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  • Genetics  (1,145)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,145)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2020-2023
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  • 1990-1994  (1,010)
  • 1980-1984  (135)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosome constitution of highly motile mouse sperm (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 27 (1990), S. 168-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Motility ; Genetics ; Sex chromosome ratio ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, we address the relationship between motility and genetic content of mouse sperm. The chromosome complements of highly motile mouse sperm, selected using the swim-up technique, were analyzed after in vitro fertilization, at the first cleavage state. They were compared to those of unselected sperm. Identification of male and female chromosome sets was possible because of their differential condensation at the first mitotic division. In vitro fertilization, swim-up separation, chromosome preparation, and staining were carried out using standard techniques. The results indicate that highly motile mouse sperm did not differ in types and frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities from those not selected for motility. Moreover, separation of motile sperm does not deviate the sex ratio from the theoretical 1:1.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080270213
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 2 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020020101
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haltere determination and mutations at the bithorax locus (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 2 (1981), S. 49-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: determination ; Drosophila ; haltere disc ; homeotic mutation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mutations at the bithorax locus transform anterior haltere tissue into anterior wing. These transformations could in principle be due to the mutations altering either the expression or cell heredity functions of determination. I have studied two alleles of the bithorax locus bx3 and bx34e using disc culture techniques and found that both produce their transformations by altering the expression of the determined state. I have also found that the expression of the temperature-sensitive allele, bx34e, can be altered by temperature shifts during the culture period. Evidence has been obtained that suggests that such changes in expression do not require growth or cell division.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020020106
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The immaturity interval in Tetrahymena: Genetic and environmental sources of variation (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 2 (1981), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Tetrahymena hegewischi ; timing of maturity ; cellular differentiation ; genetic ; environmental variation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The development of sexual maturity has been studied in Tetrahymena hegewischi. Progeny lines do not typically change from immaturity to mating with all different mating types during a single test interval, but about 30% do mature abruptly. Some testers are more likely than others to participate in the earliest mating reactions of progeny lines which do not mature abruptly. Subcaryonidal vegetative pedigrees of 10 pairs from 4 crosses revealed considerable intrapair variation in the time, measured in fissions, of maturity. The average intrapair coefficient of variation was 20%. A nested ANOVA revealed significant genomic effects on the immaturity interval, but no significant cytoplasmic or caryonidal effects; 56% of the total variation was non-genomic. Growth in different environments had highly significant effects on the immaturity interval. Subclones grown at 27°C with alternate day transfers took on the average 2 to 3 times as many fissions to mature as sister subclones grown at 27°C with daily transfers. Subclones grown at 18°C or 34°C and transferred on alternate days had intermediate maturation times. The greatest range in the immaturity interval among lines of the same genotype was from 34 to 143 fissions. The development of maturity in this species involves genetic control of timing, but the genetic differences are obscured by a large amount of intraclonal variation and sensitivity to the environment.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020020203
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 2 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020020301
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of mitochondrial DNA in normal and texas male sterile cytoplasms of maize (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 2 (1981), S. 319-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: maize ; mitochondrial DNA ; recombinant DNA ; cms-T ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Recombinant DNA and hybridization techniques have been used to compare the organization of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from normal (N) and Texas male sterile (T) cytoplasms of maize. Bam H1 restriction fragments of normal mtDNA were cloned and used in molecular hybridizations against Southern blots of Bam H1 digested N and T mtDNA. Fifteen of the 35 fragments were conserved in both N and T as indicated by hybridization to comigrating bands in their restriction patterns. Only three fragments produced autoradiographs whose differences could reasonably be attributed to single changes in the cleavage site of the enzyme while approximately half (17/35) of the clones resulted in more complicated differences between N and T. The autoradiographs produced by these 17 clones indicated multiple cleavage site changes and/or sequence rearrangements of the mtDNA. Patterns of six of these 17 clones indicated partial duplication of the sequence and two showed variation in the intensity of hybridization between N and T, which may be related to the molecular heterogeneity phenomenon found in maize mitochondrial genomes. The large proportion of changes observed between N and T mtDNA indicates that rearrangements may have played an important role in the evolution of the maize mitochondrial genome.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020020402
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triploidy permits survival of an inviable amphibian hybrid (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 2 (1981), S. 357-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: amphibian hybrids ; exogastrulation ; hybrid lethality ; nucleocytoplasmic interactions ; triploidy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hybrids between species frequently arrest early in development. In the frog hybrid Rana catesbeiana female × Rana clamitans male, the embryo shows a characteristic development to an exogastrula which dies. This hybrid can be rescued by pressure suppression of the second polar body, which results in the addition of another haploid set of R catesbeiana chromosomes to the embryo. The triploid hybrid expresses genes from both species and can develop normally through metamorphosis. The results show that an R catesbeiana egg containing a full haploid set of R clamitans chromosomes is capable of development and that the usual developmental arrest caused by the R clamitans genome responds to chromosomal dosage.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020020405
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unlinked structural genes for the developmentally regulated isozymes of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in mice (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 3 (1982), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ; isozymes ; mice ; genetics ; development ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genetic variants that affect the heat stability and ionic charge of the adult isozyme of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) map to a gene, Gdc-1, located on chromosome 15. A second isozyme of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, structurally homologous to the product of the Gdc-1 locus and expressed predominantly in undifferentiated tissues, has previously been identified. We have now discovered an electrophoretic variant of this embryonic isozyme. This expression is determined by a codominant allele of the gene, Gdc-2, that maps to the distal end of chromosome 9 as inferred from the observed gene order Mpi-1-d-Mod-1-Gdc-2.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020030102
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmentally regulated gene expression in Artemia: Histone gene expression in newly hatched larvae (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 3 (1982), S. 41-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Artemia ; histone synthesis ; histone genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The synthesis of histones and presence of histone mRNA sequences in embryos and larvae of the brine shrimp, Artemia, were investigated. Radiolabeling of proteins synthesized in vivo followed by electrophoretic and fluorographic analysis confirmed the prediction that histone synthesis is coordinated with the wave of DNA replication in newly hatched larvae. No histone synthesis occurs during development of encysted embryos. Hybridization of cloned Artemia histone gene DNA to total cell RNA indicated that dormant encysted embryos do not contain “masked” messenger RNA.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020030105
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental abnormalities in Drosophila induced by heat shock (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 3 (1982), S. 91-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: hyperthermia ; heat shock ; phenocopy ; teratogenesis ; morphogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have for some years been making use of phenocopies in Drosophila, as induced by heat shock, as tools for studies of the molecular events in morphogenesis [18, 21, 22]. In this paper, we have brought together some accumulated information on the conditions for phenocopy production, on a temporal sequence of sensitivity to induction, and on the nature of many of the morphogenetic abnormalities that can be induced. In general, the induction of phenocopies by heat shock requires conditions drastic enough to turn off transcriptional activities but not extreme enough to prevent recovery. This situation is most easily achieved in pupal stages where heat resistance is high, but even in this range, resistance varies with the stage of development.The phenocopies described resemble, for the most part, mutants that affect structures derived from epithelial differentiation or muscle development.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020030202
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ovarian pathologies generated by various alleles of the otu locus in Drosophila melanogaster (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 3 (1982), S. 69-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: female sterility mutations ; fusome ; incomplete cytokinesis ; interconnected sibling cells ; ongenesis ; ovarian tumor genes ; polytene chromnsomes ; pseudonurse cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A comparative cytological study was made of oogenesis in flies carrying various mutant alleles of the female sterile gene otu. It resides at 22.7 on the genetic map and within subdivision 7F of the cytological map of the X-chromosome. Each of the five ethyl methane sulfonate-induced mutations observed falls into one of three classes. In class 1, most mutant ovarioles lack germ cells; in class 2, most mutant ovarioles contain tumorous chambers; and in class 3 mutants, chambers occur that possess defective oocytes. The otu2 allele belongs to class 1; otu1 to class 2; and otu3, otu4, and otu5 to class 3. The mutations have no effects upon female viability or upon the viability and fertility of hemizygous males. Heterozygous females are fertile and have cytologically normal ovaries. In otu5 homozygotes, all ovarioles contain egg chambers, but oogenesis is prematurely terminated to produce a pseudo-stage 12 oocyte. Ovarioles from otu3 and from otu4 homozygotes contain both ovarian tumors and oocytes. Pseudonurse cells (PNC), which are cystocytes that have stopped dividing and have entered the nurse cell mode of development, are also abundant. PNCs contain polytene chromosomes. Since the homologs are paired, each nucleus has the haploid number of chromosomes. In chambers lacking an oocyte, the number of PNCs is less than the normal number of nurse cells. In chambers containing an oocyte, the number of accompanying nurse cells may be 15, or above or below normal. In vitellogenic chambers, the chromosomes in the nurse cells connected directly to the oocyte are more expanded than those in more distant nurse cells. The KA14 deficiency lacks the plus allele of otu. KA14 heterozygotes are fertile and have cytologically normal ovaries. When females carry KA14 and otu1, otu3, otu4, or otu5, 80% of their ovarioles are agametic. When females carry otu2 and one of the other mutant alleles, the ovarioles proceed further in development. So otu2 produces a product that has a beneficial effect on the test allele. When two different otu alleles are combined in a single fly, the phenotype of the hybrid ovary usually most resembles that of the ovary homozygous for the “stronger” allele (the otu mutant that allows oogenesis to proceed farthest). The results indicate that the product of the otu+ locus functions at least three different times during oogenesis; first to permit oogonia to proliferate, second to control the division and differentiation of germarial cystocytes, and third to facilitate the normal growth of the ooplasm. The gene product appears to be required in higher concentrations at each developmental period. The lesions produced by the mutations are thought to interfere with the stability or functioning of the gene product, and the ovarian phenotype produced by a given genotype depends upon the concentration of functional gene product available to the germ cells.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020030107
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homoeosis in Drosophila: Evidence for a maternal effect of the polycomb locus (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 3 (1982), S. 103-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; Polycomb ; homoeotic mutation ; determination ; maternal effect ; embryogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When heterozygous, dominant mutant alleles of the Polycomb locus are associated with a variety of adult homoeotic effects. Zygotes homozygous for these alleles die as late embryos showing homoeotic transformation of head, thoracic, and abdominal segments. This study shows that embryos homozygous for Pc3 are more extreme than those homozygous for Pc1 or Pc2. Moreover, Pc1/Pc3 heterozygotes are more extensively transformed if their mothers were Pc3/ + than if they were Pc1/ +; this effect does not depend on zygotic genetic background and must be maternal in nature. Embryos homozygous for Pc3 are less extreme if they arise from Pc3/ + / + than from Pc3/ + mothers. These results strongly suggest that the Polycomb locus acts maternally as well as zygotically to affect early determinative decisions.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020030203
