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  • Engineering  (1,377)
  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (223)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,600)
  • 1980-1984  (1,600)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A frontal method based solution of the quasi-three-dimensional finite element model for interconnected aquifer systems. Steady and unsteady equations, with the E.N.S. method for fluid mass balance evaluation (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 445-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Quasi-three-dimensional ; Interconnected Aquifer Systmes ; Fluid Mass Balance ; Iterated Frontal Method ; Predictor-Corrector Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The quasi-three-dimensional equations controlling the groundwater flow in heterogeneous and interconnected aquifer systems are discretized by finite elements, considering also the aquifer branching. A new method for fluid mass balance evaluation based on the equivalent nodal source (E.N.S.) concept allows one to express the balance in conservative terms, and interpret finite element equations as nodal balance equations. The solution of the system is based on the frontal method. Use of substructures limits the frontal increase in correspondence to the aquifer branching. In the steady state, the frontal method is integrated with an iterative solution technique to eliminate the frontal increase caused by the presence of aquitards. It converges very rapidly, using a forcing technique with an automatic parameter definition. In the unsteady case the same scope is achieved using a predictor-corrector procedure which employs the Crank-Nicolson method in the corrector phase.This very stable procedure permits use of fairly long time-steps and concerns the case of source terms depending on piezometry (problem of interaction between water table and river). This method has been tested with several fairly complex cases.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030503
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modified dodge algorithm for the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations and compressible duct flows (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 493-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Modified ; Dodge ; Algorithm ; Parabolized ; Navier-Stokes ; Computational Fluid Dynamics ; Low Speed Flow ; Channel Flow ; Zebra Algorithm ; Mass Balancing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A revised version of Dodge's split-velocity method for numerical calculation of compressible duct flow has been developed. The revision incorporates balancing of mass flow rates on each marching step in order to maintain front-to-back continuity during the calculation. The (chequerboard) zebra algorithm is applied to solution of the three-dimensional continuity equation in conservative form. A second-order A-stable linear multistep method is employed in effecting a marching solution of the parabolized momentum equations. A chequerboard iteration is ued to solve the resulting implicit non-linear systems of finite-difference equations which govern stepwise transition. Qualitive agreement with analytical predictions and experimental results has been obtained for some flows with well-known solutions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030505
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Incompressible flow in a rapidly rotating cylinder with a source/sink distribution in the lateral wall and a free inner boundary (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 529-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Strongly Rotating ; Incompressible ; Free-surface ; Finite-difference ; Coriolis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The flow of an incompressible fluid in a rapidly rotating right circular cylinder is considered. A source/sink mass distribution at the lateral wall, which is azimuthally uniform and symmetric across the midplane, causes a deviation from wheel flow. The container is only partially full and the inner free surface is allowed to deviate slightly from the vertical. A finite-difference solution of the full axisymmetric, non-linear governing equations was used to obtain the flow field. A special implicit technique for the Coriolis terms which maintains geostrophy was developed and is described. The results obtained for a low Rossby number flow compare quite favourably with the linearized solution. Results are also presented for a case wherein the non-linear terms are important.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030602
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractional step algorithm for estuarine mass transport (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 567-581 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Advection ; Convection ; Estuary ; Fractional ; Step ; Diffusion ; Dispersion ; Moving ; Co-ordinates Transport ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A successful and economical fractional step algorithm for the convection-dispersion-reaction equation is described. Exact solutions are adopted for the reaction and convection steps, the latter by the introduction of a moving co-ordinate system. The dispersion step uses an optimized finite difference algorithm which specifically accommodates the grid non-uniformity. The excellent performance of the algorithm is confirmed by numerical experiments together with computations of the Fourier response and integrated square error characteristics.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030604
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a high accuracy finite difference technique to steady, free surface flow problems (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 583-590 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: QUICK ; Finite Difference ; Free Surface Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The spatially third-order accurate QUICK finite difference technique is applied to the solution of the depth-integrated equations of motion for steady, subcritical, free surface flow in a wide, shallow, rectangular channel with and without an abrupt expansion. The conservative, control-volume discretization of the equations of motion and the use of QUICK in approximating required cell and cell face average quantities is discussed. Results presented show that it is possible to obtain stable solutions for advective free surface flows without resorting to implicit numerical smoothing.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030605
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040101
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerically induced oscillations in finite element approximations to the shallow water equations (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 591-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Shallow Water Equations ; Finite Element Method ; Wave Equation ; Numerical Noise ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Numerical noise has been a problem with finite element solutions to the shallow water equations. Two methods used to reduce the noise level are evaluated, and these results are compared with published results for equal-order interpolations. The two methods are mixed-interpolation (quadratic interpolation for velocity and linear interpolation for sea level) and a spectral form of the wave equation. Whereas mixed interpolation removes the troublesome sea level mode, it can still have considerable noise in velocity. The spectral wave equation is efficient and does not contain the spurious eigenmodes which contribute to high noise levels.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030606
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The application of the finite-element method to meteorological simulations - a review (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Review ; Finite Elements ; Meteorology ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The application of the finite-element method to the simulation of meterological fluid flow problems is reviewed. Early studies were aimed primarily at demonstrating the viability of the method for one- and two-dimensional flows, whereas more recent studies have been aimed at demonstrating the efficiency and viability of the method for more complex three-dimensional simulations. There has also been a shift towards exploiting such models to better understand and predict the underlying meteorological phenomena, rather than restricting attention to the development of the algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040102
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A stream function finite element solution for two-dimensional natural convection with accurate representation of nusselt number variations near a corner (1983)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 3 (1983), S. 605-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Natural ; Convection ; Stream ; Function ; Finite ; Element ; Formulation ; C1 ; Continuity ; Truncated ; Quintic ; Restricted Variational Principle ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element stream function formulation is presented for the solution to the two-dimensional double-glazing problem. Laminar flow with constant properties is considered and the Boussinesq approximation used. A restricted variational principle is used, in conjunction with a triangular finite element of C1 continuity, to discretize the two coupled governing partial differential equations (4th order in stream function and second order in temperature). The resulting non-linear system of equations is solved in a segregated (decoupled) manner by the Newton-Raphson linearizing technique.Results are produced for the standard test case of an upright square cavity. These are for Rayleigh numbers in the range 103-105, with a Prandtl number of 0.71. Comparisons are made with benchmark results presented at the 1981 International Comparison study in Venice. In the discussion of results, emphasis is placed on the variation of local Nusselt number along the isothermal walls, particularly near the corner. This reveals a noticeable source of error in the evaluation of the maximum Nusselt number by lower order discretization methods.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650030607
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic hydraulics, P. D. Smith, Butterworths, London, 1982. Price: £7.50 (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 105-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040108
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of the choice of the reference pressure location in numerical modelling of incompressible flow (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 147-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Incompressible Flow ; Pressure-specification-point ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The discontinuity of a finite-element pressure field that is sometimes present in the neighbourhood of the pressure-specification-point is shown to arise either from round-off, or from mistakes in modelling. The implications of this are considered. In particular it restricts grid refinement near the pressure-specification-point. The analysis can be extended to finite-difference calculations, and to other fields governed by equations similar to Poisson's equation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040204
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for solving the factorized vorticity-stream function equations by finite elements (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 109-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite elements ; Navier-Stokes ; Vorticity-stream function ; Time-dependent ; flows ; Boundary conditions ; Incompressible viscous flows ; Two-dimensional flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new finite element method for solving the time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with general boundary conditions is presented. The two second-order partial differential equations for the vorticity and the stream function are factorized, apart from the non-linear advection term, by eliminating the coupling due to the double specification on the stream function at (a part of) the boundary. This is achieved by reducing the no-slip boundary conditions to projection integral conditions for the vorticity field and by evaluating the relevant quantities involved according to an extension of the method of Glowinski and Pironneau for the biharmonic problem. Time integration schemes and iterative algorithms are introduced which require the solution only of banded linear systems of symmetric type. The proposed finite element formulation is compared with its finite difference equivalent by means of a few numerical examples. The results obtained using 4-noded bilinear elements provide an illustration of the superiority of the finite element based spatial discretization.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040202
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040301
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Simulation of polymeric flows in the injection moulding processThis invited paper is an extended, and refereed version of one presented at the Fourth International Symposium on Finite Elements in Flow Problems held in Tokyo, Japan, 26-29 July 1982. (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Polymer Flows ; Non-Newtonian ; Moving Boundary ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Recent progress in the simulation of polymeric flows of two key problems in the injection moulding process, carried out by a team at Cornell University, is briefly described. For the filling of cooled thin cavities, the fluid is characterized by a power-law viscosity with exponential temperature dependence, and interaction between the transient thermal boundary-layer and the core flow in a domain with moving boundary is essential. The earlier procedure of Hieber and Shen is modified in two aspects: a boundary-integral formulation replaces the finite-element treatment of the pressure, and an ‘energy integral’ approach is used for the transient temperature. The second problem is the steady visco-elastic flow in the juncture region where sudden changes of the geometry and large strain rates occur. The constitutive equation is postulated according to the Leonov model. The main features in the numerical implementation are: integration along a streamline to determine the elastic deformation tensors for a given velocity field, and finite-element treatment (in time-dependent form) of the pressure and fields for given stresses. In an example where the contraction ratio is 7:1, results for nominal Deborah number exceeding 100 show no numerical instability. (However, for this problem, the true Weissenberg number, i.e. the ratio of local first-normal-stress difference to shear stress turns out to be generally O(10).) The predictions also correlate very well with experimental birefringence measurements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040206
