ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (700)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (700)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1983  (353)
  • 1981  (347)
  • 1927
  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Joint Airport Weather Studies (AWS) project (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The joint airport weather studies (JAWS) project is discussed. The major objectives of the JAWS Project are a fundamental description of the phenomenon, a determination of the hazard potential and a definition of a protection and warning system, all of which are relative to low level wind shear. Aspects of the low level wind shear phenomenon. The principal focus, however, is the microburst. The microburst is fundamentally a rather simple atmospheric flow. It is a downdraft that, upon approaching the surface, spreads out horizontally, producing a diverging radial flow in all directions. For any direction that an aircraft flies through the microburst, it will first encounter increasing head winds; then the remnants of the downdraft; and then, increasing tail wind.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 85-95
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Lightning strike experience in the NASA F-106B storm hazards program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A heavily instrumented F-106B aircraft was flown in thunderstorms to gather data for characterizing lightning at aircraft operating altitudes. Conventional weather finding techniques are supplemented with UHF lightning mapping radar to select the most active storm cells and the most likely altitude for obtaining direct lightning strikes to the airplane. One hundred seventy-six strikes were obtained in a 3 year period, mostly at an altitude of above 25,000 feet.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 63-65
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Wind shear and vortex wake research in UK, 1982 (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A wind shear and vortex wake and their impact on aircraft were investigated. The systems and advice to help pilots, and rational scientific methods to assist in advising certification authorities and those interested in improving flight safety were developed. Wind Shear and Vortex Wakes are related, they are both invisible enemies of aircraft in the form of large disturbances in the atmosphere, both cause major accidents. Problems of building wakes at airports are is considered. Research on wind shear was initiated by the American FAA following the Boston, New York and Denver accidents to civil airliners. This resulted in: useful advice to pilots about wind shear; better attempts by the meteorologists at forecasting wind shear conditions; and useful ideas for wind shear measurement and warning systems. Three major research tasks are outstanding: (1) Worldwide measurements to give reliable estimates of probability and details of the forms of large wind shears; (2) Developments of real time wind shear measuring systems for ground or airborne use; and (3) Establishing relationships between measured wind shear and the potential hazard to an aircraft, or class of aircraft.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 66-83
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Marked surface inversions and wind shear: A safety risk for departing aircraft (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Marked surface inversions occur most frequently in dry continental climates, where low atmospheric humidity allows heat transfer by long wave thermal radiation. In the northern latitudes, surface inversions reach their maximum intensity during the winter, when the incoming Sun's radiation is negligible and radiative cooling is dominant during the long nights. During winter, air mass boundaries are sharp, which causes formation of marked surface inversions. The existence of these inversions and sharp boundaries increase the risk of wind shear. The information should refer to marked inversions exceeding a temperature difference of 10 deg C up to 1000 feet. The need to determine the temperature range over which he information is operationally needed and the magnitude of the inversion required before a notification to pilots prior to departure is warranted are outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 61-62
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A cursory glance at results from NASA's B-57B gust gradient program (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Gust Gradient Program is a data intensive effort involving tripple Doppler radar, a surface weather station mesonet and other aircraft. The Joint Airport Weather Studies was utilized to gain additional data. The data were used to fill in the gap in turbulence modeling.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 38-42
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    GEM: Statistical weather forecasting procedure (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objective of the Generalized Exponential Markov (GEM) Program was to develop a weather forecast guidance system that would: predict between 0 to 6 hours all elements in the airways observations; respond instantly to the latest observed conditions of the surface weather; process these observations at local sites on minicomputing equipment; exceed the accuracy of current persistence predictions at the shortest prediction of one hour and beyond; exceed the accuracy of current forecast model output statistics inside eight hours; and be capable of making predictions at one location for all locations where weather information is available.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 42-44
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Department of Defense meteorological and environmental inputs to aviation systems (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Recommendations based on need, cost, and achievement of flight safety are offered, and the re-evaluation of weather parameters needed for safe landing operations that lead to reliable and consistent automated observation capabilities are considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 19-20
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Aviation weather services (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The primary responsibilities of the National Weather Service (NWS) are to: provide warnings of severe weather and flooding for the protection of life and property; provide public forecasts for land and adjacent ocean areas for planning and operation; and provide weather support for: production of food and fiber; management of water resources; production, distribution and use of energy; and efficient and safe air operations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 14-16
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Federal Aviation Administration weather program to improve aviation safety (1983)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The implementation of the National Airspace System (NAS) will improve safety services to aviation. These services include collision avoidance, improved landing systems and better weather data acquisition and dissemination. The program to improve the quality of weather information includes the following: Radar Remote Weather Display System; Flight Service Automation System; Automatic Weather Observation System; Center Weather Processor, and Next Generation Weather Radar Development.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 6th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 21-25
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    On the effect of temporal sampling on the observation of mean rainfall (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Rainfall characteristics using data from dense recording raingage networks is reviewed. Data from such networks have quantified temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, and have supplied specialized information about local and orographic effects. The natural variability, temporally and spatially, for annual, seasonal, monthly, and individual events is treated. Especially important are the spatial variations of precipitation as a function of synoptic type, precipitation type, amount, and duration. Results from dense raingage networks in Illinois, and some data from other climatic regions is also treated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 8 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 11
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Prospects for measuring phytoplankton bloom extent and patchiness using remotely sensed color images: An example (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A 10 channel scanning radiometer, built as a prototype for the coastal zone color scanner on the Nimbus 7 satellite, was flown on a high altitude aircraft during a Gymnodium breve bloom along the west coast of Florida. The remotely measured ocean color imagery shows what is probably the patchy structure of a G. breve bloom extending over a 60 km by 100 km area. This conclusion is based on visual inspection of bathymetry to infer bottom reflection trends and on a single growth truth measurement of B G. breve obtained the previous day. The image shows coherent blooms which extend scales up to 60 km in length.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 680-685
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Arctic Sea ice decay simulated for a CO2-induced temperature rise (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A large scale numerical time-dependent model of sea ice that takes into account the heat fluxes in and out of the ice, the seasonal occurrence of snow, and ice motions was used in an experiment to determine the response of the Arctic Ocean ice pack to a warming of the atmosphere. The degree of warming specified is that expected for a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide with its associated greenhouse effect, a condition that could occur before the middle of the next century. The results of three 5-year simulations with a warmer atmosphere and varied boundary conditions were: (1) that in the face of a 5 K surface atmospheric temperature increase the ice pack disappeared completely in August and September but reformed in the central Arctic Ocean in mid fall; (2) that the simulations were moderately dependence on assumptions concerning cloud cover; and (3) that even when atmospheric temperature increases of 6-9 K were combined with an order-of-magnitude increase in the upward heat flux from the ocean, the ice still appeared in winter. It should be noted that a year-round ice-free Arctic Ocean has apparently not existed for a million years or more.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 687-700
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The 1977 tundra fire at Kokolik River, Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: During the summer of 1977, fire totaled 44 sq km of tundra vegetation according to measurements using LANDSAT imagery. Based on the experience gained from analysis of this fire using ground observations, satellite imagery, and topographic maps, it appears that natural drainages form effective fire breaks on the subdued relief of the Arctic coastal plain and northern foothills. It is confirmed that the intensity of the fire is related to vegetation type and to the moisture content of the organic rich soils.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 660-670
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The 1977 tundra fire in the Kokolik River area of Alaska (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Presumably caused by lightning, a large fire occurred due east of Point Lay several kilometers southwest of the Kokolik River, the farthest north a fire was ever fought by Bureau of Land Management personnel in Alaska. The progress and area extent of the fire were determined by analysis of LANDSAT MSS band 5 and 7 imagery. Low altitude observations from helicopter showed the fire burned a range of vegetation and relief types which included low polygonized and upland tussock tundras. The burned area appeared wetter on the surface than the unburned area, due to a lack of moisture absorbing organic matter and the possible release of moisture from the deeper thawed zone. Suggestions for future investigations of the effects of fire on tundra and permafrost terrains are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints 1978 - 1979, Vol. 2; p 671-675
