die Ressourcen- und Produktionsmengen, die relative Bedeutung verschiedener Emissionsminderungsstrategien sowie auch politische Empfehlungen und andere wichtige Rahmenbedingungen berücksichtigt. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf Strategien für den Einsatz alternativer nicht-fossiler Feedstocks und die Minderung damit verbundener Emissionen.
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2023-05-10
    Description: In den letzten Jahren wurden zahlreiche Optimierungsmodelle entwickelt, um die Bewertung von Strategien für die zukünftige Entwicklung von Energieversorgungssystemen wissenschaftlich zu unterstützen. Analysen zur zukünftigen Ausgestaltung des Energiesystems und seines Betriebs, die auf der Anwendung dieser Modelle basieren, kommen jedoch meist zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen. Dies liegt zum einen an unterschiedlichen Annahmen in den Modelleingangsdaten, zum anderen an Unterschieden in den Modellformulierungen. Modelle zur Analyse nationaler Energiewendeszenarien unterscheiden sich in der Regel in ihrer räumlichen und zeitlichen Granularität sowie in ihrem technologischen Umfang und Detailgrad. Begrenzte Rechenkapazitäten machen einen Kompromiss zwischen diesen Dimensionen erforderlich. Eine hohe räumliche und/oder zeitliche Granularität geht somit mit einer starken Vereinfachung der Darstellung von Technologieeigenschaften einher. Diese Vereinfachungen können von Modell zu Modell unterschiedlich sein. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Problemstellung lag der Fokus des Projekts FlexMex auf der Bewertung des Einflusses der Modelleigenschaften auf die berechneten Ergebnisse. Um datenbedingte von modellbedingten Unterschieden zu trennen wurde somit ein einheitlicher Satz an Eingangsparametern entwickelt und in allen Modellen verwendet. Die Szenariovorgaben schließen dabei die techno- ökonomischen Technologieparameter, Brennstoff- und CO2-Zertifikatspreise, Annahmen zur Strom-, Wärme- und Wasserstoffnachfrage, das Dargebot der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbarer Energie (EE) sowie die Potenziale von Lastmanagement und weiteren Flexibilitätsoptionen ein. Zudem wurden in den Szenarien ohne modellendogene Ausbauoptimierung auch die installierten Kapazitäten der betrachteten Energiewandler, -speicher und -netze harmonisiert. Die Ausnahme bildeten hier Untersuchungen mit Betrachtung einer modellendogenen Optimierung der Anlagenkapazitäten. Gemäß dem Fokus auf dem stündlichen Einsatz von Flexibilitätsoptionen wurden im Modellvergleich überwiegend Versorgungssysteme mit hohen Erzeugungsanteilen fluktuierender erneuerbarer Stromerzeugung aus Wind und Photovoltaik betrachtet. Der Modellvergleich setzte sich aus zwei, aufeinander aufbauenden Teilen zusammen. Im ersten Teil des Vergleichs stand die detaillierte Analyse der Auswirkung von Unterschieden in den Modellierungsansätzen und der Abbildung einzelner Technologien im Vordergrund. Dafür wurden die betrachteten Flexibilitätsoptionen jeweils einzeln in einem stark vereinfachten System betrachtet. Dieses setzt sich zusammen aus fluktuierender Erzeugung aus Windenergie und Photovoltaik, jeweils mit der Option der Abregelung und der zu analysierenden alternativen Flexibilitätsoptionen. Aufgrund der Vielfalt der betrachteten Optionen - Stromspeicher, Stromübertragungsnetze, Lastmanagement und verschiedene Technologien der flexiblen Sektorenkopplung - ergeben sich daraus insgesamt 22 Modellläufen. Da sich die Unterschiede in der Technologieabbildung auf jeweils eine Technologie beschränken, können Abweichungen in den Ergebnissen diesen direkt zugeordnet werden. Im zweiten Teil des Modellvergleichs wurden alle Flexibilitätsoptionen gemeinsam und folglich auch deren vielfältige Wechselwirkungen betrachtet. Im Rahmen der Betrachtung von 16 Testfällen wurde die sich aus der Modellwahl ergebende Unsicherheit in den Ergebnissen quantifiziert. Diese Testfälle unterscheiden sich im Ausbau von Windkraft- und Photovoltaikanlagen, in der Verfügbarkeit verschiedener Flexibilitätsoptionen, sowie in der Berücksichtigung eines endogenen Zubaus dieser Flexibilitätsoptionen.
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: In the energy sector, few topics, if any, are more hyped than hydrogen. Countries develop hydrogen strategies to provide a perspective for hydrogen production and use in order to meet climate-neutrality goals. However, in this topical field the role of water is less accentuated. Hence, in this study, we seek to map the interrelations between the water and wastewater sector on the one hand and the hydrogen sector on the other hand, before reflecting upon our findings in a country case study. We chose the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan because (i) hydrogen is politically discussed not least due to its high potentials for solar PV, and (ii) Jordan is water stressed - definitely a bad precondition for water-splitting electrolyzers. This research is based on a project called the German-Jordanian Water-Hydrogen-Dialogue (GJWHD), which started with comprehensive desk research mostly to map the intersectoral relations and to scope the situation in Jordan. Then, we carried out two expert workshops in Wuppertal, Germany, and Amman, Jordan, in order to further discuss the nexus by inviting a diverse set of stakeholders. The mapping exercise shows various options for hydrogen production and opportunities for planning hydrogen projects in water-scarce contexts such as Jordan.
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: Ziel des Projektes ist es neuartige Wärme- und Kälteerzeugungstechnologien sowie neue Lösungen zur Steigerung und Qualitätssicherung der Energieeffizienz und zur Integration erneuerbarer Energien in drei Case Studies - in GHD und Industrie - zu demonstrieren. Es soll gezeigt werden, wie die einzelnen Sektoren Strom, Wärme und Kälte effizient gestaltet werden können und durch eine Verknüpfung das Potenzial zur Flexibilisierung in der Industrie und im GHD-Sektor gehoben werden kann. Hierfür werden Markt- und Betreibermodelle entwickelt, die die Schnittstellen der Sektoren adressieren und die Einbindung der GHD- und Industriebetriebe in die Energiewirtschaft schaffen. Es werden zudem die identifizierten Flexibilitätsoptionen im Gebäudesektor in ein regionales und deutschlandweites Energiesystem- und Energiemarktmodell eingebunden, um deren Interaktion mit dem Energiesystem und die damit verbundenen Auswirkungen zu bewerten. Das Projekt hat nicht nur das Ziel, mit einem breiten Blick den Nutzen einer Flexibilitätserhöhung in verschiedenen Gebäudetypen zu analysieren, sondern wird im Rahmen der Case Studies in konkreten Anwendungsfällen das Flexibilitätspotenzial heben und dadurch eine direkte Auswirkung auf die Erhöhung der Flexibilität im deutschen Energiesystem erreichen und die Energiewende vorantreiben. In den Case Studies wird u.a. auch detailliert untersucht, welche Investitionen in Mess-, Steuer- und Regelungstechnik (MSR-Technik), flexible Energiewandler und -Speicher nötig sind, um die Flexibilität in den Gebäuden signifikant zu erhöhen und damit einen positiven Beitrag zur Energiewende zu leisten. Die identifizierten Maßnahmen werden im Rahmen des Projekts in den Case Studies implementiert und technisch-wirtschaftlich analysiert.
