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  • Other Sources  (1,015)
  • SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE  (1,015)
  • 1980-1984  (1,015)
  • 1
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    Stable direct adaptive control of linear infinite-dimensional systems using a command generator tracker approach (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The topics are presented in view graph form and include the following: an adaptive model following control; adaptive control of a distributed parameter system (DPS) with a finite-dimensional controller; a direct adaptive controller; a closed-loop adaptively controlled DPS; Lyapunov stability; the asymptotic stability of the closed loop; and model control of a simply supported beam.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 319-363
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  • 2
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    Rapid single-axis torque-bounded slewing of SCOLE configuration (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The first general research objective was to address control design challenges of the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) via the two stage approach: (1) slew the whole as if it were a rigid body about one Space Shuttle body axis each time using the onboard Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters; and (2) damp out excited vibrations. The second objective was to examine the feasibility of applying the approach to shuttle-attached flexible space structures. The following was accomplished: (1) a standard bang-bang control technique was adapted; (2) a slew rate limit was imposed in the design; and (3) slew acceleration deviation was defined as the index of slew performance degradation.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 235-262
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  • 3
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    A modal model for SCOLE structural dynamics (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Information on a modal model for the Spacecraft Control Laboratory (SCOLE) is given in viewgraph form. A partial differential equation model covering roll bending, pitch bending, torsion, shear forces, and bending moments is given.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 29-40
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  • 4
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    SCOLE dynamic analysis and frequency response using DISTEL software (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The distributed element dynamic analysis package DISTEL is used to analyze the NASA/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE). In this configuration, the Space Shuttle motion is coupled to the motion of a large dish antenna through a Shuttle-deployed flexible mast of 40 m long. Due to the high asymmetry of the system, the motions about the different axes (roll, pitch, yaw) are severely coupled. A general purpose software like DISTEL is especially suited for this kind of analysis. Modal frequencies of the complete spacecraft and impulse response (modal gains) to excitations at different locations are obtained. Mode-shape plots of the deformations of the entire system are given. Finally, results obtained at NASA and at Purdue University are compared to those found by the European space technology center, ESTEC.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 41-86
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  • 5
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    A mathematical formulation for the control of the SCOLE configuration (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A mathematical formulation for the control of the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) configuration is given. Two equivalent approaches, one using a functional equation and the other an abstract wave equation, are illustrated. Such a formulation can help in digital computer simulation to evaluate control laws, providing insight, and generating control laws.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 87-103
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  • 6
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    Equations of motion for control of the SCOLE laboratory experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The objectives of this study are listed as follows: (1) to develop Lagrange's equations of motion for the shuttle antenna configuration in orbit; (2) to modify equations using the Lagrange multiplier method to develop equations of motion for the laboratory experiment; and (3) to discuss methods for simulation and control. The equations are presented in graph form.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 148-157
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  • 7
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    A mathematical problem and a Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) used to evaluate control laws for flexible spacecraft. NASA/IEEE design challenge (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Discussed here is a NASA program which was initiated to make direct comparisons of control laws for a mathematical problem. An experimental test item is being assembled under the cognizance of the Spacecraft Control Branch at Langley Research Center. The physical apparatus will consist of a softly supported dynamic model of an antenna attached to the Space Shuttle by a flexible beam. The control objective will include the task of directing the line of sight of the Shuttle/antenna configuration toward a fixed target, under conditions of noisy data, limited control authority, and random disturbances.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 1-27
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  • 8
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    Application of maximum entropy optimal projection design synthesis to the NASA Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The scope of this study covered steady-state, continuous-time vibration control under disturbances applied to the Space Shuttle and continuous-time models of actuators, sensors, and disturbances. Focus was on a clear illustration of the methodology, therefore sensor/actuator dynamics were initially ignored, and a finite element model of the NASA Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) was conducted, including products of inertia and offset of reflector CM from the mast tip.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 364-392
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  • 9
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    Minimum time slew of the SCOLE configuration (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The motivation was to develop a control design and analysis methodology directly applicable to design concepts of flexible spacecraft of interest the the U.S. Navy and to provide a testbed for the evaluation of large space structure control techniques developed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The topics covered include the following: (1) a list of key concepts; (2) evaluation of the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) model with DISCOS; (3) baseline results, line of sight error vs. time; (4) general formulation of optimization; (5) geometric interpretation, projected eigenaxis; (6) closed loop control law; and (7) future directions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 263-280
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  • 10
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    Modelling issues of the SCOLE control problem (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Nonlinear and linear equations of motions were derived. The preliminary investigation consisted of model beam as truss structure, effects of truss structure on control design, and effects of reflector offset on control design. It was concluded that the offset of the reflector c.g. from the beam reflector attach point is dynamically significant. Also, truss effects may also significantly effect the performance of the controller if ignored. If the truss is included in the modeling of the NASA/SCOLE configuration, a practically implementable scheme is available to reduce the model order.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 133-147
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  • 11
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    Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment: Status report (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) will allow direct experimental comparison of competing control schemes for large flexible spacecraft structures. The experiment was designed to emulate the essential characteristics of a mathematical model design challenge which represents a Space Shuttle with a flexible mast and antenna attached. This experiment represents the third in a series of three flexible structure control experiments used by the Flight Dynamics and Control Division at LaRC. The key problem addressed by the facility is that flexible motion of the mast and antenna must be considered in the slewing and pointing control problems.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 393-404
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  • 12
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    Evaluation of on-line pulse control for vibration suppression in flexible spacecraft (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The following topics are covered in view graph form: (1) pulse control strategy; (2) stability analysis and digital simulations; (3) digital/analog and analog/digital conversions, and analog simulation; and (4) experimental studies.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 281-318
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  • 13
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    Rapid torque-bounded line-of-sight pointing of SCOLE with a designer's choice of initial alignment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Researchers simplified the analytical expression of the line of sight (LOS) error, discovered and proved the independence of Euler angle Psi, calculated attitude angles corresponding to 0 degrees and 20 degrees LOS errors, determined choices of initial alignment, tailored the slew maneuvers for LOS pointing, simulated numerically the LOS pointing slew of the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE), and evaluated the pointing performance.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 216-234
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  • 14
