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  • Chemistry  (3,659)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (452)
  • Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics  (44)
  • Deutschland  (15)
  • 1945-1949  (4,170)
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Keywords
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  • 1
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    Malaria in Deutschland 1945-1947 (1949)
    In:  Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 1, 31-91
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1945-1947 ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 2
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    Über die einheimische endogene Malaria in Deutschland (1949)
    In:  Dissertation, Erlangen
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Keywords: Deutschland ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 3
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    Frittfliegenbefall in den Ähren der Wintergerste (1949)
    In:  Neue Mitt. Landwirtsch. 4; p.130-132
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Der Autor beschreibt den Lebenszyklus der Frittfliege und dokumentiert das Auftreten des Schädlings in vergangenen Jahren. In einem sehr kurzen Absatz wird das Auftreten des schädlings mit warmem Frühlingswetter und der Sonnenscheindauer bzw. der Temperatur im Mai in Verbindung gebracht. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1948 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Gerste
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  • 4
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    1949 – ein Kartoffelkäferjahr? (1949)
    In:  Landwirtschaftliches Wochenblatt 139.Jahrgang, Nr.20; München; p.317 & 362
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Der Autor schließt aufgrund der Erfahrungen aus den Jahren 1947 und 1948 auf den Kartoffelkäferbefall 1949. Als klimatische Gründe für einen starken Befall 1949 sieht er die wohl große Zahl an Altkäfern aus dem Vorjahr, die nur schlecht bekämpft werden konnten und die schwachen Fröste im Winter an, die ein Überwintern für den Kartoffelkäfer erleichterten. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1947-1949
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  • 5
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    Vom Einfluß der Temperatur auf das Leben der Schadinsekten (1949)
    In:  Schädlingsbekämpfung 41 Heft 3; p.6-8
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Der Autor gibt eine Literaturzusammenfassung über Effekte, die das Insektenleben beeinflussen und zeigt Methoden auf die Kardinalwerte (z.B. die Optimaltemperatur) für Insekten zu bestimmen (z.B. Temperatursummenregeln). Zu einigen Insekten werden beispielhaft Kardinalwerte genannt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1943-48
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  • 6
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    Von der Bedeutung der Temperatur für die Bekämpfung von Schadinsekten (1949)
    In:  Schädlingsbekämpfung 41; p.181-186
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Der Autor gibt eine allgemeine Übersicht über die Lebensbedingungen von Insekten und geht speziell auf den Gunstfaktor Temperatur ein. Eine ausführliche Übersicht über die Vorzugstemperaturen (Optimaltemperaturen) vieler Insekten wird gegeben. Zudem werden Anleitungen zur Bekämpfung dieser Insekten geliefert. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1943-48
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  • 7
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    Ein Auftreten des Zuckerrübenrüsslers (Tanymecus palliatus F.) an Spinat (1949)
    In:  Nachr. Bl. Biolog. Ztr.-Anst. Braunschweig, p.19
    Details
    Publication Date: 1949
    Description: Verbale Beschreibung des Massenauftretens 1948 sowie früheren Massenauftretens (1891, 1922, 1925, 1938 und 1939) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Luftfeuchte) und dem Massenauftreten des Käfers KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T + (Sommer und Winter) und Delta Relf (Sommer) -, dann Massenauftreten im Folgejahr
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1947-1948 ; Zuckerrüben ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Witterung ; Gemüse
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  • 8
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    Two-Dimensional Motion of a Gas at Large Supersonic Velocities (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A large number of papers have been devoted to the problem of integration of equations of two-dimensional steady nonvertical adiabatic motion of a gas. Most of these papers are based on the application of the hodograph method of S. A. Chaplygin in which the plane of the hodograph of the velocity is taken as the region of variation of the independent variables in the equations of motion; the equations become linear in this plane. The exact integration of these equations is, however, obtained in the form of infinite series containing hypergeometric functions. The obtaining of such solutions and their investigation involves extensive computations. As a result, methods have been developed for the approximate integration of the equations of motion first transformed to a linear form. S. A. Chaplygin first pointed out such an approximate method applicable to flows in which the Mach number does not exceed 0.4.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1239 , Prikladnaia Matematika I Mekhanika, Tom XI
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  • 9
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    A Class of De Laval Nozzles (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A study is made herein of the irrotational adiabatic motion of a gas in the transition from subsonic to supersonic velocities. A shape of the de Laval nozzle is given, which transforms a homogeneous plane-parallel flow at large subsonic velocity into a supersonic flow without any shockwaves beyond the transition line from the subsonic to the supersonic regions of flow. The method of solution is based on integration near the transition line of the gas equations of motion in the form investigated by S. A. Christianovich.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1236 , Prikladnaia Matematika I Mekhanika, Tom XI
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  • 10
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    The Characteristics Method Applied to Stationary Two-Dimensional and Rotationally Symmetrical Gas Flows (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: By means of characteristics theory, formulas for the numerical treatment of stationary compressible supersonic flows for the two-dimensional and rotationally symmetrical cases have been obtained from their differential equations.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1211 , ZWB Forschungsbericht; Rept-1581
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  • 11
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    Heat Transfer from High-Temperature Surfaces to Fluids III - Correlation of Heat-Transfer Data for Air Flowing in Silicon Carbide Tube with Rounded Entrance, Inside Diameter of 3/4 Inch, and Effective Length of 12 Inches (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: A heat-transfer investigation was conducted with air flowing through an electrically heated silicon carbide tube with a rounded entrance, an inside diameter of 3/4 inch, and effective heat-transfer length of 12 inches over a range of Reynolds numbers up to 300,000 and a range of average inside-tube-wall temperatures up to 2500 R. The highest corresponding local outside-tube-wall temperature was 3010 R.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA/RM-E9D12
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  • 12
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    Behavior of the Laminar Boundary Layer for Periodically Oscillating Pressure Variation (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The calculation of the phenomena within the boundary layer of bodies immersed in a flow underwent a decisive development on the basis of L. Prandtl's trains of thought, stated more than forth years ago, and by numerous later treatises again and again touching upon them. The requirements of the steadily improving aerodynamics of airplanes have greatly increased with the passing of time and recently research became particularly interested in such phenomena in the boundary layer as are caused by small external disturbances. Experimental results suggest that, for instance, slight fluctuations in the free stream velocities as they occur in wind tunnels or slight wavelike deviations of outer wing contours from the prescribed smooth course as they originate due to construction inaccuracies may exert strong effects on the extent of the laminar boundary layer on the body and thus on the drag. The development of turbulence in the last part of the laminar portion of the boundary layer is, therefore, the main problem, the solution of which explains the behavior of the transition point of the boundary layer. A number of reports in literature deal with this problem,for instance, those of Tollmien, Schlichting, Dryden, and Pretsch. The following discussion of the behavior of the laminar boundary layer for periodically oscillating pressure variation also purports to make a contribution to that subject.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1228 , Ludwig Prandtl zum 70. Geburtstage, Schriften der Deutschen Akademie der Luftfahrtforschung, Publications of the Germany academy for Aviation Research; 247-255
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  • 13
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    Rotationally Symmetric Potential Flows (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: This paper includes the following topics: 1) Characteristic differential equations; 2) Treatment of practical examples; 3) First example: Diffuser; and 4) Second Example: Nozzle.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1244 , Chapter 4, Technische Hoschschule Dresden, Archives No. 44; Rept-44/4
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  • 14