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: Seit Veröffentlichung der vom Landesverband Erneuerbare Energien NRW beauftragten und durch das Wuppertal Institut durchgeführten Studie "Bewertung der Vor- und Nachteile von Wasserstoffimporten im Vergleich zur heimischen Erzeugung" Ende 2020 haben sich die Rahmenbedingungen für den Wasserstoffhochlauf in Deutschland zum Teil deutlich geändert. Darüber hinaus ist zwischenzeitlich eine Reihe von Klimaschutz- und Transformationsstudien erschienen, mit teilweise neuen und differenzierten Einschätzungen zu Wasserstoff-Kosten und -Entwicklungspfaden. Dazu gehören insbesondere die als "Big Five" der Klimaneutralitätsszenarien bezeichneten Publikationen sowie weitere, spezifische H2-Analysen. Vor diesem Hintergrund sind die Ziele der vorliegenden Studie: 1. Eine Aktualisierung der Metaanalyse der oben genannten Wasserstoff-Studie aus dem Jahr 2020 - bezogen auf Kosten- und Mengen-Bandbreiten für die zukünftige Produktion und Bereitstellung von grünem und, soweit möglich, blauem Wasserstoff für Deutschland. 2. Eine kritische Einordnung der absehbaren Wasserstoff-Nachfrage in Deutschland, welche von der Wahl der Nutzungssektoren abhängt. 3. Eine kritische Diskussion und Einordnung der künftigen Rolle von blauem Wasserstoff, also der Frage, ob und inwiefern er eine sinnvolle Übergangslösung zu grünem Wasserstoff darstellen könnte.
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2023-07-07
    Description: Die Herstellung petrochemischer Grundstoffe ist sowohl energetisch als auch stofflich in Deutschland für rund 20 % der Nachfrage nach Mineralölprodukten verantwortlich. Das Gros fließt in die Produktion von Olefinen und Aromaten, welche als sogenannte Plattformchemikalien wiederum die Ausgangsbasis für die Herstellung von Polymeren und Kunststoffen darstellen. Letztgenannte sind von größter Relevanz für die Branche: Von den knapp 60 Milliarden Euro Umsatz, welche die deutsche petrochemische Industrie im Jahr 2021 generierte, entfiel gut die Hälfte auf das Marktsegment der Polymere. Daraus resultieren jedoch über die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette CO2-Emissionen von rund 50 Millionen Tonnen jährlich. Eine Transformation der heutigen auf fossilen Rohstoffen basierenden petrochemischen Industrie hin zu einem auf erneuerbaren Rohstoffen basierenden zirkulären System kann somit einen bedeutenden Beitrag zu einer primärenergetisch effizienten und klimaneutralen Wirtschaftsweise leisten. Das vom Wuppertal Institut geleitete Forschungsprojekt GreenFeed exploriert gemeinsam mit den Verbundpartnern Karlsruher Institut für Technologie und Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum mögliche Pfade hin zu einem solchen System. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im vorliegenden Papier zunächst das heutige System der ökonomischen und stofflichen Synergiebeziehungen zwischen den Raffinerien und der chemischen Industrie analysiert. Im geografischen Fokus stehen dabei Deutschland und der ARRRA-Raum als bedeutendste Chemie-Region innerhalb Europas sowie inhaltlich der sehr relevante Teilbereich der Polymer-Produktion. Die Kerninhalte des Papiers sind: 1) Charakterisierung des petrochemischen Metabolismus in Deutschland, einschließlich Produktions-, Energie-, Feedstock- und Kohlenstoffbilanz sowie Infrastruktur- und Transport-Verflechtungen innerhalb dieses Systems und 2) regionale Vertiefungen in Form von insgesamt acht Steckbriefen über alle petrochemischen Kunststoff-Regionen in Deutschland sowie des Antwerpener und Rotterdamer Clusters.
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Die Kaskadennutzung von hochwertigen Materialien wie hochlegierten Metallen, also die Weiternutzung von Werkstoffen mittels Re-engineering beziehungsweise Reuse oder Re-manufacturing von Bauteilen oder Materialien, birgt in Kombination mit integrierten innovativen Produkt-Dienstleistungsmodellen ein hohes Potenzial für Ressourcenschonung und Klimaschutz. Denn über diesen Ansatz können hochwertige Materialien, die meist energieintensive Fertigungsverfahren unterlaufen, länger in der Nutzung gehalten werden. So kann der Zeitpunkt des Recyclings verzögert werden, welches insbesondere bei hochwertigen Materialien meist zu Qualitätsverlusten führt. Auf diese Weise kann der Bedarf an der Primärproduktion und entsprechend die ökologischen Wirkungen verringert werden. Gerade durch die regional hohe Dichte an produzierendem Gewerbe im metallbe- und -verarbeitenden Bereich bietet sich das Bergische Städtedreieck an für ein regional integriertes Ressourcenmanagement an. Das Projekt RegRess trägt mit dazu bei, die Hürden zur Etablierung eines entsprechenden Ressourcenmanagements mit dem Fokus auf das Bergische Städtedreieck zu senken, um so ökonomische und ökologische Potenziale für die regionale Wirtschaft und Profilbildung der Unternehmen, insbesondere KMU, zu heben. Dieser Bericht dokumentiert die Ergebnisse einer Stakeholder-/Netzwerkanalyse von der regionalen bis zur nationalen Ebene als Basis für Kooperationen. Die Analyse identifiziert mittels Desktoprecherche 110 Netzwerke, von denen ca. 25 unmittelbar im Bergischen Städtedreieck tätig sind bzw. die Region abdecken. Darüber hinaus wird eine Methodik und deren Anwendung anhand von theoretischen Beispielen vorgestellt, um den ökologisch sinnvollen Einsatz von Kaskadennutzung aufzuzeigen und zu reflektieren. Die Methodik wurde auf die Beispiele der Kaskadennutzung ausgedienter Spiralbohrer sowie Kochtöpfe angewendet, wobei beide Beispiele tendenziell ökologische Einsparpotentiale aufweisen. Unter Vorbehalt einer detaillierteren Lebenszyklusanalyse wurden bei den Spiralbohrern bei einmaliger Kaskadierung Einsparungen in der Größenordnung von maximal 75 % beim Material Footprint und 60 % beim Carbon Footprint abgeschätzt. Aufgrund der aufwändigeren Form und höheren Reinigungsaufwänden liegen die Einsparungen beim Kochtopf geringer und wurden beim Material Footprint auf eine Größenordnung von maximal 26 % und beim Carbon Footprint von 25% geschätzt.