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    Systems/operations technology (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: The deliberations of the Systems/Operations Technology Panel are summarized. The first real question that arose was to develop an understanding of what systems/operations technology is. A relativelynew discipline in the NASA technology organization, necessitates the definition of the objectives. Two objectives were established: (1) to make new things possible, and (2) to make existing capabilities cost less or work better. Making new things possible is not really applicable in the case of a space station. Both Salyut 7 and Skylab indicate that space stations are possible with existing (not necessarily new) technology. There was a concern on the part of some of the penelists that work better might mean higher performance, and that is not necessarily the case at all. Work better may mean simply to provide better service to the users of the space station at lower cost. The panel felt this to be a more realistic viewpoint. As evidenced from interaction with users (and all of the contractors found this basically to be true), the users want low cost, no schedule constraints, and no hassles.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Space Station Technol., 1983; p 1-24
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  • 15
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    Meteoroid damage to spacecraft (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective of this experiment is to obtain examples of meteoroid impact damage to typical spacecraft components, and by so doing to help establish design approaches to minimize meteoroid damage effects to future spacecraft. The results of the complete inspection of the LDEF will complement and extend the data obtained from specific meteoroid experiments flying in LDEF trays.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 138
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  • 16
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    Measurements by the plasma diagnostics package on STS-3 (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A comprehensive set of measurements about the orbiter environment are provided by the plasma diagnostics package (PDP). Ion and electron particle densities, energies, and spatial distribution functions; ion mass for identification of particular molecular ion species; and magnetic fields, electric fields and electromagnetic waves over a broad frequency range are studied. Shuttle environmental measurements will be made both on the pallet and, by use of the remote manipulator system (RMS), the PDP will be maneuvered in and external to the bay area to continue environmental measurements and to carry on a joint plasma experiment with the Utah State University fast-pulsed electron generator. Results of orbiter environment EMI measurements and S-band field strengths as well as preliminary results from wake search operations indicating wake boundary identifiers are reported.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 8 p
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  • 17
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    Design and development of the ERBE data management system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Earth radiation budget experiment (ERBE) software development approach is described. An iterative development approach was adopted which provides for three releases or versions of the processing system, each of increasing levels of complexity and solidity. The final release of the system will be used to process the flight data. The major phases for each iterative release consist of specifications developed in concert with the science team, preliminary design, subsystem reviews, coding, subsystem code walkthroughs, system testing, system documentation, and project status review.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 15 p
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  • 18
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    Outgassing: Its effects on spacecraft. Vibration damping materials (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The correlation of outgassing to the stability of the damping properties of polymer materials to be used in spacecraft structures is discussed. A test series was devised to obtain basic information from off-the-shelf damping materials. The test results could be considered as a guideline toward the application of these materials. Eight materials were selected to form a representative cross section of those polymers having both ready availability as commercial damping materials and desirable properties. A table indicates the temperatures at which peak damping occurs at 1 Hz and the type of beam specimen used in the vacuum exposure tests. These materials as a group cover the temperature range of -85 C to 38 C.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 25 p
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  • 19
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    IDEAS: A multidisciplinary computer-aided conceptual design system for spacecraft (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: During the conceptual development of advanced aerospace vehicles, many compromises must be considered to balance economy and performance of the total system. Subsystem tradeoffs may need to be made in order to satisfy system-sensitive attributes. Due to the increasingly complex nature of aerospace systems, these trade studies have become more difficult and time-consuming to complete and involve interactions of ever-larger numbers of subsystems, components, and performance parameters. The current advances of computer-aided synthesis, modeling and analysis techniques have greatly helped in the evaluation of competing design concepts. Langley Research Center's Space Systems Division is currently engaged in trade studies for a variety of systems which include advanced ground-launched space transportation systems, space-based orbital transfer vehicles, large space antenna concepts and space stations. The need for engineering analysis tools to aid in the rapid synthesis and evaluation of spacecraft has led to the development of the Interactive Design and Evaluation of Advanced Spacecraft (IDEAS) computer-aided design system. The ADEAS system has been used to perform trade studies of competing technologies and requirements in order to pinpoint possible beneficial areas for research and development. IDEAS is presented as a multidisciplinary tool for the analysis of advanced space systems. Capabilities range from model generation and structural and thermal analysis to subsystem synthesis and performance analysis.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 21 p
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  • 20
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    A facility for the simulation of low orbit atmospheric oxygen bombardment (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A molecular beam facility to simulate the space environment of a spacecraft at low orbit was designed with the intent of studying the effect on the properties of optical elements of oxygen atoms impacting at orbital velocity. The four-stage differentially pumped molecular beam facility includes a variety of oxygen atom beam sources which cover a wide range of velocities (1 km/sec to approximately 8 km/sec), in addition to the ultra-clean experimental environmental of an ultra-high vacuum chamber and an optical diagnostic set-up. The primary oxygen atom beam source used to obtain the 8 km/sec O atoms is an arc heated source. It consists of a modified commercially available plasma torch. The modifications include attachments which provide for a nozzle which is used to expand the atomic beam into the vacuum system, and exhaust channels to dispose of excess torch gas. The torch operates in the 'nontransferred' mode of operation, that is the electric arc is confined within the torch. A plasma is formed in helium by a dc arc. A small amount of O2 is injected downstream from the arc where it is thermally dissociated by the hot He into oxygen atoms. The high temperature and isentropic expansion give the oxygen atoms their velocity. Using seeded beam techniques, oxygen atom beams of approximately 3.5 and approximately 1.5 km/sec, respectively, are obtained.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 1 p
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  • 21
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    Space Shuttle preliminary. Contamination assessment from STS-1 and STS-2 (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A preliminary assessment of the space shuttle contamination environment was made using data from the first two orbital flight tests, STS-1 and STS-2. Data sources consisted of crew observations during flight, postflight vehicle inspection, and the induced environment contamination monitor which was used on STS-2 and consists of 10 instruments. These instruments are used to measure gas phase contaminants, particle population, humidity, and molecular deposition in the orbiter payload bay during ascent and descent and particle population, molecular deposition, and gas cloud during orbital flight. Results of the measurements described are presented in summary form and indicate low molecular deposition rates for both pressurized and orbital flight.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 21 p
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  • 22
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    Environmental test facilities used in Europe for ESA satellite programmes (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The structure of the European Space Agency (ESA) is described. The major test facilities used for ESA programs are described. Facility characteristics and special test methods are described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 28 p
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  • 23
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    Education and training of personnel in space simulation (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The training program and procedures developed and implemented at the space simulation laboratory at Martin Marietta Aerospace in Denver are discussed. The training of technicians and professionals as well as preparation for instructors is covered. Training manuals and their compilation are reported as applicable to the specific needs of the laboratory. The development of a space simulation course as part of the Martin Marietta Continuing Education Night School approaching space simulation from an academic viewpoint is presented. Finally, public relations tours of the facility as an informational/educational tool are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 5 p
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  • 24
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    Cryopump for large pulses of hydrogen (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A test involving a flow of hot hydrazine decomposition products at a rate of 13.6 g/s (0.03 lb/s) established the requirement to maintain pressure in an 11.9-m-(39 ft) diameter space chamber below 200 microns. The flow, 2/3 hydrogen and 1/3 nitrogen by volume, continued for several periods ranging from 3 to 15 min. The pressure requirement was necessary to minimize thermal effects of the gas on the test vehicle but was well beyond the capability of the existing facility pumps. Various methods of obtaining additional temporary jump capacity were considered. From these, the slugged-charcoal approach was selected as the quickest and least expensive method to implement.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 23 p
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  • 25