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The Joint Airport Weather Studies Project (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A block diagram of the joint airport weather studies program is presented. Background leading to the development of the program is reviewed. Basic studies, aircraft performance, and detection and warning techniques used to develop fine scale structure of thunderstorm dynamics and kinematics in the vicinity of a major airport; effect of thunderstorm low level wind shear on aircraft performance; and development of real time testing of flow level wind shear detection and warning techniques and displays are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 91-95
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Prototype Regional Observation and Forecast System (PROFS) (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The prototype regional observation and forecast system (PROFS) outputs are demonstrated, functional design specifications to be used to procure and implement operational systems are outlined. Advanced candidate technologies are evaluated as an integral part of the process that leads to these outputs. Evaluation insures that future weather service systems will contain the optimum mix of technologies to be most cost effective in reducing the annual losses and deaths that are directly attributed to severe weather.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 81-85
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Progress on low altitude cloud icing research (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The icing environment at altitudes below 10,000 feet were studied. The following questions are asked, are: (1) existing aircraft certification criteria applicable; (2) too stringent on icing for helos; (3) based on accurate data; (4) appropriate for low (10,000 ft) altitudes? The research plan is outlined: review historical icing data, obtain new measurements, collect modern icing data from other groups, and recommend LWC, OAT, and MVD criteria for helicopters. Estimated accuracies and known sources of error are included. It is concluded that the net effect of possible sources of error of both signs is uncertain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc.: 5th Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 59-63
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Some experiments on the effect of remote sounding temperatures upon weather forecasting (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: A time-continuous statistical method is presented for the four dimensional assimilation of remote sounding temperatures based on radiance measurements from polar orbiting satellites. This method is applied to DST 6 data from the NOAA 4 and Nimbus 6 satellites. The state of the atmosphere throughout the test period was determined using a varying amount of satellite data from the NOAA 4 satellite only, from Nimbus 6 only, and from both satellites together. The methods tested included different variations of the statistical method, as well as more traditional methods. It is concluded that satellite derived temperature data can have a modest, but statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the two to three day range, and that this impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available and to the assimilation method used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Goddard Lab. for Atmospheric Sci., Collected Reprints, 1978 - 1979, Vol. 1; p 175-199
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A case study of the sensitivity of forecast skill to data and data analysis techniques (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of experiments have been conducted to examine the sensitivity of forecast skill to various data and data analysis techniques for the 0000 GMT case of January 21, 1979. These include the individual components of the FGGE observing system, the temperatures obtained with different satellite retrieval methods, and the method of vertical interpolation between the mandatory pressure analysis levels and the model sigma levels. It is found that NESS TIROS-N infrared retrievals seriously degrade a rawinsonde-only analysis over land, resulting in a poorer forecast over North America. Less degradation in the 72-hr forecast skill at sea level and some improvement at 500 mb is noted, relative to the control with TIROS-N retrievals produced with a physical inversion method which utilizes a 6-hr forecast first guess. NESS VTPR oceanic retrievals lead to an improved forecast over North America when added to the control.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 20
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Effect of high latitude filtering on NWP skill (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An assessment is made of the extent to which polar filtering may seriously affect the skill of latitude-longitude NWP models, such as the U.S. Navy's NOGAPS, or the GLAS fourth-order model. The limited experiments which have been completed to date with the 4 x 5-deg, 9-level version of the latter model indicate that the high latitude filter currently in operation affects its forecasting skill very little, with only one exception in which the use of the PG filter significantly improved forecasting.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 21
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Thunderstorm cloud top observations using satellite stereoscopy (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation has as objective to take a detailed look at the intense squall line over Oklahoma on May 2-3, 1979, using GOES stereoscopy combined with GOES infrared data. The synoptic situation and data sources are considered along with the stereoscopically observed cloud top ascent rates. Cloud top observations of intense thunderstorms are discussed, taking into account a contouring technique, the interpretation of infrared cloud top temperature patterns, and small-scale structure and its variability. It is found that GOES IR cloud top temperatures grossly underestimate the actual cloud top height observed stereoscopically, especially for immature storms. It is difficult to define growing storms below about 10 km in the GOES infrared data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1949-196
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 22
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Transport and the seasonal variation of ozone (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The transport mechanisms responsible for the seasonal behavior of total ozone are deduced from the comparison of model results to stratospheric data. The seasonal transport is dominated by a combination of the diabatic circulation and transient planetary wave activity acting on a diffusively and photochemically determined background state. The seasonal variation is not correctly modeled as a diffusive process. The buildup of total ozone at high latitudes during winter is dependent upon transient planetary wave activity of sufficient strength to cause the breakdown of the polar vortex. While midwinter warmings are responsible for enhanced ozone transport to high latitudes, the final warming marking the transition from zonal mean westerlies to zonal mean easterlies is the most important event leading to the spring maximum. The final warming is not followed by reacceleration of the mean flow; so that the ozone transport associated with this event is more pronounced than that associated with midwinter warmings.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 121; 5-6,
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 23
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Conservation laws of wave action and potential enstrophy for Rossby waves in a stratified atmosphere (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The evolution of wave energy, enstrophy, and wave motion for atmospheric Rossby waves in a variable mean flow are discussed from a theoretical and pedagogic standpoint. In the absence of mean flow gradients, the wave energy density satisfies a local conservation law, with the appropriate flow velocity being the group velocity. In the presence of mean flow variations, wave energy is not conserved, but wave action is, provided the mean flow is independent of longitude. Wave enstrophy is conserved for arbitrary variations of the mean flow. Connections with Eiiassen-Palm flux are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Pure and Applied Geophysics (ISSN 0033-4553); 121; 5-6,; 917-946
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 24
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A parameterization of the absorption in the 15 micron CO2 spectral region with application to climate sensitivity studies (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique for quantifying the absorption that takes place in the 15 micron CO2 band in the atmosphere is developed as a function of the scaled CO2 content. A spectrally averaged transmission function is defined and a scaling approximation for the absorption coefficient is calculated, as is the width of the absorption band. An assessment is made of the accuracies of the parameterized atmospheric transmittance and cooling rate. The resulting radiation parameterization is applied in a climate sensitivity study. The model is concluded useful in examining atmospheres with a variable CO2 content, with the highest accuracies being available in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. CO2 doubling the earth's atmosphere is projected to cause a 20 percent warming in the surface temperatures and a 30 percent warming for the tripling of the CO2 content, provided the spectral range for CO2 absorption is extended from 580-760 to 540-800/cm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2183-219
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 25
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The southern oscillation and long-range forecasting of the summer monsoon rainfall over India (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Indian summer monsoon rainfall and the Darwin pressure anomalies are examined for the 81-year period 1901-81. It is found that the tendency of the Darwin pressure anomaly before the monsoon season is a good indicator of the monsoon rainfall anomaly. During the 81-year period, there were only two instances (1901, 1941) when a negative tendency of winter (December, January, February) to spring (March, April, May) Darwin pressure anomaly was followed by a monsoon rainfall anomaly of less than minus one standard deviation; and only three instances (1916, 1933, 1961) when a positive tendency was followed by a rainfall anomaly of more than one standard deviation. Therefore, if the Darwin pressure anomaly during March, April and May is below normal, and if the Darwin seasonal pressure anomaly has been falling, a non-occurrence of drought over India can be predicted with a very high degree of confidence. Similarly, above normal Darwin pressure during March, April and May, and increasing seasonal pressure anomaly is a good indicator of the non-occurrence of very heavy rain over India.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1830-183
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 26