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    On the finite-element calculation of turbulent flow using the k-∊ model (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 303-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Turbulent Flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Although the finite-element (FE) method has been successful in analysing complex laminar flows, a number of difficulties can arise when two-equation turbulence models (e.g. the k-∊ model) are incorporated. This work describes a particular FE discretization of the k-∊ model and reports its performance in recirculating flow. Severe problems encountered in attempts to obtain convergence of the numerical scheme are isolated and analysed, and methods by which the problems can be overcome are suggested.Insight gained in this work has enabled a practical turbulent flow FE code to be constructed which is robust and efficient. This code is the subject of a further paper.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040402
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    A practical method of two-equation turbulence modelling using finite elements (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 321-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Incorporation of the k-∊ turbulence model into Galerkin finite-element fluid-flow codes (which, unlike upwind finite-difference codes, have no artificial damping) can lead to severe iterative convergence difficulties. This paper introduces an alternative turbulence model (the q-f model) and an associated finite-element discretization method which are designed to overcome these problems. The new model forms the basis of a finite-element fluid-flow code which is robust and efficient. Furthermore, it is demonstrated on a practical example that the code can give good agreement with experiment on fairly coarse meshes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040403
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  • 17
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    A Dorodnitsyn finite element formulation for laminar boundary layer flow (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 399-419 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar Boundary Layers ; Finite Element Method ; Finite Difference Method ; Spectral Method Convergence ; Computational Efficiency ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The Dorodnitsyn boundary later formulation is given a finite element interpretation and found to generate very accurate and economical solutions when combined with an implicit, non-iterative marching scheme in the downstream direction. The algorithm is of order (Δ2u, Δx) whether linear or quadratic elements are used across the boundary layer. Solutions are compared with a Dorodnitsyn spectral formulation and a conventional finite difference formulation for three Falkner-Skan pressure gradient cases and the flow over a circular cylinder. With quadratic elements the Dorodnitsyn finite element formulation is approximately five times more efficient than the conventional finite difference formulation.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040502
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  • 18
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    Finite element solutions for laminar and turbulent compressible flow (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 421-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Laminar Flow ; Turbulent Flow ; Compressible Flow ; Separation ; Time-split Method ; Finite Element Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The time-split finite element method is extended to compute laminar and turbulent flows with and without separation. The examples considered are the flows past trailing edges of a flat plate and a backward-facing step. Eddy viscosity models are used to represent effects of turbulence. It is found that the time-split method produces results in agreement with previous experimental and computational results. The eddy viscosity models employed are found to give accurate predictions in all regions of flow except downstream of reattachment.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040503
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  • 19
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    Finite element simulation of dip coating, I: Newtonian fluids (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 441-457 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element Method ; Dip Coating ; Newtonian Fluid ; Free Surface ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element simulation of the dip coating process based on a discretization of the continuum with discontinuous pressure elements is presented. The algorithm computes the flow field from natural boundary conditions while an extra condition provided by the existence of free surface is employed to displace the meniscus location towards the actual position. The process is iterative and uses a pseudo-time stepping technique coupled to a cubic spline fitting of the free surface. Numerical predictions exhibit good agreement with experimental data for Newtonian fluids in the case of flat plate dip coating as well as in the case of wire dip coating.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040504
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  • 20
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    Finite element simulation of dip coating, II: Non-Newtonian fluidsPresented in part at the 5th Canadian Symposium on Fluid Dynamics, Windsor (Ontario), Canada, 6-9 June, 1982. (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 459-475 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Augmented Lagrangian ; Finite Element Method ; Dip Coating ; Non-Newtonian Fluids ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We apply in this paper the augmented Lagrangian method to the study of various non-Newtonian fluid flow problems, and in particular the dip coating process. We only present in this second part the treatment specific to the non-linearities involved in the constitutive equations, the first part having largely been concerned with the general description of the approximation used.Two rheological models illustrating different rheological behaviours are used to simulate dip coating process: the Carreau-A model for shear-thinning properties of the viscosity and a truncated second-order model for a Newtonian behaviour in viscosity with elastic properties.Numerical predictions show a very good agreement with experimental data for the second-order model. The discrepancy observed in the other case can be explained qualitatively by the elastic properties exhibited by the shear-thinning fluids used: this elasticity is not taken into account in the Carreau-A model.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040505
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  • 21
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    Development of a computer program for the prediction of flow in a rotating cavity (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 667-683 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Rotating Flow ; Finite Differences ; Numerical Stability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A computer program has been developed to predict laminar source-sink flow in a rotating cylindrical cavity. Although the program is based on a standard finite difference technique for recirculating flow, it incorporates two novel features. Step changes in grid size are employed to obtain sufficient resolution in the boundary layers and special treatment is given to the solution of the pressure correction equations, in the ‘SIMPLE’ algorithm, in order to improve the convergence properties of the method. Results are presented both for the flow in an infinite rotating cylindrical annulus and a finite rotating cylindrical cavity, with the inner cylindrical surface acting as a uniform source and the outer cylinder as a sink. These show good agreement with existing analytical solutions and illustrate some of the problems associated with the computation of rapidly rotating flows.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040706
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  • 22
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    On a family of Stokes flows (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 685-699 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Stokes Flows ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A family of simple Stokes flows involving sliding surfaces adjacent to surfaces at rest is considered. Principally, two specific flow configurations are investigated: (i) that arising when parts of the boundary of an infinitely long circular cylinder are rotating about the axis while other parts of the boundary are at rest, and (ii) the flow produced when a cap of a sphere is held at rest while the remainder of the sphere rotates about the symmetry axis. In each case computer plots of streamlines or constant velocity lines are presented to give a general impression of the resulting flow pattern.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040707
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  • 23
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    Conference diary (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 708-708 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040709
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    Announcements (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 709-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040710
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    On the interactions of surface waves with immersed structures (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 765-780 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Diffraction ; Hydrodynamics ; Ocean Engineering ; Underwater Structures ; Wave Forces ; Offshore Structures ; Velocity Potential ; Boundary Elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fluid forces resulting from wave interaction with large submerged structures may be calculated using numerical procedures based on the solution of the associated boundary-value problem. In this paper, the analysis of wave interaction with a fixed submerged object of arbitrary cross-section and infinite length using a two-dimensional boundary value formation based on linear diffraction theory is summarized. Subsequently, the application of the boundary element method to obtain a solution is presented. The numerical considerations are emphasized with particular reference to computational efficiency.Numerical results are presented in the form of dimensionless wave force plots for various structural shapes. In the case of a bottom-seated half cylinder, for which there exists a closed-form solution, comparisons are made between results generated using both boundary element and equivalent finite element approaches. In the case of a submerged cylinder, comparisons are made between boundary element derived values and experimental results. The boundary element results compare well with both the closed-form solution and the experimental values.
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    Masthead (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650040901
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    Two-step explicit finite element method for two-layer flow analysis (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 931-947 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two-layer Flow ; Two-step Scheme ; Selective Lumping Method ; Ishikari Bay ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A finite element method for the analysis of two-layer density flows is presented in this paper. The standard Galerkin method based on linear interpolation functions is used to yield discrete spatial variables. For numerical integration in time, an explicit two-step selective lumping method is used. Here it is applied to a flow analysis of Ishikari Bay, at the mouth of Ishikari River. This case demonstrates a procedure that yields a numerically stable solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650041004
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    A mixed algorithm for the calculation of rapidly varying fluid flows: The impulsively started circular cylinder (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 949-969 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; Discrete Fourier Transform ; Finite Difference ; Short Convolutions ; No-slip Boundary Condition ; Far Field Condition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A mixed discrete Fourier transform-Finite difference algorithm is developed and used for the calculation of rapidly changing viscous fluid flows past a circular cylinder. The numerical approach has been designed to overcome certain difficulties arising for high Reynolds number simulations. The foremost advantage of the technique lies in its fast calculations of the convolution sums portraying the convective terms of the governing equations. Third-order spatial discretizations and fourth-order time marching are implemented.New schemes are proposed for the boundary conditions at the solid wall and at large distances. The techniques are tested on a case study with other schemes (summarized by Roache1) in order to obtain an optimal choice. Definite indications on the stability and accuracy of boundary condition schemes are achieved. Support for the statement of dominant importance of boundary conditions is also given.A comparison of computational results with experimental data is presented for the case study of the flow past an impulsively started cylinder at Reynolds number 20.The time development of the symmetrical zone of recirculation, which is formed at an early stage of the flow, has been studied for 300 ≤ Re ≤ 9500 by means of the proposed algorithm. Computational results, comparisons with experimental data2 and discussion of upper limits of validity of the procedure will be presented in a companion paper.