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    Spacecraft thermal balance testing using infrared sources (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A thermal balance test (controlled flux intensity) on a simple black dummy spacecraft using IR lamps was performed and evaluated, the latter being aimed specifically at thermal mathematical model (TMM) verification. For reference purposes the model was also subjected to a solar simulation test (SST). The results show that the temperature distributions measured during IR testing for two different model attitudes under steady state conditions are reproducible with a TMM. The TMM test data correlation is not as accurate for IRT as for SST. Using the standard deviation of the temperature difference distribution (analysis minus test) the SST data correlation is better by a factor of 1.8 to 2.5. The lower figure applies to the measured and the higher to the computer-generated IR flux intensity distribution. Techniques of lamp power control are presented. A continuing work program is described which is aimed at quantifying the differences between solar simulation and infrared techniques for a model representing the thermal radiating surfaces of a large communications spacecraft.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 26 p
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  • 26
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    Optical characterization of solar concentrator mirrors using the solar beam of the JPL 25-foot space simulator (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory 25-foot space simulator with its 5.8-m (19-ft) diameter simulated solar beam provides an excellent facility for measuring the optical characteristics of parabolic solar concentrator panels and gores. The virtual source position and size were determined by using a single lamp of the 37 xenon 30-kW source array with only the center lens in the 19-channel optical mixer. This data was used to define the optical test geometry, and it allowed accurate measurement of focal length and surface deviations of the mirror under test. A flux distribution of a typical solar concentrator placed directly on the solar beam gives measurements of performance at the focal point of the parabolic surface.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 19 p
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  • 27
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    Effects of antenna blockage on radio frequency performance of the microwave radiometer spacecraft (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Radio frequency scaled models of the microwave radiometer spacecraft suspended feed concept were tested to determine the effects of aperture blockage on the antenna radiation pattern. Contributors to the uncertainty of the test measurements were evaluated, and an estimate of the blockage effects was made for comparison with the test measurements. The gain loss budget associated with reflector performance characteristics (aperture blockage, surface reflectivity, reflector roughness, and defocus) was determined.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 141-165
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  • 28
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    Systems design and analysis of the microwave radiometer spacecraft (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Systems design and analysis data were generated for microwave radiometer spacecraft concept using the Large Advanced Space Systems (LASS) computer aided design and analysis program. Parametric analyses were conducted for perturbations off the nominal-orbital-altitude/antenna-reflector-size and for control/propulsion system options. Optimized spacecraft mass, structural element design, and on-orbit loading data are presented. Propulsion and rigid-body control systems sensitivities to current and advanced technology are established. Spacecraft-induced and environmental effects on antenna performance (surface accuracy, defocus, and boresight off-set) are quantified and structured material frequencies and modal shapes are defined.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 69-94
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  • 29
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    Exceedance statistics of accelerations resulting from thruster firings on the Apollo-Soyuz mission (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Spacecraft acceleration resulting from firings of vernier control system thrusters is an important consideration in the design, planning, execution and post-flight analysis of laboratory experiments in space. In particular, scientists and technologists involved with the development of experiments to be performed in space in many instances required statistical information on the magnitude and rate of occurrence of spacecraft accelerations. Typically, these accelerations are stochastic in nature, so that it is useful to characterize these accelerations in statistical terms. Statistics of spacecraft accelerations are summarized.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 167-174
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  • 30
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    Contributions of orbital mechanics to conducting experiments in space (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Orbital mechanics as a discipline is principally concerned with solving the set of equations for analyzing the motion of a satellite under various conditions. This activity on the surface may not seem crucial to conducting experiments in space, but it provides insights into the way in which forces may influence these experiments. More directly, for experiments concerned with external targets, it provides predictions of the satellites's position and velcoity verus time, enabling extensive preflight planning and resulting in optimum use of on-orbit time.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 129-136
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    Spacecraft dynamic environments (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Zero-gravity conditions in Earth orbit cannot be obtained in the Shuttle Orbiter, however, through careful planning, the dynamic environment and its effects on experiments can be minimized. Futhermore, although the dynamic environment of the Shuttle Orbiter is to a large degree stochastics, it is possible to predict characteristics of this environments so that scientists and technologists can plan their experiments and mission managers can plan missions with a view toward minimizing the effects of spacecraft dynamics on experiments. Characteristics of the dynamic environment that might be predicted include typical and "worst case" values of vehicle acceleration for the anticipated acceleration sources, typical number of acceleration event, duration times of disctete acceleration events, bandwidth of acceleration time history, etc.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 115-120
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    Bootlace catenary concept for antenna shape control (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A preliminary design of the microwave radiometer spacecraft (MRS) using the bootlace catenary shaping concept was developed. The application of this radically different design for shape control of the antenna membrane was assessed and possible sources of inaccuracies and errors were investigated.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 205-213
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    Adaptive control system for large annular momentum control device (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A dual momentum vector control concept, consisting of two counterrotating rings (each designated as an annular momentum control device), was studied for pointing and slewing control of large spacecraft. In a disturbance free space environment, the concept provides for three axis pointing and slewing capabilities while requiring no expendables. The approach utilizes two large diameter counterrotating rings or wheels suspended magnetically in many race supports distributed around the antenna structure. When the magnets are energized, attracting the two wheels, the resulting gyroscopic torque produces a rate along the appropriate axis. Roll control is provided by alternating the radiative rotational velocity of the two wheels. Wheels with diameters of 500 to 800 m and with sufficient momentum storage capability require rims only a few centimeters thick. The wheels are extremely flexible; therefore, it is necessary to account for the distributed nature of the rings in the design of the bearing controllers. Also, ring behavior is unpredictably sensitive to ring temperature, spin rate, manufacturing imperfections, and other variables. An adaptive control system designed to handle these problems is described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 169-187
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    Weight estimates and packaging techniques for the microwave radiometer spacecraft (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Estimates of total spacecraft weight and packaging options were made for three conceptual designs of a microwave radiometer spacecraft. Erectable structures were found to be slightly lighter than deployable structures but could be packaged in one-tenth the volume. The tension rim concept, an unconventional design approach, was found to be the lightest and transportable to orbit in the least number of shuttle flights.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 109-125
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    The microwave radiometer spacecraft. A design study: Executive summary (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A conceptual design was developed for a microwave radiometer spacecraft (MRS) using a large passive reflector, microwave radiometer, and advanced control concepts soil moisture mapping from microwave sensing for global crop forecasting. Mission requirements and tradeoffs were defined, and major subsystems (structural, electromagnetic surface, and attitude control) conceptually designed. An overview of the mission and a summary of the study results are presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 1-14
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    Acoustic and vibration environments for laboratory experiments in space (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The basic parameters of random noise and vibration are described, and typical environments for the launch phase and orbital operations are presented. For the latter, both acoustically induced and structure-borne, thruster-included vibration are addressed, using data obtained during the Skylab and Titan programs.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 188-195
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    Elastic body dynamics (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Most of the structural dynamics resources allocated to the Space Shuttle are concentrated on the flight events which result in critical structural loads and/or minimum control stability margins. Since these events are primarily sub-orbital, the data base of interest to those involved in orbital experimentation is somewhat limited. A brief discussion of available data is given. Although estimates of peak acceleration levels and the associated frequency spectrum in the payload bay due to thrusting of the various control system thrusters were made, the actual levels and time histories must be based on updated structural math models and a detailed knowledge of the input forcing functions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 175-180
