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  • Humans  (26,754)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (25,033)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (25,032)
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  • 1
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    How nature shaped echolocation in animals (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: Echolocation has evolved in different groups of animals, from bats and cetaceans to birds and humans, and enables localization and tracking of objects in a dynamic environment, where light levels may be very low or absent. Nature has shaped echolocation, an active sense that engages audiomotor feedback systems, which operates in diverse environments and situations. Echolocation production and perception vary across species, and signals are often adapted to the environment and task. In the last several decades, researchers have been studying the echolocation behavior of animals, both in the air and underwater, using different methodologies and perspectives. The result of these studies has led to rich knowledge on sound production mechanisms, directionality of the sound beam, signal design, echo reception and perception. Active control over echolocation signal production and the mechanisms for echo processing ultimately provide animals with an echoic scene or image of their surroundings. Sonar signal features directly influence the information available for the echolocating animal to perceive images of its environment. In many echolocating animals, the information processed through echoes elicits a reaction in motor systems, including adjustments in subsequent echolocation signals. We are interested in understanding how echolocating animals deal with different environments (e.g. clutter, light levels), tasks, distance to targets or objects, different prey types or other food sources, presence of conspecifics or certain predators, ambient and anthropogenic noise. In recent years, some researchers have presented new data on the origins of echolocation, which can provide a hint of its evolution. Theoreticians have addressed several issues that bear on echolocation systems, such as frequency or time resolution, target localization and beam-forming mechanisms. In this Research Topic we compiled recent work that elucidates how echolocation – from sound production, through echolocation signals to perception- has been shaped by nature functioning in different environments and situations. We strongly encouraged comparative approaches that would deepen our understanding of the processes comprising this active sense.
    Keywords: QP1-981 ; Q1-390 ; bats ; Biosonar ; Humans ; marine mammals ; sensory biology ; Birds ; Behavior ; Communication ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Chocolate and Health: Friend or Foe? (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: In the ancient past, cocoa has been appreciated as a high-calorie food to boost energy in soldiers and for its undefined medicinal and mystical properties. During other times, chocolate has been considered as the forbidden “food of God”: a treasure of pleasure for the mind and the soul. The overall perception of the consumer for chocolate was of a “charming” and appealing food with lots of negative aspects related to high sugar content leading to consider chocolate as “junk food” for its “obesigen” calories. Recently, in association with the renewed interest of nutrition science in alternative source of health-promoting foods and ingredients, a large body of research has been conducted to unravel the pro and cons of cocoa in relation to human health. Epidemiological evidences indicate that cocoa consumption helps preventing cardiovascular disease for its high content in bioactive flavonoids. Clinical trials show that chocolate consumption might improve vascular function, decreasing platelet aggregation and display an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect. The putative protective action of cocoa seems to be multi-factorial and involving different aspects of vascular, antioxidant and endothelial function. However, the mechanism(s) that account for the benefits of cocoa it is still unclear. The aim of this Research Topic is therefore to provide the reader with an objective picture of the state of art on the association between cocoa and health, mainly through the evidences of human trials; overwhelmingly considered the golden standard for nutritional science. The Research Topic will cover the analysis of the manufacturing processes of the chocolate and the antioxidant effects in humans as well as the majority of the putative health effects of chocolate and cocoa, such as anti-inflammatory properties, effect on immunity, platelet aggregation, blood pressure, endothelial function and cognitive behavior. Unraveling the functional properties of cocoa will help to understand if the 'food of God' is a primordial gift for the health of mankind.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; RC581-607 ; TX341-641 ; Antioxidants ; Obesity ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Chocolate ; Blood pressure ; Inflammation ; Cognitive function ; Cocoa ; Immunity
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    The Functional Organization of the Auditory System (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This eBook comprises s series of original research and review articles dealing with the anatomical, genetic, and physiological organization of the auditory system from humans to monkeys and mice.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; audition ; monkeys ; gens ; translational ; Humans ; Rodents ; Memory ; Perception ; Physiology ; functional imaging ; Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Spatial memory - a unique window into healthy and pathological ageing (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The global population aged over 60 is set to rise dramatically in the coming decades. In many countries, the older population now faces the prospect of spending a quarter of their lives aged over 65, and a significant proportion will have to cope with cognitive decline associated with normal ageing or with dementia disorders. Given that these fundamental demographic changes will pose a significant challenge to health care systems, a detailed understanding of age-related cognitive and neurobiological changes is essential in helping elderly populations maintain cognitive performance. In addition, developing sensitive biomarkers to identify those at risk of developing dementia is crucial for early and effective interventions. To make inferences about the ageing process from the animal model back to the human, rigorous behavioral paradigms must be used to ensure that the same function is being examined across species. Given that similar navigational paradigms can easily be applied to humans and animals, recent years have seen an expansion of studies attempting to bridge the gap between age-related changes in animal and human spatial cognition. These studies begin to suggest that disruptions in spatial computations are among the earliest indicators of impending cognitive decline. In addition, although many animal studies have identified pathological mechanisms with paradigms involving spatial navigation, these mechanisms support many nonspatial cognitive functions as well. As a consequence, a successful characterization of how spatial processing changes in the ageing brain could reveal fundamental effects of cognitive ageing that could inform about general mechanisms underlying decline in perception, mnemonic processing and multisensory integration.