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The utilization of Nimbus-7 SMMR measurements to delineate rainfall over land (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Approaches for developing an improved passive microwave technique to delineate rain from wet land surfaces are considered, and an investigation is conducted with the objective to study the application of these ideas with empirical data. The investigation includes a statistical analysis of Nimbus-7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) 37.0, 18.0, and 10.7 GHz data. The possibility was assessed to make use of the 18.0 and 10.7 GHz channels in order to reduce the ambiguities found in the 37.0 GHz radiometer data for differentiating rainfall areas from wet land surfaces. It was found, however, that none of the SMMR channels could differentiate rain from wet or dry land when surface temperatures were less than 15 C. It appears that an improved rainfall-over-land detection technique could be developed by two different methods, utilizing both satellite infrared and multifrequency dual polarized passive microwave data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1753-176
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 27
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Light extinction by aerosols during summer air pollution (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In order to utilize satellite measurements of optical thickness over land for estimating aerosol properties during air pollution episodes, the optical thickness was measured from the surface and investigated. Aerosol optical thicknesses have been derived from solar transmission measurements in eight spectral bands within the band lambda 440-870 nm during the summers of 1980 and 1981 near Washington, DC. The optical thicknesses for the eight bands are strongly correlated. It was found that first eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of all observations accounts for 99 percent of the trace of the matrix. Since the measured aerosol optical thickness was closely proportional to the wavelength raised to a power, the aerosol size distribution derived from it is proportional to the diameter (d) raised to a power for the range of diameters between 0.1 to 1.0 micron. This power is insensitive to the total optical thickness. Changes in the aerosol optical thickness depend on several aerosol parameters, but it is difficult to identify the dominant one. The effects of relative humidity and accumulation mode concentration on the optical thickness are analyzed theoretically, and compared with the measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 22; 1694-170
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 28
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    An analysis of the 'Blizzard of '88' (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The analysis of the blizzard, an intense cyclone that was accompanied by unusually heavy snowfall, high winds, and cold temperatures, is carried out using a collection of detailed surface weather observations. It follows the cyclone from its genesis along a slow-moving frontal system through its rapid development and occlusion along the Middle Atlantic and southern New England coasts. Unusual aspects of the cyclone are discussed. Among these are the limited areal extent of heavy snow accumulations, the establishment of very cold air across western New England and the Middle Atlantic states, a persistent stationary front zone across central New England that separated frigid continental air from maritime air, and the slow movement and rapid warming associated with the decay of the storm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 64; 1258-127
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 29
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Stratospheric water vapor variability for Washington, DC/Boulder, CO - 1964-82 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements for Washington, DC and Boulder, CO are combined to provide a time series of midlatitude stratospheric water vapor data for the period 1964-82. The mean concentration for the data period is shown to be nearly constant with altitude for the low stratospheric layer between 16-22 km with a mass mixing ratio for the layer of 2.5-2.6 ppmm. Above 22 km the mixing ratio increases slightly with altitude. Evident in the 60 mb level time series is an annual cycle, a quasi-biennial cycle and a long-term nonlinear trend. The quasi-biennial cycle in water vapor at midlatitudes is consistent with variations in tropical stratosphere zonal winds and temperature and total ozone and suggests a modulation of the Hadley cell circulation. The long-term trend shows mixing ratio increasing during the 1960s and decreasing in the 1970s after 1972.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2157-216
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 30
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A satellite stereoscopic technique to estimate tropical cyclone intensity (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The techniques used to obtain the mean equivalent temperature of the eye wall for Hurricanes Frederic (1979) and Allen (1980) using GOES satellite IR and stereoscopic observations are described. The eye wall is the area of greatest convection near the center of the storm, and is bounded by the inner radius around the eye and the outer radius bounding the area of inner core convection. The stereoscopic capability afforded by the GOES West and East spacecraft permits simultaneous, two-view imagery of a tropical cyclone, yielding height measurement accuracies of 0.5 km and horizontal accuracies as small as 1 km. An airborne lidar unit was used to verify the height measurements made of Hurricane Frederic. At the same time, the GOES East Visible IR Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) provided the mean wall temperatures from the release of latent heat. The trials aided in identifying the assumptions and consequent inaccuracies introduced into the temperature sounding data during analysis. The satellite data is concluded useful for monitoring changes in storm intensity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 111; 1599-161
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 31
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Comparison of a barotropic blocking theory with observation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Hart (1979) showed that the truncated spectral equations obtained by Charney and Devore (1979) could be derived merely by assuming that the cross-stream scale of the topography was large compared to the downstream scale. Since actual topography does not have the large y scales postulated by Hart, his model was modified in the current investigation to obtain equations with arbitrary zonal variations of topography by projecting all variable functions onto the first topographic cross-stream mode. The topographic heights and streamfunctions are expanded as Fourier series in the cross-stream coordinate and the series are truncated after the first term. This accomplishes Hart's results but permits more realistic y variations in the topography. The present investigation is the first in a two-part series. The second part will deal with a two-layer baroclinic channel flow, again with arbitrary zonal variations of topography.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 32
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Combined eye-atmosphere visibility model (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Existing models of the optical characteristics of the eye are combined with a recent model of optical characteristics of the atmosphere given by its modulation transfer function. This combination results in the combined eye-atmosphere performance given by the product of their modulation transfer functions. An application for the calculation of visibility thresholds in the case of a two-halves field is given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; May 1
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 33
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Computations of transmittance and radiance in infrared water vapor sounding channels (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The wing-scaling approximation/k-distribution method, previously developed for computing solar heating rates (Chou and Arking, 1981) was applied to the computation of the transmittance and outgoing radiance in infrared water vapor sounding channels. Functions necessary for the transmittance and radiance computations were computed from molecular line parameters using line-by-line methods. The method was applied to the three HIRS/2 water vapor sounding channels on the TIROS-N satellite, and its accuracy was tested using 11 widely separated atmospheres which ranged from hot-wet tropical atmospheres to cold-dry subarctic atmospheres. Compared to line-by-line calculations, maximum errors were shown to be less than 0.017 in transmittance and 0.4 K in brightness temperature for all cases. The rms errors are less than 0.009 in transmittance and 0.2 K in brightness temperature, the brightness temperature rms error being much smaller than the instrument noise.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 34
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    An objective method for forecasting tropical cyclone intensity using Nimbus-5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An empirical analysis program, based on finding an optimal representation of the data, is applied to 120 observations of 29 1973 and 1974 North Pacific tropical cyclones. It is found that the algorithms developed from the Nimbus-5 Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR-5) base alone outperformed the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) operational forecast for the 48 and 72 hour maximum wind speed. It is also found that the ESMR-5 data base, when combined with the non-satellite base, produced algorithms that improved the 24 and 48 hour maximum wind-speed forecast by as much as 10% and the 72 hour maximum wind forecast by approximately 16% as compared to the forecast obtained from the algorithms developed from the non-satellite data base alone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 20; Feb. 198
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 35
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The outlook for precipitation measurements from space (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The outlook for providing precipitation measurements of useful accuracy and or precision from space is discussed. Visible and infrared techniques, microwave radiometers, spaceborne radar, and altimeters are discussed. Key obstacles are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 36
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Adaptively pointing spaceborne radar for precipitation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An auxiliary concept of adaptive pointing applicable to meteorological radar is discussed. This control technique would resolve the conflicts among speed of scan or scan width, resolution, and dwell time per resolution element. At T1(orbital position) a passive infrared radiometer imager scans a swath ahead of the spacecraft; an appropriate algorithm indicates which clouds are probably producing precipitation. These locations are then used by the on-board antenna controller to program the antenna scan so that the radar samples clouds A and B at times T2 and T3 respectively.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 37
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Bistatic radar meteorological satellite (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique is discussed that employs a radar transmitter with a moderate size antenna placed in a geosynchronous orbit with either a 0 degree or a low inclination orbit. The reflected signals from the precipitation are then received either on a single beam from a satellite having a beamwidth of about 6 degrees or preferably with a beam that scans the U.S. in a raster pattern with about 0.9 degrees beamwidth. While it would seem that a bistatic system with the transmitter at synchronous altitude and the receivers near the surface would not be a very efficient way of designing a radar system, it is somewhat surprising that the required power and antenna sizes are not that great. Two factors make the meteorological application somewhat more attractive than the bistatic detection of point targets. First, the bistatic reflections of radar signals from precipitation are to a large extent omnidirectional, and while raindrops are spheriods rather than spheres, the relationship of the reflectivity of the rain to rainfall rate can be easily derived. The second reason is that the rain echo signal level is independent of range from a receive only radar, and if the bistatic system works at all, it will work at long ranges.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 15 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 38