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    Announcements (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 997-998 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650041008
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    Conference diary (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 999-999 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650041009
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    Stability of flow over a rotating disk (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 989-996 
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    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Galerkin ; Spline ; Stability ; Disk ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The perturbation equations which characterize the stability of flow over a rotating infinite disk are derived via strict order of magnitude analysis. These equations contain viscous terms not considered by Stuart,1 curvature and Coriolis terms not considered by Brown,2 and axial velocity terms not considered by Kobayashi et al.3 The strategy for reducing the problem to an algebraic system is Galerkin's method with B-spline discretization. In comparison with the Poiseuille flow solutions of Orszag,4 the method is shown to perform well without placing undue demands on computing capability. Critical values of Reynolds number, wave length, vortex orientation and number of spiral vortices calculated by the present method compare favourably with experimental data of Kobayashi et al.
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    Pressure method for the numerical solution of transient, compressible fluid flows (1984)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 4 (1984), S. 1001-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Compressible Fluid Flow ; Numerical Analysis ; Pressure Method ; von Kármán Vortex Street ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper the pressure method for incompressible fluid flow simulation is extended and applied to the numerical simulation of compressible fluid flow. The governing equations, obtained from the physical principles of conservation of momentum, mass and energy, are first studied from a characteristic point of view. Then they are discretized with a semi-implicit finite difference technique in such a fashion that stability is achieved independently of the speed of sound. The resulting algorithm is fast, accurate and particularly efficient in subsonic flow calculations. As an example, the computer simulation of the von Kármán vortex street is described and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650041102
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    Modification of the repeated acquisition of response sequences in rats by low-level microwave exposure (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 89-99 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: repeated acquisition ; microwave radiation ; lever press ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The acute effects of microwave exposure on a repeated acquisition baseline were investigated in three rats. Each session the animals acquired a different four-member response sequence. Each of the first three correct responses advanced the sequence to the next member, and the fourth correct response produced food reinforcement. Incorrect responses produced a three-second timeout. Baseline and control sessions were characterized by a decrease in errors within each session. The animals were acutely exposed to a 2.8 GHz pulsed-microwave field prior to test sessions, with average power densities ranging from 0.25 to 10 mW/cm2. In comparison to control sessions, 1/2 hour of exposure to microwave radiation at power densities of 5 and 10 mW/cm2 increased errors and altered the pattern of within-session acquisition. Exposure to the 10 mW/cm2 power density decreased the rate of sequence completion in all animals. The results of exposures at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mW/cm2 power densities were generally within the control range. The results are interpreted as indicating a disruption in the discriminative stimulus control of the repeated acquisition behavior.
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    Tests of mutagenesis and reproduction in male rats exposed to 2,450-MHz (CW) microwaves (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 65-76 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mutagenesis ; reproduction ; rats ; 2,450 MHz ; microwaves ; continuous wave (CW) ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Tests of mutagenesis and reproduction were conducted in male rats which were irradiated by 2,450-MHz, continuous-wave (CW) microwaves, 4 hr/day from day 6 of gestation to 90 days of age at 5 mW/cm2; or 5 hr/day for five days beginning on the 90th day of age at 10 mW/cm2; or 4 hr/day, 5 days/ wk for four weeks, beginning on the 90th day of age. During selected weekly periods after treatment, the rats were bred to pairs of untreated, normal female rats that were examined in late pregnancy by means of the dominant lethal assay. The reproductive efficiency of these males, as reflected in their breeding, was also examined for changes relating to their microwave experience. No significant evidence of germ-cell mutagenesis was detected when data of microwave-exposed males were compared with those of sham-exposed males, even though there were significant increases in rectal and intra-testicular temperatures at a power density of 28 mW/cm2. Temporary sterility, as indexed by fewer pregnancies, was seen at the highest power density.
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    Failure of rats to escape from a potentially lethal microwave field (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 101-115 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: escape ; microwaves ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Ocularly pigmented rats, all mature females of the Long-Evans strain, were repeatedly presented an opportunity to escape from an intense 918-MHz field (whole-body dose rate = 60 mW/g) to a field of lower intensity (40, 30, 20, or 2 mW/g) by performing a simple locomotor response. Other rats could escape 800-μA faradic shock to the feet and tail by performing the same response in the same milieu, a multimode cavity. None of 20 irradiated rats learned to associate entry into a visually well-demarcated area of the cavity with immediate reduction of dose rate, in spite of field-induced elevations of body temperature to levels that exceeded 41°C and would have been lethal but for a limit on durations of irradiation. In contrast, all of ten rats motivated by faradic shock rapidly learned to escape. The failure of escape learning by irradiated animals probably arose from deficiencies of motivation and, especially, sensory feedback. Whole-body hyperthermia induced by a multipath field may lack the painful or directional sensory properties that optimally promote the motive to escape. Moreover, a decline of body temperature after an escape-response-contingent reduction of field strength will be relatively slow because of the large thermal time constants of mammalian tissues. Without timely sensory feedback, which is an essential element of negative reinforcement, stimulus-response associability would be imparied, which could retard or preclude learning of an escape response.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Equalizing the electric field intensity within chick brain immersed in buffer solution at different carrier frequencies (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 411-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium efflux ; complex permittivity ; amplitude windows ; concentric spheres ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Presented here are the numerical relationships between incident power densities that produce the same average electric field intensity within a chick brain half immersed in buffered saline solution and exposed to a uniform electromagnetic field at carrier frequencies of 50, 147, and 450 MHz. Calculations are based on modeling the buffer solution as a spherical shell in air with an inner concentric sphere of brain tissue. The results support our earlier conclusion that calcium efflux results obtained at different carrier frequencies are in agreement when related by the electric field within the brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020413
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    Spectroscopic properties of in vivo biological systems: Boson radiative equilibrium with steady-state nonequilibrium molecular systems (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 9-16 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: vibrational emissivity ; nonequilibrium systems ; vibrational spectroscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An analysis of the boson (phonon and photon) distribution in the presence of a steady-state, nonequilibrium molecular subsystem is presented, providing thermodynamic criteria for the boson chemical-potential term, the generalized vibrational emissivity function, and the Bose type of condensation predicted by Fröhlich.
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    What are non-thermal electric biological effects? (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 45-46 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Non-thermal biological effects ; electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A discussion of the general implication of the existance of non-thermal biological effects of electromagnetic fields is presented.
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    Determination of electric current distributions in animals and humans exposed to a uniform 60-Hz high-intensity electric field (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 47-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; 60 Hz ; induced current ; scaling ; SAR ; thermograph ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The thermographic method for determining specific absorption rate (SAR) in animals and models of tissues or bodies exposed to electromagnetic fields was applied to the problem of quantifying the current distribution in homogeneous bodies of arbitrary shape exposed to 60-Hz electric fields. The 60-Hz field exposures were simulated by exposing scale models of high electrical conductivity to 57.3-MHz VHF fields of high strength in a large 3.66 × 3.66 × 2.44-m TE101 mode resonant cavity. After exposure periods of 2-30 s, the models were quickly disassembled so that the temperature distribution (maximum value up to 7 °C) along internal cross-sectional planes of the model could be recorded thermographically. The SAR, W′, calculated from the temperature changes at any point in the scale model was used to determine the SAR, W, for a full-scale model exposed to a 60-Hz electric field of the same strength by the relation W = (60/ f2 · (σ′/σ) · W′ where f′ is the model exposure frequency, σ′ is the conductivity of the scale model at the VHF exposure frequency, and σ is the conductivity of the full-scale subject at 60 Hz. The SAR was used to calculate either the electric field strength or the current density for the full-scale subject. The models were used to simulate the exposure of the full-scale subject located either in free space or in contact with a conducting ground plane. Measurements made on a number of spheroidal models with axial ratios from 1 to 10 and conductivity from 1 to 10 s/m agreed well with theoretical predictions. Maximum current densities of 200 nA/cm2 predicted in the ankles of man models and 50 nA/cm2 predicted in the legs of pig models exposed to 60-Hz fields at 1kV/m agreed well with independent measurements on full-scale models.