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Neuroscience ; spatial navigation ; Humans ; Aging ; Animal Models ; Dementia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Hidden Depths (2022)
    White Rose University Press | White Rose University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-06
    Description: In Hidden Depths, Professor Penny Spikins explores how our emotional connections have shaped human ancestry. Focusing on three key transitions in human origins, Professor Spikins explains how the emotional capacities of our early ancestors evolved in response to ecological changes, much like similar changes in other social mammals. For each transition, dedicated chapters examine evolutionary pressures, responses in changes in human emotional capacities and the archaeological evidence for human social behaviours. Starting from our earliest origins, in Part One, Professor Spikins explores how after two million years ago, movement of human ancestors into a new ecological niche drove new types of collaboration, including care for vulnerable members of the group. Emotional adaptations lead to cognitive changes, as new connections based on compassion, generosity, trust and inclusion also changed our relationship to material things. Part Two explores a later key transition in human emotional capacities occurring after 300,000 years ago. At this time changes in social tolerance allowed ancestors of our own species to further reach out beyond their local group and care about distant allies, making human communities resilient to environmental changes. An increasingly close relationship to animals, and even to cherished possessions, appeared at this time, and can be explained through new human vulnerabilities and ways of seeking comfort and belonging. Lastly, Part Three focuses on the contrasts in emotional dispositions arising between ourselves and our close cousins, the Neanderthals. Neanderthals are revealed as equally caring yet emotionally different humans, who might, if things had been different, have been in our place today. This new narrative breaks away from traditional views of human evolution as exceptional or as a linear progression towards a more perfect form. Instead, our evolutionary history is situated within similar processes occurring in other mammals, and explained as one in which emotions, rather than ‘intellect’, were key to our evolutionary journey. Moreover, changes in emotional capacities and dispositions are seen as part of differing pathways each bringing strengths, weaknesses and compromises. These hidden depths provide an explanation for many of the emotional sensitivities and vulnerabilities which continue to influence our world today.
    Keywords: Human demography ; Group size ; Lithic transfers ; Raw material movements ; Bonobos ; Dog burial ; Comfort ; Symbolic objects ; Symbolism ; Mobiliary art ; Attachment fluidity ; Hypersociability ; Human-animal relationships ; Dog domestication ; Attachment object ; Approachability ; Approach behaviour ; Avoidance behaviour ; Androgens ; Physiological responses ; Cognitive Archaeology ; Autism Spectrum Condition ; Handaxe ; Biface ; Neurodiversity ; Palaeolithic stone tools ; Evolution of neurodiversity ; Rock art ; Ice age art ; Material Culture ; Cultural transmission ; Emotional commitment ; Biopsychosocial approach ; Social tolerance ; Attachment ; Genus Homo ; Acheulian ; Cultural evolution ; Skeletal abnormality ; Injury ; Illness ; Interdependence ; Emotional sensitivity ; Moral emotions ; Evolution of Altruism ; Hominins ; Upper Palaeolithic ; Lower Palaeolithic ; Ecological niche ; Selective pressure ; Behavioural ecology ; Wolves ; Affective empathy ; Cognitive empathy ; Theory of mind ; Human Cognition ; Vulnerability ; Evolutionary Psychology ; Developmental psychology ; Helping behaviours ; Social cognition ; Social mammals ; Human Emotion ; Human social collaboration ; Generosity ; Emotional brain ; Social emotions ; Comparative behaviour ; Evolution ; Social carnivores ; Primate behavioural ecology ; Primate social systems ; Human Evolution ; Human ancestors ; Collaboration ; Evolutionary Biology ; Emotional vulnerability ; Social connection ; Decolonisation ; Social networks ; Middle Palaeolithic ; Community resilience ; Convergent evolution ; Chimpanzee ; Origin of modern humans ; Social safeness ; Wolf domestication ; Cherished possessions ; Compensatory attachment ; Loneliness ; Palaeolithic art ; Stress reactivity ; Bonding hormones ; Humans ; Hunter-gatherers ; Intergroup collaboration ; Tolerance ; Emotional connection ; Autism ; Trust ; Early Prehistory ; Palaeopathology ; Origins of healthcare ; Human self-domestication ; Palaeolithic Archaeology ; Social brain ; Care-giving ; Empathy ; Neanderthals ; Compassion ; Social Connection ; Evolution of Emotions ; Human Origins ; Adaptation ; Prehistory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HD Archaeology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAJ Evolution ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Neuropharmacological, Neurobiological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Learning and Memory (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: drugs ; Behavior ; Memory tasks ; pre-clinical ; clinical ; Humans ; Animals ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Pacific Climate Cultures (2022)
    De Gruyter | De Gruyter Open Poland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: This edited volume examines the opportunities to think, do, and/or create jointly afforded by digital storytelling. The contributors discuss digital storytelling in the context of educational programs, teaching anthropology, and ethnographic research involving a variety of populations and subjects that will appeal to researchers and practitioners engaged with qualitative methods and pedagogies that rely on media technology.