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2023-06-16
    Keywords: ddc:600
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    Language: German
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2023-06-16
    Description: Ca. 50 % des Endenergiebedarfes in Deutschland, wie auch im Mittel in Europa, sind Wärme. Die Energiewende kann also nur mit einer Wärmewende gelingen. Eine klimaneutrale Wärmeversorgung zeitnah zu erreichen muss daher wesentliches Ziel der Gesellschaft und der Politik der kommenden Jahre sein. Dies spiegelt sich auch in den Sektorenzielen der Bundesregierung wider: sowohl im Gebäudesektor als auch im Industriesektor werden deutliche Einsparungen der CO2-Emissionen erwartet, die wesentlich auf eine Umstellung der Wärmebereitstellung abzielen. In Jahr 2022 kamen zu dieser bereits bekannten Zielsetzung aus klimapolitischer Sicht durch den Krieg in der Ukraine weitere wesentliche Aspekte hinzu: In der öffentlichen Diskussion dominierte das Thema "Versorgungssicherheit" in der Wärmeversorgung von Gebäuden und Industrie. Gleichzeitig wurde Erdgas als billige und ausreichend zur Verfügung stehende "Brückentechnologie" in Frage gestellt und die hohen fossilen Energiepreise rückten einige bisher oft als zu aufwändig betrachtete nachhaltige Technologien schlagartig mehr ins Zentrum der Lösungen. Somit war 2022 das Jahr, in dem das Thema klimaneutrale Wärme bisher unbekannte Aufmerksamkeit erfuhr.
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: Wo werden zukünftig grüner Wasserstoff und synthetische Kraftstoffe produziert? Zu welchen Kosten können diese erzeugt werden? Und welchen Anteil hätte eine heimische Produktion daran? Die Ergebnisse der Studie MENA-Fuels zeigen, dass im Nahen Osten und Nordafrika langfristig sehr große kostengünstige Potenziale für grünen Strom, Wasserstoff und Synfuels bestehen. Die Berücksichtigung von Investitionsrisiken hat jedoch einen signifikanten Einfluss auf deren Kosten und damit auf die Wahl der potenziellen Exportländer.
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2023-06-19
    Description: Kommunale Wärmetransformationsprojekte verfolgen verschiedene Ziele gleichzeitig. In der Regel soll die Transformation einen Beitrag leisten, um die Treibhausgasemissionen der Wärmeversorgung zu senken. Gleichzeitig stehen aber weitere Ziele, u. a. die Sozialverträglichkeit, Akzeptanz und wirtschaftliche Tragfähigkeit im Fokus der Akteure. Dabei muss eine einseitige Zieloptimierung vermieden werden. Darüber hinaus erscheint es sinnvoll, den Beitrag der jeweiligen Konzepte zu den Nachhaltigkeitszielen im Blick zu behalten. Im Kontext kommunaler Wärmetransformationsprojekte geht es auf der Bedarfsseite darum, die Energieverbräuche für Raum- und Prozesswärme zu senken. Die Akteure auf Seiten der Abnehmer und Wärmenutzer:innen sind u. a. gewerbliche Unternehmen, die Wohnungswirtschaft, die öffentliche Hand und die Bewohner:innen. Auf der Versorgungsseite muss die Wärmebereitstellung von fossilen Energieträgern umgestellt werden auf regenerative Energien, wie Bioenergie, Solarthermie, Geothermie, Umgebungswärme und industrielle Abwärme. Daher treten hier als Akteure der Wärmewende nicht mehr nur Energieversorgungsunternehmen, Stadtwerke und Kommunen, sondern bspw. auch Industrieunternehmen als Abwärmequellen und Selbsterzeuger auf. Dieser Beitrag ordnet zunächst eine multikriterielle Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung in das Vorgehen kommunaler Wärmetransformationsprojekte ein. Anschließend werden Ansätze einer multikriteriellen Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung aus Projekten von FVEE- Mitgliedseinrichtungen dargestellt. Der dritte Abschnitt schließlich zeigt, wie diese in der Interaktion und Kommunikation mit den Akteuren genutzt werden können.
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2023-06-19
    Description: Es besteht Einvernehmen, dass die hohe Komplexität des Wärmesystems das zentrale Hindernis für die Wärmewende darstellt: Der Wärmebedarf im Industrie- und Gebäudesektor ist durch unterschiedliche Temperatur- und Nachfrageprofile aber auch durch verschiedene Geschäftsmodelle gekennzeichnet. Im Gebäudebereich sind darüber hinaus auch die vielfältigen Erwartungen und Präferenzen der Millionen von Investoren und Nutzern entscheidend, die über rein techno-ökonomische Überlegungen hinausgehen. Diese Systemkomplexität erschwert die Entwicklung von Strategien im Wärmesektor und hemmt unter anderem auch die Möglichkeiten für Technologieentwickler das Marktpotenzial ihrer Innovationen einzuschätzen. Fragen der Akzeptanz müssen folglich auf mehreren Ebenen Berücksichtigung finden, von Fragestellungen der Gesamtsystemanalyse bis hin zu einzelnen Umsetzungsprojekten. Entsprechend vielfältig ist die Forschung zur gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz der Wärmwende im FVEE. Sie umfasst sowohl die Analyse von Nutzerpräferenzen bis hin zur gemeinsamen Gestaltung von Energiewendeprojekten, um die Gelingensbedingungen zu verbessern. Allen Ansätzen ist gemein, dass die vorherrschende technisch-ökonomische Betrachtung der Wärmewende erweitert wird: Es wird nach Faktoren geforscht, welche die Nutzer*innen beeinflussen und es werden gezielt Bereiche untersucht, welche das Potenzial für zukünftige Akzeptanzkonflikte haben. Des Weiteren gibt es Ansätze, die Akzeptanzfragen bereits im Entwicklungsprozess von Innovationen zu berücksichtigen. Abschließend, in Bezug auf die konkrete Umsetzung von Wärmetransformationsprojekten, werden verschiedene Methoden des Co-Designs entwickelt, erforscht und getestet. Im Folgenden werden einzelne Projekte aus den verschiedenen Bereichen vorgestellt.
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2023-06-19
    Description: Fernwärme (FW) spielt aufgrund ihres Potenzials zur effizienten Integration erneuerbarer Energien (EE) und Abwärme eine entscheidende Rolle für die Umsetzung der Wärmewende. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden Herausforderungen, Maßnahmen und Trends sowie Projektbeispiele für die künftige Fernwärmeversorgung beleuchtet.
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2023-06-19
    Description: Der Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse aus der "AG Industrielle Prozesswärme" des Thinktanks IN4climate.NRW in Zusammenarbeit mit dem wissenschaftlichen Kompetenzzentrum Sci4Climate.NRW vor. Hier wurde in einem mehrjährigen Stakeholder-Prozess unter Einbindung von Wissenschaft, Politik und Unternehmen der energieintensiven Industrie in NRW ein Diskussionspapier entwickelt, welches in einem "Vier-Stufen- Modell" eine aus gesamtsystemischer Sicht optimale Vorgehensweise zur Dekarbonisierung bzw. Defossilisierung industrieller Prozesswärme aufzeigt. Flankierend werden über die Koautor:innen Technologie-Beispiele innerhalb des "Vier-Stufen-Modells" aufgezeigt.
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
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    Language: German
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
    Description: The ecological challenges of this decade have been clearly identified. The pressure of problems is increasing drastically; progress in climate protection or the preservation of biodiversity is insufficient. Little time is left to act. In consequence, we can only achieve and permanently secure social and environmental prosperity through far-reaching changes in economy and society. As a socio-technical innovation, digitalisation can realise its full ecological potential above all where it helps to profoundly change today's lifestyles, consumption patterns, and economic practices with a clear commitment to sustainability. As the most urgent design task of the 21st century, it is important to put digitalisation's enormous creative power at the service of the great transformation. The "great transformation" refers to the comprehensive restructuring of technology, the economy, and society in order to deal with the social and ecological challenges of the 21st century. This is a task for state action in terms of both regulatory policy orientation and facilitating collective processes of change - new tasks call for new governance. A digital-ecological statecraft is the indispensable prerequisite for effective state action to shape the social-ecological digital transformation. Using the example of the platform economy, we explore challenges, starting points, and (policy) measures.
