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  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (580)
  • 1985-1989  (580)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1987  (580)
  • 1
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    Requirements for CFD validation experiments (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A list of requirements for computational fluid dynamics verification is analyzed and evaluated. Requirements include: clearly defined physics and modeling, sensitivity studies, range, validation to real conditions, duplication of key experiments and computations, and combining experiments and computations. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 716-722
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  • 2
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    CFD validation experiments at the Lockheed-Georgia Company (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at the Lockheed-Georgia Company. Topics covered include validation experiments on a generic fighter configuration, a transport configuration, and a generic hypersonic vehicle configuration; computational procedures; surface and pressure measurements on wings; laser velocimeter measurements of a multi-element airfoil system; the flowfield around a stiffened airfoil; laser velocimeter surveys of a circulation control wing; circulation control for high lift; and high angle of attack aerodynamic evaluations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 497-535
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  • 3
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    CFD activities at NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center (validation) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics objectives are presented for Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics covered include: codes in use, applications to hardware development, and the Center's benchmark plan for the future. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 758-782
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  • 4
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    Remarks on CFD validation: A Boeing Commercial Airplane Company perspective (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Requirements and meaning of validation of computational fluid dynamics codes are discussed. Topics covered include: validating a code, validating a user, and calibrating a code. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 745-757
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  • 5
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    Research on complex turbulent flows at the UW (overall effort) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Development of a pressure-strain model, an algebraic stress model, and wall functions appropriate for flows with spanwise variations in the local wall shear stress are accomplished. Furthermore, a hot-wire measurement technique was also developed for determining the local mean velocity and Reynolds stresses in a complex flow. Experiments were performed on supersonic and subsonic turbulent flow in a square duct, flow about a strut-endwall, flow within a transition duct, and on co-flowing annular jets with swirl. All results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 692-715
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  • 6
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    Validation of CFD for aircraft design: A Boeing view (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aircraft design. Topics covered include CFD validation for advanced systems, cavity flow, transonic flow, separated flow, boundary layer interaction, hypersonic flow, heat transfer, zonal modeling, the mathematical foundation for Navier-Stokes simulation, hypersonic inlets, and the role of wind tunnel tests.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 462-496
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  • 7
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    Confined separated-swirling flows in diffusing ducts (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective is to establish a detailed experimental data base for evaluation of Navier-Stokes codes for confined separated flows in diffusing s-ducts. The computational thrusts include the following: (1) extension and validation of the LeRC parabolized Navier-Stokes solver, PEPSIG, into the separated flow regime using 'flare' type approximations; (2) evaluation and extensions of state-of-the-art turbulence models for confined separated flow with and without swirl; and (3) evaluation and validation of LeRC time marching 3-D Navier-Stokes code, PROTEUS, into confined separate flow regime. Various aspects of the study are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 373-389
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  • 8
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    Validation of computational aeroelasticity (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: codes for computational aeroelasticity validation; the benchmark transonic flutter (BTF) model; BTF testing; the BTF model program; features of transonic flutter; characteristics of attached and separated flow for complete aircraft; and the benchmark aeroelastic model program.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 316-327
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  • 9
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    Three dimensional flows in multistage compressors (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Current multi-stage turbomachinery design/analysis methods are based on a time-averaged, axisymmetric representation of the flow field. The actual flow field is asymmetric and unsteady due to blade row interactions. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solvers are limited to single-stage machines for existing computers. Therefore, advanced multi-stage compressors will operate far off-design for portions of the flight regime. The objectives are to provide an experimentally validated average-passage calculation of multistage compressor blade row interactions and an experimentally validated time-accurate calculation of multi-stage compressor blade row interactions. Various aspects of this investigation are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 353-372
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  • 10
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    Low speed aerodynamics CFD code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective of the research project is to develop and validate analytical methods for low-speed aerodynamics. The experimental needs for computational methods are presented. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 192-209
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  • 11
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    Flow physics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A discussion is presented on the coupling of computational analysis and experiment. It is believed that this coupling is critical in developing new aerodynamic insights. Additionally, new methods for analyzing and interpreting data are discussed. These methods need to be developed in small-scale research studies and then applied to large-scale technology programs. The specific objectives of this program are threefold: (1) provide definitive data sets for the assessment of numerical simulations to the Navier-Stokes equations; (2) incorporate advanced instrumentation to measure the spatial and temporal structure of fluid flows; and (3) develop true parallelism between computational and experimental research using the 'scientific workstation' concept. The discussion is presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 78-97
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  • 12
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    Verification of 3D viscous/turbulent codes for internal flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A computational fluid dynamics code is validated using data obtained through a nonintrusive laser Doppler velocimeter. A space marching technique and a parabolic marching technique are use to calculate the flow in a compressor using compressible and incompressible flow assumptions. In a viewgraph format, both computational fluid dynamics techniques and experimental data are compared to each other.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 649-691
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  • 13
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    CFD validation experiments at UTRC (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Wind tunnel tests are performed in order to validate a computational fluid dynamics code. A large scale, two dimensional separation bubble is created on a flat plate, and low speed, turbulent flow is used. Extensive data sets are obtained with a nonintrusive laser velocimeter in addition to wall static pressure, total pressure, and hot-film measurements. All data and results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 616-648
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  • 14
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    General Dynamics' perspective on CFD code calibration/validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on General Dynamics' perspective on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code calibration and validation. Topics covered include a hypersonic blunted cone, a hypersonic wedge/cylinder, a wing vortex defined by Mach contours, pressure distributions, and 3D turbulent flow behind a 2D flat plate as measured in a water tunnel with a laser Doppler velocimeter.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 559-577
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  • 15
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    Effects of transition on steady and unsteady aerodynamics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The dynamic characteristics of an oscillating airfoil are presented through graphical data derived from wind tunnel tests. The parameters examined include: transition position, boundary layer effects, lift coefficient, moment coefficient, free stream velocity, and Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 593-615