    Keywords: Discourse ; Climate Change ; Humans ; Nature ; Oceania ; Resilience ; Environmental Ethics ; Environmental Change ; Worldview ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFC Social impact of disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFH Popular beliefs & controversial knowledge::JFHF Folklore, myths & legends ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFS Social groups::JFSL Ethnic studies::JFSL9 Indigenous peoples ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSX Human biology::PSXM Medical anthropology
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Can humans & coastal landforms co-exist? : proceedings of a workshop held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA January 24, 2001 (2005)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The primary objective of this publication is to share with a wider audience the valuable information and extensive dialogue that took place amongst over 140 individuals who attended the second in a series of planned workshops on the science and management of coastal landforms in Massachusetts. This workshop took place at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on January 24, 2001. The individuals who attended this workshop are actively engaged in planning, managing, regulating, engineering, educating, and studying coastal landforms and their beneficial functions. This workshop titled, Can Humans & Coastal Landforms Co-exist?’, was a natural follow-up to a previous workshop, Coastal Landform Management in Massachusetts, held at WHOI October 9-10, 1997 (proceedings published as WHOI Technical Report #WHOI-98-16). The workshop had a very practical, applied focus, providing state-of-the-art scientific understanding of coastal landform function, case history management and regulation of human activities proposed on coastal landforms, a multi-faceted mock conservation commission hearing presented by practicing technical consultants and attorneys that involved all attendees acting as regulators in breakout sessions, and, at the conclusion of the workshop, an open discussion on all issues related to the science and management of coastal landforms, including future research needs.
    Description: Funding for these proceedings was provided by WHOI Sea Grant and the NOAA National Sea Grant College Program Office, Department of Commerce, under NOAA Grant No. M10-2, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sea Grant Project No. NA86R60075.
    Keywords: Coastal ; Landforms ; Humans
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 1574993 bytes
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  • 9
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    Concerns about quadrupole ICP-MS lead isotopic data and interpretations in the environment and health fields (2018)
    MDPI AG
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (2018): 723, doi:10.3390/ijerph15040723.
    Description: There has been a massive increase in recent years of the use of lead (Pb) isotopes in attempts to better understand sources and pathways of Pb in the environment and in man or experimental animals. Unfortunately, there have been many cases where the quality of the isotopic data, especially that obtained by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICP-MS), are questionable, resulting in questionable identification of potential sources, which, in turn, impacts study interpretation and conclusions. We present several cases where the isotopic data have compromised interpretation because of the use of only the major isotopes 208Pb/206Pb and 207Pb/206Pb, or their graphing in other combinations. We also present some examples comparing high precision data from thermal ionization (TIMS) or multi-collector plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) to illustrate the deficiency in the Q-ICP-MS data. In addition, we present cases where Pb isotopic ratios measured on Q-ICP-MS are virtually impossible for terrestrial samples. We also evaluate the Pb isotopic data for rat studies, which had concluded that Pb isotopic fractionation occurs between different organs and suggest that this notion of biological fractionation of Pb as an explanation for isotopic differences is not valid. Overall, the brief review of these case studies shows that Q-ICP-MS as commonly practiced is not a suitable technique for precise and accurate Pb isotopic analysis in the environment and health fields
    Keywords: Lead isotopes ; ICP-MS ; TIMS ; MC-ICP-MS ; Environment ; Humans ; Rats ; Fractionation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolution of two west African populations (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 336-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nuclear polymorphisms ; Heteroplasmy ; Genetic differentiation ; Sickle cell ; Rain forest refuges
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The identification of genetically coherent populations is essential for understanding human evolution. Among the culturally uniform ethnic groups of west Africa, there are two geographically distinct populations with high frequencies of sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Although the HbS mutation in each group is found on distinguishable chromosomes 11, these populations have been assumed to be parts of a single population. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in these populations demonstrated that the two populations identified by alternative chromosomes 11 bearing HbS have distinct distributions of mitochondrial genotypes, i.e., they are maternally separate. These studies also showed that, contrary to expectation, the mtDNA of some individuals is heteroplasmic. For nuclear loci, a comparison of the frequency of alternative alleles established that these populations are genetically distinct. Both the mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate that these populations have been separate for approximately 50,000 years. Although HbS in the two populations is usually attributed to recent, independent mutations, the duration of the separation and the observed geographic distribution of the population allow for the possibility of an ancient origin of HbS. Assuming an ancient mutation and considering the known biogeography, we suggest that HbS protected selected populations from malaria in rain forest refuges during the most recent ice age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160241
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic evidence for multiple Alu source genes (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 7-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Alu source genes ; Humans ; Gorillas ; Retrotransposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A member of the young PV Alu sub-family is detected in chimpanzee DNA showing that the PV subfamily is not specific to human DNA. This particular Alu is absent from the orthologous loci in both human and gorilla DNAs, indicating that PV subfamily members transposed within the chimpanzee lineage following the divergence of chimpanzee from both gorilla and human. These findings and previous reports describing the transpositional activity of other Alu sequences within the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee lineages provide phylogenetic evidence for the existence of multiple Alu source genes. Sequences surrounding this particular Alu resemble known transcriptional control elements associated with RNA polymerase III, suggesting a mechanism by which cis-acting elements might be acquired upon retrotransposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160256
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An analysis of codon usage in mammals: Selection or mutation bias? (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 442-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Humans ; Mouse ; Rat ; Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A new statistical test has been developed to detect selection on silent sites. This test compares the codon usage within a gene and thus does not require knowledge of which genes are under the greatest selection, that there exist common trends in codon usage across genes, or that genes have the same mutation pattern. It also controls for mutational biases that might be introduced by the adjacent bases. The test was applied to 62 mammalian sequences, the significant codon usage biases were detected in all three species examined (humans, rats, and mice). However, these biases appear not to be the consequence of selection, but of the first base pair in the codon influencing the mutation pattern at the third position.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02103136