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    Photic cuing of escape by rats from an intense microwave field (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 105-116 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: escape ; microwaves ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A total of 16 female hooded rats was first observed for baseline behaviors and then they received 25 2-min trials of training, five trials per day, under one of four stimulus conditions (all ns = 4): exposure to a highly intense 918-MHz field (dose rate, 60 mW/g); exposure to photic stimulation (≈350 Ix); exposure to the field in synchrony with photic stimulation; or exposure to faradic shock (≈800 μA rms). During conditioning trials, which were separated by 2-min intertrial intervals, entry by a rat into a safe area of a multimode cavity resulted in immediate and complete cessation of stimulation; exit, in resumption. Acquisition of the escape response was rapid and highly efficient for shocked animals and was less rapid and efficient but was reliably demonstrated by irradiated animals that were also signaled by light. In the absence of microwave irradiation, cessation of light did not reliably motivate escape behavior. Although there was weak evidence of escape learning by rats subjected only to microwave irradiation, their performances failed to differ reliably from those of rats in the light-only condition. These data confirm and extend those of Carroll et al, which indicate that potentially lethal, deeply penetrating, nonpulsed microwaves in a multipath field lack the sensory quality to motivate efficient aversive behavior by the rat.
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    Active electric properties of cardiac muscle (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 127-132 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cardiac muscle ; electric properties ; syncytium ; cable theory ; cell membrane ; intracellular potential ; extracellular potential ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A model of electrical activity in the heart has been developed that treats the intracellular domain and the extracellular domain as electrical syncytia with anisotropic resistivities (bi-syncytial model). At the microscopic level, propagation is assumed to proceed primarily along the axes of individual cells. Considerations at the macroscopic level relate the transmembrane current to the intracellular and extracellular resistivity and the transmembrane potential. The result is a relationship between instantaneous extracellular potentials and cardiac action potentials.
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    Biological effects of low-temporal, average-intensity, pulsed ultrasound (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 147-156 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed ultrasound ; biological ultrasound ; Drosophilia ; Elodea ; cavitation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Studies with both plant and animal tissues show that, when the tissues contain micron-sized, stabilized gas bodies, pulsed ultrasound can produce damage at very low time-averaged intensities. However, it is the temporal peak intensity rather than the time-averaged intensity that is closely correlated with the effects observed. The data suggest that there may be thresholds for damage at peak intensities within an order of magnitude of 10 W/cm2.
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    The molecular basis of ultrasonic absorption by proteins (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 157-165 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasonic absorption ; proteins ; polypeptides ; peptides ; amino acids ; tissues ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This article reviews significant advances in understanding the basis for the magnitude of ultrasonic absorption in proteins and related biological materials. Carstensen and Schwan's accurate and extensive measurements on blood and hemoglobin solutions provided the initial experimental data; these were augmented by data from measurements on aqueous solutions of gelatin, bovine serum albumin, lysozyme, various polypeptides, and amino acids. The initial frequency range of 1-10 MHz; was expanded to 0.035-1000 MHz; temperature and pH dependences of absorption were studied. Theoretical approaches included consideration of the relative motion of blood cells in plasma, perturbation of water structure around macromolecules, solvation of charged entities, proton-transfer reactions, and helix-coil transitions.Proton-transfer reactions between amino and carboxylic groups and water proved to be largely responsible for the observed peaks in the pH dependence of absorption coefficient; the peaks occurred in the basic and acidic regions corresponding to the pKs for titration of these groups. Such reactions could not account for the magnitude of absorption at physiological pH because only histidine titrated in this range. Extensive analysis, using relaxation theory, and, measurements have shown that the proton transfer reaction between the imidazole group of histidine and hydrogen phosphate ion (in solution) provides sufficient volume change for significant ultrasonic absorption at physiological pH. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment was found with the peptide bacitracin in phosphate buffer solutions. By generalizing these results to the case of a protein, Slutsky et al estimated maximum values of frequency-dependent absorption coefficients for “typical tissue” and found them to be correct to order of magnitude, even exceeding observed values in soft tissues in some instances, instead of being far too small as was always the case in the past. Thus, in principle, adjustment of parameters, such as pK values, could bring theory and experiment into agreement for the first time.
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    Investigation of the effects of continuous-wave, pulse- and amplitude-modulated microwaves on single excitable cells of chara corallina (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 203-212 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: S-band microwaves ; modulation ; action potential ; resting potential ; Chara corallina ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Single internodal excitable cells of Chara corallina were exposed to CW, pulse-modulated and sinusoidally modulated S-band microwave fields in a temperature-controled waveguide exposure chamber. All electrical measurements were made external to the waveguide (ie, under no impressed microwave field). The dependent variables measured before, during, and after exposure to the S-band microwave fields included: resting potential, amplitude of the action potential, rise and decay time of the action potential, conduction velocity, and excitability. Cells maintained at 22 ± 0.1 °C during exposure showed no consistent or statistically significant microwave-dependent alterations in any of the dependent variables.
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    Temperature dependence of ultrasound-induced cell killing: The role of membrane fluidity (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 247-251 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ultrasound ; temperature-dependent cell killing ; membrane fluidity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Chinese hamster cells in suspension were exposed to 20 kHz ultrasound (US) at 54 W/cm2 and various temperatures between 2 and 44 °C. Activation energies were 2.6 and 24 kcal/mole below and above 35 °C, respectively. Procaine, a local anaesthetic drug known to increase membrane fluidity, enhanced cellular inactivation by US above 41 °C, increasing the activation energy to 62 kcal/mole. The inactivation of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium by US was also dependent on the exposure temperature, with an activation energy of 2.9 kcal/mole between 2 and 44 °C. These data are most simply explained by the hypothesis that membranes are a major target for cellular inactivation by US and that the fluidity of the membranes is important in this respect.
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    Near-field absorption in a circular cylinder from electric and magnetic line sources (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 253-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency ; nearfield ; hyperthermia ; dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A homogeneous, lossy circular cylinder is used as a simple model of a biological object in which interior heating is produced by the absorption of electromagnetic waves. For this model, we determined the optimum frequency, polarization, orientation and shape of applicators. Analytical and numerical results are given for both electric and magnetic line sources, with three different polarizations relative to the cylinder. Coupling efficiencies and contour plots are presented for a range of parameters. One particularly interesting result is the production of maximum energy deposition at the center of a cylinder of muscle tissue when exposed in the 100-MHz frequency range by the use of four applicators surrounding the cylinder.
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    Biological effects of oscillating electric fields: Role of voltage-sensitive ion channels (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: biological effects of oscillating electric fields ; excitable cells ; voltage-sensitive ion channels ; gating charges ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An alternating component of potential across the membrane of an excitable cell may change the membrane conductance by interacting with the voltagesensing charged groups of the protein macromolecules that form voltage-sensitive ion channels. Because the probability that a voltage sensor is in a given state is a highly nonlinear function of the applied electric field, the average occupancy of a particular state will change in an oscillating electric field of sufficient magnitude. This “rectification” at the level of the voltage sensors could result in conformational changes (gating) that would modify channel conductance. A simplified two-state model is examined where the relaxation time of the voltage sensor is assumed to be considerably faster than the fastest changes of ionic conductance. Significant changes in the occupancy of voltage sensor states in response to an applied oscillating electric field are predicted by the model.
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    Fluorescence depolarization studies of the phase transition in multilamellar phospholipid vesicles exposed to 1.0-GHz microwave radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 323-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: diphenylhexatriene ; fluorescence depolarization ; microviscosity ; multilamellar phospholipid vesicles ; phase transition ; 1-GHz microwave radiation ; TEM cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The phase transition in multilamellar dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles was studied during exposure to continuous wave 1.0-GHz microwave radiation. Fluorescence depolarization measurements using a lipid-seeking molecular probe, diphenylhexatriene (DPH). were performed as a function of temperature. Semilog plots of microviscosity versus temperature illustrate the phase transition which shows a 5°C shift when the vesicles are treated with chloroform as a positive control. No shift of the phase transition was found during exposure to microwave radiation at specific absorption rates between 1 and 30 W/kg. Samples were exposed in a rectangular transmission line (TEM cell), and specific absorption rates were calculated from electrical measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted power. Samples were exposed to increasing intensities of radiation, while the temperature was maintained at either 23.5 or 25.5 °C; these temperatures represented the two ends of the phase transition region for these vesicles. No statistically significant difference was found between exposed and control samples. These results are in contrast to those of others using laser Raman spectroscopy to measure the phase transition in similar multilamellar vesicles exposed to microwave radiation.
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    Flight, orientation, and homing abilities of honeybees following exposure to 2.45-GHz CW microwaves (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: honeybees ; invertebrates ; behavior ; solar power satellite ; 2.45-GHz microwaves ; continuous wave ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Foraging-experienced honeybees retained normal flight, orientation, and memory functions after 30 minutes' exposure to 2.45-GHz CW microwaves at power densities from 3 to 50 mW/cm2. These experiments were conducted at power densities approximating and exceeding those that would be present above receiving antennas of the proposed solar power satellite (SPS) energy transmission system and for a duration exceeding that which honeybees living outside a rectenna might be expected to spend within the rectenna on individual foraging trips. There was no evidence that airborne invertebrates would be significantly affected during transient passage through microwaves associated with SPS ground-based microwave receiving stations.