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    Report on Investigation of Developed Turbulence (1949)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The recent experiments by Jakob and Erk, on the resistance of flowing water in smooth pipes, which are in good agreement with earlier measurements by Stenton and Pannell, have caused me to change my opinion that the empirical Blasius law (resistance proportional to the 7/4 power of the mean velocity) was applicable up to arbitrarily high Reynolds numbers. According to the new tests the exponent approaches 2 with increasing Reynolds number, where it remains an open question whether or not a specific finite limiting value of the resistance factor lambda is obtained at R = infinity. With the collapse of Blasius' law the requirements which produced the relation that the velocity in the proximity of the wall varied in proportion to the 7th root of the wall distance must also become void. However, it is found that the fundamental assumption that led to this relationship can be generalized so as to furnish a velocity distribution for any empirical resistance law. These fundamental assumptions can be so expressed that for the law of velocity distribution in proximity of the wall as well as for that of friction at the wall, a form can be found in which the pipe diameter no longer occurs, or in other words, that the processes in proximity of a wall are not dependent upon the distance of the opposite wall.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1231 , Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Matematik und Mechanik; 5; 2; 136-139
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  • 15
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    Lift Force of an Arrow-Shaped Wing (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The flow about a conical body of an ideal compressible fluid is considered. Assume that the velocity of the oncoming flow at infinity W is directed along the z-axis. The system of Cartesian coordinates x, y, z with origin at the vertex of the cone O is shown. From the considerations,of the dimensional theory, it may be found that along any ray issuing from O the components of the velocity u, v, W+w along the coordinate axes will maintain a constant value. It is further assumed that the conical body has such shape and disposition relative to the flow that u, v, and w are small in comparison with W.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1245 , Prikladnaya Matematika I Mekhanika; X; 513-520
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  • 16
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    Gas Motion in a Local Supersonic Region and Conditions of Potential-Flow Breakdown (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: For a certain Mach number of the oncoming flow, the local velocity first reaches the value of the local velocity of sound (M = 1) at some point on the surface of the body located within the flow. This Mach number is designated the critical Mach number M(sub cr). By increasing the flow velocity, a supersonic local region is formed bounded by the body contour and the line of transition from subsonic to supersonic velocity. As is shown by observations with the Toepler apparatus, at a certain flow Mach number M 〉 M(sub cr) a shock wave is formed near the body that closes the local supersonic region from behind. The formation of the shock wave is associated with the appearance of an additional resistance defined as the wave drag. In this paper, certain features are described of the flow in the local supersonic region, which is bounded by the contour of the body and the transition line, and conditions are sought for which the potential flow with the local supersonic region becomes impossible and a shock wave occurs. In the first part of the paper, the general properties of the potential flow in the local supersonic region, bounded by the contour of the profile and the transition line, are established. It is found that at the transition line, if it is not a line of discontinuity, the law of monotonic variation of the angle of inclination of the velocity vector holds (monotonic law). An approximation is given for the change in velocity at the contour of the body. The flow about a contour having a straight part is studied. In the second part of the paper, an approximation is given of the magnitudes of the accelerations at the interior points of the supersonic region. With the aid of these approximations, it is shown that for profiles convex to the flow the breakdown of the potential flow,associated with an increase of the Mach number of the oncoming flow, cannot be due to the formation of an envelope of the characteristics within the supersonic region. On the basis of the monotonic law, the transitional Mach number M is found, beyond which the potential flow with local supersonic region becomes impossible.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1213 , Prikladnaya Matematika i Mekhanika; 10; 4; 481-502
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  • 17
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    On the Theory of the Laval Nozzle (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: In the present paper, the motion of a gas in a plane-parallel Laval nozzle in the neighborhood of the transition from subsonic to supersonic velocities is studied. In a recently published paper, F. I. Frankl, applying the holograph method of Chaplygin, undertook a detailed investigation of the character of the flow near the line of transition from subsonic to supersonic velocities. From the results of Tricomi's investigation on the theory of differential equations of the mixed elliptic-hyperbolic type, Frankl introduced as one of the independent variables in place of the modulus of the velocity, a certain specially chosen function of this modulus. He thereby succeeded in explaining the character of the flow at the point of intersection of the transition line and the axis of symmetry (center of the nozzle) and in studying the behavior of the stream function in the neighborhood of this point by separating out the principal term having, together with its derivatives, the maximum value as compared with the corresponding corrections. This principal term is represented in Frankl's paper in the form of a linear combination of two hypergeometric functions. In order to find this linear combination, it is necessary to solve a number of boundary problems, which results in a complex analysis. In the investigation of the flow with which this paper is concerned, a second method is applied. This method is based on the transformation of the equations of motion to a form that may be called canonical for the system of differential equations of the mixed elliptic-hyperbolic type to which the system of equations of the motion of an ideal compressible fluid refers. By studying the behavior of the integrals of this system in the neighborhood of the parabolic line, the principal term of the solution is easily separated out in the form of a polynomial of the third degree. As a result, the computation of the transitional part of the nozzle is considerably simplified.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1212 , Prikladnaya Matematika I Mekhanika; 10; 4; 503-512
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  • 18
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    Contribution to the Problem of Flow at High Speed (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The authors regret that due to the lack of time the investigations could not be carried out to a more finished form. Especially in the first part it was intended to include a few further applications and to use them in the general considerations of this part. In spite of the fact that the intentions of the authors could not be realized, the authors felt that it would serve the aims of the competition to present part I in its present fragmentary form. The topics include: 1) A Few General Remarks Covering the Prandtl-Busemann Method; and 2) Effect of Compressibility in Axially Symmetrical Flow around an Ellipsoid.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1233 , Lilienthal-Gesellschaft fuer Luftfahrtforschung Bericht S 13/1, Part 1; 40-68; Rept-13/1
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  • 19
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    Heat Transmission in the Boundary Layer (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: In the present paper which deals with the heat transfer between the gas and the wall for large temperature drops and large velocities use is made of the method of Dorodnitsyn of the introduction of a new independent variable, with this difference, however, that the relation between the temperature field (that is, density) and the velocity field in the general case considered is not assumed given but is determined from the solution of the problem. The effect of the compressibility arising from the heat transfer is thus taken into account (at the same time as the effect of the compressibility at the large velocities). A method is given for determining the coefficients of heat transfer and the friction coefficients required in many technical problems for a curved wall in a gas flow at large Mach numbers and temperature drops. The method proposed is applicable both for Prandtl number P = 1 and for P not equal to 1.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1229 , Prikladnaya Matematika I Mekhanika, Tom X; 449-474
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  • 20
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    Flow Measurement by Means of Light Interference (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: There has been under development for the high-speed wind tunnel of the LFA an optical measuring arrangement for the qualitative and quantitative investigation of flow. By the use of interference measurements, the determination of density at the surface of the bodies being tested in the air stream and in the vicinity of these bodies can be undertaken. The results obtained so far in the simple preliminary investigations show that it is possible, even at a low Reynolds number, to obtain the density field in the neighborhood of a test body by optical means. Simple analytical expressions give the relation between density, pressure, velocity, and temperature. In addition to this, the interference measurement furnishes valuable data on the state of the boundary layer, that is, the sort of boundary layer (whether laminar or turbulent), as well as the temperature and velocity distribution.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1253 , Forschungsbericht; Rept-1167
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  • 21
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    Boundary Layer Theory (1949)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The flow laws of the actual flows at high Reynolds numbers differ considerably from those of the laminar flows treated in the preceding part. These actual flows show a special characteristic, denoted as turbulence. The character of a turbulent flow is most easily understood the case of the pipe flow. Consider the flow through a straight pipe of circular cross section and with a smooth wall. For laminar flow each fluid particle moves with uniform velocity along a rectilinear path. Because of viscosity, the velocity of the particles near the wall is smaller than that of the particles at the center. i% order to maintain the motion, a pressure decrease is required which, for laminar flow, is proportional to the first power of the mean flow velocity. Actually, however, one ob~erves that, for larger Reynolds numbers, the pressure drop increases almost with the square of the velocity and is very much larger then that given by the Hagen Poiseuille law. One may conclude that the actual flow is very different from that of the Poiseuille flow.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1218