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    Interactions between spacecraft motions and the atmospheric cloud physics laboratory experiments (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In evaluating the effects of spacecraft motions on atmospheric cloud physics laboratory (ACPL) experimentation, the motions of concern are those which will result in the movement of the fluid or cloud particles within the experiment chambers. Of the various vehicle motions and residual forces which can and will occur, three types appear most likely to damage the experimental results: non-steady rotations through a large angle, long-duration accelerations in a constant direction, and vibrations. During the ACPL ice crystal growth experiments, the crystals are suspended near the end of a long fiber (20 cm long by 200 micron diameter) of glass or similar material. Small vibrations of the supported end of the fiber could cause extensive motions of the ice crystal, if care is not taken to avoid this problem.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 34-35
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  • 39
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    Fuel optimal maneuvers for spacecraft with fixed thrusters (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Several mathematical models, including a minimum integral square criterion problem, were used for the qualitative investigation of fuel optimal maneuvers for spacecraft with fixed thrusters. The solutions consist of intervals of "full thrust" and "coast" indicating that thrusters do not need to be designed as "throttleable" for fuel optimal performance. For the primary model considered, singular solutions occur only if the optimal solution is "pure translation". "Time optimal" singular solutions can be found which consist of intervals of "coast" and "full thrust". The shape of the optimal fuel consumption curve as a function of flight time was found to depend on whether or not the initial state is in the region admitting singular solutions. Comparisons of fuel optimal maneuvers in deep space with those relative to a point in circular orbit indicate that qualitative differences in the solutions can occur. Computation of fuel consumption for certain "pure translation" cases indicates that considerable savings in fuel can result from the fuel optimal maneuvers.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 21 p
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  • 40
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    Biaxial and electrostatic tensioning effects on thin membrane materials (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Thin membrane materials were subjected to biaxial and electrostatic tensioning loads to study techniques for maintaining surface smoothness of a thin membrane antenna. The basic mechanical and electrical setup for the tests is described and preliminary measurements of surface smoothness and surface deviation are presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 189-204
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  • 41
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    Effects of random distortions on the surface accuracy of a large antenna (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The effects of random reflector distortions or irregularities on a reflector's radiation pattern are discussed. The importance of such surface deviations with respect to a radiometric reflector antenna is addressed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 137-140
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    Preliminary design of tetrahedral truss reflector structure (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A baseline structure proposed for the microwave radiometer spacecraft (MRS) reflector is a large graphite-epoxy truss. The truss structure was selected to provide adequate stiffness to minimize control problems and to provide a low-expansion 'strong back' on which to mount and control reflector mesh panels. Details of the structural members, joints and assembly concepts are presented, a concept for the reflector mesh surface is discussed, and preliminary estimates of the mass and structural natural frequencies of the reflector system are presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 95-107
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    Radiometer design concepts for large aperture microwave radiometer spacecraft (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Concepts involving active and passive microwave systems for soil-moisture monitoring are discussed. It is shown that the first major development efforts should be directed toward the simpler passive design concepts. Subsequently, five passive design concepts for a microwave radiometer spacecraft are outlined and compared. Some common technology needs, such as large space structures and controls, are shown to exist. Also, some peculiar technology needs are identified, such as complicated phasing networks, dielectric lenses, tapered illumination, and reflector-surface irregularity and distortion control techniques. More detailed studies to address these design concepts and assess the associated technology needs are recommended.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 43-49
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    High-resolution passive microwave imaging of the surface of the Earth (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The physics of passive microwave observations of the Earth and the system requirements for high-resolution imaging within this spectral band are summarized. High resolution is achieved in a straightforward manner by increasing the size of the primary antenna. However, with a single receiver, it is shown that the combination of high resolution and crosstrack scanning cannot produce images which have valuable geophysical content. The concept of a multiple receiver array located in the focal plane is presented as the only practical solution to the dilemma. Exploring this concept, system requirements are generated which, for the first order, appear to offer solutions to the problem.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center The Mirowave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 3-41
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  • 45
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    Mission definition for a large-aperture microwave radiometer spacecraft (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An Earth-observation measurements mission is defined for a large-aperture microwave radiometer spacecraft. This mission is defined without regard to any particular spacecraft design concept. Space data application needs, the measurement selection rationale, and broad spacecraft design requirements and constraints are described. The effects of orbital parameters and image quality requirements on the spacecraft and mission performance are discussed. Over the land the primary measurand is soil moisture; over the coastal zones and the oceans important measurands are salinity, surface temperature, surface winds, oil spill dimensions and ice boundaries; and specific measurement requirements have been selected for each. Near-all-weather operation and good spatial resolution are assured by operating at low microwave frequencies using an extremely large aperture antenna in a low-Earth-orbit contiguous mapping mode.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 17-32
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  • 46
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    Orbital environment dynamics (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Diurnal density variations of the upper atmosphere are described. Temperature distribution above the thermopause were mapped and extremes of temperature variation over the 11-year solar cycle were determined. Day and nigth density profiles in the upper atmosphere at sunspot minimum and at a time of exceptionally high solar activity are presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 121-128
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    Design of the space shuttle digital autopilot and resulting dynamic environment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: This compilation progresses through the development of the Space Shuttle phase plane controller form fundamental considerations. Quantitative insight regarding the nature of the dynamic environment aboard the Shuttle is provided.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 147-166
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  • 48
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    Attitude control of the space construction base: A modular approach (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A planar model of a space base and one module is considered. For this simplified system, a feedback controller which is compatible with the modular construction method is described. The systems dynamics are decomposed into two parts corresponding to base and module. The information structure of the problem is non-classical in that not all system information is supplied to each controller. The base controller is designed to accommodate structural changes that occur as the module is added and the module controller is designed to regulate its own states and follow commands from the base. Overall stability of the system is checked by Liapunov analysis and controller effectiveness is verified by computer simulation.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 35 p
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  • 49
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    Electromagnetic design of a microwave radiometer antenna system (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A preliminary electromagnetic (EM) design of a radiometric antenna system was developed for the microwave radiometer spacecraft mission. The antenna system consists of a large spherical reflector and an array of feed horns along a concentric circular arc in front of the reflector. The reflector antenna was sized to simultaneously produce 200 contiguous 1 km diameter footprints with an overall beam efficiency of 90 percent, and the feed horns and feed horn array were designed to monitor the radiation from the footprints.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 129-136
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    Evolution and design characteristics of the microwave radiometer spacecraft (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The evolution of the design of the microwave radiometer spacecraft from conception to preliminary design is described. Alternatives and tradeoff rationale are described, and the configuration and structural design features that were developed and refined during the design processes are presented for the three structural configurations studied (two geodesic trusses and a flexible catenary).