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The compositional distribution of coding sequences and DNA molecules in humans and murids (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 311-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome composition ; Coding sequences ; Isochores ; Humans ; Murids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The compositional distributions of coding sequences and DNA molecules (in the 50-100-kb range) are remarkably narrower in murids (rat and mouse) compared to humans (as well as to all other mammals explored so far). In murids, both distributions begin at higher and end at lower GC values. A comparison of homologous coding sequences from murids and humans revealed that their different compositional distributions are due to differences in GC levels in all three codon positions, particularly of genes located at both ends of the distribution. In turn, these differences are responsible for differences in both codon usage and amino acids. When GC levels at first+second codon positions and third codon positions, respectively, of murid genes are plotted against corresponding GC levels of homologous human genes, linear relationships (with very high correlation coefficients and slopes of about 0.78 and 0.60, respectively) are found. This indicates a conservation of the order of GC levels in homologous genes from humans and murids. (The same comparison for mouse and rat genes indicates a conservation of GC levels of homologous genes.) A similar linear relationship was observed when plotting GC levels of corresponding DNA fractions (as obtained by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of a sequence-specific ligand) from mouse and human. These findings indicate that orderly compositional changes affecting not only coding sequences but also noncoding sequences took place since the divergence of murids. Such directional fixations of mutations point to the existence of selective pressures affecting the genome as a whole.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02101193
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA damage and rpair with age in individual human lymphocytes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research DNAging 237 (1990), S. 123-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0921-8734
    Keywords: Aging ; Humans ; Ionizing radiation ; Single cell electrophoresis
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0921-8734(90)90018-M
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Noninvasive measures of oxidative stress status in humans
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine 10 (1991), S. 177-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0891-5849
    Keywords: Free radicals ; Humans ; Noninvasive analytical techniques ; Oxidative stress status
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0891-5849(91)90073-C
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for genetic similarity detection in human marriage
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 6 (1985), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Assortative mating ; Genetic similarity ; Heritability ; Humans ; Kin recognition
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0162-3095(85)90030-5
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating paternity confidence
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 215-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Keywords: Humans ; Paternity confidence ; Relatedness
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(87)90045-8
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vivo loss of telomeric repeats with age in humans
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research DNAging 256 (1991), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0921-8734
    Keywords: Ageing ; Humans ; Skin cells ; Telomeres
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0921-8734(91)90032-7
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A neuroheptapeptide influence on cognitive functioning in the elderly
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 1 (1980), S. 55-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: ACTH ; Aging ; Attention ; Cognition ; Humans ; MSH ; Peptide ; Visual retention
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(80)90036-4
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The substance P content of peripheral tissues in several mammals
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 4 (1983), S. 451-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Biliary system ; Cat ; Guinea-pig ; Humans ; Mucosa ; Rabbit ; Radioimmunoassay ; Respiratory system ; Skin ; Substance P ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Urinary system
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(83)90048-7
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence against autocrine feedback regulation of cholecystokinin secretion in man
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 13 (1992), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Autocrine feedback mechanism ; Cholecystokinin ; Feeding ; Humans ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(92)90110-O
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radioimmunoassay for immunoreactive [des-Leu^1^0]-angiotensin I
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 10 (1989), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Angiotensin II ; Blood ; Humans ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; [des-Leu^1^0]-angiotensin I
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(89)90133-2
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circulatory effects of VIP in anesthetized man
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Peptides 5 (1984), S. 319-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0196-9781
    Keywords: Blood flow ; Circulation ; Electromagnetic flowmetry ; Humans ; VIP
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0196-9781(84)90227-4
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    Domestic cat predation on vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) while foraging on goats, pigs, cows and human beings
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39 (1994), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Keywords: Cats ; Foraging ; Humans ; Livestock ; Predators ; Vampire bats
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90134-1
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    Behavioural responses to humans and the productivity of commercial broiler chickens
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41 (1994), S. 101-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Keywords: Fear ; Handling ; Humans ; Poultry ; Productivity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(94)90055-8
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    Interspecies homology of cytochrome P-450: toxicological significance of cytochrome P-450 cross-reactive with anti-rat P-448-H antibodies in liver microsomes from dogs, monkeys and humans
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research Letters 226 (1989), S. 163-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0165-7992
    Keywords: Cytochrome P-450 ; Dogs ; Humans ; Monkeys ; P-448-H ; Rats
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0165-7992(89)90014-6
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    Elevated frequencies of hprt mutant lymphocytes in cigarette-smoking mothers and their newborns
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 304 (1994), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0027-5107
    Keywords: Cotinine ; Genetic monitoring ; Hprt mutation ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Pregnancy ; Smoking ; Tobacco
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0027-5107(94)90221-6
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    Thermal gradients in the oesophagus of man during exercise and passive warming
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 5 (1980), S. 249-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Humans ; exercise ; hyperthermia ; oesophageal temperature
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4565(80)90029-7