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2023-08-14
    Description: Eine zentrale Anforderung für die zukünftige Industrieproduktion ist die Klimaneutralität. Dekarbonisierte Prozesse beruhen häufig auf der direkten oder indirekten (z.B. mittels H2) Elektrifizierung. Dabei stellen sich Fragen nach der energetischen Effizienz dieser Prozesse, nach ihren Potenzialen für einen flexiblen Betrieb sowie nach der Erfüllung kreislaufwirtschaftlicher Anforderungen wie Materialeffizienz und Schließung von Stoffkreisläufen. Der Artikel betrachtet die disruptiv dekarbonisierte Erzeugung von primärem Roheisen und bewertet drei Produktionstechniken dazu.
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Die große Herausforderung der Industrietransformation ist von besonderer Bedeutung für Nordrhein-Westfalen als eine der wichtigsten Industrieregionen Deutschlands und Europas, in der etwa die Hälfte der Anlagen der energieintensiven Grundstoffindustrie Deutschlands verortet sind und in der die industrielle Produktion wirtschaftlich eine besonders große Rolle spielt. Gleichzeitig kann eine gelingende Transformation der Industrie in NRW als Blaupause für andere Regionen dienen. Der vorliegende Bericht stellt die Ergebnisse des Forschungsprojekts SCI4climate.NRW 2018-2022 dar, welches die Industrietransformation in NRW wissenschaftlich begleitet und untersucht hat.
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Der hier vorliegende Klimaschutz-Aktionsplan 2030 für die Stadt Mannheim beschreibt Maßnahmen und Reduktionspfade für eine Minderung der Treibhausgasemissionen auf Mannheimer Stadtgebiet zur Erreichung der Klimaneutralität im Jahr 2030. Die Basis hierfür bildet die Energie- und CO2-Bilanz aus dem Jahr 2020. In einem ersten Schritt wurden mit dem wissenschaftlichen Begleitkreis mögliche Reduktionspfade in den verschiedenen Sektoren und eine Definition für den Begriff der Klimaneutralität diskutiert. Mit dem Lenkungskreis wurden im nächsten Schritt acht Handlungsfelder festgelegt, für die in einzelnen Strategiegruppen die Maßnahmen entwickelt wurden. Weitere Vorschläge kamen aus der begleitenden öffentlichen Beteiligung. In diesem breit angelegten Beteiligungsprozess sind letztlich 81 Maßnahmen in acht thematischen Handlungsfeldern entstanden, von denen 34 als Maßnahmen von besonderer Priorität definiert wurden.
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  • 64
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    Berlin : Institute for Future Studies and Technology Assessment
    Publication Date: 2024-04-16
    Description: While digital technologies hold significant transformational potential, anecdotal evidence suggests that the digital transformation might not be directed towards sustainable development sufficiently. Drawing on a modified and extended version of the framework proposed by Wanzenböck et al. (2020), we explore the cases of the circular economy and the transition towards a sustainable energy system in the twin transition. Making use of insights from 20 expert interviews and two in-depth interviews, we aim to gain a first careful indication of the convergence/divergence in societal views on key problems and solutions across different dimensions (technological, economic, socio-cultural, regulatory) and derive insights for integrated policy-making. Thereby the study contributes to bridging the existing gap between mission-oriented policies and the twin transition. Overall, our first insights indicate that while showing high similarities in the structure of problems and solutions across cases, the variety in wickedness (contestation, complexity, uncertainty) calls for differentiated policy-making: Significant parts of the relatively young twin transition might be in a state of disorientation where societal views on problems and solutions diverge. This would require policy-makers to follow a "discovery-mode" (basic research, experiments and monitoring) with only selected diffusion-focused strategies. Further, we show that missions in the twin transition require highly flexible policy-making as different approaches need to be applied simultaneously. Finally, there are several options for exploiting synergies in policy-making due to some overlapping characteristics as well as learning opportunities between cases. We believe that particularly our holistic perspective on the twin transition can yield substantial guidance for researchers and policy-makers in the field.
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Established in 2016, the German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) strives to promote bilateral cooperation between Germany and Japan on energy transition. Among other studies and topical papers, an output paper in 2020 (Rauschen et al., 2020) already compared the energy efficiency in buildings in both countries with a particular focus on heating and cooling. One important finding of this output paper was that further efforts in the building sector are needed to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in Germany and Japan. Following the more ambitious climate protection targets in both countries, this study seeks to analyze the German and Japanese policies put in place to accelerate the decarbonization of the building sector. The decarbonization of the vast number of buildings that both Japan and Germany are facing will be a major contribution to achieving the GHG reduction targets of both countries and should continue to be discussed among experts and developed into a discussion among policy makers. This report examines and compares the characteristics of the building stock in both countries, as well as existing policies and new strategies and policies that are planned or discussed to achieve energy conservation and decarbonization of buildings. The current shape of buildings, especially houses, is greatly influenced by the land area of the country corresponding to the available space for buildings, the natural environment surrounding the country, the natural resources available, and the lifestyle and cultural ideas that have been passed down and taken root over time. Therefore, it might be difficult to compare them and the corresponding strategies and policies with the same yardstick, so we also discuss common or deviant situations. Through this joint research, we aim to find each other's advantages and challenges and to develop useful and concrete policy recommendations that will contribute to decarbonization policies in both countries.
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: Diese Fallstudie untersuchte den durch die geringe Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Steinkohlebergbaus ausgelösten Strukturwandel im Ruhrgebiet vom Ende der 1950er Jahre bis 2015. Mit Hilfe verschiedener qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden der empirischen Sozial- und Wirtschaftsforschung analysierte sie den Strukturwandelprozess und die in Reaktion auf diesen Prozess umgesetzte Strukturpolitik mit dem Ziel, dieses Wissen für zukünftige Strukturwandelprozesse in anderen (Kohle-)Regionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Eine Diskursanalyse half zu erkennen, wer warum welche strukturpolitischen Ansätze unterstützte - und gibt damit Hinweise auf die mögliche Relevanz von Erfahrungen für andere Regionen.
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: This case study examined the structural change in the Ruhr area caused by the low international competitiveness of German hard coal mining over the period from the late 1950s to 2015. It analysed the structural change process and the structural policies implemented as a reaction to this process with the objective to make this knowledge available for future structural change processes in other (coal) regions by deploying various qualitative and quantitative methods of empirical social and economic research. A discourse analysis helped to recognise who supported which structural policy approaches and why - and thus gives indications of the possible relevance of experiences for other regions.
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: Diese Fallstudie untersuchte den durch den Systemwechsel von der Plan- zur Marktwirtschaft ausgelösten Strukturwandel in der Lausitz im Zeitraum 1990-2015. Mit Hilfe verschiedener qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden der empirischen Sozial- und Wirtschaftsforschung analysierte sie den Strukturwandelprozess und die in Reaktion auf diesen Prozess umgesetzte Strukturpolitik mit dem Ziel, dieses Wissen für zukünftige Strukturwandelprozesse in anderen (Kohle-)Regionen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Eine Diskursanalyse half zu erkennen, wer warum welche strukturpolitischen Ansätze unterstützte - und gibt damit Hinweise auf die mögliche Relevanz von Erfahrungen für andere Regionen.