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: The Microwave Radiometer Spacecraft; p 51-66
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    Dynamic behavior of particles in spacecraft (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The behavior of particles relative to a spacecraft frame of reference was examined. Significant spatial excursions of particles in space can occur relative to the spacecraft frame of reference as a result of drag deceleration of the vehicle. These vehicle excursions tend to be large as time increases. Thus, if the particle is required to remain in a specified volume, constraints may be required. Thus, for example, in levitation experiments it may be extremely difficult to turn off the forces of constraint which keep the particles in a specified region. This means experiments which are sensitive to disturbances may be very difficult to perform if perturbation forces are required to be absent.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 137-146
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    Defining critical point experiments for a space laboratory (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Three representative low-gravity experiments for a fluid near its liquid-vapor critical point are being defined. Two of these experiments require very careful measurements of properties of the fluid in thermodynamic equilibrium, while the third experiment is a series of optical observations of the phenomena which occur as a fluid is changed from one phase to two phases, either by cooling through the critical point, or by adiabatic expansion. There is concern that residual spacecraft motions may complicate the interpretation of the data from the proposed experiments. It is possible that the Spacelab environment will render certain desirable experiments impractical.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacecraft Dyn. as Related to Lab. Expt. in Space; p 11-17
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    Erectable beam experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: The erectable beam applicability to the MAST/STEP experiment is summarized. High manual assembly rates were demonstrated in neutral buoyancy tests and it is suggested that use of an erectable beam would eliminate extension/retraction complexity associated with deployable beams. The erectable beam assembly aid is easily adaptable to general truss configurations and structural appendages could be accommodated with the use of actuators. The ACCESS flight experiment precedes MAST by 2 to 3 years and will provide mature, space proven assembly/disassembly technology on which to base the MAST experiment.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: STEP Expt. Requirements; p 121-134
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    Dual structural-control optimization of large space structures (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A new approach is proposed for solving dual structural-control optimization problems for high-order flexible space structures where reduced-order structural models are employed. For a given initial structural dessign, a quadratic control cost is minimized subject to a constant-mass constraint. The sensitivity of the optimal control cost with respect to the stuctural design variables is then determined and used to obtain successive structural redesigns using a contrained gradient optimization algorithm. This process is repeated until the constrained control cost sensitivity becomes negligible. A numerical example is presented which demonstrates that this new approach effectively addresses the problem of dual optimization for potentially very high-order structures.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Recent Experiences in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization, Part 2; 28 p
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  • 55
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    Automating a residual gas analyzer (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A residual gas analyzer (RGA), a device for measuring the amounts and species of various gases present in a vacuum system is discussed. In a recent update of the RGA, it was shown that the use of microprocessors could revolutionize data acquisition and data reduction. This revolution is exemplified by the Inficon 1Q200 RGA which was selected to meet the needs of this update. The Inficon RGA and the Zilog microcomputer were interfaced in order the receive and format the digital data from the RGA. This automated approach is discussed in detail.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 16 p
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  • 56
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    Remote sensing of tornadic storms from space (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: By using infrared images obtained from GOES satellite, the digital count values of pixels representing blackbody temperatures of the cloud top, convective storms are observed throughout their life cycles. Clouds associated with a tornadic storm are compared with those without a tornadic storm to illustrate how the infrared and visible observations from a geosynchronous satellite can be used to study the differences in their life cycles.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 11 p
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  • 57
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    Large inflated-antenna system (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: It is proposed that for inflatable antenna systems, technology feasibility can be demonstrated and parametric design and scalability (scale factor 10 to 20) can be validated with an experiment using a 16-m-diameter antenna attached to the Shuttle. The antenna configuration consists of a thin film cone and paraboloid held to proper shape by internal pressure and a self-rigidizing torus. The cone and paraboloid would be made using pie-shaped gores with the paraboloid being coated with aluminum to provide reflectivity. The torus would be constructed using an aluminum polyester composite that when inflated would erect to a smooth shell that can withstand loads without internal pressure.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: STEP Expt. Requirements; p 311-324
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    Deployable beam flight experiment (MAST) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: Improvement of technology of space systems control is discussed. Future space systems such as large antennas or a space station may have dimensions on the order of 30 m to 200 m, yet their basic structures may be relatively lightweight and flexible, making ground tests for loads, controls analyses, and design verifications questionable if not impossible. Abandoning the extensive ground test and analysis verification program that led to the success of previous spacecraft is not a sensible option; making it meaningful using current technology will require inefficient, ultraconservative structure and control designs. New test methods are outlined.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: STEP Expt. Requirements; p 103-120
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    The 55-meter-structure flight experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: The verification and demonstration of the structural performance related parameters for large flexible space structures are discussed. The objectives are to verify the deployment repeatability of static surface contour, to demonstrate the feasibility of in-flight static shape correction, to verify predicted shape in a zero gravity thermal environment, to determine zero gravity structural dynamic characteristics, and to verify the instrumentation and excitation system for in-flight measurements.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center STEP Expt. Requirements; p 301-310
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  • 60
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    Large deployable antenna flight experiment for the Space Technology Experiments Platform (STEP) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: Spaceborne experiments to test the deployment reliability of large space antennas are discussed. Retraction, reflector surface tolerance, thermal distortion, electromagnetic performance, and dynamic controls are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: STEP Expt. Requirements; p 279-300
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    Integrated Power/Attitude Control System (IPACS) technology experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: An experiment is proposed that will perform the tasks associated with the control and energy storage/power generation functions attendant to space operations. It was shown in past studies that the integration of these functions into one system can result in significant weight, volume, and cost savings. The Integrated Power/Attitude Control System (IPACS) concept is discussed. During orbit day, power is derived from the solar cell arrays and, after appropriate conditioning, is used to operate the spacecraft subsystems, including the control system. In conventional approaches, a part of the collected solar energy is stored in a bank of batteries to permit operation of the vehicle's systems during orbit night. In the IPACS concept, the solar energy is stored in the spinning flywheels of the control system in the form of kinetic energy. During orbit night, the wheels are despun and, through the use of a wheel-shaft mounted generator, power is generated for the onboard subsystems. Operating these flywheels over a 50-percent speed variation permits the extraction of 75 percent of the stored energy while at the same time preserving 50 percent of the momentum capacity for control of the vehicle. Batteries can therefore be eliminated and significant weight and volume savings realized.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: STEP Expt. Requirements; p 231-240
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    The STEP/STACBEAM experiment technology development for very large solar array deployers (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-03
    Description: The Stacking Triangular Articulated Compact Beam (STACBEAM) is discussed with reference to structural testing experiments afforded by ground simulation and the Space Technology Experiments Platform (STEP). The STACBEAM lends itself to a deployment technique which offers a radical improvement in flexible blanket solar array technology. A system for deployment and support of a solar array blanket is described which consists of the blanket, its containment structure, the support structure and its deployer, the blanket stiffening battens, and the deployable boom standoffs. In operation, the blanket is pulled out and supported by the STACBEAM which packages next to the folded blanket. Since the STACBEAM does not rotate during extension, complete control of the blanket is maintained during extension. Deployment of this system occurs one bay at a time in a sequential manner. The deployer provides sufficient rigidity so that beam stiffness is not degraded during the deployment process.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center STEP Expt. Requirements; p 135-146
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    Innovative method for the thermal cycling of large spacecraft systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The use of low cost, off the shelf prefabricated enclosures for spacecraft system thermal cycling applications was indicated. The enclosures are erected in the satellite integration areas without disturbing the test article, electrical test set, or RF interfaces. They are assembled by metal clad, modular urethane panels. These panels are self supporting, and are locked and sealed to each other on assembly. Penetrations for interconnecting cables, coaxial and waveguide services; and temperature conditioning inlet and outlet ducts are easily incorporated where required. The facility and its advantages and intrinsic benefits are described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 13th Space Simulation Conf.; p 8-20
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  • 64
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    Environmental noise assessment STS-1 Columbia launch (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An environmental noise assessement of the initial launch of the Space Transportation System, STS-1 Columbia was conducted. The principal objective of the environmental noise assessment was to measure the noise generated during the initial launch of the space shuttle to ascertain the validity of the levels predicted in the 1979 environmental impact statement. In the 1979 study information obtained for expendable launch vehicles, Titan, Saturn and Atlas was used to predict the noise levels that would be generated by the simultaneous firing of the two solid rocket boosters and the three space shuttle main engines. Fifteen monitoring sites were established in accessable areas located from 4,953 to 23,640 meters from the launch pad. Precision sound level meters were used to capture the peak level during the launch. Data obtained was compared to the predicted levels and were also compared to the identified levels, standards and criteria established by the federal agencies with noise abatement and control responsibilities.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 16 p
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  • 65
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    Improved multilayer insulation applications (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Multilayer insulation blankets used for the attenuation of radiant heat transfer in spacecraft are addressed. Typically, blanket effectiveness is degraded by heat leaks in the joints between adjacent blankets and by heat leaks caused by the blanket fastener system. An approach to blanket design based upon modular sub-blankets with distributed seams and upon an associated fastener system that practically eliminates the through-the-blanket conductive path is described. Test results are discussed providing confirmation of the approach. The specific case of the thermal control system for the optical assembly of the Space Telescope is examined.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 12th Space Simulation Conf.; 8 p
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  • 66
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    Durability of spacecraft materials (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Research efforts are reviewed on the space durability of materials, including radiation effects on polymer matrix composites and films, dimensional stability of polymer matrix composites and tension-stabilized cables, and thermal control coatings. Research to date has concentrated on establishing a fundamental understanding of space environmental effects on current graphite-reinforced composites and polymer systems, and development of analytical models to explain observed changes in mechanical, physical, and optical properties. As a result of these research efforts, new experimental facilities have been developed to simulate the space environment and measure the observed property changes. Chemical and microstructural analyses have also been performed to establish damage mechanisms and the limits for accelerated testing. The implications of these results on material selection and system performance are discussed and additional research needs and opportunities in the area of tougher resin/matrix and metal/matrix composites are identified.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Advan. Mater. Technol.; p 357-380
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    Earth orbiter into planetary orbiter - What's the problem? (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A recent series of competitive design studies appears to have yielded positive results about the efficacy of adapting earth-orbiting spacecraft to perform planetary missions. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to show the intrinsic attributes required to adapt an earth orbiter into a Martian orbiter compatible with the scientific requirements, and (2) to show the minimum requisite changes needed to make the adaptation. It is shown that major deficiencies of such conversion for earth-orbiting satellites lie in the not-unexpected inability of its telecommunications system to operate at Martian distances and its lack of an autonomous recovery system from anomalous performance. Since these deficiencies can be overcome without too great a financial or schedule penalty, the study shows that the adaptation can be made cost effectively.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of the Astronautical Sciences (ISSN 0021-9142); 32; 199-209
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  • 68
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    HZE particle shielding using confined magnetic fields (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The great rigidities characteristic of high energy heavy ion (HZE) particles are judged to preclude near term use of confined magnetic fields of reasonable dimensions and strengths for small spacecraft shielding on long duration manned missions. It is noted that a Mars mission-class shield, although effective against solar protons, would be useless for HZE particles unless the mass and size of the shield are increased by several orders of magnitude (to yield a shield comparable to those contemplated for permanent space stations).