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Use of the optimal polarization concept in electromagnetic imaging of hydrometeor distributions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief survey is given of some fundamental physical concepts of optimal polarization characteristics of a transmission path or scatterer ensemble of hydrometeors. It is argued that, based on this optimization concepts, definite advances in remote atmospheric sensing are to be expected. Basic properties of Kennaugh's optimal polarization theory are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 15 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 39
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Use of combined radar and radiometer systems in space for precipitation measurement: Some ideas (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief survey is given of some fundamental physical concepts of optimal polarization characteristics of a transmission path or scatter ensemble of hydrometers. It is argued that, based on this optimization concept, definite advances in remote atmospheric sensing are to be expected. Basic properties of Kennaugh's optimal polarization theory are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 25 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 40
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Rain rate measurement capabilities using a Seasat type radar altimeter (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The combined use of a space-based radar and a radiometer for measurement of precipitation is discussed. Phenomena to exploit or overcome is surveyed. Basic measurement problems are discussed. Several active systems are proposed, including three ocean systems and two land-sea systems. Recommendations for future research are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 13 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 41
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Satellite borne dual millimetric wave length radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The failure of attempts to accurately measure precipitation by using a single quality that is used to deduce the desired precipitation parameter through a derived relationship is discussed. A number of dual measurement techniques for the accurate determination of instantaneous rainfall rates from space are proposed. It is concluded that dual measurement techniques show high promise for measuring precipitation parameters with greater accuracy than that which was possible in the past.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 7 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 42
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Potential of dual-measurement techniques for accurate determination of instantaneous rainfall rate from space (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The incorporation in the 13.5 GHz SEASAT type radar altimeter of a mode to measure rain rate is investigated. Specifically, an algorithm is developed relating the echo power at the various range bins to the rain rate, taking into consideration Mie scattering and path attenuation. The dependence of the algorithm on rain drop size distribution, and non-uniform rain structure are examined and associated uncertainties defined. A technique for obtaining drop size distribution through the measurements of power at the top of the raincell and power difference through the cell is also investigated together with an associated error analysis. A description of the minor hardware modifications to the basic SEASAT design is given for implementing the rain measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 5 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 43
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Spaceborne precipitation radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The performances and characteristics of a satelliteborne radar operating in the millimeter wavelength region of the spectrum with emphasis placed on the 35 and 94 GH3 frequency bands are discussed. It is concluded that millimetric wavelengths provide an acceptable solution for the design of satelliteborne active microwave equipment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 16 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 44
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Remote sensing of stored precipitation, i.e., soil moisture and snow (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The characteristics and performance of spaceborne precipitation radar systems are discussed. The development of a model is discussed. Examples of simulation results are given. It was found that the accuracy of rain rate estimates is improved by using higher resolution radar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 45
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The DMSP imager (SSMI): Unfinished plans (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The basic theory relating microwave emissivity to soil and snow moisture is presented along with data from field and aircraft measurements to support the theory. Data from the ESMR on Nimbus-5 and the S-194 L Band radiometer on Skylab were compared with Antecedent Precipitation indices (APT) to show the sensitivity of spaceborne observations to soil moisture. Similarly, data from the ESMR and SMMR on the Nimbus spacecraft were compared with surface measurements of snow depth with good results.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 7 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 46
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The utilization of satellite passive microwave sensors to monitor synoptic scale rainfall (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A microwave imaging sensor, built for flight on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program spacecraft, is discussed. Major elements of the sensor development program are summarized as background for planning a data archival program useful for climate research.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 13 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 47
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Detection of rainfall rates utilizing spaceborne microwave radiometers (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: To demonstrate the success of utilizing passive microwave sensors in monitoring synoptic scale rainfall, two studies are described in which electrically scanning microwave radiometers (ESMR-5 and 6) on board Nimbus 5 and 6 were employed using a Langrangian frame of reference. The first study suggests a method of utilizing ESMR-5 measurements to quantize rainfall over water within tropical and extratropical storms and to use these measurements to monitor and possibly predict storm intensity. The second study suggests a method of monitoring the coverage and movement of synoptic rain over land by employing ESMR-6.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 7 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 48
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Using underwater ambient noise levels to measure rainfall rate: A review (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of satellite passive microwave radiometry in the determination of precipitation frequencies and areas is discussed. Precipitation detection over the ocean and land and the accuracy of results are addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 33 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 49
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    On the measurement of precipitation frequencies by passive microwave radiometery (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Over most of the microwave spectrum, raindrops both absorb and scatter radiation producing large changes in brightness temperatures relative to clear or cloudy conditions. Since the structure of rain varies substantially for different rain rates and climatological backgrounds, the raindrop size distribution, the rain layer thickness and the ice clouds above the rain layer are all important inputs to the model computations. The subsequent modeling involves applying the Mie theory to derive the absorption and scattering effects and the radiative transfer calculation is based upon a variational iterative approach which takes account of the multiple scattering effect of the rain layer. Results over both ocean and land backgrounds are demonstrated. It is also demonstrated that by using discrimination tests of the radiometric data, the rain/no rain decision can be made and the rainfall rate can be retrieved from a statistical inversion technique.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 3 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 50
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Combining visible and infrared techniques with LAMMR for daily rainfall estimates (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A brief description of other methods of rainfall measurement at the sea surface is given. The general underwater ambient noise background of the ocean is described. The physics of noise generation by bubbles and splashes is reviewed. Monitoring underwater ambient noise levels to measure rainfall rate requires that the spectral shapes of the noise from wind and rain be different or at least distinguishable. This would allow the rain noise to be separated from the wind noise and then hopefully it can be correlated with rainfall rate. Different spectral shapes are observed experimentally.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 51
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A survey of passive microwave and hybrid remote sensing of precipitation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that for practical realization of new information on precipitation during this decade, satellite observing systems must be coupled into surface-based observations and computer models of weather systems as they develop. Methods to combine the satellite/surface-based/model capabilities are discussed and several precipitation estimation pilot studies are proposed and outlined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 3 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 52
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The Bristol method of satellite-improved rainfall monitoring (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Remote sensing estimates of area average precipitation are useful to agricultural and climatological applications. Estimates obtained by active or passive microwaves, infrared and visible sensors may be augmented and improved using indirect measures of precipitation, such as the change in near surface soil moisture content caused by a particular event. Measurements of soil moisture using infrared radiances do not provide precipitation information in real time since the sky must clear. However, the resultant estimate of precipitation is a time integrated value which provides a significant savings in data handling and can overcome virtually all of the sampling problems associated with the monitoring of precipitation through storms of long duration.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 11 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 53