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    Evidence for electrostatic enhancement of odor receptor function by worker honeybee antennae (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 413-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: honeybee ; olfaction ; electrostatics ; electret ; chemosensillae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Pore plates (placoid chemosensillae) on the antennae of dead worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) apparently retained a static electric charge that was significantly different from that of the surrounding cuticle. Residual charge resulted in the concentration of airborne particulate matter over the rim of exposed pore plates to the virtual exclusion of such deposition on surrounding cuticle. Postmortem integrity of polar lipids associated with the pore plate and adjacent sense cells is hypothesized as the source of the static potential. Such a lipoidal matrix, if functioning as an electret and if attracting odorous molecules to receptor cells from outside the odor stream of individual receptors, would greatly enhance receptor efficiency of living bees.
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    Dielectric properties of animal tissues in vivo at frequencies 10 MHz - 1 GHz (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 93-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: permittivity ; in vivo ; radio frequencies ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An open-ended coaxial line sensor in conjunction with an automatic network analyzer was used to measure in vivo the permittivity of several feline tissues (skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain - gray and white matter) at frequencies between 10 MHz and 1 GHz. The estimated uncertainties of measurement were between 1.5% and 5%. The data are in general agreement with previously obtained data in vitro and in vivo. Significant differences in the properties of different types of the same tissue (eg, skeletal and smooth muscle) were observed. Many tissues were found to be non-homogeneous in its permittivity.
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; scanning electron microscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Both thermal and athermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on BHK-21/C13 cells were sought using scanning and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with an in vitro technique that allows direct exposure of monolayer cultures to high average power densities. Culture dishes were irradiated by placing them on the open end of an E- or U-band wave guide. This technique exposes different regions of the cell monolayer lying along the longer axis of the wave guide aperture to varying power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center.Cell ultrastructure was unaffected by microwave radiation for 1 hour (41.8 or 74.0 GHz, average power densitites = 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively) with or without cooling by rapid recirculation of the culture medium. Temperature in recirculated cultures was held at 37.2 °C, and that in noncooled cultures never exceeded 42 °C during irradiation at either power density. In contrast, cell morphology was affected by microwave exposure whenever irradiation conditions were altered so that the temperature of the monolayer reached or exceeded 44.5 °C. Ultrastructural alterations included breakage of cell processes, progressive detachment of cells from the substrate, increased clumping of heterochromatin in the nuclei, and the appearance of large empty vesicles in the cytoplasm. Such morphological changes resulted from either application of higher average power densities or irradiation at the power densities described above at a higher ambient temperature (〉38.5°C).
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    Effect of homogeneous magnetic fields on responses to toxic stimulation in spirostomum ambiguum (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 187-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ciliated protozoan ; DC magnetic field ; calcium-mediated contraction ; motility ; 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Effects of DC magnetic fields, up to 125,000 G, on the survival of the ciliated protozoan Spirostomum ambiguum exposed to the toxic substance 2,2′-dipyridyldisulfide are reported. The magnetic field diminishes the ability of the organism to survive the drug, and lengthens the extension phase of the contraction cycle. It is proposed that the magnetic field alters the regulation of intracellular (C2+) transients.
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    Development of xenopus laevis embryos in a static magnetic field (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 199-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: static magnetic fields ; development ; frog embryos ; low temperature ; cell membranes ; lipid phase transition ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to a DC magnetic field (2.5 kG) for periods up to 1 week. The previously reported stabilization of cell membranes by stationary magnetic fields could not be demonstrated.
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    Comparison of RF-induced calcium efflux from chick brain tissue at different frequencies: Do the scaled power density windows align? (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 407-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium efflux ; complex permittivity ; amplitude windows ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The recent suggestion that the pattern of positive and negative results of RF-induced calcium efflux from chick brain tissue, when appropriately scaled, matches at three frequencies is examined. Close scrutiny of this recently reported analysis by Joines and Blackman suggests that the uncertainties in the calculated scaling quantities are too large to permit meaningful conclusions.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Preface (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Effect of nonionizing radiation on the purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 247-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: nervous system ; rat cerebellum ; nonionizing radiation ; Purkinje cells ; microwaves ; radiofrequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In one experiment, Sprague Dawley rats (16-21 days of gestation) and their offspring were exposed to 100-MHz (CW) electromagnetic radiation at 46 mW/cm2 (SAR 2.77 mW/g) for 4 h/day for 97 days. In another experiment, the pregnant rats were irradiated daily from 17 to 21 days of gestation with 2450-MHz (CW) microwaves at 10 mW/cm2 (SAR 2 mW/g) for 21 h/day. In a third experiment, 6-day-old rat pups were irradiated 7 h/day for five days with 2450-MHz radiation at 10 mW/cm2. Equal numbers of animals were sham irradiated in each group. Quantitative studies of Purkinje cells showed a significant and irreversible decrease in rats irradiated during fetal or fetal and early postnatal life. In animals exposed postnatally, and euthanized immediately after irradiation, significant decrease in the relative number of Purkinje cells was apparent. However, restoration apparently occurred after forty days of recovery.
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    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. I. Natural killer cell activity (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 123-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave immunosuppression ; natural killer cells ; hamster immune system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Hamsters were exposed to repeated or single doses of microwave energy and monitored for changes in core body temperature. circulating leukocyte profiles, serum corticosteroid levels, and natural killer (NK) cell activity in various tissues. NK cytotoxicity was measured in a 15Crrelease assay employing baby hamster kidney (BHK) targets or BHK infected with herpes simplex virus. Repeated exposure of hamsters at 15 mW/cm2 for 60 min/day had no significant effect on natural levels of spleen-cell NK activity against BHK targets. Similarly, repeated exposure at 15 mW/cm2 over a 5-day period had no demonstrable effect on the induction of spleen NK activity by vaccinia virus immunization, that is. comparable levels of NK were induced in untreated and microwave-treated animals. In contrast, treatment of hamsters with a single 60-min microwave exposure at 25 mW/cm2 caused a significant suppression in induced spleen NK activity. A similar but less marked decrease in spleen NK activity was observed in sham-exposed animals. Moreover, the sham effects on NK activity were not predictable and appeared to represent large individual animal variations in the response to stress factors. Depressed spleen NK activity was evident as early as 4 h postmicrowave treatment and returned to normal levels by 8 h. Hamsters exposed at 25 mW/cm2 showed an elevated temperature of 3.0-3.5 °C that returned to normal within 60 min after termination of microwave exposure. These animals also showed a marked lymphopenia and neutrophilia by 1 h posttreatment that returned to normal by 8-10 h. Serum glucocorticosteroids were elevated between 1 and 8 h after microwave treatment. Sham-exposed animals did not demonstrate significant changes in core body temperature. peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) profile, or glucocorticosteroid levels as compared to minimum-handling controls.
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    Microwave dielectric studies on proteins, tissues, and heterogeneous suspensions (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 29-43 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric properties ; permittivity ; conductivity ; microemulsions ; water of hydration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We summarize the results of several of our recent studies on the dielectric properties of protein solutions, tissues, and nonionic microemulsions at microwave frequencies extending to 18 GHz. The data in all cases are analyzed using the Maxwell mixture theory to determine the dielectric properties of the suspending water and the amount and dielectric properties of the water of hydration associated with the suspended phase. The dielectric data from the protein solutions and tissues are broadly consistent with the results of previous studies at UHF frequencies; they indicate hydration values in the range of 0.4-0.6 g water/g protein. There is evidence of a dielectric relaxation process occurring at low-GHz frequencies that can be attributed in part to dielectric relaxation of the “bound” water in the system. The remaining solvent water appears to have dielectric properties close to, if not precisely the same as, those of pure water. The average relaxation frequency of the suspending water in the microemulsions is reduced from that of pure water, evidently reflecting an average of that of the water of hydration (∼5-6 GHz) and that of pure water. This reduced average relaxation frequency implies an increased average viscosity of the water and (by Walden's rule) accounts for the unexpectedly low ionic conductivity of the preparations.