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  • 16
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    CFD validation experiments at McDonnell Aircraft Company (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at McDonnell Aircraft Company. Topics covered include a high speed research model, a supersonic persistence fighter model, a generic fighter wing model, surface grids, force and moment predictions, surface pressure predictions, forebody models with 65 degree clipped delta wings, and the low aspect ratio wing/body experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 537-558
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  • 17
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    Current CFD efforts in projectile aerodynamics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) efforts in projectile aerodynamics. Topics covered include spinning projectiles, fin stabilized projectiles, model geometry, the variation of base drag with base bleed, the variation of normal force with Mach number, and chordwise pressure distribution.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 433-461
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  • 18
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    Heat transfer in 3D flow regions generated by intersecting surfaces (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective is to validate code capabilities to model and predict the critical physics associated with heat transfer in highly 3-D flows. Various aspects of this study are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: LeRC 3-D viscous codes; the 3-D compressible flow tunnel; RVC3D laminar horseshoe vortex calculation; the 3-D heat transfer code validation experiment; and measurements in 3-D compressible flow tunnel.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 390-401
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  • 19
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    High-speed code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: NFL body experiment; high-speed validation problems; 3-D Euler/Navier-Stokes inlet code; two-strut inlet configuration; pressure contours in two longitudinal planes; sidewall pressure distribution; pressure distribution on strut inner surface; inlet/forebody tests in 60 inch helium tunnel; pressure distributions on elliptical missile; code validations; small scale test apparatus; CARS nonintrusive measurements; optimized cone-derived waverider study; etc.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 210-243
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  • 20
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    Hypersonic flow code validation activity: Real gas flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Validation activities and facility types are discussed for six different flow codes: (1) perfect gas; (2) real gas; (3) nozzle/plume; (4) combustion; (5) thermochemical nonequilibrium; and (6) boundary layer and transition. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 112-136
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  • 21
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    A review of transonic code validation research activities (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: It is established that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code validation is an integral part of all flow testing. Specific attention is given to the development of new methods/instruments to obtain time varying 3-D data. Additionally, a discussion concerning wind tunnels and small test facilities is presented. All results and data are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 137-191
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  • 22
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    Experimental fluid dynamics. Part 1: Brief overview. Part 2: Flow modeling and verification experiments: RFE (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The role of experiment in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is discussed. Flow modeling of complex physics and determination of accuracy limits (confidence) are two ways in which experimentation can be used to develop CFD. The results of this discussion are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 56-77
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  • 23
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    The validation of numerical computations (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes. Topics covered include the types of validation required, aerodynamic heating to a slender 5 degree cone, heat transfer on cones with isentropic compression surfaces, the validation of turbulence data, modeling of thermodynamic and transport properties, real gas code validation, the Flight Dynamics Laboratory validation efforts, and reacting gas experimental data in low density flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 415-432
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  • 24
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    Planar compressible reacting shear layer (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information on the planar compressible reacting shear layer is given in viewgraph form. topics covered include heat transfer in 3D flow regions, chemical reacting flows, an unsteady 2D compressible reacting code (MRVC2D), a plane mixing layer, and critical needs in shear layer physics.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 402-414
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  • 25
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    Overview of CFD validation experiments (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: fundamental physics validation experiments; applied physics validation experiments; physical flow phenomena; boundary layer tunnel; boundary layer research; centrifugal compressors; centrifugal compressor flow phenomena; turbomachinery computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation; inlet, duct, and nozzle CFD validation; and chemical reacting flows CFD validation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 328-352
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  • 26
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    High enthalpy detailed aerothermal loads (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: motivation, approach, planned experimental activities, shock-on-lip studies, and mass addition cooling studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 299-315
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  • 27
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    Overview of hypersonic CFD code calibration studies (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: definitions of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code validation; climate in hypersonics and LaRC when first 'designed' CFD code calibration studied was initiated; methodology from the experimentalist's perspective; hypersonic facilities; measurement techniques; and CFD code calibration studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 244-298
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  • 28
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    Fighter-like vortical flow experiments/computations (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective of this research project is to determine the ability of Euler and Navier-Stokes codes to predict vortex/shock-dominated flow that is representative of modern fighter aircraft. The motivation for this project is fourfold: (1) current fighter aircraft are capable of operating beyond C(sub L(sub MAX)); (2) high angle-of-attack vortex/shock-dominated flows are not well understood; (3) current design methods are of the trial-and-error type; and (4) current data bases are inadequate for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 98-111
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  • 29
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    Needs and status of CFD code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The two types of Computational Fluid Dynamics code validations, solution-to-solution comparison and solution-to-experiment comparison, are discussed. It is suggested that to develop more detailed experiments the following things are necessary: (1) further development of turbulence models; (2) better methods for numerical validation of CFD codes; (3) evaluation of disagreements; and (4) continued determination of experimental scatter. All data and results are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 42-55
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  • 30
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    Efficiency characteristics of crescent-shaped wings and caudal fins (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Caudal (tail) fins of fish and aquatic mammals that cruise long distances, and wings of certain birds, often have the shape of a crescent moon. This study investigates how the crescent shape contributes to the traveling performance of these animals. A steady-flow theory (Maskew, 1982) that correctly models the trailing wake was used to analyze lifting surface efficiency, which is dependent on the level of induced (or vortex) drag for a given lift and span of the lifting surface. This analysis shows that backward curvature of a wing improves induced efficiency to a value greater than that of the flat untwisted wing of elliptical shape considered optimal in classical wing theory (Prandt, 1921 and Munk, 1921). This increase of induced efficiency results from the nonplanar trailing vortex sheet produced by the crescent-shaped wing at a given angle of attack.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 325; 435-437
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  • 31