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 20; 629
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  • 69
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    The next generation of reentry vehicles: NASA's view (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The term reentry vehicle is used in the broad sense. The vehicles addressed include not only those that return from orbit to the Earth's surface, but also aeroassisted orbit transfer vehicles that use aerodynamic forces generated during atmospheric passes to achieve orbital changes with a smaller expenditure of energy than is required for an all-propulsion vehicle. Advanced reusable launch vehicles with special emphasis on system concepts and the influence of advanced technology on entry vehicle configuration are considered. Three categories of orbital transfer vehicles discussed: synergetic plane-change vehicles, planetary aerocapture vehicles, and LEO to GEO orbital transfer vehicles. While the orbital transfer and planetary vehicles are quite different from conventional winged Earth entry vehicles, synergetic plane change and high cross-range Earth entry vehicles have many similarities. Finally, a possible scenario for the development of the next generation of reentry vehicles is presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Von Karman Inst. for Fluid Dynamics Hypersonic Aerothermodyn.; 95 p
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  • 70
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    Application of fracture mechanics on the Space Shuttle (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the design stages of the shuttle orbiter, fracture-mechanics concepts were applied extensively to the highly stressed areas of the structure. This was the first space program to require a comprehensive fracture mechanics approach to prevent structural failures from crack or crack-like defects. As anticipated, some difficult problems were encountered. This paper briefly describes some of them together with the procedure used for fracture control on the orbiter. It is believed that the principles and methods as presented herein can serve as an example of fracture control for aerospace and other industries.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 71
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    Reduction of root-mean-square error in faceted space antennas (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1679-168
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  • 72
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    Approximations of satellite stability (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Modifications and corrections are presented to relations obtained in an investigation conducted by Szebehely (1978), who has discussed the problem of Hill's (1878) stability of satellites in the restricted problem of three bodies. Attention is given to an approximation of the Jacobian constant for the satellite, the critical value of the Jacobian constant, and approximate solutions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Celestial Mechanics; 24; June 198
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  • 73
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    Performance of entry heat shields on Pioneer Venus probes (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Pioneer Venus probes approached Venus with high relative velocity. As they entered the atmosphere, they were rapidly decelerated by aerodynamic drag, and a great deal of heat was generated. To protect the probe structure and the scientific instruments, a carbon phenolic heat shield was placed on the front of the probes. Because the design of heat shields for planetary entry is a developing technology, thermocouples were placed in the heat shields so that actual and predicted heat shield performance could be compared. The function of the heat shield is discussed, the probe environments during entry into the Venusian atmosphere are described, and some results from the heat shield experiment are presented. It was found that for the most part, the heat shields performed better than expected.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; Dec. 30
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  • 74
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    Modelling of environmentally induced discharges in geosynchronous satellites (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The NASCAP computer code is used to compute the charging and discharging characteristics of a typical communications satellite in geosynchronous orbit. For the case of a severe substorm, satellite surface differential charging in sunlight is found to be substantially less than that required to produce discharges in ground simulation studies. A discharge process is postulated involving discharges triggered at edges (or imperfection) followed by discharges to space. The characteristics of such discharges are parametrically varied to evaluate the possible effects on the satellite. It has been found that discharge characteristics inferred from satellite monitors could be caused by predicted space discharges, that single cell discharges to space can reduce surface potential over entire satellite, and that low-density electron trajectory computations indicate that discharge generated electrons may not return to the satellite by long trajectories. Current transients predicted do not agree with the available ground simulation results indicating that additional work must be done both analytically and experimentally to understand and fully explain these discrepancies.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 75
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    Rockets and spacecraft: Sine qua non of space science (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The evolution of the national launch vehicle stable is presented along with lists of launch vehicles used in NASA programs. A partial list of spacecraft used throughout the world is also given. Scientific spacecraft costs are presented along with an historial overview of project development and funding in NASA.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Sci.; p 133-170
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  • 76
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    Modal damping enhancement in large space structures using AMCD's (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The use of an annular momentum control device (AMCD) is proposed for enhancing the modal damping of large space structures (LSS's) during fine pointing missions. Theoretical and experimental studies proved that an AMCD cannot destabilize the LSS and that the system is asymptotically stable under certain conditions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Guidance and Control; 3; Sept
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  • 77
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    Space environmental interactions with biased spacecraft surfaces (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Large, high-voltage space power systems are being proposed for future space missions. These systems must operate in the charged-particle environment of space, and interactions between this environment and the high-voltage surfaces are possible. Ground simulation testing has indicated that dielectric surfaces that usually surround biased conductors can influence these interactions. For positive voltages greater than 100 V, it has been found that the dielectrics contribute to discharges. Using these experimental results a large, high-voltage power system operating in geosynchronous orbit was analyzed with the NASCAP code. Results of this analysis indicated that very strong electric fields exist in these power systems. A technology investigation is required to understand the interactions and develop techniques to alleviate any impact on power system performance.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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    The Cosmic Background Explorer Satellite (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, planned for launch in 1985, will measure the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation of the universe over the entire wavelength range from a few microns to 1.3 cm. It will include three instruments: a set of microwave isotropy radiometers at 23, 31, 53, and 90 GHz, an interferometer spectrometer from 1 to 100/cm, and a filter photometer from 1 to 300 microns. The COBE satellite is designed to reach the sensitivity limits set by foreground sources such as the interstellar and interplanetary dust, starlight, and galactic synchrotron radiation, so that a diffuse residual radiation may be interpreted unambiguously as extragalactic
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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    On vibration control of tethered satellite systems (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The general dynamics of a shuttle supported tethered subsatellite system taking into account the longitudinal and three dimensional transverse vibrations is considered. It is noted that control of inherently unstable dynamics during retrieval of the subsatellite can be carried out by letting the rate of change length depend on the state variables in an appropriate manner. Control laws using linear feedback of inplane state variables and nonlinear feedback of out-of-plane state variables are proposed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 317-327
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    A design procedure for active control of beam vibrations (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The transverse vibrations of beams is discussed and a methodology for the design of an active damping device is given. The Bernoulli-Euler equation is used to derive a transcendental transfer function, which relates a torque applied at one end of the beam to the rotational position and velocity at that point. The active damping device consists of a wire, a linear actuator and a short torque arm attached to one end of the beam. The action of the actuator varies a tension in the wire and creates a torque which opposes the rotation of the beam and thus damps vibration. A design procedure for such an active damper is given. This procedure shows the relationships and trade-offs between the actuator stroke, power required, stress levels in the wire and beam and the geometry of the beam and wire. It is shown that by consideration of the frequency response at the beam natural frequencies, the aforementioned relationships can be greatly simplified. Similarly, a simple way of estimating the effective damping ratios and eigenvalue locations of actively controlled beams is presented.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 305-316