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    A comparative study of human sensory thresholds: 2450-MHz Microwaves vs far-infrared radiation (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; infrared ; human ; thresholds ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Three male and three female adults individually placed the ventral surface of the right and upright forearm against a 15-cm-diameter aperture in a wall of microwave-absorbent material. Tensecond exposures occurred to E-vector-vertically polarized, 2450-MHz-CW microwave (MW) fields. Comparable exposure to infrared (IR) waves was repeated with four of the six observers. Thresholds of detection of just-noticeable warming by MW and IR radiation were determined by the double-staircase psychophysical method. Although the exposed surface areas of male observers' arm were larger than those of female observers, thresholds of warming by either source of energy overlapped; the pooled means of irradiance at threshold are 26.7 mW/cm2 (MW) and 1.7 mW/cm2 (IR). Dosimetric measures on saline models indicated virtually perfect absorption of the incident IR, but nearly two-thirds of the MW energy was scattered. Accordingly, the 15-fold difference in means of MW and IR thresholds resolves to a 5-fold difference in threshold quantities of absorbed energy. In the light of the high correlation between thresholds of IR and MW irradiation (r = .97), it is concluded that the same set of superficial thermoreceptors was being stimulated, only less efficiently so, by the more deeply penetrating, more diffusely absorbed MW energy.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Effects of electromagnetic radiation in the range 20-300 MHz on the vacuolar potential of characean cells (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 193-201 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: characean cells ; thermal response ; electromagnetic bioeffects ; real time measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A giant cell (circa 10 mm long) of Chara braunii or Nitella flexilis was placed in a microstrip exposure apparatus, and the vacuolar potential at one end was monitored with a micropipette while the other end was exposed to pulses of VHF radiation at electric field strengths up to 6250 V/m. With suitable filtering and signal averaging, offsets of the vacuolar potential could be detected in real time and at levels as low as 1 μU V. The only effect that has been reproducibly observed in the carrier frequency range 20-300 MHz was the slow ramp-like hyperpolarization previously reported [Pickard and Barsoum, 1981] and tentatively attributed to electromagnetic heating of the system. The slopes of these ramps became more pronounced with increasing frequency and behaved in accordance with theoretical predictions.
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    Effect of high-voltage pulses on the viability of human leucocytes in vitro (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: leucocytes ; transient currents ; spark discharges ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Human leucocytes were exposed to high-voltage pulses (transient currents) produced by discharging a capacitor through a test chamber containing the cell suspension then tested for viability using trypan blue. With the pulse discharge times of 1 and 3 μs increases in the number of dyeloaded cells were seen for field strengths above 2.6 kV/cm in the sample. For 0.2-μs pulses the critical field strength was about 5 kV/cm.
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    Comparative effects of pulsed and continuous-wave 2.8-GHz microwaves on temporally defined behavior (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; pulsed-wave ; continuous-wave ; operant behavior ; DRL schedule ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of pulsed-(PW) and continuous-wave (CW) 2.8-GHz microwaves were compared on the performance of rodents maintained by a temporally defined schedule of positive reinforcement. The schedule involved food-pellet reinforcement of behavior according to a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) contingency. The rats were independently exposed to PW and to CW fields at power densities ranging from 1 to 15 mW/cm2. Alterations of normal performance were more pronounced after a 30-minute exposure to the PW field than to the CW field. The rate of emission of appropriately timed responses declined after exposure to PW at 10 and 15 mW/cm2, whereas exposure at the same power levels to the CW field did not consistently affect the rate of responding. Change in performance associated with microwave exposure was not necessarily related to a general decline in responding: in some instances, increases in overall rates of responding were observed.
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    Erratum (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 293-293 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    Comparison of bacterial growth to high-intensity microwave exposure and conventional heating (1982)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 3 (1982), S. 471-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 8.8 GHz ; pulsed microwave ; thermal vs microwave alteration ; E coli ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Escherichia coli pol A+ and pol A- strains were exposed to 8.8-GHz microwaves pulsed at 1,000 Hz (1-μs pulse width) and an SAR of 40 W/kg, which increased the temperature of the cell culture by 7 °C. Two-way analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the growth rates of microwave irradiated and thermally exposed cells.
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    The influence of electric field exposure on bone growth and fracture repair in rats (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 11-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric field ; bone growth ; osteotomy repair ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats were exposed to a 60-Hz electric field at an unperturbed field strength of 100 kV/m to determine its affect on bone growth and fracture repair. Exposure of immature male and female rats for 20 h/day for 30 days did not alter growth rate, cortical bone area, or medullary cavity area of the tibia. In another experiment, midfibular osteotomies were performed and the juvenile rats were exposed at 100 kV/m for 14 days. Evaluation by resistance to deformation and breaking strength indicated that fracture repair was not as advanced in the exposed animals as in the shamexposed animals. In another experiment measurements of resistance to deformation were made in adult rats at 16, 20, and 26 days after osteotmy. Fracture repair was slower in exposed compared to control animals at day 20 and, to a lesser extent, at day 16, but not at day 26.
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    Quantitative changes in potassium, sodium, and calcium in the submaxillary salivary gland and blood serum of rats exposed to 2880-MHz microwave radiation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 55-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 2880-MHz microwaves ; submaxillary salivary gland ; Na+ ; K+ ; Ca2+ ; flame photometry ; hyperthermia ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentrations in the blood serum and submaxillary salivary gland (SSG) were investigated in adult, male rats exposed to 2880-MHz microwaves modulated with 1.5-μs pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 1000 Hz or in a hyperthermal environment. Rats were exposed, one at a time, for 30 min to microwaves producing a specific absorption rate (SAR) of: 4.2, 6.3,6.8,8.4, 10.8, or 12.6 W/kg, or were sham exposed under similar environmental conditions. In a second series, one group of rats was exposed singly for 15, 30, or 60 min to microwaves producing an SAR of 9.5 W/kg and other rats were exposed for similar periods at 40 °C; and 10 rats were sham exposed. Flame photometric analysis indicated that the thresholds of microwave radiation required to induce a change in Na+, K+, and Ca2+ concentrations in the salivary glands are 6.8, 6.8, and 6.3 W/kg, respectively. The directions of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ion shifts in exposed rats' salivary glands are similar, whether affected by microwaves or hyperthermia. Greater changes in Na+ and K+ concentrations in SSG of rats exposed to microwaves for 15 and 30 min were found than in those exposed at 40 °C. On the other hand, exposure to hyperthermia at 40 °C or to microwaves for 1 h caused Na+ concentration to be increased by 68.7 and 59.5% and K+ concentration to be decreased by 29.6 and 21.7%, respectively.
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    Chronic exposure of rabbits to 0.5 and 5 mW/cm2 2450-MHz CW Microwave Radiation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 63-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; exposure chamber ; dosimetry ; rabbit ; body mass ; food consumption ; blood chemistry ; pathology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two groups of 16 male New Zealand rabbits were exposed to 2450-MHz continuous wave microwave fields in two experiments of 90 days each. The incident power densities of the first and second experiment were 0.5 and 5 mW/cm2, respectively. During each study, 16 animals were adapted to a miniature anechoic chamber exposure system for at least 2 weeks, then 8 of them were exposed for 7 h daily, 5 days a week for 13 weeks, and the other 8 animals were sham exposed. The rabbits were placed in acrylic cages, and each was exposed from the top in an individual miniature anechoic chamber. Thermography showed a maximum specific absorption rate of 5.5 W/kg in the head and 7 W/kg in the back at 5-mW/cm2 incident power density. After each 7-h exposure session, the animals were returned to their home cages. Food consumption in the exposure chamber and body mass were measured daily. Blood samples were taken before exposure and monthly thereafter for hematological, morphological, chemical, protein electrophoresis, and lymphocyte blast transformation studies. Eyes were examined for cataract formation. Finally, pathological examinations of 28 specimens of organs and tissues of each rabbit were performed. Statistically, there was a significant (P 〈 .01) decrease only of food consumption during the 5-mW/cm2 exposure; other variables were not significantly different between exposed and control groups.
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    Testicular function of rats following exposure to microwave radiation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 107-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: spermatogenesis ; microwave radiation ; germinal tissue ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 6 h per day for nine days to pulse-modulated microwave radiation (1.3 GHz, at 1-μs pulse width, 600 pulses per second). Exposures were carried out in cylindrical waveguide sections at a mean dose rate of 6.3 mW/g; sham controls were treated similarly and received no irradiation. At time periods corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 cycles of the seminiferous epithelium, groups of four shamirradiated and four irradiated rats were killed and the testes removed for analysis. Net mass of the testes, epididymides, and seminal vesicles; daily sperm production (DSP) per testis and per gram of testis; sperm morphology; and the number of epididymal sperm were determined. There were no statistically significant differences between the shamirradiated and irradiated groups with respect to any measured variable. In a group of seven surrogate animals of similar body mass, the dose rate of 6.3 mW/g caused a net change in body temperature (via rectal probe) of 1.5 °C.