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probable somatic DNA rearrangements in mating type determination in Tetrahymena thermophila: A review and a model (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 2 (1981), S. 185-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: somatic DNA alteration ; nuclear differentiation ; mating types ; ciliate genetics ; immunoglobulin genes ; Tetrahymena thermophila ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Experimental data on mating type determination in T. thermophila, collected by Nanney, Allen, and their collaborators over a period of 25 years, are reinterpreted in the light of our current understanding of macronuclear genetics. A strong case is developed supporting the idea that mating type determination involves the developmental alteration of somatic DNA that occurs regularly in developing macronuclei in conjugating pairs. A. testable DNA deletion/splicing model is developed that although based on a few simple, plausible assumptions, explains the observations remarkably well. The model is in (at least) superficial analogy to the mechanism that must be involved to explain the somatic differentiation and alteration of DNA sequences that ultimately constitute an expressed vertebrate immunoglobulin gene. Because of the genetic, biochemical, and micromanipulative versatility of Tetrahymena, it may well turn out to be a uniquely suitable microbial eukaryotic experimental system for the study of developmental alterations of somatic DNA.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020020205
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production and properties of mouse trisomy 15 ↔ diploid chimeras (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: trisomy ; monosomy ; aneuploidy ; chimeras ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Mouse trisomy 15 ↔ 2n aggregation chimeras have been produced and analyzed at 19 days of gestation. We have found that these chimeras are viable and in most instances normal in external appearance, unlike trisomy (Ts)-15 embryos which are severely growthretarded and die midway through gestation. Trisomic cells were found in all tissues of fetal chimeras, with proportions not significantly different from those of the controls in kidney, heart, liver, and brain, but significantly reduced in thymus and spleen. Ts-15 cells do not, therefore, exhibit a proliferative advantage during fetal development of tissues susceptible to Ts-15-related lymphoid malignancies. However, the presence of Ts-15 cells in the placenta may be associated with placental overgrowth. One fetus containing a monosomy 3 cell population was also observed, the first term fetal chimera with monosomic cells that has been detected.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040303
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-dependent behavior loss in adult Drosophila melanogaster (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 211-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; geotaxis ; phototaxis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The use of Drosophila as an organism in which to study aging has been limited by the fact that few biomarkers of aging exist in the adult. In this paper we examine behavior loss relative to longevity in wild-type populations maintained at 22°C and 29°C to determine whether behavior loss - that is, loss of ability to perform certain innate behavioral responses within a defined test interval - can be used as biomarkers of aging. We find that under controlled conditions behavior loss can be used as a landmark of aging in populations maintained at either 22°C or 29°C. The ability to perform normal geotactic and phototactic responses is lost during the reproductive phase of the adult populations, whereas motor activity is not lost until well into the death phase. We feel that the use of behavior loss, together with other parameters of longevity in Drosophila, will allow comparisons to be made between different strains or between different environmental conditions to test their effect on aging. In the companion paper we demonstrate the use of behavior loss to identify a mutation which may accelerate the aging process.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040307
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mutation in Drosophila that appears to accelerate aging (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 199-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: aging ; Drosophila ; behavior ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The question as to the role that genes play in determining life-span is essentially unresolved. Although it is well documented that genotype influences longevity, this is no way demonstrates that life-span is genetically determined. In the present study we examine five temperature-sensitive mutations for their effect on the aging process. At the permissive temperature (22°C ), the longevity of each mutant strain is comparable to that of wild type. However, at the restrictive temperature (29°C ) the life-span of these mutants is severely curtailed. Using behavior loss as a landmark of adult physiological age, we examined each of these strains for its pattern of behavior loss relative to longevity, and compared each to a wild-type strain. In four of the mutations the pattern of behavior loss relative to longevity was severely altered at one or both temperatures. However, one strain, adl-16tsl displayed a pattern of behavior loss that was indistinguishable from wild type at both 22°C and 29°C. At 29°C not only was the longevity decreased, the pattern of behavior loss was also compressed into a shorter time period. The compression of the pattern of behavior loss was proportional to the reduction in life-span. Thus it appears that this mutation, adl-16tsl, may accelerate the normal aging process when placed at 29°C. The potential utility of these types of mutants for studying the aging process is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040306
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The regulation and function of small heat-shock protein synthesisBased on a lecture delivered in September 1983, at the International Conference in Biochemical and Developmental Genetics, Kos, Greece. (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 255-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; small heat-shock protein genes ; ecdysterone ; regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The four small heat shock protein genes of Drosophila are tightly linked at the level of DNA, and are coordinately regulated. In cultured cell lines their expression is induced by high temprature shock and by physiological doses of ecdysterone. In vivo, small heat shock gene expression is developmentally regulated. Using recombinant DNA clones we have characterized and compared small hsp gene induction in response to the two independent stimuli.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040404
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  • 18
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    A Molecular approach to chromosome organization (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; chromosome ; polyteny ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 315 kb walk in the genetically well characterized rosy region of the Drosophila chromosomes permits a molecular analysis of chromosome organization. Polytene chromosome bands in this region range from less than 7 kb to about 160 kb and the level of DNA replication is constant within bands and among bands and interbands. A good numerical and topographical correspondence is found between chromomeric units and genetic units.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040409
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  • 19
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    Complex brain and behavioral functions disrupted by mutations in Drosophila (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 355-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: courtship ; learning ; biological rhythms ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Reproductive behavior in Drosophila involves a complex series of actions which is perturbed by many different kinds of mutations. Some of the most interesting courtship variants are those originally isolated with respect to disruptions of general learning and memory. Several types of genetically abnormal males have their “conditioned courtship” blocked or attenuated by the learning and memory mutations, some of which, in turn, are known to cause abnormal levels of specific monoamines or cyclic nucleotides. Recent studies of the defective courtship performed by the conditioning mutants involve “mosaic focusing” of the neural tissues affected by the behavioral/biochemical mutations. These experiments address the question of whether there are localized influences of the relevant genetic loci in their control of conditioned courtship, in spite of the fact that the protein products of the genes have a broad tissue distribution. Female responses to courting Drosophila males can also be dependent on the former's prior experiences. This pertains to enhancing aftereffects of prestimulation by the courtship song that is produced by a male; and the same learning and memory mutations, expressed in females, impinge on the normal aftereffects. One element of acoustical communication in courtship is a rhythmic oscillation in a particular component of the song. This short-term behavioral rhythm is altered in males expressing circadian rhythm mutations. To investigate the neural and cellular mechanisms by which these genes act, a mosaic analysis has been initiated on the ganglia affected by a clock mutation in its disruption of the courtship rhythm and of circadian cycles. A molecular isolation and identification of the normal form of this genecalled period - has also begun, in order to probe the locus's structure and function in detail. Such an investigation will include a comparison of the mosaic results with a direct determination of the various tissues in which the gene's product is expressed. In addition, interspecific transfers of the purified period gene will augment the current studies of species-specific features of the rhythmic courtship songs.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040411
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    DNA heterogeneity and genetic control of tumorigenesis in nicotiana tumorous and nontumorous genotypes (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 3 (1982), S. 25-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: tumorous and nontumorous genotypes ; DNA amplification ; repetitive DNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The possible relevance of changes in amounts of highly repetitive DNA sequences for plant differentiation and dedifferentiation processes has been suggested in several cases. Data are lacking however on (1) the genetic control of these phenomena and (2) cause-effect relationships between DNA amplification and specific ontogenetic patterns.The present study was carried out on a Nicotiana genetic system consisting of the tumorous amphidiploid N glauca X N langsdorffii, a nontumorous mutant of it, their F1, and a backcross to the tumorous parent. Backcross segregation ratios were shown to be compatible with a “single gene” hypothesis, the F1 plant being nontumorous but showing a low percentage of tumors induced by wounds, 6-azauracil or X-rays.In vitro studies of excised pith tissue grown on Linsmaier and Skoog medium for different periods of time showed the presence, confirmed by cytological analyses, of amplification of highly repetitive sequences only in the nontumorous stock, as judged by reassociation experiments in the first 24-96 hours of culture. CsCl analytical ultracentrifugation of those sequences showed the appearance in the same stock of a heavy DNA satellite (density = 1.721 gm/ml), whose presence was also confirmed by derivative melting curves.Amplification seemed to be essential for the initiation of cell division, which was completely inhibited in the nontumorous genotype and partially influenced in the F1 by incorporation during the critical period (24-96 hours of the primary explant) of 5-bromo-2′-deoxy-uridine.The results are discussed in terms of an hypothesis of an integrated gene-controlled, hormone-mediated regulatory system of cell proliferation involving changes in target repetitive DNA sequences.
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    Third International Conference on Neurotoxicology of Selected Chemicals September 9-12, 7984, Chicago pyrethroids and neuroactive pesticides (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 229-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040308
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    Pattern formation: A primer in developmental biology. George M. Malacinski, editor; Susan Bryant, consulting editor. New York: MacMillan, 1984. 626 pp. $42.00 (1984)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 5 (1984), S. 173-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020050306
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    Molecular polymorphism: How much is there and why is there so much?Based on a lecture delivered in September, 1983 at the International Conference in Biochemical and Developmental Genetics, Kos, Greece. (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 379-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: genetic variation ; molecular evolution ; natural selection ; DNA polymorphism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The evidence for genetic variation can be traced to Mendel's experiments: The discovery of the laws of heredity was made possible by the expression of segregating alleles. Since that time, the study of genetic variation in natural populations has been characterized by a gradual discovery of ever-increasing amounts of genetic variation. In the early decades of this century geneticists thought that an individual is homozygous at most gene loci and that individuals of the same species are genetically almost identical. Recent discoveries suggest that, at least in outcrossing organisms, the DNA sequences inherited one from each parent are likely to be different for nearly every gene locus in every individual; ie, that every individual may be heterozygous at most, if not all, gene loci. But the efforts to obtain precise estimates of genetic variation have been thwarted for various reasons.