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  • 22
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    Two-Dimensional Potential Flows (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Contents include the following: Characteristic differential equations - initial and boundary conditions. Integration of the second characteristic differential equations. Direct application of Meyer's characteristic hodograph table for construction of two-dimensional potential flows. Prandtl-Busemann method. Development of the pressure variation for small deflection angles. Numerical table: relation between deflection, pressure, velocity, mach number and mach angle for isentropic changes of state according to Prandtl-Meyer for air (k = 1.405). References.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1243 , Chapter 3,Technische Hochschule Dresden, Archives No. 44/3; Rept-44/3
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  • 23
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    Heat Transfer from High-Temperature Surfaces to Fluids. III - Correlation of Heat-Transfer Data for Air Flowing in Silicon Carbide Tube with Rounded Entrance, Inside Diameter of 3/4 Inch, and Effective Length of 12 Inches (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A heat-transfer investigation was conducted with air flowing through an electrically heated silicon carbide tube with a rounded entrance, an inside diameter of 3/4 inch, and an effective heat-transfer length of 12 inches over a range of Reynolds numbers up to 300,000 and a range of average inside-tube-wall temperature up to 2500 R. The highest corresponding local outside-tube-wall temperature was 3010 R. Correlation of the heat-transfer data using the conventional Nueselt relation wherein physical properties of the fluid were evaluated at average bulk temperature resulted in a separation of data with tube-wall-temperature level. A satisfactory correlation of the heat-transfer data was obtained, however, by the use of modified correlation parameters wherein the mass velocity G (or product of average air density and velocity evaluated at bulk temperature P(sub b)V(sub b)) in the Reynolds number was replaced by the product of average air velocity evaluated at the bulk temperature and density evaluated at either the average inside-tube-wall temperature or the average film temperature; in addition, all the physical properties of air were correspondingly evaluated at either the average inside-tube-wall temperature or the average film temperature.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-E9D12-Pt-3 , Rept-1115-Pt-3
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  • 24
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    Lecture Series "Boundary Layer Theory". Part I - Laminar Flows (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: In the lecture series starting today author want to give a survey of a field of aerodynamics which has for a number of years been attracting an ever growing interest. The subject is the theory of flows with friction, and, within that field, particularly the theory of friction layers, or boundary layers. A great many considerations of aerodynamics are based on the ideal fluid, that is the frictionless incompressibility and fluid. By neglect of compressibility and friction the extensive mathematical theory of the ideal fluid, (potential theory) has been made possible. Actual liquids and gases satisfy the condition of incomressibility rather well if the velocities are not extremely high or, more accurately, if they are small in comparison with sonic velocity. For air, for instance, the change in volume due to compressibility amounts to about 1 percent for a velocity of 60 meters per second. The hypothesis of absence of friction is not satisfied by any actual fluid; however, it is true that most technically important fluids, for instance air and water, have a very small friction coefficient and therefore behave in many cases almost like the ideal frictionless fluid. Many flow phenomena, in particular most cases of lift, can be treated satisfactorily, - that is, the calculations are in good agreement with the test results, -under the assumption of frictionless fluid. However, the calculations with frictionless flow show a very serious deficiency; namely, the fact, known as d'Alembert's paradox, that in frictionless flow each body has zero drag whereas in actual flow each body experiences a drag of greater or smaller magnitude. For a long time the theory has been unable to bridge this gap between the theory of frictionless flow and the experimental findings about actual flow. The cause of this fundamental discrepancy is the viscosity which is neglected in the theory of ideal fluid; however, in spite of its extraordinary smallness it is decisive for the course of the flow phenomena.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-TM-1217
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  • 25
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    Tests of a Full-Scale Model of the Republic XF-91 Airplane in the Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel. Force and Moment Data (1949)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Wind-tunnel tests of a full-scale model of the Republic XF-91 airplane having swept-back wings and a vee tail were conducted to determine both the stability and control characteristics of the model longitudinally, laterally, and directionally. Configurations of the model were investigated involving such variables as external fuel tanks, a landing gear, trailing-edge flaps, leading-edge slats, and a range of wing incidences and tail incidences.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
    Type: NACA-RM-SA9C04
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and properties of rubberlike high polymers. VI. Polymerization and dimerization of isopreneCommunication No. 85 from the Rubber Foundation. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 203-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The inhibitor and initiator action of 33 compounds on the bulk polymerization of pure isoprene has been studied. Picric acid was found to be the most powerful inhibitor at 100°C. The conclusion reached in Part I, that the initiator activity of diazoaminobenzene is superior to all other compounds has been found to be valid also between 100-150°C. The heat polymerization of isoprene between 100-150°C. in the presence of picric acid leads only to the formation of dimers. Three of the four possible isomers have been separated. The solid complex compound of diprene (I) with silver nitrate has been used to separate it from dipentene (II) and the hydrocarbon of Lebedew (III, IV) has been identified as a monochloride. The relative yields (I): (II): (III+IV) = 16:1:2 are in agreement with the relative availability and localization of π-electrons in isoprene. Observations on the properties of polyisoprene are in agreement with the more extensive work by d'Ianni. Some remarks on polymers from bulk polymerization are added. Isoprene acts as a powerful inhibitor on the polymerization of vinylidene chloride. This effect is independent of the method of polymerization.
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    Dependence of elastic properties of vulcanized rubber on the degree of cross linkingContribution No. 154 from The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, Research Laboratory. Presented before the High Polymer Forum at the 112th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, N. Y., September, 1947. The work presented in this paper comprises a part of a program of fundamental research on rubber and plastics being carried out under contract between the Office of Naval Research and The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 225-245 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Natural rubber and GR-S synthetic rubber have been vulcanized to varying degrees of cross linking through the use of disazodicarboxylates. These compounds react readily with the above unsaturated polymers in a manner which assures the formation of one cross linkage for each molecule of the disazo compound. Elastic properties of the vulcanizates so produced are similar to those of rubber specimens vulcanized in the conventional manner with sulfur and an accelerator. Their stress-strain curves deviate from the form prescribed by the statistical theory of rubber elasticity in the same manner as observed by Gee for sulfur vulcanizates. The equilibrium force of retraction at 100% elongation has been measured over a 30-fold range in the degree of cross linking; equilibrium swelling measurements extend over an 80-fold range. The magnitude of the force of retraction over most of the range covered agrees remarkably well with the explicit predictions of the statistical theory. The significance of the deviations which are observed is discussed.
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    Polymerization in a system of discrete particles (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 273-287 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been shown that subdivision of certain homogeneous polymerizing systems into droplets of diameter 10-4 to 10-5 cm. will entail a probability of finding only one active chain in each particle if the kinetics of the reaction remained otherwise unaffected. Some cases of polymerization in compartmentalized systems have been considered, and it has been shown that, where active centers are generated singly within completely isolated drops, the effect of increasing subdivision would be to increase the rate of reaction and chain length. On the other hand, with the formation of active chains in pairs, the opposite effect is to be anticipated, namely a decreasing rate of reaction with increasing subdivision. These conclusions are briefly considered in relation to the problem of dispersion polymerization, and it is shown that the theory of compartmentalization could account for the occurrence of high rates of reaction and chain lengths in the emulsion process, as compared with a bulk system. On the other hand, there is no evidence showing that the reaction rate is ever reduced in finely dispersed systems.
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    Polydispersité de la cellulose de la pâte de bois (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 289-307 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A practical and simple method, with perfectly reproducible results, has been studied for the determination of chain-length repartition of cellulose samples from different wood pulps. By this method, it shall be possible to understand the influence of different factors governing the manufacture and the mechanical properties of our end products.