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    Time dependent boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nonreflecting boundary conditions are defined for multidimensional fluid dynamics problems where waves enter and leave the interior of a domain modeled by hyperbolic equations. Separate equations are defined for each type of incoming and outgoing wave. Temporally varying problems are considered in terms of a nonreflecting boundary condition which permit the amplitude of incoming waves to remain constant over time. Conservative expressions are presented that include dissipative terms. Applications of the computational techniques are illustrated with sample results for a traveling shock wave, a shock tube, a spherical explosion and expansion problems on one- and two-dimensions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 68; 1-24
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  • 32
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    Influence of oscillation-induced diffusion on heat transfer in a uniformly heated channel (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis of the effect of flow oscillations on laminar flow heat transfer in a channel with uniform heat addition is presented. It is shown that the effect of flow oscillations will be to reduce the channel heat transfer coefficient. This effect is due to the fact that the heat addition along the channel wall produces an increasing fluid temperature along the channel length. The flow oscillations interacting with this positive temperature gradient will induce a heat flow back toward the channel inlet. This will tend to inhibit the heat transfer process and will raise the wall temperature required to transfer away a given amount of heat at the channel wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 244-247
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  • 33
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    Effect of flow oscillations on axial energy transport in a porous material (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of flow oscillations on axial energy diffusion in a porous medium, in which the flow is continuously disrupted by the irregularities of the porous structure, are analyzed. The formulation employs an internal heat transfer coefficient that couples the fluid and solid temperatures. The final relationship shows that the axial energy transport per unit cross-sectional area and time is directly proportional to the axial temperature gradient and the square of the maximum fluid displacement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 242-244
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  • 34
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    Experimental study of a three-dimensional, shear-driven, turbulent boundary layer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 35-42
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  • 35
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    A model for fully developed turbulence (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for stationary, fully developed turbulence is presented in which the turbulent spectral energy function is completely determined once the time scale for the energy fed into the eddy interaction is known. The form of the eddy correlation time scale determining the turbulent viscosity is suggested by the basic equation of the model itself, up to a dimensionless constant that is fixed by demanding that the coefficient of the spectrum in the Heisenberg-Kolmogoroff inertial range of wavenunmbers be the experimental value. The model makes quantitative predictions that are compared with data on turbulent convection; the k-epsilon and Smagorinsky relations; the spectral function, transfer term, and dissipation term; the skewness factor; the Kolmogoroff and Batchelor constants; and the inertial-conductive and inertial-convective ranges.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3391-341
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  • 36
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    Extrapolation of velocity for inviscid solid boundary conditions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present examination of an extrapolation of velocity along an arbitrary direction in the case of inviscid solid boundary conditions demonstrates the error associated with the arbitrary direction and establishes that the most appropriate procedure lies in the extrapolation of the velocity components that are tangential to the body surface. It is noted that, in a typical calculation, mesh lines generally cluster together and are therefore parallel or nearly parallel to the body surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1513-151
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    Finite element flux-corrected transport (FEM-FCT) for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A high resolution finite element method for the solution of problems involving high speed compressible flows is presented. The method uses the concepts of flux-corrected transport and is presented in a form which is suitable for implementation on completely unstructured triangular or tetrahedral meshes. Transient and steady-state examples are solved to illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 7; 1093-110
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    Effects of various implicit operators on a flux vector splitting method (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1162
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  • 39
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    A note on the generation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by sudden surface-curvature change (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This note is primarily concerned with the generation of spatially growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves by the interaction of very long-wavelength free-stream disturbances with a discontinuity in the curvature of a bounding surface (whose slope may or may not be continuous). The theory is combined with a numerical solution of the local Orr-Sommerfeld equation, and the result is used to predict the Tollmien-Schlichting amplitude in a relevant experiment carried out by Leehey and Shapiro (1980). The calculated results are in satisfactory agreement with their observations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 181; 519-525
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  • 40
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    Petrov-Galerkin methods for natural convection in directional solidification of binary alloys (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A Petrov-Galerkin finite element method is presented for calculation of the steady, axisymmetric thermosolutal convection and interface morphology in a model for vertical Bridgman crystal growth of nondilute binary alloys. The Petrov-Galerkin method is based on the formulation for biquadratic elements developed by Heinrich and Zienkiewicz and is introduced into the calculation of the velocity, temperature and concentration fields. The algebraic system is solved simultaneously for the field variables and interface shape by Newton's method. The results of the Petrov-Galerkin method are compared critically with those of Galerkin's method using the same finite element grids. Significant improvements in accuracy are found with the Petrov-Galerkin method only when the mesh is refined and when the formulation of the residual equations is modified to account for the mixed boundary conditions that arise at the solidification interface. Calculations for alloys with stable and unstable solute gradients show the occurrence of classical flow transitions and morphological instabilities in the solidification system.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 7; 761-791
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    Separation of variables solution for non-linear radiative cooling (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A separation of variables solution has been obtained for transient radiative cooling of an absorbing-scattering plane layer. The solution applies after an initial transient period required for adjustment of the temperature and scattering source function distributions. The layer emittance, equal to the instantaneous heat loss divided by the fourth power of the instantaneous mean temperature, becomes constant. This emittance is a function of only the optical thickness of the layer and the scattering albedo; its behavior as a function of these quantities is considerably different than for a layer at constant temperature.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 30; 959-965
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  • 42
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    Shear flow instability generated by non-homogeneous external forcing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experiment has been designed and conducted in order to ascertain whether instability waves can be generated by nonhomogeneous forcing, using a biconvex vane located outside the mixing layer whose oscillation was induced by an electromagnetic shaker through a linkage. The vane was oscillated at 20 Hz, and the resulting spectra were computed by a spectrum analyzer. The data are judged to provide an example of instability waves generated solely through nonhomogeneous forcing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 116; 188-190
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  • 43