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    Reviewers for volume 4 (1983)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 4 (1983), S. 451-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020040417
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    Masthead (1984)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 5 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020050101
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    The plasmid-encoded killer system of Kluyveromyces lactis: A review (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 1-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320060102
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    Intracellular and extracellular levels of cyclic AMP during the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cyclic AMP ; Cell Cycle ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using the techniques of centrifugal elutriation it was demonstrated that during the cell division cycle of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae there are stage-specific fluctuations in the intracellular concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). Results shown here indicate that the intracellular concentration of cAMP is at its highest during the division cycle, and its lowest immediately prior to and just after cell sepraration. Results also show the extrusion of extracellular cAMP into the medium by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, extracellular cAMP levels being ten to one hundred times higher than intracellular levels. During the cell of Saccharomyces cerevisiae the extracellular level of cAMP does not fluctuate.
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    Comparative study on cytochrome P-450 of yeasts using specific antibodies to cytochromes P-450alk and P-45014DM (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cytochrome P-450 ; Lanosterol 14α-demethylase ; alkane hydroxylase ; Immunological Analysis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The occurrence of cytochrome P-45014DM(lanosterol 14α-demethylase) and cytochrome P-450alk (long-chain alkane terminal hydroxylase) in various yeast strain was determined with immunological procedures. Cytochrome P-45014DM, which is a constitutive or housekeeping enzyme playing an essential role in ergosterol biogenesis, was found in all yeast strains so far tested. Cytochromes P-45014DM from different species of yeast were immunologically different, although they may have a few common antigenic sites. In contrast, cytochrome P-450alk was detected only in the alkane-assimilating yeasts.
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    Peroxisome-deficient mutants of Hansenula polymorpha (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 87-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Hansenula polymorpha ; methylotrophic yeast ; microbodies ; peroxisome-deficient mutants ; alcohol oxidase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: As a first step in a genetic approach towards understanding peroxisome biogenesis and function, we have sought to isolate mutants of the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha which are deficient in peroxisomes. A collection of 260 methanol-utilization-defective strains was isolated and screened for the ability to utilize a second compound, ethanol, the metabolism of which involves peroxisomes. Electron microscopical investigations of ultrathin sections of selected pleiotropic mutants revealed two strains which were completely devoid of peroxisomes. In both, different peroxisomal matrix enzymes were active but located in the cytosol; these included catalase, alcohol oxidase, malate synthase and isocitrate lyase.Subsequent backcrossing experiments revealed that for all crosses involving both strains, the methanol- and ethanol utilizing-deficient phenotypes segregated independently of each other, indicating that different gene mutations were responsible for these phenotypes. The phenotype of the backcrossed peroxisome-deficient derivates was identical: defective in the ability to utilize methanol but capable of growth on other carbon sources, including ethanol.The mutations complemented and therefore were recessive mutations in different genes.
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    Optical fibers as tetrad dissection needles (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 139-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320060207
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    Cloning and sequencing of the ornithine carbamoyltransferase gene from Pachysolen tannophilus (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pachysolen ; ornithine carbamoyltransferase ; xylose ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A fragment of DNA from a yeast Pachysolen tannophilus, bearing the ornithine carbamoyltransferase gene (OCTase, EC 2.1.3.3) has been cloned from a genomic library by functional complementation of the Escherichia coli OCT-negative mutant. The gene was located within the cloned segment of DNA and its coding sequence identified by DNA sequencing. This has indicated that P. tannophilus OCT gene encodes a 347 amino acid polypeptide, which shows 60% identity to the homologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein. The amino acid composition of its N-terminus indicates that this protein is translocated across the mitochondrial membrane. The gene can be expressed in E. coli as well as in S. cerevisiae. Comparison with other OCTases confirms a high degree of conservation among these proteins.
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    Substrate-accelerated death of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 under maltose stress (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Maltose transport ; α-glucosidase ; yeast ; chemostat ; cell death ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: When Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 8066 was grown under maltose limitation, two enzymes specific for maltose utilization were present: a maltose carrier, and the maltose-hydrolysing α-glucosidase. The role of these two enzymes in the physiology of S. cerevisiae was investigated in a comparative study in which Candida utilis CBS 621 was used as a reference organism.Maltose pulses to a maltose-limited chemostat culture of S. cerevisiae resulted in ‘substrate-accelerated death’. This was evident from: (1) enhanced protein release from cells: (2) excretion of glucose into the medium; (3) decreased viability. These effects were specific with respect to both substrate and organism: pulses of glucose to maltose-limited cultures of S. cerevisiae did not result in cell death, neither did maltose pulses to maltose-limited cultures of C. utilis. The maltose-accelerated death of S. cerevisiae is most likely explained in terms of an uncontrolled uptake of maltose into the cell, resulting in an osmotic burst. Our results also provide evidence that the aerobic alcoholic fermentation that occurs after pulsing sugars to sugar-limited cultures of S. cerevisiae (short-term Crabtree effect) cannot solely be explained in terms of the mechanism of sugar transport. Both glucose and maltose pulses to maltose-limited cultures triggered aerobic alcohol formation. However, glucose transport by S. cerevisiae occurs via facilitated diffusion, whereas maltose entry into this yeast is mediated by a maltose/proton symport system.
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    Masthead (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320060301
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    The alcohol dehydrogenase system in the yeast, Kluyveromyces lactis (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; gene regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in the yeast Kluyvefromyces lactis. Southern hybridization to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH2 gene indicates four probable structural ADH genes in K. lactis. Two of these genes have been isolated from a genomic bank by hybridization to ADH2. The nucleotide sequence of one of these genes shows 80% and 50% sequence identity to the ADH genes of S. cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe respectively. One K. lactis ADH gene is preferentially expressed in glucose-grown cells and, in analogy to S. cerevisiae, was named K1ADH1. The other gene, homologous to K1ADH1 in sequence, shows an amino-terminal extension which displays all of the characteristics of a mitochondrial targeting presequence. We named this gene K1ADH3. The two genes have been localized on different chromosomes by Southern hybridization to an orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis-resolved K. lactis genome. ADH activities resolved by gel electrophoresis revealed several ADH isozymes which are differently expressed in K. lactis cells depending on the carbon source.
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    Creation of ARS activity in yeast through iteration of non-functional sequences (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 179-186 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: DNA replication ; replication origin ; eukaryotic chromosome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Replication origins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been identified through the clonning of autonomous replication sequence (ARS) elements that allow the extrachromosonal maintenance of plasmid molecules. ARS activity requires a close matcht to an 11 bp consensus sequence and A+T-rich flanking DNA. ARS elements with a wide range of capacities for promoting plasmid maintenance have been described. We determined the ARS activity of plasmid with inserts consisting of repetitions of a 64 bp 100% A+T sequence that has sequence similarities to known ARS elements. An insert with approximately four repeats did not yield transformants, but inserts with either eight or eleven repeats did. The cooperative of ARS activity did not require a contiguous arrangement since a plasmid containing two inserts of four repeats each, separated by about 1 kb, was functional. Our results show that a charge from non-function to function can be accomplished by the cumulative action of individually inactive sequences. We conclude that the probability of replication initiation is too low with only four repeats to allow plasmid maintenance, but the overall probability is increased by further sequence iteration to provide origin activity. We suggest that chromosomes may contain streches with dispersed, weak origin elements, each undetected by the conventional ARS assay, that in sum provide origin function.
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    An essential gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae shares an upstream regulatory element with PRP4 (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: RNA processing ; divergent transcripts ; temperature-sensitive mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: ORF2 is an essential gene immediately upstream of PRP4 (formeryl RNA4), a gene involved in nuclear mRNA processing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The two genes are arranged head-to-head. An 8 base-pair conserved sequences element is found upstream of both genes, as well as upstream of certain other genes that are known to be involved in pre-mRNA processing. Through deletion analysis we have found that both of the conserved sequence elements are important for transcription of both genes. We have cloned ORF2 and have isolated temperature-sensitive orf2 mutants. The phenotype of these mutants does not suggest a role for ORF2 in mRNA processing. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF2 indicates significant similarity to DPR1, a gene encoding a protein that is involved in the carboxy-terminal processing of G-protein.
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    Ornithine decarboxylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Chromosomal assignment and genetic mapping of the SPE1 gene (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 455-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Ornithine decarboxylase ; putrescine ; SPE1 gene ; spe10 mutation ; chromosome XI ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The gene for ornithine decarboxylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SPE1, has been assigned to chromosome XI by the technique of transverse alternating pulsed field electrophoresis and DNA-DNA hybridization. Genetic mapping by tetrad analysis shows that the SPE1 gene is located on the left arm of chromosome XI, 6 cM from the LAP1 gene and 43 cM from the TRP3 gene. The spe10 mutation previously isolated in this laboratory is mapped to the N-terminal region of the SPE1 gene, and therefore should be designated as a spe1 allele.
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    Masthead (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320060501
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    Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae selectable markers in pUC18 polylinkers (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 363-366 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Selectable markers ; Plasmids ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A set of plasmids was constructed that contain the yeast selectable markers HIS3, LEU2, TRP1 or URA3 embedded in the multiple cloning site of pUC18.