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    The solar wind and human birth rate: A possible relationship due to magnetic disturbances (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 34 (1990), S. 42-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Briths ; Humans ; Solar wind ; Geomagnetism ; Melatonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Data obtained from the literature on the annual pattern of human conceptions and plasma melatonin at high latitudes indicated that simple annual rhythms do not exist. Instead, prominent semiannual rhythms are found, with equinoctial troughs and solsticial peaks. A prominent semiannual environmental event is the magnetic disturbance induced by the solar wind. The semiannual magnetic disturbances are worldwide, but most pronounced in the auroral zones where the corpuscular radiation enters the atmosphere. Magnetic indices that predominantly reflect these events were obtained from the literature and correlated with the melatonin and conception data. Significant and inverse correlations were found for Inuit conceptions and the melatonin data. The correlations obtained for 48 contiguous states of the United States indicated that only the extreme northern states exhibited this relationship. These data were compared with a previous correlational study in the United States which established that sunshine was correlated with conceptions in the middle latitude and southern states. An hypothesis of dual control by electromagnetic and magnetic energies is proposed: melatonin is a progonadal hormone in humans controlled by both factors, depending on their relative strength. Other studies are reviewed regarding the possible factors involved in determining the annual pattern of human conceptions. Demographic studies of geographic variation in temporal patterns of conceptions, with particular regard to variations of the magnetic fields on the earth's surface, may provide some insight into the efficacy of these different factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045819
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    Perception of shape from shading in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) (1998)
    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Shape from shading ; Visual search ; Texture segregation ; Chimpanzees ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors. Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process shading information in a different way from humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100710050004
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    Agaricus Bisporus: An assessment of its carcinogenic potency (1993)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 124 (1993), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Assessment ; Cancer ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Mushroom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This assessment focuses on the concentrations of some chemicals present in theAgaricus bisporus mushroom, the cancer-inducing doses of these chemicals or mushroom used in the animal experiments, the total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in these mice, and the estimated total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in humans. By adding the estimated amounts of chemicals needed to induce cancer and by comparing it with the amount of raw mushroom needed to induce the same effect, it becomes obvious that we have accounted for less than 2% of the carcinogenic components of theAgaricus bisporus mushroom. Since some unavailable data handicapped this assessment, it should be regarded as tentative and subject to further adjustment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103105
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    Separation and Detection of Metal Ions in Ecological Samples by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Indirect UV Detection (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 511-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: CZE ; indirect UV detection ; metal ions ; ecological samples ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Determination of Cinnamomi Constituents by High-performance Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 561-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Retention factors ; Cinnamomi ramulus ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; capillary electrophoresis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Ion Chromatography of Inorganic Anions on Graphitic Carbon as the Stationary Phase (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 590-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ion chromatography ; graphitic carbon stationary phases ; anions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Inorganic anions could be separated on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases in ion chromatography. Ion exchange between eluent anions and sample anions on the stationary phase was confirmed by the retention behavior and the possibility of indirect photometric detection. The elution order of anions was different from that observed for commercially available anion exchangers. Chloride, nitrate, and sulfate contained in tap water could be determined in 7 min.
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    Characteristic Stationary Phase Constants for Two Popular Open-Tubular Column Stationary Phases for Gas Chromatography (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 603-608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solvation parameter model ; ystem constants for poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) HP-5 and poly(ethylene glycol) HP-INNOWax stationary phases ; temperature ; molecular interaction ; retention models ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Characterization of Inulins by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser Induced Fluorescence Detection (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 656-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis (CE) ; laser induced fluorescence detection (LIFD) ; fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) ; inulin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    RP-HPLC Method for the Separation of Some Phenol Derivatives Using Gradient Elution and UV Detection (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 699-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Phenol derivatives ; RP-HPLC separation ; short RP column ; gradient elution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Solid-Phase Microextraction of Pyrethroid Pesticides from Water at Low and Sub-ppt Levels at Different Temperatures (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 485-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pyrethroids ; solid-phase microextraction ; water analysis ; temperature ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Synthetic pyrethroids are increasingly being used for insect control on field crops because of their advantageous environmental properties such as short field life, broad spectrum of insecticide activity, and relatively low mammalian toxicity. In the present work, experimental conditions were optimized for trace analysis of pyrethroids in water by using solid-phase microextraction followed by capillary gas chromatography. Effects of temperature, SPME-fiber diameter, and matrix were studied. SPME used off-line with a gas chromatograph electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) showed a linear response over a wide concentration range. Our results showed a strong temperature effect on pyrethroid extraction yield. The detection limit after 5 min of SPME-fiber exposure to the samples changed from 1 ppb (at 30°C) to 0.1 ppt (at 90°C), which is a 10000 increase in pyrethroid detection. The standard deviations of the analyte peak area ratios were typically in the range of 1-7% at 30°C and of 3 to 15% at 90°C. Best conditions for pyrethroids analysis were achieved using high temperature solution and a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane fiber. No matrix (river water) influence was observed on detection of the investigated pyrethroids.
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    Group-Type Identification of Oil Samples Using Comprehensive Two- Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (GC×GC-TOF) (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 507-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional GC ; time-of-flight ; oil analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In this work a comprehensive two-dimensional system (GC×GC) was coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF/MS) for the analysis of oil samples. Group-types like the alkanes and saturated cyclic compounds (naphthenes), which are present in oil, are shown separately by selecting their unique masses. On selecting appropriate ion fragments, this method also permits the determination of sulfur- and oxygen-containing species in oil. Former results obtained by FID detection could be confirmed. After proper selection of unique ions in GC×GC-TOF both selectivity and sensitivity increase.