    Notes: Nous avons étudié une méthode pratique et simple, dont les résultats soient parfaitement reproductibles, de détermination de la répartition des longueurs de chaînes de la cellulose provenant de pâtes de bois différentes. Cette méthode nous permettra de mieux comprendre l'influence des différents facteurs de fabrication sur les qualités mécaniques de nos produits finis.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040305
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    Preparation and vulcanization of liquid polyisoprene polymersThe research reported here was sponsored jointly by the Army, Signal Corps, Navy, Bureau of Ships, Bureau of Ordnance, Bureau of Aeronautics, and Office of Naval Research under Signal Corps Contract No. W-36-039-sc-32011. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By means of chain transfer agents such as dodecyl mercaptan, polyisoprenes whose number-average molecular weights range between 300-1200 and which are liquid at room temperature have been prepared. The structure and physical properties of these substances have been investigated. Vulcanization of these liquids to rubberlike materials at room temperature and above is described.
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    Change in crystallinity upon heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibersCommunication No. 60 from the Institute for Cellulose Research of the AKU and affiliated Companies, Utrecht, Netherlands. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 317-322 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The recently developed x-ray method of crystallinity determination is applied to products of heterogeneous acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers. Upon treatment of viscose rayon fibers with boiling 2.5 N sulfuric acid, the crystalline fraction is increased from 39 to 49% within half an hour, and remains constant upon prolonged treatment. Ramie does not show any change in percentage crystallinity when subjected to the same treatment. Its crystalline fraction is, however, transformed into cellulose IV. The observed changes in moisture regain of the hydrolyzed products are in line with the x-ray results.
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    Osmometry of high polymer solutions. I. Osmometer and membranes (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 323-336 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The construction of a thermostated osmometer of the Fuoss-Mead pattern is described. The technique of preparation of bacterial cellulose membranes for osmotic measurements on high polymer systems is given. The permeability of such membranes may be controlled by growth to a thickness of 4-5 mm., drying in contact with a stainless steel surface, and reswelling in water or alcohol-water mixtures. The degree of reswelling required to give membranes suitable for use with polymers of a range of molecular weights is given. The factors affecting the behaviour of the membranes in the osmometer are discussed.
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    Osmometry of high polymer solutions. II. Osmotic measurements using bacterial cellulose membranes (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 337-350 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bacterial cellulose membranes have been used successfully to measure the osmotic pressures of a number of high polymer-solvent systems. The dynamic method of Fuoss and Mead has been used in most cases, but for polyvinylxylene in benzene the rate curves are not symmetrical since the solvent passes through the membrane faster from the solution side. The molecular weight values for two polyvinyl acetates agree well with the calculated kinetic values, and for polyethyl sebacate the value obtained agrees with that found by endgroup titration. Values of the Huggins “constant” μ are given for various systems.
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    Polymerization of isobutene catalyzed by boron trifluoride (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 359-376 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The polymerization reaction which occurs when butene vapor is mixed with boron trifluoride gas has been studied under various conditions. It has been found that this polymerization occurs only if a third component, or cocatalyst, is present. The function of the cocatalyst has been investigated, and the mechanism of the polymerization reaction is discussed.
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    Specific refractivity-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylateThis research was completed under contract N70nr-284, Task Order III, under supervision of the Office of Naval Research, Navy Department. The authors gratefully acknowledge this support. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 351-357 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Refractive index-temperature and volume-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylate have been determined and used to calculate the specific refractivity as a function of temperature by the Lorentz-Lorentz and the Eyckman equations. The results show a variation of specific refractivity with temperature which exceeds experimental error. The variation is evident as an increase of specific refractivity with temperature above Tm and suggests experiments which will show the increase more clearly. A theoretical justification for the increase of specific refractivity with temperature in polymers is discussed.
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    Note on the “inhomogeneity” of polymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 399-400 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040313
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    Molecular weight methods (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 401-403 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040314
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    Polyelectrolytes. V. Osmotic pressures of poly-4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridonium bromide in ethanol at 25°Project NR-054-002 of the Office of Naval Research. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 457-472 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The osmotic pressures of two samples of poly-4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridonium bromide (average D. P. 730 and 1900) were measured in 93% ethanol in the concentration range 0.02-0.20 g./100 cc. The osmotic pressures were higher than those of the corresponding parent polymers, due to partial dissociation of bromide ions. Because of the low dielectric constant ( ε′ = 28) of the solvent and the high concentration of positive charge in the polycations, however, a large fraction of the bromide ions (≥ 95%) were bound by electrostatic attraction to the cations and contributed neither to osmotic pressure nor to conductance. Unlike neutral polymers, the ratio (osmotic pressure over concentration) increases with dilution, due to increasing dissociation with dilution. Addition of an excess of a simple one-one electrolyte (lithium bromide) almost completely suppressed the dissociation of the polysalt and gave osmotic pressures of the same order of magnitude as those of the neutral polymers. The resulting curves were linear, with a considerably smaller slope than for the parent polymer. Combining the results on osmotic pressure with conductance data, the transference numbers of the polycations were estimated to be 0.28 and 0.52 for degrees of polymerization 730 and 1900 respectively. The conductance of lithium bromide is decreased by the addition of these polyelectrolytes, possible due to the association of an excess of anions to the polycations under the influence of their electrostatic fields.
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    Compléments à l'étude de la statistique des chaînes moléculaires en solution diluée (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 473-482 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: It is easiest to calculate the mean quadratic distance between the chain ends of a macromolecule when all rotations are free. This condition, however, is generally not realized; in this paper are discussed the results obtained by introducing a symmetric repartition function for the position of each atom of the chain on the circle of the basis of the valential cone. We have compared the formulas proposed here graphically with their results (Figs. 2 and 3). This comparison shows that the Kuhn and Taylor formulas are only an approximation of the formula established in an earlier paper; the formula of these authors has a restricted validity. The extent of this validity increases with the number of units in the chain molecule. By using the repartition functions proposed by Taylor, we represent the value of the mean quadratic distance as a function of the interaction energy. It is possible that this energy has the value calculated from the vapors of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons; but it is the sum of several terms and must vary with the number of units and the temperature. The established formula permits the prediction of two different aspects of the precipitation of the polymers, by decreasing the temperature or by addition of a precipitant. Finally, if the atoms of the chains must in their rotations pass over potential barriers, it is possible to predict anomalies in their comportment.
    Notes: Le cas le plus simple pour calculer l'écart quadratique moyen entre les extrémités d'une chaǐne macromoléculaire est celui oùtoutes les rotations sont libres. Mais cette condition n'est généralement pas réalisée, aussi avons nous examiné dans cet article les résultats obtenus en introduisant une fonction de répartition symétrique pour les positions de chaque atome de la chaîne sur le cercle de base du cǒne de valence. Nous comparons les formules proposées jusqu'ici en représentant graphiquement leurs résultats (figs. 2 et 3). Cette comparaison montre que la formule de Kuhn et Taylor (8,9) est une approximation de celle que nous avons établié dans un article précédent (7) et a, de ce fait, un domaine de validité plus restreint. Ce domaine augmente avec le nombre des chaǐnons de la chaîne. En utilisant les fonctions de répartition proposées par Taylor nous représentons les valeurs de l'écart quadratique moyen en fonction de l'énergie d'interaction (figs. 6 et 7). Nous montrons ensuite que cette énergie d'interaction ne peut avoir la valeur calculée pour les vapeurs de carbures aliphatiques normaux mais est la somme de plusieurs termes et doit varier avec la nombre de chaǐnons et la température. Les formules établies permettent de prévoir deux aspects différents de la précipitation suivant qu'elle est effectuée par abaissement de la température ou adjonction d'un précipitant. Enfin, lorsque dans leurs rotations les atomes de la chaîne doivent passer par dessus des barrières de potentiel on peut prévoir des anomalies dans son comportement.