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    Nucleotide sequence of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 and val-tRNA genes and surrounding sequences from Kluyveromyces lactis K8 mitochondrial DNAEMBL Accession. No. X15999. (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 403-410 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluveromyces lactis ; budding yeast ; mitochondrial DNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nucleotide sequence of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (cox2) and val-tRNA genes and surrounding regions from Kluyveromyces lactis mitochondrial DNA is reported. Analysis of the coding regions shows that the codons CUN (Thr), CGN (Arg) and AUA (Met) are absent in this gene. A single sequence, ATATAAGTAA, identical to the baker's yeast mtRNA polymerase recognition site, was detected upstream of val-tRNA. This sequence is absent from regions between val-tRNA-cox2 and cox2-cox1. In addition a sequence AATAATATTCTT, identical to the mRNA processing site in other yeast mitochondrial genomes is present 32-43 bp downstream to the TAA stop codon for the cox-2 gene. Another short conserved sequence of 5 bp, TCTAA, is present upstream of the coding regions of cox2 genes in several yeasts, including K. lactis, but is not present upstream of other genes. Comparison of cox2 sequences from other organisms indicates that the mitochondrial DNA of K. lactis. is closely related to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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    The chromosomal constitution of wine strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 367-382 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast genetics ; wine yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosomes ; karyotyping ; aneuploidy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A general procedure is described for determining the chromosomal constitution of industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on analysis of segregation frequencies for input markers among random spore progeny of industrial-laboratory strain hybrids. The multiple auxotrophic haploid testers used carried a dominant erythromycin-resistance marker, allowing hybrids to be selected in mass matings with produced by the wild-type industrial strains. Analysis a number of independent crosses between the haploid testers and an unselected population of spores of each wine strain distinguished between disomic, trisomic and tetrasomic chromosomal complements in the parents. Possible explanations for a significant class of aberrant segregation frequencies are discussed.Results of the analysis indicate that UCD Enology 522 (Montrachet) is diployed and possibly trisomic for chromosome VII; 522X is diploid; UCD Enology 505 (California Champagne) is disomic for chromosome XVI, trisomic for chromosomes I, II, III, VI, VIII, IX, X, XII, XV, tetrasomic for chromosomes IV, XI, XIII, XIV and either trisomic or tetrasomic for chromosomes V and VII; and that UCD Enology 595 (Pasteur Champagne) is disomic for chromosomes I, II, III, IX, XVI, trisomic for chromosomes IV, VI, X, XII, XIV, XV, tetrasomic for chromosomes V, VIII, XI, XIII, and either disomic or tetrasomic for chromosome VII.
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    Characterization of the cytochrome c gene from the starch-fermenting yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis and its expression in bakers's yeast (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 429-440 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A cytochrome c protein gene, CYC10, of the dextran- and starch-fermenting yeast, Schwanniomyces occidentalis was cloned and characterized. The DNA sequence was determined, and the predicted amino acid sequence of the protein-coding region shares close homologies to the cytochrome c genes. A. S. occidentalis strain with a disruption of the gene revealed that CYC10 was the only functional cytochrome c protein-encoding gene in S. occidentalis, unlike the two cytochrome c protein genes (CYC1 and CYC7) in Saccharomyces cerevisiaear The CYC10 gene was oxygen-induced but not subject to catabolite repression.The expression of the CYC10 gene was studied in the heterologous yeast. S. cerevisiae. The oxygen induction of the gene was found to be identical to that of the CYC1 gene, indecating these two genes share similar or closely related cis- and trans- acting oxygen regulatory elements. However, the CYC10 gene was glucose repressed in S. cerevisiae strains; a phenomenon which was not observed in the native S. accidentalis cells. Search in the 5′ unstranslated region of the CYC10 gene revealed some homologies at -425 to -405 to UAS1 of the S. cerevisiae CYC1 gene. A deletion of a segment of upstream region including this sequence abolished expression in S. cerevisiae.Finally the phylogenetic relationships of different yeasts and fungi were determined based upon the amino acid sequences of the cytochrome c proteins. These relationships do not completely agree with classical divisions.
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    An assay of relative cell wall porosity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 483-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cell wall porosity ; permeability ; polycation assay ; cell wall structure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have developed a new assay to determine relative cell wall porosity in yeasts, which is based on polycation-induced leakage of UV-absorbing compounds. Polycations with a small hydrodynamic radius as measured by gel filtration (poly-L-lysine) caused cell leakage independent of cell wall porosity whereas polycations with a large hydrodynamic radius (DEAE-dextrans) caused only limited cell leakage due to limited passage through the cell wall. This allowed the ratio between DEAE-dextran- and poly-L-lysine-induced cell leakage to be used as a measure of cell wall porosity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Using this assay, we found that the composition of the growth medium affected cell wall porosity in S. cerevisiae. In addition, we could show that cell wall porosity is limited by the number of disulphide bridges in the wall and is dependent on cell turgor. It is argued that earlier methods to estimate cell wall porosity in S. cerevisiae resulted in large underestimations.
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    The complete sequence of the 8·2 kb segment left of MAT on chromosome III reveals five ORFs, including a gene for a yeast ribokinase (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 6 (1990), S. 521-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Chromosome III ; sequencing ; gene disruption ; ribokinase ; ARS ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report here the DNA sequence of a segment of chromosome III extending over 8·2 kb. The sequence was determined using the random clone strategy followed by oligonucleotide-directed sequencing. The segments contains five long open reading frames, YCR521, 522, 523, 524 and 526, with only short distances between them. YCR523 (333 codons) endodes a ribokinase, a new function for yeast. YCR526 originates inside the MAT cassette, which is in continuity with the present segment, and extends over 358 codons outside of MAT. YCR524 (923 codons) codes for a putative membrane protein. YCR521, 522 and 524, have each been disrupted by insertion of a URA3 cassette and are non-essential genes. An active ARS element is located within YCR523 or its vicinity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320060609
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    Hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor for mitochondrial respiration in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cytochrome c peroxidase ; hydrogen peroxide ; energetics ; yeast ; anaerobic respiration ; chemostat ; mitochondria ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chemostat cultures of a catalase-negative mutant of Hansenula polymorpha CBS 4732 were able to decompose hydrogen peroxide at a high rate. This was apparent from experiments in which yeast was grown under carbon limitation in chemostat culture on mixtures of glucose and H2O2. The enzyme responsible for H2O2 degradation is probably the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP), which was present at very high activities. This enzyme was partially purified and shown to be specific for reduced cytochrome c as an electron donor; no reaction was observed with NAD(P)H. Thus, reducing equivalents for H2O2 degradation by CCP must be provided by the respiratory chain.That H2O2 can act as an electron acceptor for reducing equivalents could be confirmed with experiments in which cells were incubated with ethanol and H2O2 in the absence of oxygen. This resulted in oxidation of ethanol to equimolar amounts of acetate.Energetic aspects of mitochondrial H2O2 decomposition via CCP and the physiological function of CCP in yeasts are discussed.
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    Influence of the codon following the initiation codon on the expression of the lacZ gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 157-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Translation initiation ; codon usage: mRNA structure ; yeast ; lacZ fusion protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A set of 32 different codons were introduced in a lacZ experssion vector (pPTK400) immediately 3′ from the AUG initiation codon. Expression of the lacZ gene was determined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by measuring the amount of β-galactosidase fusion protein using immuno-gel electrophoresis. A 5·3-fold difference in expression was found among the various constructs. It was found that there was no preference for a certain nucleotide in any position of the second codon and there was no distinct correlation between the level of tRNA corresponding to any particular second codon and expression. No correlation could be found between the local secondary structure and expression. When the overall codon usage in yeast and the codon usage in the second position of the mRNA is compared, there is no obvious significant difference in preference. This indicates that in yeast, in contrast to Escherichia coli, the codon choice at the beginning of the mRNA does not deviate from the one further downstream and is determined by the requirements for optimal translation elongation. Important determinatnts of the optimal context for an initiation codon in yeast therfore must be located mainly 5′ from this codon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070209
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    Quantitation of readthrough of termination codons in yeast using a novel gene fusion assay (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Translation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; lacZ fusion ; termination ; nonsense suppression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A simple quantitative in vivo assay has been developed for measuring the efficiency of translation of one or other of the three termination codons, UAA, UAG and UGA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The assay employs a 3-phosphoglycerate kinase-β-galactosidase gene fusion, carried on a multicopy plasmid, in which the otherwise retained reading frame is distupted by one or other of the three termination codons. Termination readthrough is thus quantitated by measuring β-galactosidase in transformed strains. Using these plasmids to quantitate the endogenous levels of termination readthrough we show that readthrough of all three codons can be detected in a non-suppressor (sup+) strain of S. cerevisiae. The efficiency of this endogenous readthrough is much higher in a [psi+] strain than in a [psi-] strain with the UGA codon being the leakiest in the nucleotide context used. The utility of the assay plasmids for studying genetic modifiers of nonsense suppressors is also shown by their use to demonstrate that the cytoplasmic genetic determinant [pse+] broadens the decoding properties of a serine-inserting UAA suppressor tRNA (SUQ5) to allow it to translate the other two termination codons in the order of efficiency UAA 〉 UAG 〉 UGA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070211
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    Chemostat studies of microsomal enzyme induction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 147-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; microsomes ; cytochrome P450 ; sterol demethylase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using cells grown in a chemostat at steady state, the levels of various components of the microsomal electron transport chain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined. Cytochrome P450 haemoprotein levels measured in cells grown in medium with a dissolved oxygen concentration of 15% were induced between 10- and 20-fold over levels in cells grown in medium containing 70% dissolved oxygen concentation. An increase in the dilution rate of a culture growing in medium containing 15% dissolved oxygen resulted in an increase in the residual glucose concentration of the medium. This was paralleled by an increase in the microsomal levels of cytochrome P450. The rise could not be attributed either to increases in the concentration of ethanol in the chemostat or to an increase in the proportion of energy generated using fermentative pathways. However, this effect was not observed in cells grown in an oxygen concentration of 70%. Cytochrome b5 haemoprotein levels were also induced approximately three-fold by reducing the dissolved oxygen concentration from 70% to 15%. Changes in the medium glucose concentration from 0·03% to 1·6% (w/v) had no effect on the levels of this enzyme. Conversely, levels of cytochrome P450 NADPH reductase appeared lower in cells grown in 15% as opposed to 70% dissolved oxygen concentration. Northern slot blot analysis of total RNA extracted from chemostat-grown cells, probed with a C-14 sterol demethylase cytochrome P450 gene (cytochrome P450 LIA1), revealed a pattern of message induction which matched that of the cytochrome P450 haemoprotein, indicating that control of the levels of this enzyme was at least partially transcriptional. Qualitative examination of combined cytochrome P450 apoprotein and haemoprotein levels using Western blot analysis revealed a similar pattern of induction to that observed with Northern blotting.