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    Comparison of generalized Reynolds and Navier Stokes equations for flow of a power law fluid (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper compares a finite element solution of a modified Reynolds equation with a finite difference solution of the Navier-Stokes equation for a power law fluid. Both the finite element and finite difference formulation are reviewed. Solutions to spiral flow in parallel and conical geometries are compared. Comparison with experimental results are also given. The effects of the assumptions used in the Reynolds equation are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Finite difference solution for a generalized Reynolds equation with homogeneous two-phase flow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt is made to relate elements of two-phase flow and kinetic theory to the modified generalized Reynolds equation and to the energy equation, in order to arrive at a unified model simulating the pressure and flows in journal bearings, hydrostatic journal bearings, or squeeze film dampers when a two-phase situation occurs due to sudden fluid depressurization and heat generation. The numerical examples presented furnish a test of the algorithm for constant properties, and give insight into the effect of the shaft fluid heat transfer coefficient on the temperature profiles. The different level of pressures achievable for a given angular velocity depends on whether the bearing is thermal or nonisothermal; upwind differencing is noted to be essential for the derivation of a realistic profile.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Compressible flow in a diffusing S-duct with flow separation (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Local flow velocity vectors, as well as static and total pressures along ten radial traverses, were obtained at six stations for secondary flows in a diffusing 30-30-deg S-duct with circular cross section. The strong secondary flow measured in the first bend continued into the second with new vorticity produced in the opposite direction. Contour plots representing the transverse velocity field, as well as total and static pressure contours, have been obtained. As a result of the secondary flow and subsequent separation, substantial total pressure distortion is noted to occur at the duct exit.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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    Gas particle radiator (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The performance of a new space radiator concept, the gas particle radiator (GPR), is studied. The GPR uses a gas containing submicron particles as the radiating medium contained between the radiator's emitting surface and a transparent window. For a modest volume fraction of submicron particles and gas thickness, it is found that the emissivity is determined by the window transmittance. The window must have a high transmittance in the infrared and be structurally strong enough to contain the gas-particle mixture. When the GPR is compared to a proposed titanium wall, potassium heat pipe radiator, with both radiators operating at a power level of 1.01 MW at 775 K, it is found that the GPR mass is 31 percent lower than that of the heat pipe radiator.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 285-288
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    Heat transfer in shrouded rectangular cavities (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 247-252
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  • 48
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    Radiative cooling of a layer with nonuniform velocity - A separable solution (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Analyzed here is the cooling of a flowing plane layer filled with hot particles or liquid droplets that emit, absorb, and scatter radiation. The velocity distribution is nonuniform across the layer and the specified shape of this distribution affects the layer temperature distribution and emittance. The velocity distribution determined is one that will cause the layer to cool at a uniform temperature. Thus, if the layer initially has a uniform temperature, it will retain the same emittance throughout its length. A separable solution is found that applies in a 'fully developed' region following an initial cooling length. In this developed region, the solution shows that there is a constant emittance based on the local heat loss and local bulk mean layer temperature. This emittance is a function of the velocity distribution, optical thickness, and scattering albedo.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 228-232
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    A barely implicit correction for flux-corrected transport (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In virtue of adding one elliptic equation that must be implicitly solved, the 'barely implicit correction' method presented removes the stringent sidestep limit imposed by sound speed in the explicit methods. The barely implicit method is presently combined with a flux-corrected transport algorithm, which has been rendered fourth-order by the appropriate subtraction of corrected fluxes, in order to accurately represent the sharp gradients in subsonic flows. The multigrid MGRID technique (DeVore, 1984) is used to efficiently solve the elliptic pressure equation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 71; 1-20
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    An experimental investigation of air-assist non-swirl atomizer sprays (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Detailed measurements and comparisons were made of air-assist nonswirl atomizer sprays currently being used in aircraft icing research. The critical liquid to air mass flowrate ratio to achieve a good quality of atomization and the most suitable mean dropsize correlation equation has been determined. Two of the most sophisticated and effective instruments, the Laser Diffraction particle sizer (Malvern) and Phase/Doppler particle analyzer (Aerometrics), have been successfully employed in spray characterization over a wide range of operating conditions. Results obtained by line-of-sight measurements using the Laser Diffraction sizer are compared with point measurements obtained by using the Phase/Doppler analyzer as well as with photographs. The accuracy and limitations of using the various instruments for spray characterization are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Atomisation and Spray Technology (ISSN 0266-3481); 3; 1, 19; 13-36
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    Numerical simulation and comparison with experiment for self-excited oscillations in a diffuser flow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 936-943
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    Time-dependent behavior of a reattaching shear layer (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 914-919
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    Transient radiative cooling of a droplet-filled layer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A proposed lightweight radiator system for waste heat dissipation in space would eject streams of coolant in the form of small, hot liquid droplets. The droplets would lose radiative energy by direct exposure to the very low-temperature environment of space, and would then be collected for reuse. The cooling behavior of a layer composed of many small droplets was studied by numerical solution of the radiative integral equations. Since there is mutual interference for radiative energy dissipation, an array droplet will cool more slowly than if each drop is exposed individually. Since liquid metal droplets may be used, the study includes results for conditions with high scattering. For optically thin regions, especially with high scattering, the temperature distribution is sufficiently uniform that the cooling can be computed using the approximation of a constant layer emittance. For optically thick layers starting at uniform temperature, the temperature distributions become nonuniform with time. It was found that the cooling process goes through a starting transient; a constant emittance condition is then achieved where the emittance is lower than that for a layer at uniform temperature.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 159-164
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    A numerical model for supersonic reacting mixing layers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A current research effort is underway at the NASA Langley Research Center to achieve a detailed understanding of important phenomena present when a supersonic flow undergoes a chemical reaction. A computer program has been developed to study the details of such flows. The program has been constructed to consider the multicomponent diffusion and convection of important species, the finite-rate reaction of these species, and the resulting interaction between the fluid mechanics and chemistry. Code results from the analysis of a spatially developing and reacting mixing layer are presented, and conclusions are drawn regarding the structure of the evolving layer and its associated flame.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 64; 39-60
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    Torsion effect on fully developed flow in a helical pipe (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Two techniques, a series expansion method of perturbed Poiseuille flow valid for low Dean numbers and a solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equation applicable to intermediate Dean values, are used to investigate the torsion effect on the fully developed laminar flow in a helical pipe of constant circular cross section. For the secondary flow patterns, the results show that the presence of torsion can produce a significant effect if the ratio of the curvature to the torsion is of order unity. The secondary flow is distorted in these cases. It is noted that the torsion effect is, however, usually small, and that the secondary flow has the usual pattern of a pair of counter-rotating vortices of nearly equal strength.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 184; 335-356
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    Scaling of the bursting frequency in turbulent boundary layers at low Reynolds numbers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The frequency of occurrence of the bursting process near a wall was studied by investigating turbulent velocity fields obtained from numerical simulation of a flat-plate boundary layer with zero pressure gradient. Computations were carried out for three different Reynolds numbers based on the momentum thickness: 300, 670, and 1410. It is shown that the frequency scaled by the inner variables is essentially independent of the Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3326-332