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Visible and infrared techniques for flash flood, hydrological, and agricultural applications (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A common requirement of these agriculture, climatology and hydrology fields is the accurate and timely estimation of precipitation. Yet, it is often difficult to obtain such estimates by conventional means. The advent of satellite remote sensing however has opened the possibility of making rain estimates over time and space scale never before available. A computer automated technique that estimates a summertime convective rainfall from the thermal infrared imagery of geosynchronous satellites is reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 10 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The estimation of convective precipitation from GOES imagery with the Griffith/Woodley technique (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Improved rainfall monitoring using satellite and conventional data are described. A method was developed to: (1) provide rainfall evaluations more uniform, accurate and complete than can be derived from satellite or conventional data alone; (2) serve current operational environmental program in countries with special needs for improved rainfall data; (3) invoke either polar orbiting and/or geostationary imagery as the satellite inputs; (4) utilize global telecommunication system (GTS) SYNOP messages as the basic conventional data inputs; (5) be applicable to any and all types of weather situations in the operational areas; (6) be undemanding in hardware and software so as to be an option available for use even by nations or agencies with very limited financial resources.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 6 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 55
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Inference of precipitation through thermal infrared measurements of soil moisture (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The physics of microwave radiative transfer is well understood so that causal models can be assembled which relate the observed brightness temperatures to assumed distributions of hydrometeors (both liquid and ice), non-precipitating clouds, water vapor oxygen, and surface conditions. Present models assume a Marshall Palmer size distribution of liquid hydrometers from the surface to the freezing level (near the 0 C isotherm) and a variable thickness of frozen hydrometeors above that with various reasonable distribution of the other relevant constituents. The validity of such models is discussed. All uncertainties in the rain rate retrieval algorithms can be expressed in terms of specific model uncertainties which can be addressed through appropriate measurements. Those factors which must be known to achieve umambiguous results can be identified so that rainfall measuring algorithms can be developed and improved. The emissivity of the underlying surface significantly affects the contrast that may be measured between areas covered by rain and those which are dry. Sensing strategies for measuring rain over the ocean and rain over land are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 6 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 56
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A combined visible and IR technique for the estimation of rainfall amounts from GOES data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of visible and infrared techniques for estimating precipitation for flash flood, hydrological, and agricultural applications is discussed. Satellite derived rainfall estimates supplement other data or are the only data available. The Scofield/Oliver convective rainfall technique is used for analyzing a half hour period of heavy rainfall during a Chicago flash flood event. The results of a real time hydrological application of the Scofield/Oliver technique for the Hurricane Allen event are also presented. Visible and IR techniques for agricultural applications are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 4 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 57
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A life history method for estimating convective rainfall (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The remote sensing of rain amounts is of great interest for a great variety of operational applications, including hydrology, hydroelectricity and agriculture is discussed. The microwave radiometer represents the most obvious technique, however, poor spatial and temporal resolution, together with the problems associated with the estimation of effective rain layer height make visible and IR techniques more promising at the present time. Based on bivariate frequency distribution of brightness versus temperature, brightness enhancing or infrared technique alone may be inadequate to deduce details of convective activity. It is implied that better estimates of rainfall will come from visible and IR observations combined than from either used alone. The technique identifies clouds with high probability of rain as those which have large optical and presumably physical thickness as measured by the visible albedo in comparison with their height, determined by the intensity of the IR emission.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 3 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 58
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Ground truth for oceanic rainfall (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Communications systems operating at frequencies in excess of 10 GHz are degraded significantly by rainfall. To provide the information needed for design of these millimeter wave systems, rain attentuation models were developed and data bases of propagation related information were accumulated. These data bases were developed based on the signal level measurements of geostationary satellite beacons at selected frequencies. Groundbased radar reflection measurements were able to develop data bases for system design. The rain attenuation models allow accurate correlation between the rain rate and the attenuation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 7 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 59
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A survey of radar rain measurement techniques (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Oceanic rainfall was extrapolated in the past from land and island measurements. It was uncertain how representative the land measurements were in local and remote oceanic areas. Now several independent oceanic rainfall analyses are available. These analyses are based upon different techniques, yet they produce similar values. It is suggested that island and coastal measurements are suitable to calibrate satellite oceanic rainfall measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 16 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 60
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Microwave radiometry sampling problems demonstrated with Nimbus 5 rain rates versus GATE data (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The performance of rain estimation techniques is analyzed. The results from the Griffith/Woodley satellite rain estimation technique are tested. Results, although preliminary, allow objective determination of the feasibility of the use of satellite rain estimates at various scales of interest.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 10 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 61
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A standard verification for rainfall estimation from remote platforms (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurements of reflectivity at horizontal (Zh) and vertical (Zy) polarizations provide adequate information necessary to infer the two parameters of an exponential raindrop size distribution (No, Do) where the distribution is given by N(D) = Noexp(-3.67 D/Do). This distribution enables computation of water content or still air rainfall rates. The physical basis of the radar technique is outlined and illustrated theoretically, and experimental results, comparing radar derived rainfall rates with raingage and disdrometer measurements, are reviewed. The technique is useful for many meteorological and hydrological purposes, including ground truth measurements of rainfall rate over the ocean for comparison with satellite related observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 4 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 62
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Raingage network sampling statistics (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Sampling problems raise large difficulties for the precipitation measurements from space. In the tropics rainfall processes are organized in scales which are hardly resolved by the microwave radiometers on board of satellites. Even in the cloud clusters, which mark significant, large extended signals in the visible and infrared images, the precipitation areas cover only a small region. Our analysis of the cloud clusters over the W Pacific Ocean revealed that more than 50% of the area of a typical Western Pacific cluster are without rain. The radar observations during GATE generally confirmed those results. The rainfall was calculated from Nimbus V microwave data at 19.35 GHz and the results were compared with the GATE radar rainfall. The results are improved if the rain areas within the field of view are determined by additional observations and lead to a correction of the microwave brightness temperature.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 17 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 63
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Some statistical problems inherent in measuring precipitation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A formula permitting calculation of the mean-square error of the mean value of a random variable due to periodic sampling is derived and applied to estimating the sampling error for satellite observation of the mean rainfall during the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). The effects of both spatial resolution and frequency of observation on the sampling error are summarized in graphs. It is found that four observations per day are sufficient to determine the monthly mean rainfall over an area of 2.5 deg square (280km x 280km) to within a standard deviation of 5 percent of its mean value; two samples per day would yield an error with a standard deviation slightly less than 10 percent of the mean. A satellite instrument with less frequent sampling may produce significantly greater error in the estimate of monthly mean rainfall.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 8 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 64
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Global weather requirements for precipitation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results of a radar study of summertime convection in the high plains of Kansas are presented which demonstrate the importance of the small scale structure of precipitation to the overall production of precipitation in a storm. The smaller scale structure must be modeled to develop valid relationships between satellite observables and precipitation amount. The Kansas results suggest that just the observation of the number and spacings of the active regions of convection (thunderstorms) is sufficient to provide an estimate of water flux with an uncertainty of less than a factor of two.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 6 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 65
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Sampling problems: The small scale structure of precipitation (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The quantitative measurement of precipitation characteristics for any area on the surface of the Earth is not an easy task. Precipitation is rather variable in both space and time, and the distribution of surface rainfall data given location typically is substantially skewed. There are a number of precipitation process at work in the atmosphere, and few of them are well understood. The formal theory on sampling and estimating precipitation appears considerably deficient. Little systematic attention is given to nonsampling errors that always arise in utilizing any measurement system. Although the precipitation measurement problem is an old one, it continues to be one that is in need of systematic and careful attention. A brief history of the presently competing measurement technologies should aid us in understanding the problem inherent in this measurement task.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 66