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    Ribosomal DNA spacer probes for yeast identification: Studies in the genus Metschnikowia (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: rDNA spacer probes ; rapid yeast identification ; Metschnikowia reukaufii ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To test whether DNA probes derived from ribosomal DNA spacer sequences are suitable for rapid and species-specific yeast identification, a pilot study was undertaken. A 7·7 kb entire ribosomal DNA unit of the type strain of Metschnikowia reukaufii was isolated, cloned and mapped. A 0·65 kb BamHI-HpaI fragment containing nontranscribed spacer sequences was amplified and selected for testing as a 32P hybridization probe with total DNA from the type strains of M. reukaufii, M. pulcherrima, M. lunata, M. bicuspidata, M. australis, M. zobellii, M. krissii, five other strains identified as M. reukaufii and strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Hansenula canadensis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica. The probe hybridized exclsively with DNA from the type strain and four other strains of M. reukaufii. DNA from one strain labelled M. reukaufii did not hybridize with the probe. Subsequent % G+C comparison and DNA-DNA reassociation with the type strain revealed that the non-hybridizing strain does not belong to the species M. reukaufii.
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    Biosynthesis and assembly of alcohol oxidase, a peroxisomal matrix protein in methylotrophic yeasts: A review (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 195-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070302
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    Calcium-dependent secretory vesicle-binding and lipid-binding proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiase (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 229-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Lipid-binding proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; secretion ; secretory vesicles ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cytosol was examined for the presence of calcium-dependent membrane- or lipidbinding proteins that might paly fundamental roles in membrane-associated phenomena in stimulated cells. A complex group of proteins was isolated from late log phase cultures of yeast strain YP3 on the basis of calcium-dependent association with yeast secretory vesicles isolated from the temperature-sensitive sec6-4 secretory mutant. The masses of the major proteins in this group were 32, 35, 47, 51, 55, 60, and 120 kDa. A similar group of proteins was isolated by calcium-dependent association with bovine brain lipids enriched in the predominant acidic phospholipids of the yeast secretory vesicles. The 47 kDa protein was highly purified when commerical yeast cake was used as the source of yeast cytosol. The 32 kDa and 60 kDa proteins were demonstrated to reassociate with lipids at calcium concentrations of 100 μM or higher, while no association was promoted by 2 mM-magnesium. The 47 kDa protein could be removed from lipids by reducing the calcium concentration to between 1 and 32 μM. The sequences of peptides isolated from digests of several of these proteins indicate that they are novel proteins but are insufficient to judge the possible homology of these proteins with mammalian membrane-binding proteins. The sequence data may be adequeate to permit isolation and modification of the corresponding genes in order to assess the possible funtion of this class of proteins in stimulated cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070305
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    Applications of high efficiency lithium acetate transformation of intact yeast cells using single-stranded nucleic acids as carrier (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cloning genes ; toxic ; E. coli ; non-selective transformation ; co-transformation ; one-step gene disruption ; deletion ; ligation libraries ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The highly efficient yeast lithium acetate transformation protocol of Schiestl and Gietz (1989) was tested for its applicability to some of the most important need of current yeast molecular biology. The method allows efficient cloning of genes by direct transformation of gene libraries into yeast. When a random gene pool ligation reaction was transformed into yeast, the LEU2, HIS3, URA3, TRP1 and ARG4 genes were found among the primary transformations at a frequency of approximately 0·1%. The RAD4 gene, which is toxic to Escherichia coli, was also identified among the primary transformants of a ligation library at a frequency of 0·18%. Non-selective transformation using this transformation proctocol was shown to increase the frequency of gene disruption three-fold. Co-transformation showed that 30-40% of the transformation-competent cells take up more than one DNA molecule which can be used to enrich for integration and delection events 30- to 60-fold. Co-transformation was used in the construction of simultaneous double gene disruptions as well as disrupting both copies of one gene in a diploid which occurred at 2-5% the frequency of the single event.
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    Optimization of Bacillus α-amylase production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 337-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; ADHI promoter ; regulation ; heterologous expression ; increased production ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Production of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens α-amylase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the multicopy plasmid pAAH5 and ways of improving the yields of secreted enzyme were studied. In standard non-buffered medium, α-amylase was rapidly inactivated but stabilization of the pH at 6 led to stable accumulation of α-amylase in the culture medium. Removal of 1100 bp of the upstream sequence of the ADH1 promoter present on pAAH5 resulted in delayed but increased α-amylase production: 29-fold in selective medium, two-fold in non-selective medium. With the original ADH1 promoter, accumulation of α-amylase in the medium started to level off before the cultures reached stationary phase and was very low when exponentially growing cells were transferred from glucose to ethanol. This coincided with the appearance of a mRNA larger than the α-amylase messenger. With the shortened promoter, the normal-size α-amylase mRNA was detected under all growth conditions and α-amylase was efficiently secreted into the medium also late in stationary phase and after transfer to ethanol. Highest total yields of α-amylase were obtained with the short promoter in non-selective glucose-containing medium; this may be explained by the greater final cell density obtained. However, the production of α-amylase per cell mass was higher in ethanol-containing selective medium. Seventy to eighty per cent of the α-amylase activity was secreted into the medium independent of the total amount produced.
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    Two genes encoding putative mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenases are present in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 391-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; mitochondrial import ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Four structural genes encoding isozymes of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis have been identified by hybridization to ADH2 DNA probes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this paper we report on the isolation of KlADH4 and the complete sequencing of KlADH3 and KlADH4, two genes which show high homology to KlADH1, the ADH gene previously isolated in K. lactis, and to the ADH genes of S. cerevisiae. When compared with KlADH1, both KlADH3 and KlADH4 encode amino-terminal extensions which show the characteristics of the mitochondrial targeting sequences. These extensions are poorly conserved both at the nucleotide and the amino acid level. Suprisingly, the KlADH4 extension shows a higher identity at the amino acid level to the one encoded by ADH3 of S. cerevisiae than to the KlADH3 presequence. KlADH3 and KlADH4, in contrast to the ADH3 gene of S. cerevisiae, show a strong bias in the choice of codons.
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070501
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    Analysis of the expression and secretion of the Candida tsukubaensis α-glucosidase gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 445-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Heterologous expression ; S. cerevisiae ; α-glucosidase ; secretion ; maltose utilization ; novel promoter ; Candida tsukubaensis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The α-glucosidase gene of Candida tsukubaensis is contained within a 3·47 kb BamH1-Mlu1 fragment which, when introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae AH22 on a yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vector, allows the transformants to utilize maltose as sole carbon source. Thus, the cloned gene confers a dominant selectable phenotype on transformed strains of S. cerevisiae which are otherwise unable to grow in nutrient media containing maltose, dextrin or other α-1,4-linked α-D-glucopyranosides, specifically hydrolysed by the α-glucosidase. The cloned enzyme expressed in yeast is secreted into the extracellular medium in a glycosylated form which accounts for up to 60% of the secreted protein and has a molecular size of 70-80 kilodalton (kDa). Deglycosylation of the α-glucosidase showed that the enzyme is composed of two distinct polypeptides with subunit molecular weights of 63-65 kDa (peptide 1) and 50-52 kDa (peptide 2). An increase in the level of expression of the α-glucosidase by yeast transformants in selective minimal medium was obtained by using a vector with increased copy number containing the leu2-d gene as selectable marker. The α-glucosidase gene promoter functions more effectively than the Gal1-10 promoter in directing α-glucosidase expression in S. cerevisiae. It also directs the expression of high levels of β-galactosidase activity in yeast when fused to a promoterless E. coli lacZ gene. Expression of the α-glucosidase gene under the control of its own promoter is constitutive, orientation dependent and not subject to catabolite repression.
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    The role of pyruvate decarboxylase in the Kluyver effect in the food yeast, Candida utilis (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 479-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pyruvate decarboxylase ; yeast ; Candida utilis ; Kluyver effect ; glycosidase ; β-glucosidase ; anaerobic sugar fermentation ; aerobiosis ; anaerobiosis ; activation ; deactivation ; catabolite repression ; enzyme induction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The glucose-fermenting yeast, Candida utilis cannot use the β-D-glucoside, cellobiose, anaerobically, although it is able to do so aerobically. β-Glucoside transport and hydrolysis and pyruvate decarboxylase activities of this yeast were measured aerobically and anaerobically. β-Glucoside transport was five-fold faster aerobically than anaerobically, but there was no corresponding difference in β-glucosidase activity. Pyruvate decarboxylase activity varied greatly, being synthesized de novo in response to the presence of D-glucose and anaerobic conditions and about 50% deactivated on the removal of D-glucose or the addition of air. Activation and deactivation were rapidly reversible. Failure to utilize cellobiose anaerobically, in particular, and the Kluyver effect, in general, probably depends on much reduced glycolytic flux, associated under anaerobic conditions, with (i) lower transport rate, (ii) low substrate affinity of the relevant glycosidase and (iii) deactivation of pyruvate decarboxylase. So, in addition to the complex effects of oxygen, anaerobiosis and specific sugars on induction, repression and derepression, there are fine controls on pyruvate decarboxylase activity, leading to fast activation or deactivation of the enzyme.
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070801
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    Obituary (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 773-774 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070802
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    Four major transcriptional responses in the methionine/threonine biosynthetic pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 781-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Methionine/threonine biosynthesis ; transcriptional regulation ; general amino acid control ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Genes encoding enzymes in the threonin/methionine biosynthetic pathwa were cloned and used to investigate their transcriptional response to signals known to affect gene expression on the basis of enzyme specific-activities. Four major responses were evident: strong repression by methionine of MET3, MET5 and MET14, as previously described for MET3, MET2 and MET25; weak repression by methionine of MET6; weak stimulation by methionine but no response to threonine was seen for THR1, HOM2 and HOM3; no response to any of the signals tested, for HOM6 and MES1. In a BOR3 mutant, THR1, HOM2 and HOM3 mRNA levels were increased slightly. The stimulation of transcription by methionine for HOM2, HOM3 and THR1 is mediated by the GCN4 gene product and hence these genes are under the general amino acid control. In addition to the strong repression by methionine, MET5 is also regulated by the general control.