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    Dependence of tensile strength of vulcanized rubber on degree of cross-linkingContribution number 159 from Goodyear Tire and Rubber, Research Laboratory. The investigation described in this paper comprises a part of a program of fundamental research on rubber and plastics carried out under contract between the Office of Naval Research and the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 435-455 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Tensile strengths of natural rubber samples quantitatively crosslinked with decamethylene dis-methyl azodicarboxylate have been determined. The proportion of the azo vulcanizing agent was varied 80-fold, the fraction p of cross-linked units in the products ranging from 0.10x 10-2 to 8.0 x 10-2. In spite of the small dimensions of the test specimen (cross section 0.10 in. by about 0.005 in.), the average error for a single observation is similar to that obtained in conventional testing procedures applied to specimens vulcanized with sulfur and accelerators. Deviations from the mean for 262 tests on 15 different cures are well represented by a Gaussian error function; a slight intimation of skewness is evident only at the extremities of the distribution of deviations. These results are incompatible with the commonly held view that rupture of the sample takes place at the “weakest link” in the series of flaws inevitably occurring along the specimen. It would appear that the ability to withstand tensile stress (applied in a specified manner) is an inherent characteristic of the bulk material. The rapid increase in tensile strength with the degree of crosslinking p for small values of this quantity is consistent with the conclusion, previously reached in the investigation of the physical properties of butyl rubber (6) that the tensile strength is directly related to the fraction of the structure which is permanently oriented by stretching. At higher degrees of cross-linking (at ρ x 100 = 1.0 to 1.5, depending on the molecular weight of the rubber) the tensile strength passes through a maximum and then declines steadily to quite low values for higher ρ's. This adverse effect of higher degrees of cross-linking is believed to result from the diminished elongation at which crystallization sets in and, hence, the smaller fraction of the network elements sufficiently oriented to participate in crystallite formation. Modification of up to 7% of the isoprene units of the rubber with the monofunctional compound, ethyl azodicarboxylate, depresses the tensile strength of the disazo vulcanized rubber relatively little. Evidently, the limited extent to which these modified (or copolymer) chains may enter into crystallization is adequate to bring about high tensile strength. Lack of direct correlation between modulus and tensile strength for rubbers vulcanized with various sulfur-accelerator combinations can only be explained by assuming that conventional vulcanization processes are accompanied to varying degrees by chain scission reactions. When vulcanized rubber is “over-cured,” or heat aged, chain scission becomes excessive.
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    Thermodynamics of high-polymer solutions. III. Swelling of cross-linked rubberThe major portion of the following work was done in 1943 on a grant from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Office of Rubber Reserve, for fundamental research in connection with the wartime synthetic rubber program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 555-571 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The equilibrium swelling of the gum stocks of twelve different rubber vulcanizates has been measured in thirteen organic solvents. The results are in good agreement with the theory of Flory and Rehner. Values of the internal pressure (cohesive energy density) and the average molal volume between cross-linkages Vc have been determined for the rubbers. The molal volume Vc is shown to agree closely with that obtained from measurement of the elastic modulus. An analysis of earlier data on the swelling of polybutadiene shows the number of cross-linkages to be directly proportional to the sulfur content.
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    Photochemistry of proteins. VI. pH dependence of quantum yield and ultraviolet absorption spectrum of chymotrypsinThis study will comprise part of the Doctoral thesis to be submitted by P. Finkelstein to the Graduate School of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 573-582 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The quantum yield of inactivation of chymotrypsin was found to be independent of variations in conditions of irradiation including light intensity, concentration of the irradiated solution, rate of stirring and the presence or absence of oxygen. The quantum yield for inactivation is at a minimum at the isoelectric point (pH 5.4). An explanation is offered for the variation of the quantum yield with pH in terms of an internal Franck-Rabinowitch mechanism. The absorption spectra of the enzyme was also studied as a function of pH, as was that of an amino acid mixture whose composition corresponded to that of chymotrypsin. Evidence is presented for the existence of bound, un-ionizing tyrosine in the native enzyme and of unbound tyrosine in alkali-denatured enzyme. The significance of changes in the absorption spectra accompanying irradiation is discussed.
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    Emulsion polymerization of 2-alkyl-1,3-butadienes.The work described in this manuscript was done under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 583-595 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The polymers of 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl-, and 2-n-amyl-1,3-butadiene alone, and their copolymers with styrene and with butadiene have been prepared and characterized. These monomers give the same ratio of 1,2 to 1,4 addition as has been noted for isoprene. Much less mercaptan must be used with these monomers than is required for butadiene to give soluble polymers. All these monomers copolymerize with styrene readily but have higher Wall α values than butadiene. The stress-strain properties and Gehman low-temperature properties of all of the new polymers have been determined by the Government Laboratories, University of Akron, and are included in this report. There appear to be no unusual properties to be noted.
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    Copolymerization. VII. Relative rates of addition of various monomers in copolymerization (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 597-604 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Information concerning monomer reactivity in copolymerization has been obtained for thirteen copolymerization systems. The influence of substituents and chain length in vinyl polymerization is discussed in the light of this and preceding data. Unsaturated acid behavior in copolymerizations is discussed for the first time.
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    Reactivity of fibrous cellulose (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 619-628 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: By applying hydrochloric acid solution at different temperatures to various fibrous cellulose samples and following the per cent loss in weight with time, hydrolysis-time curves have been obtained. These plots have been resolved into a straight line and a curve, representing the rate of removal of difficultly and easily removable components, respectively. Under the experimental conditions applied, the ratedetermining reaction in the removal of the difficultly accessible components from the fibers is essentially a kinetically zero-order reaction. This was borne out by the results of hydrolyses of hydrocellulose preparations. Within the experimental range the temperature coefficient of this rate is independent of the representative fibrous materials and is relatively high, corresponding to an energy of activation of 28-29 kcal./mol. The easily and difficultly accessible regions, assessed by resolving the rate plots, are different with the same fibers, depending on the experimental conditions. The reactivity of both the easily and difficultly hydrolyzable constituents varies with different cellulose fibers. The complex nature of the kinetics of removal (hydrolysis) of the easily accessible components is discussed.
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    Thermal degradation of polystyrene. Part II (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The production of monomer during degradation of polystyrene in vacuo below 310°C. has been investigated. A mechanism has been proposed which explains the dependence of monomer formation on the initial breaks in the chain. The degradation in presence of oxygen has been studied. A mechanism for this reaction has been proposed which accounts for the type of curves obtained experimentally. The role of antioxidants has been briefly indicated. The elementary steps for the degradation in vacuo and in the presence of oxygen have been discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Copolymerization. II. Molecular weight distribution and mean molecular weights in copolymerization systems (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 629-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the kinetic analysis of the generalized reaction mechanism for copolymerization given in Part I has been carried out to obtain the functions for molecular weight distribution and number and weight-average molecular weights.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040508
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    Stability of chlorine-containing copolymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 638-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040509
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    Intramolecular reactions in vinyl copolymers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 665-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040511
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  • 50
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    Pyrolysis of polyisobutene (vistanex), polyisoprene, polybutadiene, GR-S, and polyethylene in a high vacuum (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 639-664 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Samples of polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, GR-S, and polyethylene, weighing about 25 to 50 mg., were pyrolyzed in a vacuum of about 10-6mm. of mercury in a specially designed apparatus at temperatures ranging between 300 to 475°C. The volatile products of pyrolysis were separated into four fractions: (IV) gaseous, volatile at -196°; (IIIA) liquid, at -75°, (IIIB) liquid, at 25°; and (II) waxlike fraction, volatile at the temperature of pyrolysis. The gaseous fraction was analyzed in the mass spectrometer and was found to consist in all cases of CH4. The liquid fraction, IIIA, was analyzed similarly and was found to give a mass spectrum characteristic for any given polymer. A molecular weight determination of the waxlike fraction by the micro freezing point-lowering method, showed it to vary from 543 to 739, depending on the polymer from which the fraction was obtained. It is shown that the method of pyrolytic fractionation of high molecular weight polymers, in conjunction with mass spectrometer analysis of the more volatile fractions, can serve as a means of identifying the polymers.