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Severe storms requirements for precipitation information (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Moisture can play an important if not dominant role in supplying energy to tropical and extra-tropical weather systems. In the tropics where the air is almost saturated only the slightest amount of uplift is required to initiate the release of vast amounts of latent heat to fuel systems as diverse as convective cloud clusters and hurricanes. The role of latent heating on extra-tropical systems is much more subtle. While the primary energy source for synoptic-scale systems is often the release of gravitational potential energy through the sinking of cold air and the rising of warm, it seems that the latent heat that is eventually realized through slow uplift of large masses of air can significantly modify the evolution of the system. An analysis of the energetics of the storm of March 25 to 27, 1978 over the eastern USA to understand the implications of the heat released due to the vast cloudy area associated with warm frontal overrunning was performed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 4 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 67
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Hydrologic forecasting requirements for precipitation data from space measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The needs for precipitation information in severe storms research and in the operational detection and forecasting of such phenomena are described. The discussion will include thunderstorms, tropical cyclones, and regional and mesoscale numerical models used to analyze and forecast these and other regional scale phenomena.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 8 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 68
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Precipitation data for climate diagnostics (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A spatial resolution from satellite-derived data of 250 km by 250 km with a time of from 2 to 4 weeks is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 69
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Precipitation measurement requirements for general circulation climate model development and applications (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Global scale diagnostics, regional diagnostics, and satellite IR data are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 5 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 70
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    A brief review of the present status of global precipitation estimates (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The global distribution of precipitation, both the normal distribution (i.e., the precipitation averaged over a number of years) and time-series of the precipitation are reviewed. Only the most recent studies are explicitly covered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 4 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 71
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Microwave radiometry and hybrid precipitation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It was necessary to identify the most promising measurement techniques and strategies and to understand those candidate systems in detail. The emphasis was on passive microwave remote-sensing techniques. A brief background in passive microwave and hybrid techniques for measuring precipitation, key problem areas and strategies for dealing with those problems, a precipitation measurement system, and specific recommendations are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 11 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 72
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Spaceborne radar (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spaceborne radar panel considered how radar could be used to measure precipitation from satellites. The emphasis was on how radar could be used with radiometry (at microwave, visible (VIS), and infrared (IR) wavelengths) to reduce the uncertainties of measuring precipitation with radiometry alone. In addition, the fundamental electromagnetic interactions involved in the measurements were discussed to determine the key work areas for research and development to produce effective instruments. Various approaches to implementing radar systems on satellites were considered for both shared and dedicated instruments. Finally, a research and development strategy was proposed for establishing the parametric relations and retrieval algorithms required for extracting precipitation information from the radar and associated radiometric data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 9 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 73
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Visible and infrared techniques (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Time-dependent indexing schemes and time-dependent life-history techniques are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 10 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 74
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Ground-truth measurement systems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ground-truth measurements of precipitation and related weather events are an essential component of any satellite system designed for monitoring rainfall from space. Such measurements are required for testing, evaluation, and operations; they provide detailed information on the actual weather events, which can then be compared with satellite observations intended to provide both quantitative and qualitative information about them. Also, very comprehensive ground-truth observations should lead to a better understanding of precipitation fields and their relationships to satellite data. This process serves two very important functions: (a) aiding in the development and interpretation of schemes of analyzing satellite data, and (b) providing a continuing method for verifying satellite measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 5 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 75
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Sampling problems (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Precipitation estimates from satellites are subject to a number of uncertainties involving design characteristics, satellite positioning, natural variability of precipitation, and the noncontinuous acquisition of data. The sources and sizes of these uncertainties are in need of proper evaluation and estimation. The present sampling and estima-theory seems to be adequate for some measurement problems (e.g., determining precipitation at a point), while others require further theoretical work (e.g., determining the time history of precipitation over large areas).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 5 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 76
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Summary of requirements and recommendations (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Global climate, agricultural uses for precipitation information, hydrological uses for precipitation information, severe thunderstorms and local weather, and global weather are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 12 p
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 77
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Future research contributions of the VAS (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The VAS data which are used for studying and predicting numerous meteorological phenomena are discussed. These phenomena include severe local storm antecedent conditions, the formative stages of tropical cyclones, the definition of upper tropospheric circulation features, and as input to synoptic scale prediction models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 49-50
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 78
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Some potential research applications of GOES/VAS data in meteorology (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The understanding and utilization of radiance data from the VAS instrument for meteorological purposes which requires an extensive and organized research plan whose ultimate goal is to provide quantitative measurements of the structure/dynamics of the atmosphere is outlined. The unique multispectral VAS data are potentially useful in almost all aspects of meteorology but have immediate applications in the mesoscale and severe storm research area since measurements are available over regional areas at time intervals of less than 1 hour. The higher priority research applications of VAS data pertaining to the interpretation and utilization of the passive VAS radiance measurements for mesoscale and severe-storm research are reviewed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 51-52
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 79
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    VAS applications at Colorado State University (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The application of the VAS program is outlined. The initial assessments of VAS radiometer and satellite performance were satisfactory; and VAS operations were smoothly carried out by the NESS SOCC and associated processing and retransmission facilities. The availability of advanced image processing systems, previous studies with the geosynchronous European Space Agency Meteorological Satellite (Meteosat), and the polar orbiter multichannel radiance data enabled the progress of the application. The VAS data are implemented as these data are received in the real time VISSR mode, and as dwell sounding (DS) and multispectral imaging (MSI) radiances on magnetic tapes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 45-47
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 80
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    AVE/VAS experiment: Ground truth network (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The visible/infrared spin scan radiometer (VISSR) atmospheric sounder (VAS) rawinsonde field program is discussed. Specific items covered include: planning, personnel requirements and training, operational requirement and procedures, sounding times and dates, methods of data processing, data inventory, and status of data processing.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 37-38
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 81
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    AVE/VAS experiment: Synoptic summary and preliminary results (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The AVE/VAS ground truth field experiment was conducted during the Spring of 1982 severe storms and weather research program. The experiment consisted of acquiring correlative ground truth measurements of rawinsonde data, corresponding to the time and space resolutions of VAS sounding data. The objectives of the AVE/VAS experiment are: (1) to acquire four dimensional data sets of the actual atmospheric structure down to the mesoscale; (2) to provide measurements for quantitative comparisons between ground based and VAS-derived atmospheric parameters; (3) to evaluate the impact of VAS data on diagnostic analysis of structural features and dynamical processes important to the development of mesoscale phenomena; (4) to evaluate the impact of VAS data on numerical model simulations, nowcasting, and other mesoscale forecasting systems.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 39-43
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 82
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Correlation of 3 hour radiosonde data with coincident Nimbus-7 total ozone measurements (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A special network exercise supporting the VAS demonstration is reported. The second near-real time total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) activity involving out of sequence processing of Nimbus-7 data over the United States and Europe is presented. The ozone data maps were used by airlines to search for regions of clear air turbulence and by an aircraft data gathering program, for synoptic upper air and tropopause height analyses. The TOMS total ozone levels are correlated with radiosonde tropopause height for testing the ability of TOMS data to give independent satellite measurements of tropopause height.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 31