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    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991) 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070701
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    Activity of promoter mutants of the yeast ribosomal RNA gene with and without the enhancerThis paper is dedicated to the memory of Dr. R. V. Quincey. (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 679-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Ribosomal RNA ; transcription ; enhancer ; promoter ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The promoter and enhancer of the rRNA gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been studied using a nuclease S1 protection assay to detect transcripts of an rRNA minigene in transformed yeast. Analysis of 5′ deletion mutants showed that DNA between - 163 bp and - 155 bp was important for promoter activity and that some DNA between - 155 bp and - 145 bp was essential. The importance of DNA far upstream from the initiation site was confirmed by showing that minigene expression was much reduced by linker scanner mutations clustered around - 148 bp, - 133 bp and - 100 bp, and was abolished by mutations clustered around - 118 bp. The enhancer for rRNA biosynthesis increased transcription from all of the five mutated promoters that were tested. The magnitude of the enhancer effects on weakly active promoters was two- to three-fold less than on the wild-type promoter. Expression of a minor transcript in a 5′ deletion to - 10 bp was substantially reduced by a mutation which altered two base pairs in the core sequence of the promoter-proximal REB1 binding site.
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    The SEC11 gene is situated adjacent to DAL81 on the right arm of chromosome IX in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 757-760 
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    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome mapping ; nitrogen catabolic genes ; secretion genes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Repression of a mating type cassette in the fission yeast by four DNA elements (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 745-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Fission yeast ; mating type expression ; silencer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, expresses one of two alternative mating types. They are specified by one of two determinants (M or P) present at the mat1 locus. In addition, silent copies of M and P are present on the same chromosome. In the present work we demonstrate that the difference between the active and the silent stage of the P determinant is controlled by four repressive elements that are located at the silent locus. There are two elements to the left and two to the right of the mating type cassette. Both elements to the left and either one of the two elements to the right are required for an effective blockage of transcription. When they are combined, the four elements define a highly efficient silencer functionally similar to the HMRE and HMLE and HMLI silencers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In addition, the DNA surrounding the silent P locus confers symmetric partitioning in mitosis to Schizosaccharomyces pombe ars plasmids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070709
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    Transport of lactic acid in Kluyveromyces marxianus: Evidence for a monocarboxylate uniport (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 7 (1991), S. 775-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces ; lactic acid ; transport ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Lactic acid-grown cells of a strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus transported D-and L-lactic acid by a saturable mechanism that was partially inducible and subject to glucose repression, with the following kinetic parameters at pH 5·4: Vmax = 1·00 (±0·13) mmol h-1 per g dry weight and Ks = 0·42 (±0·08) mM. Lactic acid transport was competitively inhibited by pyruvic, glycolic, acetic and bromoacetic acids. The latter, a non-metabolizable analogue, was transiently accumulated, the extent depending on the extracellular pH. The pH dependence of the Ks values for undissociated lactic acid and for the lactate anion indicated that the latter was the transported species. Lactate uptake was not accompanied by the simulatate uptake of protons, potassium ions or sodium ions excluding symport mechanisms. Initial lactic acid uptake led to transient membrane hyperpolarization as measured with a fluorescent dye excluding also an electroneutral anion antiport mechanism. It was concluded that lactate anions use a monocarboxylate uniport and that the counter anion, possibly bicarbonate, uses a separate channel, the coupling being electrical and loose.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320070803
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    Yeast flocculation: Reconciliation of physiological and genetic viewpoints (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 25-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; flocculation ; FLO genes ; dsRNA ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; brewers' yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast floccultion results from surface expression of specific proteins (lectins). Two flocculation phenotypes were suggested by physiological and biochemical tests, whereas genetic data suggested a larger number of mechanisms of flocculation. After reviewing the biochemistry, physiology and genetics of flocculation, a new hypothesis combining the data available from these different sources, is proposed.Flocculation results when lectins present on flocculent cell bind sugar residues of neighbouring cell walls. These sugar receptors are intrinsic to the mannan comprizing cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two lectin phenotypes were revealed by sugar inhibition studies. The gluco- and mannospecific NewFlo phenotype is not, as yet, found in genetically defined strains. Mannospecific flocculation (Flo 1 phenotype) is found in strains containing the genes FLO1, FLO5 and FLO8. This phenotype is also found following mutation of the TUP1 or CYC8 loci, in previously non-flocculent strains. It is therefore proposed that the structure gene for mannospecific flocculation is common or possibly unbiquitous in non-flocculent strains and in consequence, FLO1, FLO5 and FLO8 are probably regulatory genes, exerting positive control over the structure gene.Flocculation expression requires lectin secretion to the cell surface. Many of the observed ‘suppressions’ of flocculation may be due to mutations of the secretory process, involved in transporting structural proteins to the cell wall.The possible involvement of killer L double-stranded RNA with flocculation is suggested, given the lectin properties of viral coat proteins nad an association between L double-stranded RNA and the Flo 1 phenotype.
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    The complete sequence of a 10·8kb fragment to the right of the chromosome III centromere of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; chromosome III ; CIT2 ; SUF2 ; tRNA Asn ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The complete nucleotide sequence of the D10H fragment (10850 bp) was determined. The D10H fragment is located on the right arm of chromosome III near the centromere and contains the SUF2 gene. Six open reading frames (ORFs) larger than 300 bp were found. One of them is the CIT2 gene encoding the cytoplasmic citrate synthase. The others are new putative genes and show no significant similarly with any known gene. In addition two tRNA genes (Asn and Pro) and a solo delta element were identified. Two ORFs were disrupted; no peculier phenotype was observed.
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    Thioredoxin genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Map positions of TRX1 and TRX2 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Thioredoxin ; TRX1 ; TRX2 ; genetic map location ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The two genes encoding thioredoxims in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TRX1 and TRX2, map to chromosome XII and VII, respectively. From the DNA sequence of the intragenic region TRX1 is 500 bp downstream of PDC1. Tetrad analysis places TRX21·1 cM from ADE3, while a physical map of this region positions TRX2 4·5 kb downstreams of ADE3. The mapping of TRX1 adjacent to PDC1 clarifies previous results (Muller, E. G. D. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 9194-9202, 1991) that suggested a third thioredoxims gene.
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    The small heat-shock protein Hsp26 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae assembles into a high molecular weight aggregate (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Small heat-shock protein ; Hsp26 overexpression ; yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) ; heat-shock proteins ; Hsp26-containing high molecular weight aggregate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Hsp26 is one the major small heat-shock proteins (Hsp) of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. yet its cellular role remains to be discovered. To examine the cellular consequences of overexpression of Hsp26, the gene encoding this protein (HSP26) was overexpressed from a multicopy plasmid using either its own promoter or by coupling it to the effecient constitutive PGK promoter. The PGK promoter provided the opportunity to overexpress Hsp26 under nonstress conditions and such high level synthesis, prior to a lethal heat shock (50°C), gave a small but reproducible elevation in thermotolerance. In transformed strains overexpressing Hsp26 under either stressed or non-stress conditions, the Hsp26 polypeptide was recovered almost exclusively as a high molecular weight aggregate. This high molecular weight aggregate (or heat-shock granule, HSG) was purified by differential centrifugation and sucrose gradient density centrifugation and shown, by electron microscopic analysis, to be of a uniform size (15-25 nm diameter). Analysis of the purified HSG demonstrated that it had a molecular weight of 550 kDa, yet contained no other integral polypeptides or other macromolecules.
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    Sequence of the sup61-RAD18 region on chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome III ; sup61 ; RADI18 ; chromosome sequening ; Zn finger proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 7965 bp DNA segment from the right arm of chromosome III of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encompassing the sup61 and RAD18 genes, was sequenced. Four new open reading frames were found in this DNA fragment. One of them YCR103, is 51% homologous with the G10 gene product of Xenopus laevis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080209
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    Architectural features of pre-mRNA introns in the fission yeast Schizosaccharmyces pombe (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Fission yeast ; pre-mRNA splicing ; intron architecture ; splice sites ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The architectural features of 73 introns found in 36 genes of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe have been compiled and tabulated. The intron features of Saccharomyces cerevisia and other eukaryotes. The results that S. pombe displays quite different architectural features than the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. However, particularly in the 3′ region, S. pombe introns also appear to differ from mammalian introns.
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    The DNA sequence of a 762 bp fragment containing the SUP11-1 gene (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 223-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome VI ; tRNA gene ; SUP11 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080308
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    Flow cytometric analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae autolytic mutants and protoplasts (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 39-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Flow cytometry ; autolytic mutants ; protoplasts ; yeast ; viability assay ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Simple methods, based on the technique of flow cytometry, have been developed for the phenotypic characterization of yeast autolytic mutants and for the analysis of the formation and regeneration of the yeast protoplasts. The expression of lytic mutations determined uptake of the fluorescent dye propidium iodide, which could be carefully monitored by flow cytometry. Mixed populations of lysed and viable cells were precisely quantified and sorted, and the technique was also applied to demonstrate protection from lysis of mutant cells with cell wall defects, in the presence of osmotic stabilizers. Protoplast formation and regeneration was monitored by analysing relative cell size; this was facilitated by the preparation of homogeneous protoplast preparations. The technique of flow cytometry proved superior to other conventional methods for these types of study.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080201
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    The peroxisomal import signal of amine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is not universal (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 243-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Amine oxidase ; peroxisomes ; Hansenula polymorpha ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; targeting signal ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Amine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is a peroxisomal protein. The signal for routing of the protein into peroxisomes has not been identified yet. Expression of a mutant amine oxidase in H. Polymorpha has revealed that the C-terminal sequence, which possesses an internal SRL tripeptide, is not involved in targeting (Faber et al., unpublished). We have explored heterologous expression of the amine oxidase gene (AMO) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to investigate the conservation of peroxisomal targeting pathways between yeasts. Surprisingly, wide-type amine oxidase is not recognized as a peroxisomal protein by S. cerevisiae. The enzyme, which was fully active and acumulated to levels similar to those found in H. polymorpha, stayed entirely in the cytosol. However, fusing a SKL or a SRL sequence to the C-terminus forced the protein at least partially into peroxisomes of the heterologous host. These data suggest that the functional targeting sequence of amine oxidase may differ from the C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal S/C/A-K/R/H-L (Gould et al., 1989). Contrary to the established tripeptide motif, the amine oxidase targeting signal appears not to be conserved between the different yeast species.