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    Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system. II. Peritoneal macrophage function (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 141-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave bioeffects ; hamster macrophages ; immunology ; viricidal macrophages ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Acute exposure of hamsters to microwave energy (2.45 GHz; 25 mW/cm2 for 60 min) resulted in activation of peritoneal macrophages that were significantly more viricidal to vaccinia virus as compared to sham-exposed or normal (minimum-handling) controls. Macrophages from microwave-exposed hamsters became activated as early as 6 h after exposure and remained activated for up to 12 days. The activation of macrophages by microwave exposure paralleled the macrophage activation after vaccinia virus immunization. Activated macrophages from vacciniaimmunized hamsters did not differ in their viricidal activity when the hamsters were microwave or sham-exposed. Exposure for 60 min at 15 mW/cm2 did not activate the macrophages while 40 mW/cm2 exposure was harmful to some hamsters. Average maximum core temperatures in the exposed (25 mW/cm2) and sham groups were 40.5 °C (±0.35 SD) and 38.4 °C (±0.5 SD), respectively. In vitro heating of macrophages to 40.5 °C was not as effective as in vivo microwave exposure in activating macrophages to the viricidal state. Macrophages from normal, shamexposed, and microwave-exposed hamsters were not morphologically different, and they all phagocytosed India ink particles. Moreover, immune macrophage cytotoxicity for virus-infected or noninfected target cells was not suppressed in the microwave-irradiated group (25 mW/cm2, 1 h) as compared to sham-exposed controls, indicating that peritoneal macrophages were not functionally suppressed or injured by microwave hyperthermia.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040301
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    Psychoactive-drug response is affected by acute low-level microwave irradiation (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 205-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; apomorphine ; amphetamine ; morphine ; behavior ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of various psychoactive drugs were studied in rats exposed for 45 min in a circularly polarized, pulsed microwave field (2450 MHz; SAR 0.6 W/kg; 2-μs pulses, 500 pps). Apomorphine-induced hypothermia and stereotypy were enhanced by irradiation. Amphetamine-induced hyperthermia was attenuated while stereotypy was unaffected. Morphine-induced catalepsy and lethality were enhanced by irradiation at certain dosages of the drug. Since these drugs have different modes of action on central neural mechanisms and the effects of microwaves depend on the particular drug studied, these results show the complex nature of the effect of microwave irradiation on brain functions.
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    Experimental determination of whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) of mice exposed to 200-400 MHz CW (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 267-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: mice ; specific absorption rate ; calorimetry ; TEM chamber ; 200-400 MHz CW ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A maximum of six live mice, mouse cadavers, prolate spheroids molded from muscle-equivalent tissue, or saline-filled culture flasks, were exposed to continuous wave radiation in a TEM cell at frequencies between 200 and 400 MHz. Whole-body average specific absorption rate (SAR) was determined from power meter measurements of incident, reflected, and transmitted powers. The SARs for both live mice and cadavers were approximately twice that for the prolate spheroid models, and when housed in Plexiglas restraining cages, about 2 1/2 times greater. An error multiplying factor is identified, that quantitatively expresses how SAR data obtained by the three -power-meter method becomes progressively more noisy as the irradiation frequency is lowered or as the TEM cell cross section is increased.
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    Masthead (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250040401
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    Effects of magnetic field exposure on fertilization success in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: fusion reactors ; magnetic fields ; biological effects ; fertilization ; fish ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The sensitivity of trout ova and sperm to 1-T magnetic fields was investigated. It was determined that (1) overall test results combining seven independent Z-statistics demonstrated a significant (α 〈 0.0001) enhancement of fertilization when ova alone were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization; (2) similarly, overall test results combining Z-statistics from eight independent experiments indicated a significant (α 〈 0.0004) enhancement when sperm alone were exposed; and (3) statistical analysis of nine independent experiments confirmed enhanced fertilization (α 〈 0.0001) when both ova and sperm were exposed to the magnetic field prior to fertilization. Although these data indicated that both ova and sperm were sensitive to magnetic fields, simultaneous exposure of both gametes did not have a greater total effect on fertilization rate than the sum of their individual effects.
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    Uniform DC electric field exposure systems for mice and cats (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 303-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DC electric fields ; exposure systems ; finite difference method (FDM) ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In most previous 50/60-Hz experiments, subjects were placed in a dielectric cage and the electric field was applied from outside the cage. Although the field outside the cage was kept uniform in space and constant in time, the field inside the cage undergoes undesirable temporal and spatial variations. We have designed an electric-field exposure system that overcomes these problems by having a metal cage constitute a part of the field generating electrodes. The uniformity along the diameter of the cages for mice and cats are more than 84.2% and 74.3%, respectively.
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    Oviposition and development of Drosophila modified by magnetic fields (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 315-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Drosophila ; ELF electromagnetic effects ; oviposition ; development ; viability ; magnetic fields ; DC magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Drosophila flies placed in a habitat with two lateral boxes demonstrated sensitivity to magnetic fields: Oviposition decreased by exposure to pulsated extremely low frequency (ELF) (100)Hz, 1.76 miliTesla (mT) and sinusosidal fields (50 Hz, 1 mT), while there was no initial effect of exposure to a static magnetic field (4.5 mT). Drosophila eggs treated for 48 h with the above described fields showed that (1) mortality of eggs was lower in controls than in eggs exposed to all tested magnetic fields; (2) mortality of larvae increased when a permanent magnet was used; (3) mortality of pupae was highest when a permanent magnet was used; and (4) general adult viability was highest in controls (67%) and diminished progressively when eggs were exposed to pulsated (55%), sinusoidal (45%), and static (35%) magnetic fields.
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    Electromagnetic Fields Induced by Helmholtz Aiding Coils Inside Saline-Filled Boundaries (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 4 (1983), S. 357-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Helmholtz coils ; electromagnetic fields ; induced currents ; saline media ; biological tissue ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The use of Helmholtz aiding coils to induce small electromagnetic (EM) fields in living tissue for both medical and research purposes has become quite common. While much progress has been made in showing that these induced EM signals can cause a variety of effects in tissues and individual cells, a satisfactory explanation of how the effects occur or how the EM signals couple to the tissue has not yet emerged. To address the latter problem adequately, it becomes necessary to know the spatial distribution of the induced fields inside a given set of boundaries. This paper examines the situation used for much in vitro research where a cylindrical culture dish is filled with a conducting solution and placed between the Helmholtz coils. Two cases are considered. The first assumes that the coils are above and below the culture dish (the planes of the coils are parallel with the top and bottom of the dish); the second assumes that the planes of the coils are parallel with the sides of the dish. A closed form solution is obtained for both cases, and it is shown that the induced EM field distribution is markedly different for the two cases.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050101
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    Microwave radiation-induced calcium ion efflux from human neuroblastoma cells in culture (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 71-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: human neuroblastoma cells ; calcium ion efflux ; microwave ; amplitude modulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Monolayer cultures of human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to 915-MHz radiation, with or without sinusoidal amplitude modulation (80%) at 16 Hz, at specific absorption rates (SAR) for the culture medium and cells of 0.00, 0.01, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2, or 5 mW/g. A significant increase in the efflux of calcium ions (45Ca2+) as compared to unexposed control cultures occurred at two SAR values: 0.05 and 1 mW/g. Increased efflux at 0.05 mW/g was dependent on the presence of amplitude modulation at 16 Hz but at the higher value it was not. These results indicate that human neuroblastoma cells are sensitive to extremely low levels of microwave radiation at certain narrow ranges of SAR.
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    Behavioral studies with mice exposed to DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 147-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: DC and 60-Hz magnetic fields ; animal behavior ; memory retention ; locomotor activity ; pentylenetetrazole sezure threshold ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Behavioral measures were evaluated in adult CD-1 and LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a 1.5-Tesla (1 T = 104 Gauss) homogeneous DC magnetic field, and in LAF-1 mice continuously exposed for 72 h to a sinusoidal 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) homogeneous AC field. Three types of behavioral tests were employed: (1) Memory of an electroshock-motivated passive avoidance task was assessed in animals that had been trained immediately prior to the field exposure. The strength of memory was varied either by altering the strength of the electric footshock during training, or by administering a cerebral protein synthesis inhibitor, anisomycin, at the time of training. (2) General locomotor activity was measured using a quadrant-crossing test immediately after termination of the magnetic field exposure. (3) Sensitivity of the experimental subjects to the seizure-inducing neuro-pharmacological agent, pentylenetetrazole, was assessed immediately after the field exposure on the basis of three criteria: (a) the percentage of subjects exhibiting a generalized seizure, (b) the mean time to seizure, and (c) the mean seizure level. The results of these studies revealed no behavioral alterations in exposed mice relative to controls in any of the experimental tests with the 1.5-T DC field or the 60-Hz, 1.65-mT (rms) AC field.
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    Cell membrane temperature rate sensitivity predicted from the Nernst equation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 113-115 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Nernst equation ; temperature derivatives ; cell membranes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A hyperpolarized current is predicted from the Nernst equation for conditions of positive temperature derivatives with respect to time. This ion current, coupled with changes in membrane channel conductivities, is expected to contribute to a transient potential shift across the cell membrane for silent cells and to a change in firing rate for pacemaker cells.