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 83
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    VAS temperature retrievals for NASA special network observations of 6 March 1982 (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: VAS retrieval capability was studied. A mesoscale event consisting of a rapidly moving temperature perturbation with strong horizontal wind shear but shallow vertical extent occurred over Texas. The mesoscale event passed through the special radiosonde network and was documented with three hourly measurements. The event occurred behind a cold frontal cloud band during clear conditions. The event was accompanied by large skin temperature changes as the day progressed. This combination allows the testing of two important aspects of the retrieval algorithms with minimal cloud contamination and good ground truth. The first aspect concerns the horizontal and vertical resolving power of the retrievals and the second aspect concerns sensitivity to the boundary term. The NASA special network radiosonde is proven to be useful. It is demonstrated that: the VAS is capable, of delineating a mesoscale, normal retrieval procedure has the deficiency of oversmoothing, but this can be corrected, to document first quess dependence, and a superior data set to evolve better techniques for treating the surface boundary problem.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 33-36
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 84
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Evaluation of the effect of VAS data on some NMC analyses and forecasts (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of visible/infrared atmospheric sounder (VAS) data on the limited area fine mesh model (LFM) analysis forecast system were examined. The VAS data obtained from the Pacific geostationary satellite are valuable for LFM analysis because temperatures from the polar orbiting satellite over the east Pacific are received too late for 1200 GMT LFM analysis. Because the VISSR has only infrared channels, retrievals are possible only in regions with little or no cloudiness.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 27-28
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 85
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Use of the VAS water vapor imagery to analyze upper-level flow patterns (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Infrared (IR) channels which are available and are developed for operational use were examined. The Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) was launched. This instrument has a radiometer consisting of the standard visible channel detectors and six thermal detectors that detect IR radiation in 12 spectral bands. Any one of the 11 new IR channels can be substituted for the standard 11.5 micro m window channel when the satellite is operating in the standard VISSP mode and provides data in image form through the GOES distribution system.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 29-30
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 86
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Specifying heights and velocities of cloud motion from geostationary sounding data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the geostationary Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer (VISSR) Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) for assigning simultaneous heights and velocities of cloud motion winds were processed. The following two techniques are discussed: The technique which delivers qualitative height assignments from imagery; and which uses the radiometric information contained in the VAS data to calculate quantitative heights.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 25-26
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 87
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    VAS operational procedures and results at the Kansas City Satellite Field Services Station (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An operational assessment of VAS data by using a Man-computer Interactive Data Access System (McIDAS) terminal linked by a 9600 band telephone line is discussed. Seven hours of VAS data were processed and edited daily. Data was scheduled 16 hours a day, 7 days a week; however, during this time period there were very few days with 16 hours of data to evalute. The McIDAS terminal, which has 10 display frames and 5 graphics, provide access to the sounding data processed. These data are processed using two procedures. The dwell sounding data are generated by using all 12 spectral channels with a spin budget of 39. To provide coverage for most of the United States, soundings are made starting at 18 minutes after the hour from approximately 49 deg N to 36 deg N and at 48 minutes after the hour from 36 deg N to 26 deg N. The dwell imaging mode uses 11 channels but the spin budge is 17. With the reduced spin budget, retrievals can be made at 18 or 48 minutes after the hour for approximately 44 deg N to 27 deg N. With these constraints a schedule, of data sets was proposed to use the schedule and how the data set could be used are shown.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 21-24
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 88
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    VAS assessment status and preliminary results (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The VAS soundings, produced in real time on an hourly basis, consistently delineate the areas of the country where intense convective weather will occur several hours in advance of the severe weather developments. This conclusion is based on the daily experience gained. An objective method of forecasting the probability of severe weather for 100 kilometer square areas of the United States from the VAS soundings was presented. An example sequence of these probability forecasts and the subsequent observed severe weather is included.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 17-19
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 89
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The inference of tropical cyclone dynamics using GOES VISSR/VAS data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sequence of events observed during tropical cyclone Emily, was suggested as a possible mechanism for cyclogenesis. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) East VISSR/VAS sensors were used. The VISSR visible imagery obtained every 15 minutes was used to define the low tropospheric cyclonic vortex and upper tropospheric horizontal convergence. The VAS water vapor (channels 9 and 10) and carbon dioxide (channels 3 and 4) channels were used to infer upper and middle tropospheric subsidence by monitoring the Adiabatic compressional drying and warming, respectively, occurring within this layer. Evidence of an existing lower tropospheric cyclonic vortex was seen. The satellite derived wind vectors (length of vector is proportional to wind velocity, where the strongest winds were approximately 35 knots) are superimposed on the GOES visible image of tropical storm Emily. Vectors and low level clouds depict the center of the cyclonic vortex immediately south of the large convective cell in the center of the image. Upper tropospheric cloud tracers and rawinsonde reports along the Eastern United States suggest that the southwesterly environmental upper atmospheric flow is converging with the outflow from the convective cell north of the vortex.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 13-16
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 90
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Analysis of multispectral data using an unsupervised classification technique: Application to VAS (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical classification method based on clustering of multidimensional histograms was applied to several channels of the VAS multispectral imagery. The method automatically discriminates and classifies atmospheric ground features such as cloud types, atmospheric moisture patterns, ocean, or ground. Such a clustering method has the advantage of forming natural data groupings, without a priori classification. Clusters are not limited by straight lines or plane surfaces as is the case in threshold methods. The method was applied to simultaneous full resolution images from channels 8 (11.2 micron), 10 (6.7 micron), and 12 (3.9 micron). Twenty image segments of 64 by 64, 12 image segments of 128 by 128, and 4 image segments of 254 by 254 picture elements were analyzed. In addition, normal VISSR mode images at 1800, 1830, and 2000 GMT were used to identify the classes. The gray levels measured along a scan line and the result of the classification scheme (dashed curves) for the three channels investigated are shown. Each point of the image is affected to a class. Each class is identified by a center of gravity that is represented by a vector in the three dimensional space of gray levels.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 11-12
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 91
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Use of the VAS for analysis of a prethunderstorm environment (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The information content of the VAS radiances can be converted to meteorological parameters useful for analyzing a severe weather environment. The method by which the VAS variances are converted to vertical profiles of temperature, dewpoints, and equivalent potential temperature involves a basic regression technique using the most local radiosonde data available for establishing a correlation matrix. The results indicate that mesoscale features apparent within images of the radiances can be converted to usable temperature and moisture fields using regression when surface temperature and dewpoint observations are included within the total data base. In addition, results indicate that surface data are very important for better defining lower tropospheric structure that the VAS radiances alone cannot properly resolve. Analyses of these retrievals distinctly show mesoscale structure in the temperature and moisture fields derived with VAS radiances collected every 3 hours, and 0000 GMT. The retrievals capture the moisture structure. More important, convective instability is clearly detected immediately before the onset of convection. The results indicate that the VAS is capable of providing valuable mesoscale information suitable for analyzing a preconvective environment that is generally clear.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 9
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 92
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Diagnosing convective instability using VAS data (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The utility of combining visible and various infrared images from the VAS to produce a forecasting tool, that can be available on a near real time basis, to predict severe weather development is shown. Areas where dry air in the midtroposphere overlays substantial moisture at low levels are used to diagnose mesoscale regions that have the potential for being convectively unstable before the onset of severe convection. Specifically, 6.7 micron water vapor imagery, used for isolating regions of substantial midlevel dryness, are combined with images of low level clouds or with split-window low level moisture images to delineate regions that have the potential for convective instability. In areas where scattered low level clouds are present, computer generated, color image combinations are used to isolate those warm, low level clouds that are in potential convectively unstable environments from clouds that exist under a deeply moist atmosphere. In clear regions, the split window technique is used for delineating areas of substantial boundary layer moisture. These images are again computer overlayed by the midlevel dryness to produce a color coded image of potential convective instability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 7