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Dominant agricultural and food systems lead to continuous resource depletion and unacceptable environmental and social impacts. While current calls for changing agrifood systems are increasingly framed in the context of sustainability transitions, they rarely make an explicit link to transition studies to address these systemic challenges, nor do transition scholars sufficiently address agri-food systems, despite their global pertinence. From this viewpoint, we illustrate several gaps in the agri-food systems debate that sustainability transition studies could engage in. We propose four avenues for research in the next decade of transition research on agri-food systems: 1) Crossscale dynamics between coupled systems; 2) Social justice, equity and inclusion; 3) Sustainability transitions in low- and middle-income countries; 4) Cross-sectoral governance and system integration. We call for a decade of new transition research that moves beyond single-scale and sector perspectives toward more inclusive and integrated analyses of food system dynamics.
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2022-04-14
    Description: Technological breakthroughs and policy measures targeting energy efficiency and clean energy alone will not suffice to deliver Paris Agreement-compliant greenhouse gas emissions trajectories in the next decades. Strong cases have recently been made for acknowledging the decarbonisation potential lying in transforming linear economic models into closed-loop industrial ecosystems and in shifting lifestyle patterns towards this direction. This perspective highlights the research capacity needed to inform on the role and potential of the circular economy for climate change mitigation and to enhance the scientific capabilities to quantitatively explore their synergies and trade-offs. This begins with establishing conceptual and methodological bridges amongst the relevant and currently fragmented research communities, thereby allowing an interdisciplinary integration and assessment of circularity, decarbonisation, and sustainable development. Following similar calls for science in support of climate action, a transdisciplinary scientific agenda is needed to co-create the goals and scientific processes underpinning the transition pathways towards a circular, net-zero economy with representatives from policy, industry, and civil society. Here, it is argued that such integration of disciplines, methods, and communities can then lead to new and/or structurally enhanced quantitative systems models that better represent critical industrial value chains, consumption patterns, and mitigation technologies. This will be a crucial advancement towards assessing the material implications of, and the contribution of enhanced circularity performance to, mitigation pathways that are compatible with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement and the transition to a circular economy.
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    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2022-04-21
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2022-03-08
    Description: This study presents in detail: the use of plastic products and the opportunities for recyclate use in the construction sector, quantities of plastic used, take-back systems, recycling techniques, current recyclate use and plastic construction product packaging.Potentials for increasing high-quality recyclate use were identified. Existing hurdles and options for action for industry and politics are presented. Current recyclate use as well as its potential use are strongly dependent on the application area of plastics. The biggest hurdles for the use of recycled materials are product life time, dismantling and technical requirements.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2022-03-07
    Description: CICERONE aims to bring national, regional and local governments together to jointly tackle the circular economy transition needed to reach net-zero carbon emissions and meet the targets set in the Paris Agreement and EU Green Deal. This document represents one of the key outcomes of the project: a Strategic Research & Innovation Agenda (SRIA) for Europe, to support owners and funders of circular economy programmes in aligning priorities and approaching the circular economy transition in a systemic way.
    Keywords: ddc:600
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2022-03-17
    Description: The idea for the Green Recovery Tracker was born in spring 2020 when governments started making announcements on economic Corona recovery measures. From a climate and resilience perspective it is key that those recovery packages, investments and subsidies are in line with long-term climate and sustainability targets. Thus, recovery packages should not only boost the economy in the short-term, but also strike the path to a just transition towards climate neutrality. Against this background, Wuppertal Institute and E3G have launched the Green Recovery Tracker project in late summer 2020 to shed light on the following questions: What can be considered an effective green recovery? What are good examples, which can be used as an inspiration for recovery programs aiming to support sustainable development? Where do the individual Member States stand with respect to aligning their recovery activities with the climate policy agenda? In this report, you will find our Methodology as well our Policy Briefing highlighting our key takeaways of our country and sectoral analyses. It further includes a section on "What can we learn from our experience with the Green Recovery Tracker?". The briefing concludes with a "Guidance for future funding programs and achieving climate targets overall".
    Keywords: ddc:600
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  • 75
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Berlin : Institut für Klimaschutz, Energie und Mobilität
    Publication Date: 2022-05-05
    Description: Das Forschungsvorhaben FlexGeber hat die Darstellung des Flexibilitätspotentials von gewerblich und industriell genutzten Gebäuden in Deutschland sowie die Verknüpfung mit den sich wandelnden Anforderungen des Energiesystems zum Ziel. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurde durch die Projektpartner eine gemeinsame Vision für einen treibhausgasneutralen Nichtwohngebäudebestand erarbeitet. Die Vision stellt ein von den Projektpartner geteiltes Zielszenario dar, in welchem ein treibhausgasneutraler Nichtwohngebäudebestand Realität ist. Im vorliegenden Bericht betrachten das IKEM und das Wuppertal Institut die für ein solches Szenario erforderlichen gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen, ökologischen und politischen Rahmenbedingungen.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2022-05-12
    Description: By applying a phase model for the renewables-based energy transition in the MENA countries to Israel, the study provides a guiding vision to support the strategy development and steering of the energy transition process. The transition towards a renewable-based energy system can reduce import dependencies and increase the energy security in Israel. Key issues that need to be tackled in order to advance the energy transition in Israel are the expansion of flexibility options, discussion on the long-term role of natural gas, increasing participation and awareness, and exploring the future role of power-to-X in the energy system.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Iraq. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. The transition towards renewable energies is still at a very early stage in Iraq. Despite the drop in renewable technology costs over the last decade and the increasing deployment of renewables in the MENA region, the pathway towards renewable energies seems to be challenging for Iraq. This is attributable to the country's political instability and the dominant economic role played by the fossil fuel sector. The most pressing concern for Iraq's electricity sector is the need to secure a constant electricity supply. At operational level, Iraq's electricity infrastructure requires significant investment to rebuilt, retro-fit and expand its overall capacity and to improve efficiencies. Yet, the need to rebuild the energy system after the war and the subsequent violent conflicts could offer an opportunity for a transition towards renewables that would benefit Iraq in the short term and also provide a long-term economic development perspective. To take advantage of this opportunity, Iraq needs to improve the framework conditions for renewable energies and raise awareness about the benefits it offers. Renewable energy regulations need to be introduced, market development supported, a realistic timeframe for the transition process established and an appropriate and reliable legal framework developed. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewables are intended to stimulate and support the discussion about Iraq's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policy strategies.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the country case of Egypt. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision makers. Egypt, with its abundant solar and wind energy potential, has excellent preconditions to embark on the pathway towards a 100% renewable energy system. The country has successfully taken its first steps in this direction by attracting international finance and implementing several large-scale solar and wind projects. Yet, while Egypt has made significant progress, increased efforts are still required if the country aims to proceed towards a fully renewables-based system. The stronger system integration of renewable energies requires, for example, an alignment of regulations for the electricity, mobility and heat sectors. In this context, Egypt would be well advised to develop and implement an overall strategy for the energy transition that includes not only electricity generation but all sectors. By placing a stronger focus on renewable energy, also to decarbonise the industrial sector, Egypt, as Africa's second most industrialised country, could seize the opportunity for economic development within a decarbonising global economy. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewable energy are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Egypt's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2022-02-18
    Description: With the move to a hydrogen-based primary steel production envisioned for the near future in Europe, existing regional industrial clusters loose major assets. Such a restructuring of industries may result in a new geographical distribution of the steel industry and also to another quality of vertical integration at sites. Both implications could turn out as drivers or barriers to invest in new technologies and are thus important in respect to vertical integration of sites and to regional policy. This paper describes an approach to model production stock invest for the steel industries in North-Western Europe. Current spatial structures are reproduced with capacity, technical and energy efficiency data on the level of single facilities like blast furnaces. With the model developed both investments in specific technologies and at specific production sites can be modelled. The model is used to simulate different possible future scenarios. The case with a clear move to hydrogen-based production is compared to a reference scenario without technological shift. The scenarios show that existing trends like movement of production to the coast may be accelerated by the new technology but that sites in the hinterland can also adapt to a hydrogen economy. Possible effects of business cycles or a circular economy on regional value chains are explored with a Monte-Carlo analysis.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Direct Air Capture (DAC) is increasingly being discussed as a possibility to limit climate change. In this study, a possible rollout of the DAC technology at German coastal areas is analysed based on an existing climate neutrality scenario. For the year 2045 the resulting costs as well as land, water and energy consumption are examined. It is concluded that a realization of the DAC technology in Germany might be possible from a technical point of view. However, there is a high demand for land and energy. Since a rollout is needed to start in 20 years at the latest, the required discussion and evaluation should be initiated as quickly as possible.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2022-02-23
    Description: Industrieregionen stehen vor besonderen Herausforderungen für eine nachhaltige und klimagerechte Entwicklung, sie müssen zu "grünen Industrieregionen" werden. Doch was macht eine "grüne Industrieregion" überhaupt aus? Die vorliegende Studie des Wuppertal Instituts verdeutlicht, worauf es besonders ankommt, wie Fortschritte gemessen werden können und welche Maßnahmen die erforderliche Transformation beschleunigen können. Das Autorenteam schätzt die Vorreiterpotenziale der Metropole Ruhr für sieben Indikatoren ein, die besonders deutlich bei der Umweltwirtschaft und der Entwicklung der Grün- und Erholungsflächen herausstechen.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2022-02-02
    Description: Model-based scenario analyses of future energy systems often come to deviating results and conclusions when different models are used. This may be caused by heterogeneous input data and by inherent differences in model formulations. The representation of technologies for the conversion, storage, use, and transport of energy is usually stylized in comprehensive system models in order to limit the size of the mathematical problem, and may substantially differ between models. This paper presents a systematic comparison of nine power sector models with sector coupling. We analyze the impact of differences in the representation of technologies, optimization approaches, and further model features on model outcomes. The comparison uses fully harmonized input data and highly simplified system configurations to isolate and quantify model-specific effects. We identify structural differences in terms of the optimization approach between the models. Furthermore, we find substantial differences in technology modeling primarily for battery electric vehicles, reservoir hydro power, power transmission, and demand response. These depend largely on the specific focus of the models. In model analyses where these technologies are a relevant factor, it is therefore important to be aware of potential effects of the chosen modeling approach. For the detailed analysis of the effect of individual differences in technology modeling and model features, the chosen approach of highly simplified test cases is suitable, as it allows to isolate the effects of model-specific differences on results. However, it strongly limits the model's degrees of freedom, which reduces its suitability for the evaluation of fundamentally different modeling approaches.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2023-10-16
    Description: The steel industry is responsible for a quarter of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions. So far, the environmental savings are mainly due to steel recycling. Besides recycling, the circular economy offers strategies to increase material efficiency and thus decrease the primary raw material demand. However, the potentials remain unexploited because circular economy concepts with a higher degree of circularity are not considered. The presented case study of an industrial machining knife illustrates how the production process can be improved by implementing various circular strategies. The environmental performance is analyzed by calculating and comparing the carbon footprint, the cumulative energy demand and the material footprint, and the material efficiency indicator. The results show that the implementation of the three overarching strategies of the circular economy - narrowing, closing, and slowing - contributes to a significant increase in material efficiency. The implementation also has a positive effect on the overall environmental performance. The circular production processes require less energy and resources and cause fewer emissions. Auxiliary processes such as additional transport routes are relevant, as they can reduce or even overcompensate for savings. These processes must be adequately considered and designed.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2023-12-20
    Description: In warm and hot climates, ceiling fans and/or air conditioners (ACs) are used to maintain thermal comfort. Ceiling fans provide air movement near the skin, which enhances the evaporation of sweat, reduces heat stress, and enhances thermal comfort. This is also called the cooling effect. However, AC usage behaviour and the effects of elevated air speed through the use of ceiling fans on indoor operative temperature during AC usage are not widely studied. This study investigated the optimum AC (cooling) set point temperature and air velocity necessary for maintaining thermal comfort while achieving energy conservation, in mixed-mode buildings in India, through field studies by using used custom-built Internet of Things (IOT) devices. In the current study, the results indicate a 79% probability that comfort conditions can be maintained by achieving a temperature drop of 3K. If this drop can be achieved, as much as possible, through passive measures, the duration of AC operation and its energy consumption are reduced, at least by 67.5 and 58.4%, respectively. During the air-conditioned period, there is a possibility that the cooing effect is reduced because of increase in operative temperature due to ceiling fan operation. Therefore, the optimum solution is to maintain the highest AC set point and minimum fan speed setting that are acceptable.