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    Spectral methods and their implementation to solution of aerodynamic and fluid mechanic problems (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fundamental concepts underlying spectral collocation methods, especially pertaining to their use in the solution of partial differential equations, are outlined. Theoretical accuracy results are reviewed and compared with results from test problems. A number of practical aspects of the construction and use of spectral methods are detailed, along with several solution schemes which have found utility in applications of spectral methods to practical problems. Results from a few of the successful applications of spectral methods to problems of aerodynamic and fluid mechanic interest are then outlined, followed by a discussion of the problem areas in spectral methods and the current research under way to overcome these difficulties.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 7; 1159-118
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    Second-order upwind differencing in a recirculating flow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The accuracy and stability of the second order upwind differencing scheme was investigated. The solution algorithm employed is based on a coupled solution of the nonlinear finite difference equations by the multigrid technique. Calculations have been made of the driven cavity flow for several Reynolds numbers and finite difference grids. In comparison with the hybrid differencing, the second order upwind differencing is somewhat more accurate but it is not monotonically accurate with mesh refinement. Also, the convergence of the solution algorithm deteriorates with the use of the second order upwind differencing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1435-144
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    Roll-up of vorticity in adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown how the unsteady, nonlinear critical-layer equation determines the evolution of instability waves in a weak adverse-pressure-gradient boundary layer. Numerical solutions show that the nonlinearity halts the growth of these inviscidly unstable waves. The stabilizing effect of nonlinearity, in the present case, can be described as a consequence of either the increase (toward zero) of the phase jump across the critical layer or the roll-up of the critical-layer disturbance vorticity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 183; 325-342
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    Third-order resonance effects and the nonlinear stability of drop oscillations (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The three-dimensional nonlinear oscillations of an isolated, inviscid drop with surface tension are studied by a multiple timescale analysis and pre-averaging applied to the variational principle for the appropriate Lagrangian. Amplitude equations are derived which describe the generic cubic resonance caused by the spatial degeneracy of the eigenfrequencies of the linear normal modes. This resonant coupling leads to the instability of the finite amplitude axisymmetric oscillations to small nonaxisymmetric perturbations, as is demonstrated here for the three- and four-lobed normal modes. Solutions to the interaction equations that describe finite amplitude, nonaxisymmetric traveling-wave solutions are also obtained and their stability is investigated. A nongeneric cubic resonance between the two-lobed and four-lobed oscillatory modes leads to quasi-periodic motions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 183; 95-121
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  • 61
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    Pressure gradient alignment with strain rate and scalar gradient in simulated Navier-Stokes turbulence (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In a simulated turbulent shear flow the pressure gradient caused by velocity fluctuations alone has increased probability for alignment with the most compressive strain direction, which is similar to passive scalar-gradient behavior. The pressure-gradient component depending on the mean shear indicates no correlation with the strain directions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3293
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    The structure of a turbulent shear layer embedded in turbulence (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Measurements are reported on the growth rate and the turbulent characteristics of a two-dimensional, free shear layer generated by a nonuniform array of parallel turbulent jets and wakes. Although bounded by roughly isotropic turbulence and not having any detectable initial periodicity, this layer develops weak, plane, periodic vortices that grow in relative strength and scale downstream. Their scale and frequency match those reported for shear layers that begin with strong vortices.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3025-303
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    Higher eigenmodes in the Blasius boundary-layer stability problem (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The higher spatial-stability eigenmodes for the Blasius boundary layer are examined by using asymptotic theory, and an infinite number of modes are found. The asymptotic results are shown to be in close agreement with results from a direct numerical solution of the Orr-Sommerfeld problem. The asymptotic theory would therefore provide an efficient tool in exploratory searches for the eigenvalues.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 2947-295
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    Numerical simulations of turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille and boundary-layer flow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Direct numerical simulations of turbulent spots in plane Poiseuille and boundary-layer flows are performed. Mature, self-similar spots are obtained. The propagation velocities and spreading angles are found to compare well with corresponding experiments. The difference in shape of the two spots is also clearly discernible: the turbulent parts are contained within arrowhead regions that point in opposite directions for the two cases. The wing-tip region of the Poiseuille spot is also found to consist of a large-amplitude semiturbulent wave packet.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 2914-291
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    Radiative cooling of a solidifying droplet layer including absorption and scattering (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple solution for the transient cooling of a solidifying layer filled with drops that can emit and scatter radiation is discussed, with application to a liquid drop radiator proposed for the Space Station (Mattick and Hertzberg, 1981). The layer remains at uniform temperature during solidification, and the outer portions rapidly lose heat, producing a variation along the length of the layer in the distribution of liquid concentration across the layer. The analysis is used to obtain both the amount of energy dissipated by the two-phase system at uniform temperature and the velocity distribution necessary to maintain a uniform liquid fraction across the entire layer at all locations along the layer length.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 30; 1762-176
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    Influence of ventilated shrouds on the convective heat transfer to a circular cylinder (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Convective heat transfer to shrouded cylinders in transverse flow has been studied over the Reynolds number range 2000-20,000. The influence of shroud ventilation, relative shroud diameters, and orientation of the ventilation holes was studied. In some cases, average inner-cylinder Nusselt numbers were found to exceed the comparable bare-cylinder values by as much as 50 percent. Cylinder heat convection was influenced more by the degree of ventilation and shroud diameter than by hole orientation. An equivalent inner bare cylinder diameter, based on degree of shroud ventilation and shroud diameter, was developed which can be useful in shroud design studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 30; 1685-169
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    Generalized approach to cooling charge-coupled devices using thermoelectric coolers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper is concerned with the use of thermoelectric coolers (TECs) to cool charge-coupled devices (CCDs). Heat inputs to the CCD from the warmer environment are identified, and generalized graphs are used to approximate the major heat inputs. A method of choosing and estimating the power consumption of the TEC is discussed. This method includes the use of TEC performance information supplied by the manufacturer and equations derived from this information. Parameters of the equations are tabulated to enable the reader to use the TEC performance equations for choosing and estimating the power needed for specific TEC applications.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 965-971
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    The generation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by long wavelength free stream disturbances (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The paper is primarily concerned with explaining how very long wavelength free stream disturbances are able to generate very short wavelength Tollmien-Schlichting waves in laminar boundary layers. Consideration is given to the case where the disturbances are of small amplitude and have harmonic time dependence and where the Mach number is effectively zero. It is shown that the free stream wavelength reduction occurs as a result of nonparallel flow effects which can arise from: (1) the slow viscous growth of the boundary layer, and (2) small but abrupt changes in surface geometry that produce only very weak static pressure variations. Analyses of these two mechanisms are carried out by linearizing the unsteady motion about an appropriate steady flow and asymptotically expanding the result in inverse powers of an appropriate Reynolds number. The analyses are compared with each other and with available experimental data, and they are used to explain the physics of the two mechanisms.