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 93
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Low-level water vapor fields from the VAS split-window channels at 11 and 12 microns (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Originally, the VAS split window channels were designed to use the differential water vapor absorption between 11 and 12 microns to estimate sea surface temperature by correcting for the radiometric losses caused by atmospheric moisture. It is shown that it is possible to reverse the procedure in order to estimate the vertically integrated low level moisture content with the background surface (skin) temperature removed, even over the bright, complex background of the land. Because the lower troposphere's water vapor content is an important factor in convective instability, the derived fields are of considerable value to mesoscale meteorology. Moisture patterns are available as quantitative fields (centimeters of precipitable water) at full VAS resolution (as fine as 7 kilometers horizontal resolution every 15 minutes), and are readily converted to image format for false color movies. The technique, demonstrated with GOES-5, uses a sequence of split window radiances taken once every 3 hours from dawn to dusk over the Eastern and Central United States. The algorithm is calibrated with the morning radiosonde sites embedded within the first VAS radiance field; then, entire moisture fields are calculated at all five observation times. Cloud contamination is removed by rejecting any pixel having a radiance less than the atmospheric brightness determined at the radiosonde sites.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 5-6
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 94
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    System description (1983)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The VAS, carried onboard the GOES 4 and 5 satellites, is a radiometer with 8 visible channel detectors and 6 thermal detectors that detect infrared radiation in 12 spectral bands. A filter wheel in front of the detector is used to achieve the spectral selection. The spatial resolution is 0.9 kilometer in the visible and 7 or 14 kilometers in the infrared depending on the detector used. Full Earth disk coverage is accomplished by spinning in the west to east direction at 100 rpm and by stepping a scan mirror from north to south. Additional VAS instrument characteristics are summarized. The VAS has three operating modes: the operational VISSR mode, the multispectral imaging (MSI) mode, and the dwell sounding (DS) mode. The operational VISSR mode is used by NOAA/NESS for its operational products, which include a visible picture and an 11 micrometer infrared (channel 8) picture at half hour intervals. The other modes are VAS unique. The MSI mode combines the operational VISSR capability (visible plus infrared window) with two additional spectral channels to provide half hourly full Earth disk imagery of atmospheric water vapor, temperature, and cloud distribution. The DS mode is used primarily for sounding to obtain the temperature and moisture profiles. In this mode, multiple spins on the same scan line in a given band are averaged to obtain the required signal to noise ratio for sounding.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) Res. Rev.; p 1-3
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 95
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Dynamical predictability of monthly means (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The concept of predictability which is conditioned by synoptic-scale disturbance instabilities is extended to that of time averages, which are determined by low-frequency planetary wave predictability, in an attempt to determine the theoretical upper limit of dynamical predictability of monthly means for prescribed, nonfluctuating external forcings. Sixty-day integrations of a global general circulation model with nine different initial conditions but identical boundary conditions of sea surface temperatures, snow, sea ice and soil moisture are carried out, where the rms vector wind error between the observed initial conditions is greater than 15 m/sec. It is found that while the variances among the first 30-day means, predicted from mostly different initial conditions, are significantly different from the variances due to random perturbations in the initial conditions, variances for days 31-60 are not so distinguishable. These results suggest that the evolution of long waves remains predictable for between one month and 45 days.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Dec. 198
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 96
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Weather and climate needs for lidar observations from space and concepts for their realization (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spectrum of weather and climate needs for lidar observations from space is discussed. This paper focuses mainly on the requirements for winds, temperature, moisture, and pressure. Special emphasis is given to the need for wind observations, and it is shown that winds are required to depict realistically all atmospheric scales in the tropics and the smaller scales at higher latitudes, where both temperature and wind profiles are necessary. The need for means to estimate air-sea exchanges of sensible and latent heat also is noted. Lidar can aid here by measurement of the slope of the boundary layer. Recent theoretical feasibility studies concerning the profiling of temperature, pressure, and humidity by differential absorption lidar (DIAL) from space and expected accuracies are reviewed. Initial ground-based trials provide support for these approaches and also indicate their direct applicability to path-average temperature measurements near the surface. An alternative approach to Doppler lidar wind measurements also is presented. The concept involves the measurement of the displacement of the aerosol backscatter pattern, at constant height, between two successive scans of the same area, one ahead of the spacecraft and the other behind it, a few minutes later. Finally, an integrated space lidar system capable of measuring temperature, pressure, humidity, and winds which combines the DIAL methods with the aerosol pattern displacement concept is described briefly.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 62
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 97
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Atmospheric neutral points outside of the principal plane (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that the positions in the sky where the skylight is unpolarized, that is, the neutral points, are in most cases located in the vertical plane through the sun (the principal plane). Points have been observed outside the principal plane (Soret, 1888) when the plane intersected a lake or sea. Here, the neutral points were located at an azimuth of about 15 deg from the sun and near the almucantar through the sun. In order to investigate the effects of water surface and aerosols in the neutral point positions, the positions are computed for models of the earth-atmosphere system that simulate the observational conditions. The computed and measured positions are found to agree well. While previous observations provided only qualitative information on the degree of polarization, it is noted that the computations provide details concerning the polarization parameters.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Beitraege zur Physik der Atmosphaere; 54; May 1981
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 98
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Retrieval of thermodynamic variables with deep convective clouds Experiments in three dimensions (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A three-dimensional numerical cloud model has been used to test a method for retrieving temperature and pressure deviation fields from detailed wind and water fields in deep convective clouds. A comparison of the retrieved fields with the output from the numerical model was used to test the validity of the theoretical treatment and accuracy of the programming. The local time derivatives of each of the velocity components are known to be potential problem sources in using Doppler radar data, and a test was done with this derivative estimated over a 4 min time span rather than 30 s, resulting in excellent agreement with the original solution for this data set. When the local derivative was eliminated, the solution was judged useful for general temperature patterns. Errors due to the inability to measure cloudwater mixing ratio and inaccuracies in rainwater mixing ratio were found to be significant, but not so severe as in the turbulence and steady-state sensitivity tests.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 109; Mar. 198
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 99
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    The albedo of snow for partially cloudy skies (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The albedo of snow is defined as the ratio of reflected to incident solar energy, and it is an important parameter in the earth's radiation budget analysis and in the study of snowpack's thermal conditions. An approximate model for calculating the incident spectral flux for partially cloudy skies is presented. The input parameters for the calculation are atmospheric precipitable water, turbidity, ozone content, surface pressure, the optical thickness of clouds, and the grain size of snow crystals. The spectral snow reflectance model considers both specular surface reflection and volumetric multiple scattering. The surface reflection is calculated by using a crystal-shape-dependent bidirectional reflectance distribution function; the volumetric multiple scattering is calculated by using a crystal-size-dependent approximate solution in the radiative transfer equation. The model yields spectral and integrated solar flux and snow reflectance as a function of solar elevation and fractional cloud-cover. The illustrative insolation and albedo values were obtained from spectral reflectance and incident flux for representative parameters of Antarctic coastal regions. A simple relationship between grain size and the overcast albedo was obtained. For a set of grain size and shape, the albedo as a function of solar elevation and fractional cloud cover was tabulated.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 20; May 1981
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 100
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Solar cycle signal in air temperature in North America - Amplitude, gradient, phase and distribution (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The considered investigation was motivated by three factors. One is related to an extension of single-channel MESA to multi-channel by Strand (1977), Morf et al. (1978), and Jones (1978). MESA is a high-resolution signal processing and spectrum analysis technique due to Burg (1975). The considered developments resulted in the discovery of the 11-year solar cycle signal in the change of the length of day by Currie (1980, 1981). They also led Currie (1981) to study the phase spectrum of the 11-year term in height H of sea level. The investigation tries to clarify the phase relations among the involved parameters. The second factor is connected with an application of the linear time domain technique used by Currie (1981) to temperature records to obtain more accurate information regarding the signal amplitude. The third factor of motivation is related to increases in the number of stations available for an analysis, the greater average length of the records, and the more accurate data set.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 38; Apr. 198
    Format: text
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...