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    “Surface chemistry for industrial research.” J. J. Bikerman. Academic Press, New York, ix + 414 pp. (illustrated), 8.00 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 669-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040513
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    Encyclopedia of chemical technology, volume 2, Raymond E. Kirk and Donald F. Othmer, editors, Interscience, New York, 1948, xvi + 915 pp. 20.00 per volume. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 667-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040512
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    “Organic chlorine compounds.” Ernest hamilin huntress. Wiley, New York, 1948, xxv + 1443 pp., 27.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 671-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040514
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  • 54
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    Water content of hydrophilic phenol-formaldehyde resins: Vapor pressure-temperature relationships (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 673-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The significance of the water content to the physical properties of phenol-formaldehyde resins at various stages of preparation is briefly discussed. Available methods for the determination of water in such resins were found to be either unreliable or too elaborate for process control. It was undertaken to develop a simple, rapid, relative method for the continuous measurement of water content which can be used to follow the follow the process of dehydration and to indicate the end-point which will result in the best dispersion of water in the cured resin. In order to standardize or calibrate such a relative method, it was necessary also to develop an absolute method for the analysis of water in the resol.The composition of a homogeneous mixture of liquids is reflected by its vapor pressure-temperature relationships. During dehydration at 80°C., the vapor pressure of the resol decreases about 350 mm. of mercury. A very sharp increase in the slope of the vapor pressure curve occurs at approximately the proper degree of dehydration. At this stage a slight decrease in water content causes a very large decrease in vapor pressure. The sharp inflection in the curve is attributed to the existence of both “free” and “bound” water in the resin.During the process of vacuum dehydration of the resin, while the “free” water decreases to approximately one-eighth of its original content, the “bound” water remains substantially constant. The binding of water is attributed to the methylol groups of the resol molecules and its release during the cure or hardening of the resin is considered to result from the conversion of these groups to methylene linkages.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    The technology of adhesives. John Delmonte. Reinhold, New York, 1947. 516 pp. Price $8.00 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 152-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040205
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    Ionic polymerization of mono-olefinic hydrocarbons at low temperatures. A review of proposed mechanisms (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 183-202 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism presented constitute proposals made in attempts to portray the role that electrophilic halides play in catalyzing the polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons. All of these halides require the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst in the reaction mixture and differ primarily in the interpretation of what constitutes the active factor in the initiation, propagation, and cessation steps. Mechanisms involving a thermal activation and dehydrohalogenation are discussed briefly and rejected as rather improbable. On the other hand, mechanisms involving a cationoid complex intermediate and a carbonium ion are extensively reviewed, especially in light of the recent findings of British investigators regarding the function of the so-called third component or cocatalyst. Attention is called to the rather marked specificity of reactions involving water or other polar cocatalysts, and, in addition, it is pointed out that, although cocatalysts appear to be necessary prerequisities for activation in a number of cases, the phenomenon is not a general one, since systems exist in which proton-supplying cocatalysts have not been proved necessary to initiate growth. To date, no single mechanism seems to satisfy all of the qualitative observations and known data. It is intended that the present discussion summarize available facts in terms of possible mechanisms, and, in addition, evaluate their plausibility in the light of present knowledge.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040207
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    Copolymerization of some further monomer pairs (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 215-218 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Heat of copolymerization (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 221-223 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040211
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    Investigations on cellulose nitrate. II. Liquid and vapor phase adsorption of acetonePart I of this series appeared in J. Polymer Sci., 3, 735 (1948). (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 247-263 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The discrepancies in the published work on the interaction of acetone and cellulose nitrate are discussed and explained. Vapor phase adsorption isotherms for the adsorption of acetone by cellulose nitrate have been determined with an adsorption balance. They have been shown to be independent of the crystalline-amorphous ratio of the polymer but dependent upon its nitrogen content. In cellulose nitrates which are completely soluble in acetone, no limiting adsorption has been found. Adsorption analysis (a modification of chromatography) has been applied to the determination of the liquid phase adsorption by cellulose nitrate of acetone from mixtures with petroleum ether. In terms of the liquid mixture concentrations, there appears to be limited adsorption, but this is shown to be due to the nonideal nature of the solutions of acetone and petroleum ether. When allowance is made for this, the liquid and vapor phase isotherms are the same within experimental error and do not support the existence of compounds of acetone and cellulose nitrate.
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    Copolymers of 1,3-butadiene and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadieneThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 265-272 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Some experiments on the polymerization of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and its copolymerization with butadiene are reported. This monomer requires very little modifier as compared to butadiene.
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    Koresin and related resinsThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 689-702 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra of Koresin are very similar to those of an acid-catalyzed p-tert-butylphenol-acetal- dehyde polymer. This is believed to be evidence that Koresin has Structure I. A variety of phenol-aldehyde resins have been prepared for comparison with Koresin. The ratings of some of these materials as tackifiers have been reported. These furnish further evidence that the molecular weight of a phenol-aldehyde resin is important in its tackifying action. An alkaline-catalyzed condensation product of acetylene and p-tert-butylphenol shows no tackifying action and has no free hydroxyl in the polymer as judged by its infrared pattern.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040602
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    Polymers and copolymers of o-acetoxystyrene and o-hydroxystyreneThis investigation was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Government Synthetic Rubber Program. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 703-707 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: o-Hydroxystyrene did not copolymerize with styrene and butadiene in GR-S-type systems. A terpolymer of these three monomers was obtained by copolymerizing o-acetoxystyrene, styrene and butadiene in carbon tetrachloride solution by the action of stannic chloride followed by hydrolysis of the acetate groups in the polymer with dilute hydrochloric acid in dioxane solution. The polymer thus obtained did not improve the tack of GR-S.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Estimation of crystallinity of some polymers from x-ray intensity measurementsCommunication No. 57 from the Laboratory for Cellulose Research of the AKU and affiliated Companies, Utrecht, Holland. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 709-723 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The paper deals with a tentative plan to extend quantitative x-ray measurements for determining the degree of crystallinity of polymers (as used earlier in cellulose determinations), to the investigation of rubber, polythene, and a polyamide. Strictly monochromatized copper radiation was used. The results show that further work along these lines may be promising. The raw rubber sample used was identical with one of those investigated by Goppel and by Arlman. It yielded a crystallinity figure higher than that reported by Goppel, but conformed with that found by Arlman. The figures obtained for polythene at different temperatures are compared with those derived from density and heat capacity measurements by other workers. The degree of crystallinity of polythene at room temperature is found to be ∼ 55%, and in samples of polyhexamethylene sebacamide, previously treated in different ways, figures between ∼50 and 70% are obtained. It is shown that the possibility of using the background intensity as a measure of the disordered fraction is confined to not too high angles of diffraction. A method is described (and experimentally checked) allowing for reducing the curves of intensity distribution as a function of 2θ as observed in various polymers to a comparable scale. It is further emphasized that, in polymers where hydrogen bonds play a decisive role in intermolecular cohesion, the x-ray results suggest that the “crystalline” or ordered fraction may to a considerable extent involve states of two-dimensional order.