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: In Argentina, renewable energies are promoted as a way of decarbonising the electricity mix and providing reliable energy services. The national goal is to generate 20% of electricity from renewable sources by 2025. However, despite significant natural potential, solar photovoltaic still represents only a small share of Argentina's total electricity generation. Although this picture may look bleak, a wide range of market segments relating to decentralised photovoltaic generation in Argentina have developed. The general objective of this study is to examine the dynamics that currently enable or constrain the diffusion of distributed photovoltaic systems in Argentina. By applying the Technical Innovation System (TIS) approach, the aim is to understand which functions of the system are strong/weak and how these are influenced by endogenous/exogenous system strengths and weaknesses. To that end, a mixed method research strategy is applied. The exploratory sequential research design allows first to explore system strengths and weaknesses based on qualitative approaches, and then to further analyse the contextual embeddedness and the level of importance of the identified variables using quantitative survey instruments. Thereby, this study provides an important analytical method that contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the interdependencies of the TIS. The empirical results indicate that system weaknesses are shaped to a large extent by the overall contextual dynamics - such as political instability, energy subsidies and high inflation rates. System strengths relate to both the TIS itself (particularly knowledge development through pilot projects and market formation through provincial and national support programmes), to contextual relationships (linked to the availability of educational institutions that enable the rapid diffusion of knowledge) and to the importance of rural areas as protected spaces for the application of photovoltaic systems. Consequently, the study highlights the challenges to overcome for the broader diffusion of distributed photovoltaic generation.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 89
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2023-05-09
    Description: Ziel des Projektes war es, eine ressourceneffiziente Kreislauschließung in der Kunststoffwirtschaft durch verschiedene digitale Software und Sensorlösungen zu ermöglichen. Das Projekt war in folgende Arbeitspakete gegliedert: Arbeitspaket 1: Bestimmung der Ist-Situation. Arbeitspaket 2.1: Entwicklung innovativer Prozessmesstechnik. Arbeitspaket 2.2: F&E zu einer digitalen Applikation. Arbeitspaket 2.3: Konzeption eines Wertschöpfungsnetzwerkes. Arbeitspaket 3.1: Erprobung und Optimierung. Arbeitspaket 3.1: Nachhaltigkeitsbewertung. Arbeitspaket 4: Aktivierung und Dissemination der Ergebnisse. Arbeitspaket 5: Kommunikation. Arbeitspaket 6: Projektmanagement. Die Projekt-Ergebnisse werden im vorliegenden Abschlussbericht, gegliedert in diese Arbeitspakete, vorgestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2023-05-26
    Description: Community-based approaches to natural resource management are being discussed and experienced as promising ways for pursuing ecological conservation and socio-economic development simultaneously. However, the multiplicity of levels, scales, objectives and actors that are involved in sustainability transformations tends to be challenging for such bottom-up approaches. Collaborative and polycentric governance schemes are proposed for dealing with those challenges. What has not been fully explored is how knowledge from local contexts of community-based initiatives can be diffused to influence practices on higher levels and/or in other local contexts. This study explores how theoretical advances in the diffusion of grassroots innovation can contribute to understanding and supporting the diffusion of knowledge and practices from community-based initiatives and proposes a transdisciplinary approach to diffusion. For that aim, we develop an analytical perspective on the diffusion of grassroots innovations that takes into consideration the multiplicity of actors, levels and scales, the different qualities/types of knowledge and practices, as well as their respective contributions. We focus on the multiplicity and situatedness of cognitive frames and conceptualize the diffusion of grassroots innovations as a transdisciplinary process. In this way three different diffusion pathways are derived in which the knowledge and practices of grassroots initiatives can be processed in order to promote their (re)interpretation and (re)application in situations and by actors that do not share the cognitive frame and the local context of the originating grassroots initiative. The application of the developed approach is illustrated through transdisciplinary research for the diffusion of sustainable family farming innovations in Colombia. This conceptualization accounts for the emergence of multiplicity as an outcome of diffusion by emphasizing difference as a core resource in building sustainable futures.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2023-05-26
    Description: Nigeria is Africa's top cement producer and could be on course to be one of the top producers globally. The goal of this study is to identify and critically examine the pathways available to Nigeria to meet its decarbonisation goals in the cement sector. Based on a literature review, the study assesses demand drivers and decarbonisation potentials for the sector. It then presents two different quantitative pathways for growth in production of cement by 2050, and three different pathways for decarbonisation of the sector. Using published data and a scenario analysis tool, the study calculates how the sector's emissions might evolve under each of these pathways. The results indicate that, in the most ambitious scenario, emissions from the sector can plateau by the late 2030s, resulting in an overall increase of 21% by 2050 (compared to 2015 levels). Achieving this scenario is necessary in order to put the sector on a path to net zero emissions beyond 2050. The scenario is driven by reductions in both energy-related and process emissions, as well as a small share of carbon capture and storage and demand management. A moderately ambitious scenario that relies mostly on savings on energy-related emissions results in an 84% increase in emissions by 2050. Finally, the Business-as-Usual scenario results in an almost tripling of emissions by 2050. The results indicate a strong potential for policies to drive improvements in energy efficiency and clinker-to-cement ratio. Critical areas of uncertainty within the assumptions include the production rates (including the evolution of the export market) and the fuel mix.
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: The transformation of society into sustainable structures is one of the most important tasks for the future. That cities have a decisive role to play in this transformation process has been known at least since Rio 1992. They have enormous pressure to act for change: They are at the same time problem and solution for sustainable development. Currently there is another significant development for cities - the need and external pressure to be "smart", often understood merely as applying the latest digital technologies to become more efficient. The Smart City and the Sustainable City can work hand in hand or hinder each other, depending on their interpretation. In this study we focus on five Smart Cities in Western Germany to get a closer look at how they shape their processes and whether the underlying motivation is to become a technologically Smart City, focus on sustainable development, or both. With the help of the innovation biography research method, we show how cities shape the dynamic process towards forming a Smart City, the role sustainable urban development plays in the process, who the actors involved are, and the important role improved knowledge management then plays for the diffusion of the Smart Sustainable City within the region. It becomes clear how important communication and narratives are both in the process within each City towards forming a Smart Sustainable City and for the first step of diffusion, the adaptation of other cities within the region. This study is intended to serve both as a basis for cross-regional consideration and dialogue for the transfer of successful processes.
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: Food and nutrition systems are linked to all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which makes their transition toward social-ecological behavior patterns crucial for an overarching sustainability transformation. The perspective of (urban) logistics is of special interest. It couples the production and consumption physically and virtually. In this context, we shed light on the design of the turnover point of food in urban areas from the supply chain toward consumers and contribute to an overarching systemic perspective toward establishing a sustainable multilevel food system. We describe current patterns in urban food systems and propose several principles for sustainable design of (urban) food systems based on concepts such as (regional) collaboration and food literacy. Using these principles, we provide four design scenarios that concretely imagine future urban food consumption and production patterns titled "slow stock supply service," "deliver into the daily walk," "central district food depot," "super food action place." With this work we provide a starting for reflecting whether certain combinations of principles actually lead to patterns of daily life that are feasible, acceptable, or desirable. Moreover, we provide an initial qualitative assessment to stimulate further research that explores scenario pathways and incorporates additional indicators regarding the impact on social-ecological. We open up various research questions with regard to the overarching question of how urban food logistics should be designed to be consistent with the SDGs.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: Transponder-based Aircraft Detection Lighting Systems (ADLS) are increasingly used in wind turbines to limit beacon operation times, reduce light emissions, and increase wind energy acceptance. The systems use digital technologies such as receivers of digital transponder signals, LTE/5G, and other information and communication technology. The use of ADLS will be mandatory in Germany both for new and existing wind turbines with a height of 〉100 m from 2023 (onshore) and 2024 (offshore), so a nationwide rollout is expected to start during 2022. To fully realize the benefits while avoiding risks and bottlenecks, a thorough and holistic understanding of the efforts required and the impacts caused along the life cycle of an ADLS is essential. Therefore, this study presents the first multi-aspect holistic evaluation of an ADLS. A framework for evaluating digital applications in the energy sector, previously developed by the authors, is refined and applied. The framework is based on multi-criteria analysis (MCA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and expert interviews. On an aggregated level, the MCA results show an overall positive impact from all stakeholders’ perspectives. Most positive impacts are found in the society and politics category, while most negative impacts are of technical nature. The LCA of the ADLS reveals a slightly negative impact, but this impact is negligible when compared to the total life cycle impact of the wind turbines of which the ADLS is a part. Besides the aggregated evaluation, detailed information on potential implementation risks, bottlenecks, and levers for life cycle improvement are presented. In particular, the worldwide scarcity of the required semiconductors, in combination with the general lack of technicians in Germany, lead to the authors’ recommendation for a limited prolongation of the planned rollout period. This period should be used by decision-makers to ensure the availability of technical components and installation capacities. A pooling of ADLS installations in larger regions could improve plannability for manufacturers and installers. Furthermore, an ADLS implementation in other countries could be supported by an early holistic evaluation using the presented framework.