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  • 81
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    Orbiting chains and rings (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Two very different, highly flexible, space structures proposed during the last decade which involve analytical solution of certain partial differential equations are discussed. The first structure is an array, or hanging chain of aluminum beads which would serve as a convenient communicator if, under the influence of the Earth's gravity gradient, it assumes a local vertical orientation as it circles the Earth. Two passive schemes have been proposed for damping the rigid modes: twist the wire at the ends to provide non-zero moment of inertia about the vertical, thereby inducing relative motion of the two tips during rigid pitch or roll, and thus exercising a damper; and introduce weak lossy springs between the end sections and the main section; thereby providing linear coupling between the springs and all the in-plane (pitch) modes. The second structure is a complete ring of satellites cabled together at synchronous altitude. By a slight increase in altitude, the cable is in tension. This configuration is, however, unstable, and an active feedback control scheme is required to stabilize it. A possible scheme involves local cable length adjustment based on measurement of local altitude and shape variations and their rates.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 329-336
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  • 82
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    Number and placement of control system sensors considering possible failures (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A methodology has been presented which is intended to assist the designer of a control system for a large space structure to decide how many sensors should be incorporated in the system and where they should be placed on the structure. This approach is intended to be especially useful in the early stages of the evolution of the system, before a complete control system concept has been defined. This methodology is based on a quantitative measure of the observability of the system for a given set of sensors. The effect of possible component failures during the mission period was incorporated in the measure. The question of sensor placement is then resolved by finding the locations which maximize the performance measure. The number of components to use cannot be determined by optimizing the measure because the observability always improves with increased number of sensors if they are optimally located. However, the improvement in the measure with component number can be determined, and this information can be used along with data on cost, power required, etc., to decide how many sensors to use.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 253-268
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  • 83
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    Active Control of Space Structures (ACOSS) model 2 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A complete description of the active control of space structures model #2 which is a simple but realistic evaluation model is given. The design of this system was driven by the desire to incorporate certain attributes into the overall system characteristics. The desired features were structural design based on realistic sizes and weights; a simple unclassified optical system with associated performance measures and tolerance; and a set of disturbances typical of equipment vibration and attitude control (slew). The resulting model is described in detail along with the resulting mode shapes and natural frequencies of the system. A description of the line-of-sight performance measure including theory and implementation is given.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 195-210
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  • 84
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    Introduction and survey on continuum models for repetitive lattice structures (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief introduction and survey to aid and familiarize researchers interested in the use of continuum modeling procedures applied towards large space structure technology are presented. The use of such structural models for the distributed control of large flexible lattice structures offers a significant advantage over a numerical approach.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 63-70
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    Control of flexible structures: A systematic overview of the problem (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A way of designing a control system using a finite model that accounts for the distributed nature of the control problem in a systematic way is described. This is accomplished by using a mode description of the system and from that description determining the number of modes that must be retained based on the performance and the disturbance descriptions. The design then uses a full order model that includes all of the dynamics: sensor, actuator, disturbance and flexible motion. The designs that result are simple, robust, perform well and have the added distinction of being easy to implement.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 49-61
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    Minimum information modelling of structural systems with uncertain parameters (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Work is reviewed wherein the design of active structural control is formulated as the mean-square optimal control of a linear mechanical system with stochastic parameters. In practice, a complete probabilistic description of model parameters can never be provided by empirical determinations, and a suitable design approach must accept very limited a priori data on parameter statistics. In consequence, the mean-square optimization problem is formulated using a complete probability assignment which is made to be consistent with available data but maximally unconstrained otherwise through use of a maximum entropy principle. The ramifications of this approach for both robustness and large dimensionality are illustrated by consideration of the full-state feedback regulation problem.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 71-88
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  • 87
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    On the analytical modeling of the nonlinear vibrations of pretensioned space structures (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Pretensioned structures are receiving considerable attention as candidate large space structures. A typical example is a hoop-column antenna. The large number of preloaded members requires efficient analytical methods for concept validation and design. Validation through analyses is especially important since ground testing may be limited due to gravity effects and structural size. The present investigation has the objective to present an examination of the analytical modeling of pretensioned members undergoing nonlinear vibrations. Two approximate nonlinear analysis are developed to model general structural arrangements which include beam-columns and pretensioned cables attached to a common nucleus, such as may occur at a joint of a pretensioned structure. Attention is given to structures undergoing nonlinear steady-state oscillations due to sinusoidal excitation forces. Three analyses, linear, quasi-linear, and nonlinear are conducted and applied to study the response of a relatively simple cable stiffened structure.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
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  • 88
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    Advanced rocket propulsion technology assessment for future space transportation (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Single-stage and two-stage launch vehicles were evaluated for various levels of propulsion technology and payloads. The evaluation included tradeoffs between ascent flight performance and vehicle sizing that were driven by engine mass, specific impulse, and propellant requirements. Numerous mission, flight, and vehicle-related requirements and constraints were satisfied in the design process. The results showed that advanced technology had a large effect on reducing both single- and two-stage vehicle size. High-pressure hydrocarbon-fueled engines that were burned in parallel with two-position nozzle hydrogen-fueled engines reduced dry mass by 23% for the two-stage vehicle and 28% for the single-stage vehicle as compared to an all-hydrogen-fueled system. The dual-expander engine reduced single-stage vehicle dry mass by 41%. Using advanced technology, the single-stage vehicle became comparable in size and sensitivity to that of the two-stage vehicle for small payloads.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; July-Aug
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  • 89
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    Effect of storable propellants on single-stage earth-to-orbit vehicles (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A comparison is made between the storable-propellant engine and an equivalent dual-expander engine using oxygen, propane, and hydrogen propellants. The propane and hydrogen dual-expander engine is then compared with previous results with separate propane and hydrocarbon engines. It is shown that the dual-expander reduces vehicle dry mass from 94 to 89 Mg, or 5%. The hydrogen-only thrust of the dual-expander is 0.4 MN, while the separate hydrogen engines have a thrust of 2.3 MN. The low thrust level increases the difficulty of cooling the dual-expander engine, and additional hydrogen flow is added for transpirational cooling. This additional hydrogen flow leads to an increase in the hydrogen tank size. It is also shown that storable propellants increase the dry mass of single-stage earth-to-orbit vehicles by about 20% and the gross mass by about 54%. It is concluded that dual-expander engines should be studied with several thrust splits and thrust levels.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; May-June
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  • 90