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    Ultraviolet absorption spectra of some copolymers containing acenaphthylene, and of related compounds (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 725-733 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strong ultraviolet absorption in the wave-length region 280-330 mμ shown by copolymers of acenaphthylene with styrene or methyl methacrylate is due to acenaphthylene residues. The spectra of samples of copolymer containing a small percentage of acenaphthylene are different from the spectrum of polyacenaphthylene. As a result of the comparison of the spectra of these copolymers with the spectra of acenaphthene and with the two forms of 1,1′-biacenaphthyl it is concluded that spectra of the copolymers can be explained as arising from the presence of pairs of acenaphthylene groups. Finally it is shown that the spectra can be used to estimate the acenaphthylene contents of the copolymers.
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    “Elastomers and plastomers, their chemistry, physics and technology, volume II, manufacture, properties and applications.” edited by R. Houwink, Elsevier, New York-Amsterdam, 1949, 531 pp., $9.00. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 745-745 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040607
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    Determination of disappearance of bis-isopropyl xanthogen (“dixie”) in synthetic rubber latex during polymerizationThis work was carried out under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Synthetic Rubber Program of the United States Government. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 735-743 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Bis-isopropyl xanthogen (“dixie”) is a poor promoter, but an effective modifier, in the GR-S recipe, as was concluded from unreported intrinsic viscosity measurements. High molecular mercaptans are good promoters but very poor modifiers. In recipes containing mercaptans as promoters, dixie acts like a retarder until a conversion of 30% is attained. After this conversion the rate becomes normal. It is found that at a conversion of 30% most of the dixie has been dissipated. Bis-isopropyl xanthogen can be determined polarographically. A procedure is given for the polarographic determination of dixie and the determination by amperometric titration of mercaptan when both dixie and mercaptan are present in a GR-S latex. Disappearance curves of dixie and of mercaptans are given when both modifiers are present in the original charge.
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    “Physics and chemistry of cellulose fibres with particular reference to rayon.” P. H. Hermans. Elsevier, New York-Amsterdam, 1949. 556 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 749-749 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040609
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    “The chemistry and technology of enzymes.” Henry Tauber, Wiley, New York, 1949, 558 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 773-774 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040618
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    “Monomers.” Edited By E. R. Blout, W. P. Hohenstein, and H. Mark. Interscience, New York, 1949, 368 pp., $7.50. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 775-775 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040619
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    Photochemistry of proteins. V. Effect of pH and urea on ultraviolet light inactivation of crystalline pepsinFrom the Master of Science Thesis of S. Pearson, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, June, 1948. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 45-62 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Quantum yields for the inactivation of crystalline swine pepsin have been determined as a function of pH at 2537 A. The quantum yield is near a minimum at pH 4.08, at which point a value of 0.0019 was found, rises rapidly above pH 6, and shows a slight maximum near pH 2.7. The maximum is more pronounced with polychromatic light. The quantum yield (at pH 2.01) was found to be the same with either hemoglobin or casein as a substrate. Urea had no effect on the quantum yield although urea alone, 7 M, inactivates pepsin at an appreciable rate. Urea and light denaturation do not modify the absorption spectrum of pepsin in the same way. The data of Gates has been recalculated; it shows an increase of quantum yields with decreasing wave length. It has been concluded, from experiments with model substances, that inactivation can occur by the absorption of a quantum by any aromatic group in pepsin.
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    Photochemistry of phosphonitrilic chlorides. I. A photochemical reaction of low-polymeric phosphonitrilic chlorides (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 75-82 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Photochemical reactions of trimeric and tetrameric phosphonitrilic chlorides with some hydrocarbons are described. Soluble and insoluble photoreaction products are formed. From the soluble fraction, distillable phenyl- and decahydronaphthyl-phosphonitrilic chlorides were separated; the indistillable and deposit fractions were also found to contain high percentages of carbon and hydrogen. This shows that successive substitution of the chlorine atoms by radicals, R, of the solvents, R—H, had taken place.
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    Polyphenyl (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 93-96 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040110
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    Viscosity function for polyelectrolytes (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 96-96 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040111
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    Polyelectrolytes. IV. Conductance of n-butyl bromide addition compounds of 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers in nitromethane-dioxane mixturesThis research was entirely supported by Contact N6ori44-T.O. IV with the Office of Naval Research. Grateful acknowledgment is made of this assistance. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The conductance of a series of salts made by the addition of n-butyl bromide to 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers (1.5 to 90 mole per cent vinylpyridine) has been measured in dioxane (∊′ = 2.2), ethylene dichloride (∊′ = 10.2), and a series of nitromethane-dioxane mixtures (16.0 ≤ ∊′ ≤ 39.4). Three independent arguments deduced from the data show that ionic association under the influence of interionic electrostatic forces must occur in solutions of polyelectrolytes in such a way that a certain average fraction of the counter ions accompany the large polycation and contribute nothing to conductance. First, the conductance at fixed copolymer composition and fixed salt concentration decreases with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent medium. Second, at a given counter ion concentration in a given solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing pyridonium content of the chain. Third, for a given salt and solvent, the conductance decreases with increasing salt concentration at a rate much slower than that characteristic of simple electrolytes.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040202
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    Polyelectrolytes. III. Viscosities of n-butyl bromide addition compounds of 4-vinylpyridine-styrene copolymers in nitromethane-dioxane mixturesThis research was entirely supported by Contract N6ori44-T. O. IV. with the Office of Naval Research, as Project NR 054-002. Grateful acknowledgment is made of this assistance. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 97-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A series of copolymers, of 4-vinylpyridine and styrene, covering the range 1.5 to 100% vinylpyridine were prepared in 20% toluene solution at 80°. Strong electrolytes were then made by the addition of n-butyl bromide in nitromethane solution. The salts with high vinylpyridine content were soluble in water, alcohols, nitromethane, and other polar solvents. Viscosities of the parent copolymers in methyl ethyl ketone were in the range 0.15-0.20; osmotic pressures gave molecular weights in the range 50,000-80,000. The polyelectrolytes in nitromethane and nitromethane-dioxane mixtures gave viscosity-concentration curves which were strongly concave upwards: at 1 mg./100 cc., the reduced viscosity of the salt of polyvinylpyridine in nitromethane was 6.0. The salts of the different copolymers did not differ much in their viscosities at concentrations above a few tenths of a gram per 100 cc., a fact which shows a high degree of ionic association; only as zero concentration is approached, can the detailed polymer structure be seen. The extent of association at a given concentration is controlled by the amount of vinylpyridine in the copolymer and by the dielectric constant of the solvent. Addition of simple one-one electrolytes, such as tetrabuty lammonium bromide, suppresses the electrostatic increase in viscosity which otherwise appears at low concentrations. The following empirical equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {{\eta _{{\rm sp}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\eta _{{\rm sp}} } {\rm C}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\rm C}} = {{\rm A} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\rm A} {\left( {1 + {\rm B}\sqrt {\rm C} } \right)}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {1 + {\rm B}\sqrt {\rm C} } \right)}} + {\rm D} $$\end{document} was found to fit the data for the different systems studied. The constant A depends on copolymerization ratio and probably on molecular weight; it is a measure of the extent to which the polymer coil can spread out at infinite dilution as a consequence of the intramolecular Coulomb repulsion between charges attached to the chain. It is roughly several orders of magnitude larger than the intrinsic viscosity of the parent polymer. The constant B is a measure of the electrostatic forces and increases with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Simple presentation of network theory of rubber, with a discussion of other theories (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 153-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The approximations implicit in the use of the Gaussian network model for soft rubber are discussed. It is shown that the form of the stress-strain curve can be derived for this model simply, and without special assumptions about the form or behavior of the network. The common assumption that the network junctions are fixed, or can be treated as fixed, is discussed. It is shown that this picture of the situation is unrealistic: the junctions have a Brownian motion comparable to that of any portion of the intervening molecular segments. The introduction of this assumption is not generally admissible, but it will not affect the outcome of certain types of calculation; in particular, one can foresee that it need not affect the calculated form of the stress-strain curve. A particularly simple and straightforward calculation of the network entropy on this basis is given. Wall's the ory of rubber is analysed. It is shown that Wall's postulates are not consistent with the network structure of rubber, and in general lead to different results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040206
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    Kinetics of condensation polymerization (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 219-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040210
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    Polymer news (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 224-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040212