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    Vortex breakdown simulation based on a nonlinear inviscid model (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is shown that the inviscid equations governing steady axisymmetric flow with swirl, admit solutions with closed streamlines. Results are obtained using two different numerical algorithms. The first is based on a multigrid method for nonlinear eigenvalue problems, while the second is based on a least squares formulation.
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    Spray drop size and velocity measurements using the Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Detailed measurements of the drop size and velocity distributions were obtained for a swirl chamber pressure atomizer. These data were obtained with the Phase/Doppler Particle Analyzer manufactured by Aerometrics, Inc. Direct measurements of the size distributions revealed the evolving characteristics of the spray. Size velocity correlations were used to evaluate the effect of velocity relaxation on the size distributions. The simultaneous measurement of drop size and velocity was of major importance in accurately describing the changes in the local drop size distributions and mass flux.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Turbo and Jet-Engines (ISSN 0334-0082); 4; 3-4,; 207-215
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  • 71
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    The effect of flow oscillations on cavity drag (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experimental investigation of flow over an axisymmetric cavity shows that self-sustained, periodic oscillations of the cavity shear layer are associated with low cavity drag. In this low-drag mode the flow regulates itself to fix the mean-shear-layer stagnation point at the downstream corner. Above a critical value of the cavity width-to-depth ratio there is an abrupt and large increase of drag due to the onset of the 'wake mode' of instability. It is also shown by measurement of the momentum balance how the drag of the cavity is related to the state of the shear layer, as defined by the mean momentum transport and the Reynolds stress, and how these are related to the amplifying oscillations in the shear layer. The cavity shear layer is found to be different, in several respects, from a free shear layer.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 177; 501-530
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    Computation of shock wave reflection by circular cylinders (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 683-689
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  • 73
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    The role of three-dimensional shapes in the break-up of charged drops (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The nonlinear dynamics of nonaxisymmetric inviscid charged conducting drops near the Rayleigh charge limit (R = 4) is investigated analytically. It is shown that only axisymmetric spheroid drops bifurcate from the sphere family when the charge is increased, that oblate spheroids at R greater than 4 are unstable to nonaxisymmetric disturbances governing drop breakup, and that prolate spheroids at R less than 4 are unstable only to axisymmetric disturbances tending to increase the length of the drop along its symmetry axis. The effects of external electric fields and rigid-body rotation are also analyzed, and the solutions for the amplitude equations at R just less than 4 (equivalent to the dynamical equations of the Henon-Heiles Hamiltonian) are explored.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Proceedings, Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences (ISSN 0080-4630); 410; 1838,; 209-227
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  • 74
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    Effects of multiple rows and noncircular orifices on dilution jet mixing (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 3; 219-226
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  • 75
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    Time-marching solution of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for internal flow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Primitive variables with central differencing on a staggered grid are used in the present, factored ADI finite-difference scheme for artificial compressibility method solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, leading to a close coupling between velocity and pressure that both enhances stability and eliminates the need for artificial damping. Computational efficiency is enhanced through the use of a spatially variable, fixed Courant number-based time-step. The numerical results obtained for a driven cavity at Re of 10,000, with local cell Re as high as 100, exhibits no flow variable spatial oscillations on a 40 x 40 stretched grid solution.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 70; 232-252
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  • 76
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    The structure of the vorticity field in homogeneous turbulent flows (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The structures of the vorticity fields in several homogeneous irrotational straining flows and a homogeneous turbulent shear flow were examined using a database generated by direct numerical simulation of the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. In all cases, strong evidence was found for the presence of coherent vortical structures. The initially isotropic vorticity fields were rapidly affected by imposed mean strain and the rotational component of mean shear and developed accordingly. In the homogeneous turbulent shear-flow cases, the roll-up of mean vorticity into characteristic hairpin vortices was clearly observed, supporting the view that hairpin vortices are an important vortical structure in all turbulent shear flows; the absence of mean shear in the homogeneous irrotational straining flows precludes the presence of hairpin-like vortices.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 176; 33-66
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  • 77
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    Thermosolutal convection during directional solidification. II - Flow transitions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The influence of thermosolutal convection on solute segregation in crystals grown by vertical directional solidification of binary metallic alloys or semiconductors is studied. Finite differences are used in a two-dimensional time-dependent model which assumes a planar crystal-melt interface to obtain numerical results. It is assumed that the configuration is periodic in the horizontal direction. Consideration is given to the possibility of multiple flow states sharing the same period. The results are represented in bifurcation diagrams of the nonlinear states associated with the critical points of linear theory. Variations of the solutal Rayleigh number can lead to the occurrence of multiple steady states, time-periodic states, and quasi-periodic states. This case is compared to that of thermosolutal convection with linear vertical gradients and stress-free boundaries.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 659-671
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  • 78
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    Spectral methods in fluid dynamics (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fundamental aspects of spectral methods are introduced. Recent developments in spectral methods are reviewed with an emphasis on collocation techniques. Their applications to both compressible and incompressible flows, to viscous as well as inviscid flows, and also to chemically reacting flows are surveyed. The key role that these methods play in the simulation of stability, transition, and turbulence is brought out. A perspective is provided on some of the obstacles that prohibit a wider use of these methods, and how these obstacles are being overcome.