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    Mutations in phosphofructokinases alter the control characteristics of glycolysis in vivo in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 291-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pasteur effect ; oxygen ; carbon dioxide ; fermentation ; respiration ; mass spectrometry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ethanol and CO2 production from gluecose by non-proliferating suspensions of aerobicaly-grown, glucose-derepressed wild-type Sacharomyces cerevisiae is inhibited by O2; monitoring by mass spectrometry provides a direct method for measurement of the Pasteur effect.Under aerobic conditons, that part of the CO2 evolved equivalent to the O2 consumed, is produced by respiration: subtraction of this respiratory CO2 from the total gives, CO2 produced by aerobic glycolysis. Pasteur quotients (anaerobic CO2/aerobic glycolytic CO2) were within the range 1.2 to 3.0. The Pasteur effect was not observed in the presence of carbonyl cyanid m-chlorophenylhydrazone, an uncoupler of mitochondrial energy metabolism, or in a ρ cytoplasmic petite mutant. A ‘non-allosteric’ mutant with an altered regulatory subunit of phosphofructokinase showed no Pasteur effect. Strains bearing a nonsense mutation pfk1 in the catalytic subnit of soluble phosphofructokinase (PFKI) also showed no Pasteur effect; the residual fermentative activity of this strain was dependent on PFKII, the particulate phosphofructokinase. A double mutant lacking both PFKI and glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase showed similar characteristics to those of the single pfk1 mutant; this indicates that the hexose monophosphate shunt is not acting to bypass the phosphofructokinase block. A ‘hyper-allosteric’ mutant altered in the regulatory subunit encoded by the gene PFK2 showed characteristics of glucose fermentation and ethanol oxidation very similar to those of wild-type organisms. These results indicate that either of the two phosphofructokinases can cary out glycolysis.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080501
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    II. Yeast sequencing reports. Sequence of a 12·7 kb segment of yeast chromosome II identifies a PDR-like gene and several new open reading frames (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 761-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Genome sequencing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome II ; PDR1 ; multidrug resistance ; Zn binuclear cluster ; Leu zipper ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 12,684 bp DNA fragment, between FUS3 and the centromere, from the left arm of chromosome II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequenced as part of the European project to sequence the whole chromosome. This segment contains at least five complete new open reading frames (ORFs) and the beginning (191 first 5′ codons) of an ORF whose putative translational product is highly similar to the multidrug resistance PDR1 gene previously characterized by Balzi et al. (1987) on chromosome VII.
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a homolog of human fkbp-13, a membrane-associated fk506/rapamycin binding protein (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 815-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080917
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    Development of the yeast Pichia pastoris as a model organism for a genetic and molecular analysis of peroxisome assembly (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 613-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia yeast ; protein sorting ; peroxisome ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe the isolation of mutants of the yeast Pichia pastoris that are deficient in peroxisome assembly (pas). These mutants of P. pastoris can be identified solely by their inability to grow on methanol and oleic acid, the utilization of which requires peroxisomal enzymes, and are defined by the absence of normal peroxisomes as judged by electron microscopy and biochemical fractionation experiments. These mutants are the result of genetic defects at single loci and represent at least eight different complementation groups. The isolation of pas mutants of P. pastoris by a simple screen for mutants unable to use methanol and oleic acid represents a significantly more efficient method for identification of pas mutants than is possible in other organisms. To exploit this advantage fully we also developed new reagents for the genetic and molecular manipulation of P. pastoris. These include a set of auxotropic strains with an essentialiy wild type genetic background, plasmids that act as Escherichia coli-P. pastoris shuttle vectors, and genomic DNA libraries for isolation of P. pastoris genes by functional complementation of mutants or by nucleic acid hybridization. The availability of numerous pas mutants and the reagents necessary for their molecular analysis should lead to the isolation and characterization of genes involved in peroxisome assembly.
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    Efficient selection of phleomycin-resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformants (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 667-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Dominant maker ; Phleomycin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The recently dsecribed dominant yeast marker Tn5ble confers phleomycin resistance on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Gatignol, Baron and Tiraby, 1987. Mol. Gen. Genet. 207, 342-348). Incubation in non-selective medium prior to selection is critical, however, for getting phleomycin-resistant transformants. A 6-h incubation period was found to give optimal transformation frequencies, up to 105 transformants/μg plasmid, comparable to selection for uracil prototrophy (Ura+).
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains a homolog of human fkbp-13, a membrane-associated fk506/rapamycin binding protein (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 673-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Immunosuppressant drugs ; membrane proteins ; S. cerevisiae ; chromosome IV ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: FKB2 encodes a homolog of human FKBP-13, a membrane-associated binding protein for the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKB2 is located on the right arm of chromosome IV and contains an open reading frame of 135 amino acids, of which the first 17 residues comprise a putative hydrophobic leader peptide. Yeast FKBP-13 is homologous to human FKBP-13 (52% amino acid identity) and to FKBP-12, the major cytosolic receptor for FK506. In the alignment of FKBP-13 and FKBP-12 sequences, there are 28 invariant residues. Among these conserved residues are those that comprise the drug binding and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase active site of FKBP-12. The phylogenetic conservation of the FKBP family suggests that the proteins are involved in a basic cellular function.
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    The complete sequence of a 19,482 bp segment located on the right arm of Chromosome II from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 189-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome II sequencing ; serine-hydroxymethyl-transferase ; RIB5 ; GAP ; GTP binding protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report here the sequence of a 19,482 bp DNA segment of chromosome II of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The fragment contains 16 open reading frames (ORFs) covering 74% of the sequence. Four predicted products present homology with known proteins. The ORF YBR1732 exhibits a strong homology to serine hydroxymethyl transferase; the best score is 53·1% identity in 458 amino acids overlap with the serine hydroxymethyl transferase from rabbit liver. YBR1724, which shows homology with riboflavin synthase of Bacillus subtilis, is probably the RIB5 gene implied in riboflavine synthesis and mapped in this region. YBR1733 is homologous to rab protein and YBR1728 is presumably a GTPase activating protein.
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    The international community of yeast genetics and molecular biology, 141-160 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 141-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081309
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    The international community of yeast genetics and molecular biology, 181-200 (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 181-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320081311
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    The SCH9 protein kinase mRNA contains a long 5′ leader with a small open reading frame (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein kinase ; mRNA leader ; RAS ; cell cycle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The SCH9 yeast gene, that was previously identified as a suppressor of cdc25 and ras1- ras2-ts temperature-sensitive mutants, encodes a putative protein kinase that positively regulates the progression of yeast cells through the G1 phase of the cell cycle. We have determined the structure of the SCH9 transcription unit, using primer extension and S1 mapping techniques. The corresponding mRNA included an unusually long 5′ region of more than 600 nucleotides preceding the major open reading frame (ORF). While the latter corresponded to a protein of 824 amino acids, an upstream open reading frame (uORF) within the 5′ leader could potentially encode a 54 amino acid peptide. To investigate the role of the AUGs within the uORF, we engineered chimaeric plasmid vectors in which SCH9 sequences including the promoter, the mRNA leader and the first 514 nucleotides of the major ORF were fused in-frame with β-galactosidase-coding sequences. Upon introduction into yeast cells, the fusion protein was efficiently expressed. However, mutational disruption of the uORF using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis did not affect the level of expression of the fusion protein. This indicates that regulatory mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae prevent upstream AUGs within the SCH9 mRNA leader sequence from influencing translation from downstream initiation codons.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090104
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    Functional expression of bacterial β-glucuronidase and its use as a reporter system in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Heterologous expression ; β-glucuronidase ; LEU2 promoter ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The use of β-glucuronidase (β-GUS) as a reporter and sensitive detection system for Yarrowia lipolytica was studied. The Escherichia coli gusA gene was expressed under control of the homologous LEU2 promoter in a transcriptional fusion. An NcoI restriction site was introduced at the translational start-ATG, conserving the most favorable context for initiation of translation. The chimeric LEU2′-gusA gene was integrated into the LEU2 locus by homologous recombination. The β-GUS assay was very sensitive and highly reproducible, using the cytosolic fraction or a total cell extract as the source of enzyme. In a leucine-free medium, β-GUS activity was at a high, constant level, independent of growth phase. In transformants grown on complete medium, β-GUS activity was reduced about three-fold, but doubled during logarithmic growth. No intrinsic β-GUS activity was detectable in untransformed Y. lipolytica and no effect of β-GUS expression on growth was obseved. β-GUS-producing Y. lipolytica cells could be directly detected on media plates containing X-gluc (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronide).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090109
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  • 88
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    QCR9, the nuclear gene encoding a small subunit of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex, maps to the right arm of chromosome VII in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 95-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Quinol-cytochrome c reductase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; petite ; yeast chromosome VII ; bc1 complex ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We present here mapping data for QCR9, a nuclear gene encoding a subunit of the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex. Deletion of QCR9 results in the inability of cells to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources at 37°C. Thus, qcr9 mutants can be scored by growing cells on YPE/G at 37°C, or followed by the URA3 marker, which was inserted when making the qcr9 deletion strain, JDP1. The location of QCR9 on the right arm of chromosome VII with respect to the previously mapped genes ADE3, SER2 and PET54 is given.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090112
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  • 89
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    Galactose inhibition of the constitutive transport of hexoses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; hexose transport ; galactose inhibition ; glycolysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The relationship between the pathways of glucose and galactose utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been studied. Galactose (which is transported and phosphorylated by inducible systems) is a strong inhibitor of the utilization of glucose, fructose and mannose (which have the same constitutive transport and phosphorylation systems). Conversely, all these three hexoses inhibit the utilization of galactose, though with poor efficiency. These cross-inhibitions only occur in yeast adapted to galactose or in galactose-constitutive mutants.The efficiency of galactose as inhibitor is even greater than the efficiencies of each of the other three hexoses to inhibit the utilization of each other. Phosphorylation is not involved in the inhibition and the transport of sugars is the affected step.The cross-inhibitions between galactose and either glucose, fructose or mannose do not implicate utilization of one hexose at the expense of the other, as it occurs in the mutual interactions between the latter three sugars. It seems that, by growing the yeast in galactose, a protein component is synthesized, or alternatively modified, that once bound to either galactose or any one of the other three hexoses (glucose, fructose or mannose), cross-interacts respectively with the constitutive or the inducible transport systems, impairing their function.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090202