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    Redox recipes. I. Reaction between ferrous iron and peroxides. General considerationsThis investigation was started under the sponsorship of the Office of Rubber Reserve, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, in connection with the Synthetic Rubber Program of the United States Government. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 377-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various mechanisms which have been proposed for the reaction between ferrous iron and hydrogen peroxide are reviewed. Two of these mechanisms appear equally satisfactory on the basis of present evidence: that of Bray and Gorin, involving formation of tetravalent (ferryl) iron, and that of Haber and Weiss, involving formation ofhydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals. Mechanisms involving these intermediates have been developed for the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; the mechanism of Bray and Gorin appears satisfactory, while that of Haber and Weiss leads to certain inconsistencies. A mechanism with ferrous iron and hydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals as intermediates is presented, which accounts for the experimental observations in the ferric iron-catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron induces the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and various organic compounds; this induced reaction (termed a Fenton reaction) is a chain reaction which is initiated by the active intermediates (ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical) formed in the primary reaction. The determination of hydrogen peroxide by reaction with ferrous iron, if carried out in the presence of various organic compounds (termed promoters), gives incorrect results, due to induced oxidation of the promoters; other compounds, termed suppressors, reduce the extent of this induced oxidation of promoters. It appears that both types of compounds react with ferryl iron or hydroxyl radical to form radicals, which if formed from promoters, reduce ferric iron or hydrogen peroxide, while the radicals formed from suppressors oxidize ferrous iron. These considerations are of particular importance in the determination of organic hydroperoxides. The reaction between hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxides and ferrous iron can induce, or initiate, the polymerization of vinyl monomers; this is an example of redox polymerization, which is of considerable practical importance at present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040312
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    “The chemistry of the polysaccharides.” Robert J. McIlroy. Longmans, Green, London, 1948, 118 pp., $2.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 404-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040315
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    Degradation of high polymersContribution from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Rayon Technical Division, Buffalo, New York. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 405-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040316
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    Photochemistry of proteins. V. Effect of pH and urea on ultraviolet light inactivation of crystalline pepsin (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 408-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040317
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    Adhesion. III. Adhesion of polymers to cellulose and alumina (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 408-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040318
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    “Principles of high polymer theory and practice.” Alois X. Schmidt and Charles A. Marlies. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1948, xii+743 pp., $7.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 409-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040319
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    “Advances in protein chemistry, volume IV.” M. L. Anson and John T. Edsall, editors. Academic Press, New York, 1948. 575 pp., $8.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 411-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040320
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    “Plastics dictionary.” Thomas A. Dickinson. Pitman, New York, 1948, xiii +312 pp., $5.00 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 415-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040322
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    “Theory of the stability of lyophobic colloids. The interaction of particles having an electric double layer.” E. J. W. Verwey and J. T. G. Overbeek, with the collaboration of K. van Ness. Elsevier, New York-Amsterdam, 1948, 216 pp., $4.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 413-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040321
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    Some remarks on the first interaction coefficient of the viscosity-concentration equation (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 417-434 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: During recent years attempts have been made to formulate a viscosity-concentration relationship. The method of Huggins, in introducing a factor k′ as a hydrodynamic correction factor is examined, and in particular the attempts to draw conclusions relating k′ to the thermodynamic properties of the solution. An explanation is offered to correlate the experimental viscosity-concentration relationship and the change of solvent. A possible method for the actual calculation of concentration effects has been applied to the case of a suspension of spherical particles, for which, as a first approximation, a value of 10.6 for the coefficient of the c2 term has been obtained.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Determination of distribution of molecular size in a sample of cellulose (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 483-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040405
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    Light transmission and the formation and decay of spherulites in polythene (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 515-522 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of increasing and decreasing temperature on the light transmission of polythene has been measured. On raising the temperature of a sheet of polymer the light transmitted increases steadily at an increasing rate until the sample becomes glass clear at the melting point (ca. 112°C.). On cooling from the melt the specimen becomes very opaque a few degrees below the melting point, then becomes much more transparent and thereafter the light transmission decreases as temperature falls, the transmission-temperature curve approximating to the curve for rising temperature. Changes in the spherulite structure of polythene film on heating and cooling have been observed under the microscope and recorded on a cinéfilm. Decay of spherulites on heating is seen not to occur by the reverse of the process by which they are formed from the melt, and the light transmission results are discussed in relation to the spherulitic structure of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040406
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    Étude viscosimétrique de la structure moléculaire de la gélatine en solutionCommunication No. 1254V des Laboratoires de Recherches de la Société Kodak - Pathé (France). (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 523-526 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040407
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    Solubility of polyethylene in xylene (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 527-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040408
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    Osmotic measurements of isomeric polyvinyl isobutyl ethers (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 531-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040409
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    Ultrasonic velocity in macromolecular substances (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 533-537 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Specific refractmty-temperature data for polyvinyl acetate and polybutyl acrylate (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 538-538 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040411
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    Acid-catalyzed copolymerization behavior of anethole (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 539-541 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040412
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    A note on the osmometry of polyvinyl acetate-acetone solutions (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 542-542 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040413
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    “Crystalline enzymes.” Northrop, Kunitz, and Herriott. Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1948, 352 pp., $7.50 (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 543-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040414
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    Denaturation of plant proteins. II. Increase of viscosity and reducing capability (estimated by titration with iodine) associated with denaturation (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 545-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Legumin of green peas and horse beans was dissolved in solutions of several salts and the viscosity and reducing capability of these solutions was determined. The amounts of iodine required for titration (reducing capability) are dependent on the pH of the solution and on the temperature; between pH 5.0 to 5.8 and +5° to +25° the titration values are almost constant. By comparing several neutral salts it was found that in the cases of sodium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, calcium chloride and magnesium nitrate the reducing capability and intrinsic viscosity of legumin both are low; however, in the case of potassium thiocyanate both values are high. No denaturation takes place in solutions containing 2-30% ethyl- or propylic alcohol and calcium chloride or like salts. Sodium salicylate causes denaturation; the intrinsic viscosity and reducing capability of legumin in these solutions is high. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate has a strong peptizing action on legumin and denaturates it. After a mild deamination of legumin with nitrous acid only slight differences in viscosity and reducing capability could be observed. The solutions containing much propylic alcohol and salt grew in time more and more viscous, if the concentration of legumin was high, but remained of the same viscosity when the concentration of legumin was low. It was concluded that in these cases the high viscosity of legumin is due not to unfolding of the compact coils of native legumin, but to the interaction of the particles with the molecules of the solvent and to subsequent structuration. Loosening and transformation in more elongated particles may be assumed in the cases with thiocyanate, salicylate, and the detergent.
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    Influence of molecular weight on the properties of polystyrene. I. Mechanical properties of polystyrene films cast from solventsContribution from Plastics Research Laboratory, Monsanto Chemical Company, Springfield, Massachusetts. Presented at the American Physical Society, 1949, New York Meeting. (1949)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science 4 (1949), S. 605-617 
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    ISSN: 0022-3832
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The variables of casting polystyrene films from methyl ethyl ketone and from benzene are investigated. It is shown that stringent drying is necessary to remove the last traces of solvent. The differences in dry film structure, second-order transition point, and temperature at which the dynamic modulus suddenly decreases are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1949.120040506
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