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  • 79
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    Drop size distribution and air velocity measurements in air assist swirl atomizer sprays (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Detailed measurements of mean drop size (SMD) and size distribution parameters have been made using a Fraunhofer diffraction particle sizing instrument in a series of sprays generated by an air assist swirl atomizer. Thirty-six different combinations of fuel and air mass flow rates were examined with liquid flow rates up to 14 lbm/hr and atomizing air flow rates up to 10 lbm/hr. Linear relationships were found between SMD and liquid to air mass flow rate ratios. SMD increased with distance downstream along the center line and also with radial distance from the axis. Increase in obscuration with distance downstream was due to an increase in number density of particles as the result of deceleration of drops and an increase in the exposed path length of the laser beam. Velocity components of the atomizing air flow field measured by a laser anemometer show swirling jet air flow fields with solid body rotation in the core and free vortex flow in the outer regions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Fluids Engineering (ISSN 0098-2202); 109; 64-69
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  • 80
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    Turbulence statistics in fully developed channel flow at low Reynolds number (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow is performed. The unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically at a Reynolds number of 3300, based on the mean centerline velocity and channel half-width, with about 4 million grid points. All essential turbulence scales are resolved on the computational grid and no subgrid model is used. A large number of turbulence statistics are computed and compared with the existing experimental data at comparable Reynolds numbers. Agreements as well as discrepancies are discussed in detail. Particular attention is given to the behavior of turbulence correlations near the wall. A number of statistical correlations which are complementary to the existing experimental data are reported for the first time.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 177; 133-166
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  • 81
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    Investigation of turbulent shear flows by numerical simulation (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A data base (Kim et al., 1986) generated by direct numerical integration of the Navier-Stokes equations for unsteady three-dimensional turbulent channel flow at low Reynolds numbers is applied to investigate the physical processes acting in wall-bounded shear flows. The techniques used to construct the data base are outlined; the modeling of turbulence, streaks and streamwise vortices, horseshoe and inverted-horseshoe vortices, and vortex rings is described; the conditional sampling techniques employed are discussed; and typical results are presented graphically. An organized vorticity-field structure is revealed and found to be associated with the bursting process and a local peak in the wall pressure, indicating a possible approach to reducing viscous drag.
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  • 82
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    Modeling and calculation of turbulent transport in free-shear flows (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In this work the applicability of the combined bulk convection and gradient transport hypotheses for modeling turbulent diffusion is investigated. The resulting model equation, namely the one-equation model, is solved for free-shear flows by an implicit finite-difference method. Results indicate that significant improvements over previous models can be achieved with this new formulation of turbulent diffusion for both heat and momentum transport.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Numerical Heat Transfer (ISSN 0149-5720); 11; 1, 19
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  • 83
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    Experimental flowfield visualization of a high alpha wing at Mach 1.62 (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental oil-flow and tuft patterns and vapor-screen flow-visualization data were obtained on a cambered wing model at Mach = 1.62 for an angle-of attack range of 0-14 deg. These data were used as flow diagnostic tools along with surface-pressure and force data and full-potential theory calculations. A large separation bubble was found on the lower wing surface at low angle of attack. The high-angle-of-attack flowfield was characterized by a large attached-flow leading-edge expansion followed by a crossflow shock. At alpha = 14 deg the crossflow shock apparently induced discrete regions of streamwise separated flow, which were clearly indicated in the vapor-screen and oil-flow photographs.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 335-341
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  • 84
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    Discussion of Mills et al. on 'The effect of wall suction and thermophoresis on aerosol particle deposition from a laminar boundary layer on a flat plate' (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 30; 7, 19; 1559
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  • 85
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    Wake shield (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Progress on the modeling of the flow field around a wake shield using a recently obtained code based on the Monte Carlo method is discussed. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method is a method for solving the Boltzman Equation using an approximation to the collision integral term. The collision integrand is evaluated for randomly selected values of its arguments and the summation will approach the integral for large enough samples. The collision effects may be modeled for either hard sphere or various power law potentials. The convective side of the Boltzman equation is approximated over a time step using a simple trajectory calculation of molecules as they travel through the domain of interest.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Consortium for Materials Development in Space. Technical Section; p 94-96
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    Computational fluid dynamics: Transition to design applications (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The development of aerospace vehicles, over the years, was an evolutionary process in which engineering progress in the aerospace community was based, generally, on prior experience and data bases obtained through wind tunnel and flight testing. Advances in the fundamental understanding of flow physics, wind tunnel and flight test capability, and mathematical insights into the governing flow equations were translated into improved air vehicle design. The modern day field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a continuation of the growth in analytical capability and the digital mathematics needed to solve the more rigorous form of the flow equations. Some of the technical and managerial challenges that result from rapidly developing CFD capabilites, some of the steps being taken by the Fort Worth Division of General Dynamics to meet these challenges, and some of the specific areas of application for high performance air vehicles are presented.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Supercomputing in Aerospace; p 69-76
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    Yesterday, today and tomorrow: A perspective of CFD at NASA's Ames Research Center (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The opportunity to reflect on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) progam at the NASA Ames Research Center (its beginning, its present state, and its direction for the future) is afforded. Essential elements of the research program during each period are reviewed, including people, facilities, and research problems. The burgeoning role that CFD is playing in the aerospace business is discussed, as is the necessity for validated CFD tools. The current aeronautical position of this country is assessed, as are revolutionary goals to help maintain its aeronautical supremacy in the world.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Supercomputing in Aerospace; p 49-61
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  • 88
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    Development of generalized block correction procedures for the solution of discretized Navier-Stokes equations (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Effort is directed towards developing a solution method which combines advantages of both the iterative and the direct methods. It involves iterative solution on the fine grid, convergence of which is enhanced by a direct solution for correction quantities on a coarse grid. The proposed block correction procedure was applied to compute recirculating flow in a driven cavity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1987; p 119-128