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  • 90
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    CNE1, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Homologue of the Genes Encoding Mammalian Calnexin and Calreticulin (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 185-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; chromosome I ; calnexin homologue ; CNE1 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090209
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  • 91
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    The role of ALA-S and ALA-D in regulating porphyrin biosynthesis in a normal and a HEM R+ mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeDedicated to Professor Dr Andres O. M. Stoppani on his 75th Birthday. (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 165-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: δ-Aminolevulinate synthase ; δ-aminoleuvulinate dehydratase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae HEM R+ mutants ; catabolite repression and derepression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Catabolite repression and derepression on δ-aminolevulinate synthase (ALA-S) and δ-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALA-D) in a normal yeast strain, D27, and its derived D27/C6 (HEM R+) were investigated. ALA-S and ALA-D activities and intracellular ALA (I-ALA) at different physiological states of the cells were measured. In YPD medium, under conditions of repression and when glucose was exhausted, both strains behaved identically as if the mutation was not expressed. In YPEt medium, however, both ALA-S and ALA-D activities were higher than in YPD, but the I-ALA content and the enzymic activity profiles shown by the two strains were quite different. It appears, therefore, that the mutation causes a deregulation of ALA-S, so that its activity is kept at a high level throughout the cell cycle. This would explain the increased levels of cytochromes present in the mutant. This mutation may affect some regulatory aspect of ALA formation and renders an ALA-S of high activity; moreover, this enzyme species seems to be more stable than in the normal strain.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090207
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  • 92
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    Current awareness on yeast (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No abstract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090114
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  • 93
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    Cloning and genetic analysis of the gene encoding a new protein kinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Protein kinase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; KIN3 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have isolated a single gene from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding a potential 800 amino acid polypeptide of calculated Mr 90 098 Da. This protein consists of an N-terminal region that shares significant homology with the catalytic domains of several serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases, as well as a large, unique, C-terminal domain of unknown function. Haploid disruption mutants are viable and do not exhibit any readily observable growth defects under varying conditions of temperature, nutrients or osmotic strength. Due to the apparent structural similarity between this kinase and the protein products of the KIN1 and KIN2 genes, we have chosen to name this new gene KIN3.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090205
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  • 94
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    Cloning and genetic characterization of a calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is homologous to translation elongation factor-1γ (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 151-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Calcium-binding protein ; phospholipid-binding protein ; CAM1 ; elongation factor ; protein synthesis ; EF-1γ ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have isolated a gene (CAM1) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that encodes a protein homologous to the translational cofactor elongation factor-1γ (EF-1γ) first identified in the brine shrimp Artemia salina. The predicted Cam1 amino acid sequence consists of 415 residues that share 32% identity with the Artemia protein, increasing to 72% when conservative substitutions are included. The calculated Mr of Cam1p (47 092 Da) is in close agreement with that of EF-1γ (Mr = 49 200 Da), and hydropathy plots of each protein exhibit strikingly similar profiles. Disruption of the CAM1 locus yields four viable meiotic progeny, indicating that under normal growth conditions the Cam1 protein is non-essential. Attempts to elicit a translational phenotype have been unsuccessful. Since EF-1γ participates in the regulation of a GTP-binding protein (EF-1α), double mutants with cam1 disruptions and various mutant alleles of known GTP-binding proteins were constructed and examined. No evidence was found for an interaction of CAM1 with TEF1, TEF2, SEC4, YPT1, RAS1, RAS2, CDC6, ARF1, ARF2 or CIN4. The possibility that Cam1p may play a redundant role in the regulation of protein synthesis or another GTP-dependent process is discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090206
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  • 95
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    Sequence of the open reading frame of the FL01 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 423-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: FLO1 ; flocculation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cloned part of the flocculation gene FLO1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Teunissen, A.W.R.H., van den Berg, J.A. and Steensma, H.Y. (1993). Physical localization of the flocculation gene FLO1 on chromosome I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yeast, in press) has been sequenced. The sequence contains a large open reading frame of 2685 bp. The amino acid sequence of the putative protein reveals a serine- and threonine-rich C-terminus (46%), the presence of repeated sequences and a possible secretion signal at the N-terminus. Although the sequence is not complete (we assume the missing fragment consists of repeat units), these data strongly suggest that the protein is located in the cell wall, and thus may be directly involved in the flocculation process.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090413
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  • 96
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    DNA sequence analysis of a 17 kb fragment of yeast chromosome XI physically localizes the MRB1 gene and reveals eight new open reading frames, including a homologue of the KIN1/KIN2 and SNF1 protein kinases (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 1149-1155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; chromosome XI ; MBR1 ; protein kinases ; serine-rich protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report in this paper the sequence of a part of chromosome XI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This 17 kbp nucleotide sequence represents the right half of cosmid pUKG151 and contains nine open reading frames, YKL453, 450, 449, 448, 445, 443, 442, 441 and the 5′ part of YKL440. YKL440 was previously identified as the MBR1 gene and plays a role in mitochondrial biogenesis. YKL443 is a homologue of the yeast serine-rich protein (SRP1), while YKL453 presents strong homologies with the KIN1/KIN2/SNF1 kinase family. It must be pointed out that the size of this gene is well above average for yeast.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320091016
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    Transformation in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia methanolica utilizing homologous ADE1 and heterologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADE2 and LEU2 genes as genetic markers (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 1189-1197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Methylotrophic yeast ; genetic transformation ; non-homologous integration ; gene disruption ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Development of transformation systems for methylotrophic yeasts is the starting point for research aimed at developing molecular genetics of these genera and will be the key to their further successful use in biotechnology. We transformed Pichia methanolica using selector genes ADE2 and LEU2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and ADE1 (homologue of S. cerevisiae ADE2 gene) from P. methanolica which was cloned and sequenced in our laboratory (Hiep et al., 1991). Lithium transformation of P. methanolica strains was inefficient with intact plasmids. Linearization of plasmids at a unique restriction site within the ADE1 gene prior to transformation substantially increased its frequency. Transformation with linear ADE1, ADE2 or LEU2 gene fragments was even more effective. Introduced DNA fragments either circularized in vivo, irrespective of the structures of their ends, giving unstable transformants; or integrated at different sites of the host genome. Using this transformation system, we obtained a disruption of the ADE1 gene on the chromosome by inserting the S. cerevisiae LEU2 gene. The disruption mutation ade1::LEU2 was used to study the mechanism of intragenic recombination in P. methanolica.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320091105
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    Fluorescent staining with bromocresol purple: A rapid method for determining yeast cell dead count developed as an assay of killer toxin activity (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 1207-1211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Bromocresol purple ; killer toxin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fluorescence staining ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A method is described for detecting yeast cells with plasma membrane damage, based on cell staining with bromocresol purple (BCP) which has a convenient fluorescence after entering the cells at pH below 5·2. The method was used to determine the activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae pore-forming killer toxin K1 in commonly used lethal units. The BCP test is rapid and as precise as the plating test.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320091107
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  • 99
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    Synonymous codon usage in Kluyveromyces lactis (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 1219-1228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces lactis ; codon usage ; G+C content ; molecular evolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The nature and variation of synonymous codon usage in 47 open reading frames from Kluyveromyces lactis have been investigated. Using multivariate statistical analysis, a single major trend among K. lactis genes was identified that differentiates among genes by expression level: highly expressed genes have high codon usage bias, while genes of low expression level have low bias. A relatively minor secondary trend differentiates among genes according to G+C content at silent sites. In these respects, K. lactis is similar to both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans, and the same ‘optimal’ codons appear to be selected in highly expressed genes in all three species. In addition, silent sites in K. lactis and S. cerevisiae have similar G+C contents, but in C. albicans genes they are more A+T-rich. Thus, in all essential features, codon usage in K. lactis is very similar to that in S. cerevisiae, even though silent sites in genes compared between these two species have undergone sufficient mutation to be saturated with changes. We conclude that the factors influencing overall codon usage, namely mutational biases and the abundances of particular tRNAs, have not diverged between the two species. Nevertheless, in a few cases, codon usage differs between homologous genes from K. lactis and S. cerevisae. The strength of codon usage bias in cytochrome c genes differs considerably, presumably because of different expression patterns in the two species. Two other, linked, genes have very different G+C content at silent sites in the two species, which may be a reflection of their chromosomal locations. Correspondence analysis was used to identify two open reading frames with highly atypical codon usage that are probably not genes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320091109
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  • 100
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    AFG2, an essential gene in yeast, encodes a new member of the Sec18p, Pas1p, Cdc48p, TBP-1 family of putative ATPases (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 1267-1271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequenced that encodes a protein with homology to a family of putative ATPases. These homologous proteins include the yeast cell division cycle protein Cdc48p and its mammalian homologues VCP and p97; Sec18p and its mammalian homologue NSF, proteins necessary for fusion of transport vesicles to target membranes in the secretory pathway; Pas1p, a protein necessary for peroxisome biosynthesis in yeast; Yme1p, a yeast mitochondrial protein that influences the rate of DNA escape from mitochondria; and TBP-1, MSS1 and Sug1p, proteins that interact with transcription factors. This newly sequenced gene, named AFG2 for ATPase family gene, is located on chromosome XII 5′ to the SLP1/VPS33 open reading reading frame and encodes an essential protein of 780 amino acids that is most homologous to Cdc48p.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320091114
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