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: The study investigates if causal claims based on a theory-of-change approach for impact reporting are credible. The authors use their most recent impact report for a Social Bond to show how theory-based logic models can be used to map the sustainability claims of issuers to quantifiable indicators. A single project family (homeownership loans) is then used as a case study to test the underlying hypotheses of the sustainability claims. By applying Bayes Theorem, evidence for and against the claims is weighted to calculate the degree to which the belief in the claims is warranted. The authors found that only one out of three claims describe a probable cause–effect chain for social benefits from the loans. The other two claims either require more primary data to be corroborated or should be re-defined to link the intervention more closely and robustly with the overarching societal goals. However, all previous reported indicators are below the thresholds of the most conservative estimates for fractions of beneficiaries in the paper at hand. We conclude that the combination of a Theory-of-Change with a Bayesian Analysis is an effective way to test the plausibility of sustainability claims and to mitigate biases. Nevertheless, the method is - in the presented form - also too elaborate and time-consuming for impact reporting in the sustainable finance market.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: The food system plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. Even if fossil fuel emissions are halted immediately, current trends in global food systems may prevent the achieving of the Paris Agreement's climate targets. The high degree of variability and uncertainty involved in calculating diet-related greenhouse gas emissions limits the ability to evaluate reduction potentials to remain below a global warming of 1.5 or 2 degrees. This study assessed Western European dietary patterns while accounting for uncertainty and variability. An extensive literature review provided value ranges for climate impacts of animal-based foods to conduct an uncertainty analysis via Monte Carlo simulation. The resulting carbon footprints were assessed against food system-specific greenhouse gas emission thresholds. The range and absolute value of a diet carbon footprint become larger the higher the amount of products with highly varying emission values in the diet. All dietary pattern carbon footprints overshoot the 1.5 degrees threshold. The vegan, vegetarian, and diet with low animal-based food intake were predominantly below the 2 degrees threshold. Omnivorous diets with more animal-based product content trespassed them. Reducing animal-based foods is a powerful strategy to decrease emissions. However, further mitigation strategies are required to achieve climate goals.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: The circle is a ubiquitous metaphor in the current scientific and political debate on possible strategies for coping with the changes brought by the so-called "Anthropocene". Terms such as "recycling", "upcycling", "downcycling", "life cycle" or "circular economy" all refer to the same geometric shape, which in turn can be found in numerous diagrams illustrating the respective design approaches and political strategies. But how does the circle shape the way we think and act as designers? Is it an appropriate metaphor to guide us to feasible actions, or is its degree of simplification too far removed from reality? In this article we look at the circular economy as a designed model, and question the circle as a communication tool for the cultural project of sustainability. As the circle may carry the risk of an oversimplified, unattainable, even disillusioning ideal, we discuss various alternative images and forms for their potential to become metaphors of alternative models. The hole, the plate, the pasture, the wheel, the mill wheel, the hamster wheel, the vortex, the double helix, the spider web and the rhizome - as metaphors, they each open up different perspectives and approaches to reality, they each construct different relationships and dependencies between nature and culture. The aim of this article is less about postulating the end of the circle as a metaphor in the sustainability debate, as it is about to fathom the circle's ends as a metaphorical tool. In other words, when does the metaphor of the circle become too abstract? As designers we can say that falling in love with a form right at the beginning of a design process can be rather limiting, as hardly any alternatives will be considered, and all further decisions are subordinated to achieving the desired shape. Therefore, we would like to emphasise the contingency of the circular economy as a model. We would like to welcome the thought that the circle has an "end".
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2023-07-07
    Description: The challenges and also potentials of the energy transition are tremendous in Germany, as well as in Japan. Sometimes, structures of the old energy world need "creative destruction" to clear the way for innovations for a decarbonized, low-risk energy system. In these times of disruptive changes, a constructive and sometimes controversial dialog within leading industrial nation as Japan and Germany over the energy transition is even more important. The German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) released a summarizing report for the first project phase 2016-2018. It includes jointly formulated recommendations for politics as well as a controversial dialogue part. The Council jointly states and recommends that: Ambitious long-term targets and strategies for a low-carbon energy system must be defined and ambitiously implemented; Germany and Japan as high technology countries need to take the leadership. Both countries will have to restructure their energy systems substantially until 2050 while maintaining their competitiveness and securing energy supply. Highest priority is given to the forced implementation of efficiency technologies and renewable energies, despite different views on nuclear energy. In both countries all relevant stakeholders - but above all the decision-makers on all levels of energy policy - need to increase their efforts for a successful implementation of the energy transition. Design of the electricity market needs more incentives for flexibility options and for the extensive expansion of variable power generation, alongside with strategies for cost reduction for electricity from photovoltaic and wind energy. The implementation gap of the energy efficiency needs to be closed by an innovative energy policy package to promote the principle of "Energy Efficiency First". Synergies and co-benefits of an enhanced energy and resource efficiency policy need to be realized. Co-existence of central infrastructure and the growing diversity of the activities for decentralization (citizens funding, energy cooperatives, establishment of public utility companies) should be supported. Scientific cooperation can be intensified by a joint working group for scenarios and by the establishment of an academic exchange program.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2023-07-07
    Description: The German-Japanese Energy Transition Council (GJETC) was established in 2016 by experts from research institutions, energy policy think tanks, and practitioners in Germany and Japan. The objectives and main activities of the Council and the supporting secretariats are to identify and analyze current and future issues regarding policy frameworks, markets, infrastructure, and technological developments in the energy transition, and to hold Council meetings to exchange ideas and propose better policies and strategies. In its second project phase (2018-2020), the GJETC had six members from academia on the Japanese side, and eight members on the German side, with one Co-Chair from each country. From October 2018 to March 2020, the GJETC worked on and debated six topics: 1) Digitalization and the energy transition. 2) Hydrogen society. 3) Review of German and Japanese long-term energy scenarios and their evaluation mechanism. 4) Buildings, energy efficiency, heating/cooling. 5) Integration costs of renewable energies. 6) Transport and sector coupling. The outputs and the recommendations of the second phase of the GJETC are summarized in this report.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2022-11-23
    Description: A clear understanding of socio-technical interdependencies and a structured vision are prerequisites for fostering and steering a transition to a fully renewables-based energy system. To facilitate such understanding, a phase model for the renewable energy transition in MENA countries has been developed and applied to the case of Palestine. It is designed to support the strategy development and governance of the energy transition and to serve as a guide for decision-makers. The transition towards renewable energies is still at a very early stage in Palestine. The long-standing political conflict between Palestine and Israel has prevented the large-scale deployment of renewable energy due to land restrictions. Palestine's political instability, its geographically fragmented territories, and its high dependence on Israel's imports are the most pressing concerns for Palestine’s electricity sector. At the operational level, particularly the transmission and distribution infrastructure need to be better interconnected, renewed and expanded to accommodate larger volumes of renewable electricity and at the same time improve efficiency. The modelled demand development shows that Palestine will most likely have to continue importing electricity even if the potential of renewable energy is fully exploited. This underlines the importance of sustainable energy partnerships for Palestine. The results of the analysis along the transition phase model towards 100% renewable energy are intended to stimulate and support the discussion on Palestine's future energy system by providing an overarching guiding vision for the energy transition and the development of appropriate policies.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: report , doc-type:report
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