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    Aerothermal modeling program, Phase 2, Element C: Fuel injector-air swirl characterization (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The main objectives of the NASA sponsored Aerothermal Modeling Program, Phase 2, Element C, are to collect benchmark quality data to quantify the fuel spray interaction with the turbulent swirling flows and to validate current and advanced two phase flow models. The technical tasks involved in this effort are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1987; p 101-110
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  • 90
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    Aerothermal modeling program. Phase 2, element A: Improved numerical methods for turbulent viscous recirculating flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The objective of this effort is to develop improved numerical schemes for predicting combustor flow fields. Various candidate numerical schemes were evaluated, and promising schemes were selected for detailed assessment. The criteria for evaluation included accuracy, computational efficiency, stability, and ease of extension to multidimensions. The candidate schemes were assessed against a variety of simple one- and two-dimensional problems. These results led to the selection of the following schemes for further evaluation: flux spline schemes (linear and cubic) and controlled numerical diffusion with internal feedback (CONDIF). The incorporation of the flux spline scheme and direct solution strategy in a computer program for three-dimensional flows is in progress.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1987; p 85-90
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    Coherent structures (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In order to develop more quantitative measures of coherent structures that would have comparative value over a range of experiments, it is essential that such measures be independent of the observer. It is only through such a general framework that theories with a fundamental predictive value can be developed. The triple decomposition phi = bar-phi + phi(c) + phi(r) (where bar-phi is the mean, phi(c) is the coherent part, and phi(r) is the random part of any turbulent field phi) serves this purpose. The equations of motion for the mean and coherent flow fields, based on the triple decomposition, are presented and modeling methods for the time-averaged and phase-averaged Reynolds stress are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 329-330
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    Coherent structures and modeling: Some background comments (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: Coherent structures are discussed as a sequence of events (identifiable motions) in the flow which convert significant amounts of mechanical energies of the mean flow stream, into turbulent fluctuations. The use of structure information in modeling is also discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 325-328
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    Coherent structures and dynamical systems (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Any flow of a viscous fluid has a finite number of degrees of freedom, and can therefore be seen as a dynamical system. A coherent structure can be thought of as a lower dimensional manifold in whose neighborhood the dynamical system spends a substantial fraction of its time. If such a manifold exists, and if its dimensionality is substantially lower that that of the full flow, it is conceivable that the flow could be described in terms of the reduced set of degrees of freedom, and that such a description would be simpler than one in which the existence of structure was not recognized. Several examples are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 323-324
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    Coherent structure (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The mental picture of turbulence structure had progressed from the hypothesis that it mimics molecular motion to the belief that turbulence is highly organized. The history of turbulence structure is briefly reviewed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 313-314
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  • 95
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    Coherent structures: Comments on mechanisms (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: There is now overwhelming evidence that in most turbulent flows there exist regions moving with the flow where the velocity and vorticity have a characteristic structure. These regions are called coherent structures because within them the large-scale distributions of velocity and/or vorticity remain coherent even as these structures move through the flow and interact with other structures. Since the flow enters and leaves the bounding surfaces of these structures, a useful definition for coherent structures is that they are open volumes with distinctive large-scale vorticity distributions. Possible fruitful directions for the study of the dynamics of coherent structures are suggested. Most coherent structures research to data was concentrated on measurement and kinematical analysis; there is now a welcome move to examine the dynamics of coherent structures, by a variety of different methods. A few of them will be described.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 315-322
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    Wave-growth associated with turbulent spot in plane Poiseuille flow (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A kinematic wave theory is used to investigate the cause of the rapid growth of waves observed at the wingtip of turbulent spot in plane Poiseuille flow. It is found that the qualitative behavior of the wave motions is well described by Landahl's breakdown criterion as the wave selection procedure. The predicted wave number, wave angle, and phase velocity are in agreement with those values obtained in a direct simulation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 303-310
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    Active layer model for wall-bounded turbulence (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The active-layer model for wall-bounded turbulence hypothesizes that the nonlinear terms are large only in a thin layer near the wall, and hence the turbulence in the region outside the active inner layer can be modeled as a linear fluctuating flow driven by the active layer. This hypothesis is tested using data obtained from a direct simulation of turbulent channel flow. It is found that the nonlinear effects are the strongest near the wall with a maximum at around y sup + = 20 and, outside the near-wall region, these involve primarily the cascading mechanism leading to dissipation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 297-302
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    Structure of turbulent shear flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Activities are summarized for each of the three topics discussed: eduction of coherent structures; measurement of propagation velocities of perturbation in turbulent flows; and direct evaluation of the Taylor hypothesis.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 273-290
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    Inflectional instabilities in the wall region of bounded turbulent shear flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The primary thrust of this research was to identify one or more mechanisms responsible for strong turbulence production events in the wall region of bounded turbulent shear flows. Based upon previous work in a transitional boundary layer, it seemed highly probable that the production events were preceded by an inflectional velocity profile which formed on the interface between the low-speed streak and the surrounding fluid. In bounded transitional flows, this unstable profile developed velocity fluctuations in the streamwise direction and in the direction perpendicular to the sheared surface. The rapid growth of these instabilities leads to a breakdown and production of turbulence. Since bounded turbulent flows have many of the same characteristics, they may also experience a similar type of breakdown and turbulence production mechanism.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 291-295
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  • 100
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    Conditionally-averaged structures in wall-bounded turbulent flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The quadrant-splitting and the wall-shear detection techniques were used to obtain ensemble-averaged wall layer structures. The two techniques give similar results for Q4 events, but the wall-shear method leads to smearing of Q2 events. Events were found to maintain their identity for very long times. The ensemble-averaged structures scale with outer variables. Turbulence producing events were associated with one dominant vortical structure rather than a pair of counter-rotating structures. An asymmetry-preserving averaging scheme was devised that allowed a picture of the average structure which more closely resembles the instantaneous one, to be obtained.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Stanford Univ., Studying Turbulence Using Numerical Simulation Databases. Proceedings of the 1987 Summer Program; p 263-272
    Format: application/pdf
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