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    New molecular descriptors for 2D and 3D structures. Theory (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Molecular descriptors ; Principal component analysis ; Chemometrics ; Pattern recognition ; Total surface area ; PCDD PCDF ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New theoretical molecular indices are defined. They contain information about the whole molecular structure in terms of size, shape, symmetry and atom distribution. These indices are calcualted from the (x, y, z) co-ordinates of a molecule within different weighting schemes in a straightforward manner and represent a very general approach to describe molecules, molecular fragments, macromolecules and molecular conformations in a unitary conceptual framework. Their interpretability is quite evident and is defined by the same mathematical properties as the algorithm used for their calculation. Examples on the total surface area, toxicity of PCDD and PCDF and reaction rate of catalysed reactions show a high modelling power of these indices.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180080405
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    Multivariate Datenanalyse. Methodik und Anwendung in der Chemie und Verwandten Gebieten, R. Henrion and G. Henrion, Springer, Berlin, 1995, ISBN 3-540-58188-X, 261 pp., DM128.00 (excl. VAT) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 524-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090611
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    The Unscrambler®, Version 5.5. Multivariate analysis software for MS-DOS. Available from CAMO A/S, Olav Tryggvasons Gate 24, N-7011 Trondheim, Norway (Telephone: (+47) 7351 4966, Fax: (+47) 7351 4257) or from CAMO USA, 435 Blake Street, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A. (Telephone/Fax: (+1 415) 324-4286, Internet: teledyn@netcom.com). Single-copy price NOK 26 900 commercial, NOK 18 800 non-commercial, NOK 11 900 academic (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 527-529 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090612
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    Comment (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 229-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090310
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    Stone and jonathan versus mager debate (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 230-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090311
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    A rigorous QSAR analysis? (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 232-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090312
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    Generalized rank annihilation method. III: Practical implementation (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 273-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: GRAM ; Least-squares problem ; Eigenvalue problem ; NIPALS ; Performance index ; Condition number ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this paper we discuss the practical implementation of the generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM). The practical implementation comes down to developing a computer program where two critical steps can be distinguished: the construction of the factor space and the oblique rotation of the factors. The construction of the factor space is a least-squares (LS) problem solved by singular value decomposition (SVD), whereas the rotation of the factors is brought about by solving an eigenvalue problem. In the past several formulations for GRAM have been published. The differences essentially come down to solving either a standard eigenvalue problem or a generalized eigenvalue problem. The first objective of this paper is to discuss the numerical stability of the algorithms resulting from these formulations. It is found that the generalized eigenvalue problem is only to be preferred if the construction of the factor space is not performed with maximum precision. This is demonstrated for the case where the dominant factors are calculated by the non-linear iterative partial least-squares (NIPALS) algorithm. Several performance measures are proposed to investigate the numerical accuracy of the computed solution. The previously derived bias and variance are proposed to estimate the number of physically significant digits in the computed solution. The second objective of this paper is to discuss the relevance of theoretical considerations for application of GRAM in the presence of model errors.
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    Univariate regression models with errors in both axes (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 343-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: straight line calibration ; errors in both axes ; uncertainties ; linear regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Calibration is a fundamental step in the calculation of the unknown concentration of analyte in most analytical methods. It is known that for certain methodologies, if only the errors in the independent variable are taken into account, there may be considerable errors in the estimation of the value of the regression coefficients, the derived statistical parameters and in some cases the sought for response and concentration values. This paper reviews the calibration methods including some references to procedures for the detection of outliers and robust regression when there are errors in both axes. The advantages and limitations of the different approaches are discussed and a comparative study is made of the approaches of several techniques for which computer programmes have been developed based on the algorithms put forward by the different authors. Finally, some trends of future development in this field are envisaged.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    A simple iteration algorithm for PLS regression (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 363-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS regression ; orthogonal expansion ; optimization ; Lagrange multipliers ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple iteration algorithm that is faster and less memory-intensive than the NIPALS iteration algorithm for PLS regression is presented. The iteration algorithm is obtained by treating the orthogonal expansion or decomposition of a matrix X as an extremum problem subject to normalization and orthogonality constraint conditions and then solving the problem by use of the method of Lagrange multipliers. The main idea in this method is to find the transformation vector r. The latent variable t is expressed exactly as the linear combination of X-variables with the vector r so that the final regression coefficients can be conveniently provided. In the algorithm the recursion of the orthogonal projection is needed, which is derived by use of a matrix inverse formula. Algorithms are established from the equation for calculating the vector r that are suitable for dealing with three cases of large data sets. The first case is when the number of objects is very large, the number of variables is relatively small and the number of Y-variables is equal to or greater than the number of X-variables. The second case is when the number of objects is very large, the number of variables is relatively small and the number of X-variables is greater than the number of Y-variables. The last case is when the number of variables, either X- or Y-variables, or both, is very large and the number of objects is small.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    The data analysis handbook, I. E. Frank and R. Todeschini, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994, ISBN-444-81659-3,386 pp., Dfl325, US$185 (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 431-432 
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    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090509
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    Robust non-linear regression analysis (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 451-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: non-linear regression ; optimization ; robust methods ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several robust regression methods, including a new proposal, are described and their properties discussed. Resistance to various types of outliers and non-normality is demonstrated. The techniques are applied to non-linear regression models from chemical kinetics and calibration. Optimization of the types of objective functions encountered when applying robust regression is considered.