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050201
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    The effect of exposure of acetylcholinesterase to 2,450-MHz microwave radiation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: acetylcholinesterase ; microwave ; microwave spectrophotometer-fluorometer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of 2,450-MHz pulsed microwave radiation on the enzyme activity of membranefree acetylcholinesterase was studied while the enzyme was in the microwave field. We found no significant effect of microwave radiation on enzyme activity using a wide variety of power densities, pulse widths, repetition rates, and duty cycles. This suggests that simple, direct modification by microwave energy of acetylcholinesterase structure and enzymic activity is not related to microwave alteration of acetylcholinesterase central nervous system levels.
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    Ethanol-induced hypothermia and ethanol consumption in the rat are affected by low-level microwave irradiation (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; ethanol ; hypothermia ; fluid consumption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwave irradiation of rats by circularly polarized, 2,450-MHz, pulsed waves (2-μs pulses; 500 pps) was performed in waveguides to determine effects on ethanol-induced hypothermia and on ethanol consumption. Rats injected intraperitoneally with ethanol (3 g/kg in a 25% v/v water solution) immediately after 45 min of microwave irradiation exhibited attenuation of the initial rate of fall in body temperature, which was elicited by the ethanol, but exhibited no significant difference in maximal hypothermia as compared with that of sham-irradiated rats. Microwave irradiation did not affect the consumption of a 10% sucrose (w/v) solution by water-deprived rats. However, it enhanced the consumption of a solution of 10% sucrose (w/v) + 15% ethanol (v/v) by water-deprived animals. These results were obtained at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.6 W/kg, which rate of energy dosing would require a power density of 3-6 mW/cm2 if exposure of the animals had occurred to a 12-cm plane wave.
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    Operant behavior and colonic temperature of Macaca mulatta exposed to radio frequency fields at and above resonant frequencies (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 233-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: operant behavior ; observing-responses ; radiofrequency radiation ; colonic temperature ; rhesus monkeys ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Five food-deprived rhesus monkeys were exposed to 225-MHz continuous-wave, and 1.3-GHz, and 5.8-GHz pulsed radiation to determine the minimal power densities affecting performance. The monkeys were trained to press a lever (observing-response) thereby producing signals that indicated availability of food. In the presence of the aperiodically appearing food signals, a detection response on a different lever was reinforced by a food pellet. Continuous, stable responding during 60-min sessions developed and was followed by repeated exposures to radiofrequency radiation. The subjects, restrained in a Styrofoam chair, were exposed to free-field radiation while performing the task. Colonic temperature was simultaneously obtained. Observing-response performance was impaired at increasingly higher power densities as frequency increased from the near-resonance 225 MHz to the above-resonance 5.8 GHz. The threshold power density of disrupted response rate at 225 MHz was 8.1 mW/cm2; at 1.3 GHz it was 57 mW/cm2, and at 5.8 GHz it was 140 mW/cm2. These power densities were associated with reliable increases in colonic temperatures above sham-exposure levels. The mean increase was typically in the range of 1°C, and response-rate changes were not observed in the absence of concomitant temperature increases. In these experiments increase of colonic temperature was a much better predictor of behavioral disruption than was either the power density of the incident field or estimates of whole-body-averaged rates of energy absorption.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050211
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    Masthead (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050301
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    Internal field strength measurements in chick forebrains at 50, 147, and 450 MHz. This paper has been reviewed by the Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 293-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: brain tissue ; radiofrequency (RF) radiation ; dosmetry ; calcium ions ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This report describes some experimental measurements of the internal field levels induced within isolated chick-forebrains irradiated at 50, 147, and 450 MHz, under essentially the same conditions as those used in the in vitro calcium-ion efflux experiments. Ratios of incident power at 50/147 MHz and 147/450 MHz that are needed to establish the same probe output are given and comparisons made with values predicted by different spherical models. Data predicted by the layered-sphere model were found to be in close agreement with measured values for the 50/147-MHz ratio. Agreement for the 147/450-MHz ratio was poorer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050302
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  • 91
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    Cerebrovascular permeability to 86Rb in the rat after exposure to pulsed microwaves (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 323-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed microwaves ; rat ; blood-brain barrier ; 86Rb permeability ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Microwaves (pulsed, 2,450 MHz) at an average power density of 3 W/cm2 were applied directly to the head for 5, 10, or 20 min, producing a peak specific absorption rate of 240 W/kg in the brain, which, after a 10-min exposure, resulted in brain temperatures in excess of 43°C. A bolus of 86Rb in isotonic saline was injected intravenously and an arterial sample was collected for 20 s to determine cardiac output. Compared with unexposed controls, uptake of 86Rb increased most in those regions directly in the path of the irradiation, namely, the occipital and parietal cortex, as well as the dorsal hippocampus, midbrain, and basal ganglia. In a separate group of animals, regional brain-vascular spaces were found to increase with brain temperature. These results support previous observations indicating that reliably demonstrable increases of blood-brain barrier permeability are associated with intense, microwave-induced hyperthermia, and that the observed changes are not due to field-specific interaction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050305
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  • 92
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    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010101
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  • 93
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    Editorial (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010102
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  • 94
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    A vector upstream differencing scheme for problems in fluid flow involving significant source terms in steady-state linear systems (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 3-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Vector Upstream ; Differencing Scheme ; Significant Sources ; False Diffusion ; Spatial Oscillation ; Steady-state Linear Systems ; Convective Flow ; Rod Bundle Geometry ; Temperature Prediction ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper considers a finite difference scheme for modelling the convection/diffusion equation in strongly convective flow regimes including circumstances in which significant source terms are present.The main objective is to provide an alternative approach to central and/or upwind difference methods which for various reasons are unsatisfactory. To illustrate the main features of the scheme, an assessment of its accuracy is made by means of a Taylor expansion analysis and a study of its performance in two model problems. As a demonstration of its generality for use in large-scale practical problems, some numerical results are presented for the prediction of the temperature distribution in a flow through a partially blocked heated rod bundle.The main conclusions are that in almost all practical circumstances results obtained using the scheme are not susceptible to false diffusion or spatial oscillations, which are, respectively, the inherent weaknesses in many upwind and central difference scheme formulations, and in general its use results in improved overall accuracy.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010103
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  • 95
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    A simple method to generate high-order accurate convection operators for explicit schemes based on linear finite elements (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 63-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Heat Transfer ; Convection Finite ; Element Method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A simple method is proposed to generate high-order accurate convection operators for lumped-explicit schemes based on linear or multilinear finite elements. The basic idea is to reduce the truncation error on the first-order spatial derivatives by exploiting the consistent mass matrix of the finite element method in a purely explicit multistep procedure. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on pure convection problems in one and two dimensions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010106
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    The cause and cure (?) of the spurious pressures generated by certain FEM solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations: Part 1 (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 17-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Finite Element ; Navier-Stokes ; Incompressible Flows ; Penalty Methods ; Pressure Filters ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The spurious pressures and ostensibly acceptable velocities which sometimes result from certain FEM approximate solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are explained in detail. The concept of pressure modes, physical and spurious, pure and impure, is introduced and their effects on discretized solutions is analysed, in the context of both mixed interpolation and penalty approaches. Pressure filtering schemes, which are capable of recovering useful pressures from otherwise polluted numerical results, are developed for two particular elements in two-dimensions and one element in three-dimensions. Implications regarding the effect of spurious pressure modes on accuracy and ultimate convergence with mesh refinement are discussed and a list of unanswered questions presented. Sufficient numerical examples are discussed to corroborate the theory presented herein.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010104
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  • 97
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    Periodic finite elements in two-layer tidal flow (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 45-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Two Layer Flow ; Periodic Galerkin Method ; Mixed Interpolation ; Niigata Port ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to present the finite element method and its application to quasi-steady periodic two-layer tidal flow in estuaries and coastal seas. Formulating the weighted residual equations, using quadratic polynomials for velocity and linear polynomials for water elevation as interpolation functions and employing the periodic Galerkin method, the nonlinear simultaneous equations can be derived. The present method is used for the simulation analysis of the Niigata Port redevelopment planning.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010105
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  • 98
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    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010201
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  • 99
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    Improved finite element forms for the shallow-water wave equations (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 81-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Waves ; Mixed Finite Element ; Shallow Water ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents new finite element formulations of the shallow-water wave equations which use different basis functions for the velocity and height fields. These arrangements are analysed with the Fourier transform technique which was developed by Schoenstadt,1 and they are also compared with other finite difference and finite element schemes. The new schemes are integrated in time for two initial states and compared with analytic solutions and numerical solutions from other schemes. The behaviour of the new forms is excellent and they are also convenient to apply in two dimensions with triangular elements.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010107
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    Announcements (1981)
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 1 (1981), S. 99-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1650010108
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