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    Optimal member damper controller design for large space structures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Consideration is given to the selection of velocity feedback gains for individual dampers for the members of a structurally controlled large flexible space structure. The problem is formulated as an optimal output feedback regulator problem, and necessary conditions are derived for minimizing a quadratic performance function. The diagonal nature of the gain matrix is taken into account, along with knowledge of noise covariances. It is pointed out that the method presented offers a systematic approach to the design of a class of controllers for enhancing structural damping, which have significant potential if used in conjunction with a reduced-order optimal controller for rigid-body modes and selected structural modes.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Guidance and Control; 3; July-Aug
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  • 91
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    Maintenance of contamination sensitive surfaces on board long-term space vehicles (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In the current age, highly sensitive instruments are being flown on spacecraft, and questions of contamination have become important. The present investigation is concerned with the available approaches which can provide long-term protection for contamination sensitive surfaces. Aspects and sources of spacecraft contamination are examined, taking into account materials outgassing, particulates, propulsion system interaction, overboard venting, man-made and cosmic debris, and atomic oxygen/ambient atmosphere interaction. Suitable protection approaches provided by current technology are discussed, giving attention to aperture covers, a possibility for a retractable cover design, gaseous purges, options for prolonging the lifetime of the thermal control system, and plume shields. Some new possibilities considered are related to an early warning system for excessive amounts of contamination, a molecular/wake shield, and the use of atomic oxygen.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences (ISSN 0022-0906); 19-21
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  • 92
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    An on-orbit experiment for dynamics and control of large structures (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to the definition of the on-orbit dynamic testing that is currently being planned for the flight of a large solar array test article, the Solar Array Flight Experiment (SAFE 1), which consists of a coilable longeron mast that deploys a large solar array blanket. Also discussed is the design of an additional experiment employing this structure in conjunction with a two- or three-axis gimbal system, in order to demonstrate control techniques applicable to such large structures. SAFE 1 experiment objectives, hardware, software, and the experimental operations foreseen are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 7; 554-562
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  • 93
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    Control structure interactions in large space structures Analysis using energy approach (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple energy approach to study the problem of control structure interactions in large space structures is presented. For the illustrative cases of free-free beam and free rectangular plate, the vibrational energy imparted during operation of constant and pulsed thrusters is found in a nondimensional form. Then based on a parametric study, suggestions are made on the choice of the thruster location and parameters to minimize the control structure interactions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Aeronautical Society of India, Journal (ISSN 0001-9267); 35; 59-67
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  • 94
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    Approximation in control of flexible structures, theory and application (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sense in which the feedback control law based on an approximate finite dimensional model of a continuous structure approximates a control law which is optimal for the distributed, or infinite dimensional, model of the structure is studied. From the analysis of the various control and stability issues associated with this basis question, useful information for designing finite dimensional compensators which produce near-optimal performance in infinite dimensional systems is gained. Some of the important predictions that can be made about large-order finite dimensional control laws, using the theory of infinite dimensional Riccati equations are indicated.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 383-389
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  • 95
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    Analysis of structural perturbations in systems via cost decomposition methods (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It has long been common practice to analyze linear dynamic systems by decomposing the total response in terms of individual contributions which are easier to analyze. Examples of this philosophy include the expansion of transfer functions using: (1) the superposition principle, (2) residue theory and partial fraction expansions, (3) Markov parameters, Hankel matrices, and (4) regular and singular perturbations. This paper summarizes a new and different kind of expansion designed to decompose the norm of the response vector rather than the response vector itself. This is referred to as "cost-decomposition' of the system. The notable advantages of this type of decomposition are: (a) easy application to multi-input, multi-output systems, (b) natural compatibility with Linear Quadratic Gaussian Theory, (c) applicability to the analysis of more general types of structural perturbations involving inputs, outputs, states, parameters. Property (c) makes the method suitable for problems in model reduction, measurement/actuator selections, and sensitivity analysis.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 465-475
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  • 96
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    Fixed-order dynamic compensation through optimal projection (1983)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper reviews a formulation for the design of fixed-order dynamic compensation for flexible mechanical systems which is based upon explicit optimality conditions derived under the minimum data/maximum entropy stochastic modelling approach. The optimality conditions give rise to the novel concept of "optimal projection' which provides significant insight with regard to the compensator structure and permits earlier, more restricted and/or ad hoc design schemes to be seen as special cases of the present formulation.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 409-425
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  • 97
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    Hardware verification of distributed/adaptive control (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Adaptive control techniques are studied for their future application to the control of large space structures, where uncertain or changing parameters may destabilize standard control system designs. The approach used is to examine an extended Kalman filter estimator, in which the state vector is augmented with the unknown parameters. The associated Riccatti equation is linearized about the case of exact knowledge of the parameters. By assuming that parameter variations occur slowly, the filter complexity is reduced further yet. Simulations on a two degree-of-freedom oscillator demonstrate the parameter-tracking capability of the filter, and an implementation on the JPL Flexible Beam Facility using an incorrect model shows the adaptive filter/optimal control to be stable where a standard Kalman filter/optimal control design is unstable.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 337-350
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  • 98
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    The TOYSAT structural control experiment (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Lockheed TOYSAT experiment is described. The experiment was designed to test hypothesis concerning the application of optimal control theory to flexible spacecraft. The theory is presented, and results described.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: JPL Proc. of the Workshop on Appl. of Distributed System Theory to the Control of Large Space Struct.; p 269-285
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  • 99
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    Worst case earth charging environment (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6) geosynchronous satellite charged up to -2200 V in sunlight on day 178, 1974. This event, being the highest known spacecraft charging event in sunlight, is used to estimate a worst case geosynchronous plasma environment for predicting the spacecraft potential in eclipse. The advantage of using this sunlight spectrum as opposed to an eclipse case is that the ion and electron fluxes to the detectors are shifted only slightly due to the spacecraft potential. After correcting the available data for satellite potential and missing data above 81 KeV, it is found that the plasma can be characterized by a single Maxwellian approximation having an electron density of 1.22/cu cm, electron temperature of 16 KeV, hydrogen ion density of 0.24/cu cm, and hydrogen ion temperature of 29 KeV. In eclipse the spacecraft would have charged up to -28 kV, the highest estimated potential to date in the earth's plasma environment.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; Sept
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  • 100
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    Unsteady aerodynamics and motions of the Pioneer Venus probes (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Helicopter drop tests were made of models of the Pioneer Venus probe descent configurations to characterize their unsteady forces and angular dynamics in equilibrium descent. The axial and normal forces were found to be unsteady in magnitude by about 10 and 5% of the mean axial force, respectively. A cycle of the axial variation takes place in flight distances of from 15 to 40 diameters. The unsteadiness almost certainly is associated with the wake. Angular motions which do not converge to zero angle of attack even in very long duration descent are excited by the unsteady pitching moments. The nearly spherical large probe model was aerodynamically more unsteady than the round-nosed conical small probe model. Data returned from Venus by the Pioneer Venus probes show unsteady axial forces and angular motions similar to those seen in the drop tests.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 19; Sept
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