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    A PLS kernel algorithm for data sets with many variables and few objects. Part II: Cross-validation, missing data and examples (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 459-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: PLS ; kernel algorithm ; multivariate calibration ; EM algorithm ; cross-validation ; missing data ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This is Part II of a series concerning the PLS kernel algorithm for data sets with many variables and few objects. Here the issues of cross-validation and missing data are investigated. Both partial and full crossvalidation are evaluated in terms of predictive residuals and speed and are illustrated on real examples. Two related approaches to the solution of the missing data problem are presented. One is a full EM algorithm and the second a reduced EM algorithm which applies when the number of missing values is small. The two examples are multivariate calibration data sets. The first set consists of UV-visible data measured on mixtures of four metal ions. The second example consists of FT-IR measurements on mixtures consisting of four different organic substances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090604
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    Conference announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 439-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090512
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090601
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    Optimization in organic synthesis. Sequential response surface modelling for obtaining kinetic information. Part 2: An experimental study of the williamson ether synthesis (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: sequential response surface modelling ; Williamson ether synthesis ; SN2 ; optimization ; reaction kinetics ; reaction mechanism ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this work the utility of a new method for determining kinetic parameters by sequential response surface modelling, previously described (Part 1), is shown by applying it to an experimental study of a reaction with known kinetics. The nucleophilic substitution reaction between ethoxide and benzyl chloride, the Williamson ether synthesis, was selected as a model reaction. This reaction is known to proceed with second-order kinetics. The method gives access to estimates of initial reaction rate which can be further used to obtain estimates of activation energy and reaction order of reactants. The results obtained are in good agreement with the estimated values of these parameters obtained with conventional kinetic experiments.
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    On the structure of PLS in orthogonal designs (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 483-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: fractional factorial design ; multiresponse ; PLS ; PCA ; reduced-rank regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper presents an interpretation of PLS applied to orthogonal explanatory variables. In particular, it is shown that in fractional factorial multiresponse experiments PLS2 gives identical results to ordinary least squares applied to principal components of the response variables. The general relationship is that the reduced-rank regression algorithm which first projects Y onto the X-space and then truncates this matrix by principal component analysis before performing ordinary least squares estimation gives the same predictor as PLS2 and SIMPLS if all the non-zero eigenvalues of XTX are identical.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090606
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    Incorporating auxiliary predictor variation in principal component regression models (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 471-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: batch prediction ; continuum regression ; multivariate calibration ; sequential prediction ; simultaneous prediction ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In analytical chemistry a single fitted calibration model is used repeatedly to predict the level of the analyte of interest for the specimens comprising the prediction set. Unlike the calibration (or training) set, which is often limited in size, the prediction set can be very large.In the case of multivariate calibration a number of methods such as PLS and PCR are commonly used to construct the calibration model. The set of instrumental measurements and the reference analyte level are available for each specimen in the calibration set. For specimens in the prediction set, only the instrumental measurements are available, since the problem is to predict the analyte level for these specimens. It is not widely recognized that predictions of the analyte levels for individual specimens can be improved by utilizing seemingly unrelated information from the instrumental measurements associated with the other members of the prediction set. In the case of PCR there exists a very straightforward procedure for doing this. A description of the various sources of prediction errors is provided to explain the ability of PCR to utilize this additional information. The use of PCR in this context is illustrated with both a synthetic and a real example.
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    Multivariate analysis in practice: A training package, K. Esbensen, S. Schonkopf and T. Midtgaard, CAMO AIS: Trondheim, 1994,361 pp. ISBN 82-993330-0-8, $295.00. The text is bundled with the training version of the Unscrambler® multivariate analysis software for MS-DOS. Available from CAMO AIS, Olav Tryggvasons Gate 24, N-7011 Trondheim, Norway (Telephone: (+47) 7351 4966 Fax: (+47) 7351 4257) or from CAMO USA, 435 Blake Street, Menlo Park, CA 94025, U.S.A. (TelephoneFax: (+1415) 324-4286, Internet: teledyn@netcom.com) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 521-523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090609
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    Conference announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 531-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090613
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    Orthogonal canonical variates for discrimination and classification (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 509-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: canonical variates ; discriminant analysis ; partial least squares ; principal components ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new set of derived variables is proposed for exhibiting group separation in multivariate data on for preprocessing such data prior to discriminant analysis. The technique combines optimal features of canonical variate analysis and principal component analysis: the derived variables are linear combinations of the original variables that optimize the canonical variate criterion (ratio of between-group to within-group variance) but subject to the orthogonality constraints of principal components. In this formulation the canonical variates can be derived even when the within-group matrix is singular (i.e. when there are more variables than objects in the data matrix). A simple computational algorithm for extraction of these variables is proposed. The methods are illustrated on several data sets and compared with alternative techniques such as principal component analysis and partial least squares.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090608
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    Iteratively reweighted partial least squares: A performance analysis by monte carlo simulation (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 489-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: QSAR ; partial least squares ; robust regression ; CoMFA ; weighted regression ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A robust implementation of partial least squares (PLS) is developed in which the method of iteratively reweighted least squares is adapted for use with PLS. The result is a PLS algorithm which is robust to outliers and is easy to implement. Examples and case studies are presented, followed by two Monte Carlo studies designed to explore the behavior of the method.The paper begins with the motivation and intended applications for the procedure. A discussion is given of the method of interatively reweighted least squares (IRLS) for outlier detection. The procedure, given the name IRPLS, is then presented. Three case studies illustrate how the procedure works on various types of data and how it should be used. The first Monte Carlo study is designed to determine whether the IRPLS procedure correctly identifies multiple outliers in a wide variety of configurations. The second Monte Carlo study is designed to estimate the breakdown bound of the procedure.
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    Three-dimensional chemical similarity searching, Catherine Pepperrell, Research Studies Press, Taunton, 1994, ISBN 086380 145 5, Wiley, Chichester, 1994, 304 pp., price £57.50 (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 523-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090610
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    Comments on the DATa ANalysis (DATAN) algorithm and rank annihilation factor analysis for the analysis of correlated spectral data (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 8 (1994), S. 287-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Rank annihilation ; Principal components ; Procrustes rotation ; Multivariate analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the DATa ANalysis (DATAN) algorithm can be expressed in terms of rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA). Subsequent advances in RAFA are applied to DATAN to eliminate the problems and restrictions associated with DATAN. The extension of DATAN in terms of the trilinear decomposition algorithm is discussed.
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    Messy simulated annealing (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 309-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: simulated annealing ; messy genetic algorithms ; optimization of multimodal objective functions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The method of simulated annealing is modified so that the concept of messy chromosomes is applied. Constituent genes of messy chromosomes are specified by their respective names (indices) and values (alleles) simultaneously. Unlike simple chromosomes (binary vectors), messy chromosomes may be either under- or overspecified with respect to the problem being solved. The messy simulated annealing algorithm is a very robust and efficient stochastic optimization method which is able to find correct minima of deceptive or highly multimodal objective functions. This is shown by way of a number of simulations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    PLS shrinks (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: partial least squares ; biased regression ; ordinary least squares ; minimum length least squares ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An algebraic proof is given that in partial least squares (PLS) regression the Euclidean length of the estimator is shrunk in comparison with the ordinary least squares estimator or with PLS estimators based on a larger number of dimensions.
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    Conference announcement (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 329-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090408
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090501
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    An extended strategy for exploratory multivariate image analysis including noise considerations (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 389-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: multivariate image analysis ; principal component analysis ; exploratory data analysis ; projection in multivariate space ; graphical visualization ; noise ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Multivariate image analysis (MIA) is a powerful tool for many image segmentation and classification problems, but the interpretation and understanding of the original and resulting multidimensional (multivariate) data are not always easy. A strategy for MIA has been proposed which describes its usage on multivariate images for segmentation tasks. MIA starts with principal component analysis (PCA) and then continues with interactive analysis of the output from PCA. In this paper a number of extensions to MIA are proposed. The extensions are the suggestion to incorporate preprocessing of the multivariate image in MIA, the suggestion to use synthetic multivariate image models which create a clear-cut situation, and new visualization tools which improve the interactivity and understanding of the results. Extended MIA is applied on synthetic multivariate image data simulating a possible application with large noise, positron emission tomography (PET). As a result of the interactive analysis, suggestions for preprocessing emerge. The developed methodology for handling the noise is then applied on real PET image data with good results.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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    Intelligent software for chemical analysis lutgarde M. C. Buydens and Peter J. Schoenmakers (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993, ISBN 0-444-89207-9, 366 pp., hardcover Df1350.00 (us$200.00) (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 432-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090510
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    Pirouette, Version 1.22, available from Infometrix, Inc., 17270 Woodinville-Redmond Road NE, Suite 777, Woodinville, WA 98072, U.S.A. Telephone (+ 1 206) 402-1450, telefax (+ 1 206) 402-1040, Internet: infomtrx©halcyon.com. WWW: http://www.halcyon.com/infomtrx/. Prices: $4000 commercial, $2400 academic; volume discounts are available (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemometrics 9 (1995), S. 435-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-9383
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cem.1180090511
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    Masthead (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010101
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    Tubulin nucleation and assembly in mitotic cells: Evidence for nucleic acids in kinetochores and centrosomes (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: centrosomes ; kinetochores ; microtubule initiation ; nuclease enzymes ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A lysed cell system was used to study the organelle structure and nucleation of exogenous tubulin at kinetochores and centrosomes in mitotic PtK2 cells. We have used this lysed cell system in conjunction with nuclease digestion experiments to determine which specific nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are involved in either the structure and/or microtubule-initiating capacity of kinetochores and centrosomes. The results indicate that DNase I specifically decondenses the kinetochore plate structure, with the eventual loss in the ability of the chromosomes to nucleate microtubule assembly. DNase I had no effect on either the structure or nucleating capacity of centrosomes. Both RNase T1 and RNase A specifically attacked the amorphous pericentriolar material of the centrosomes, with a concomitant loss in the ability of this material to nucleate microtubule formation. Neither RNase appeared to affect the structure or nucleating capacity of the kinetochore. Therefore, the two types of nucleases appear to exert preferential effects on the different types of microtubule initiation sites in mitotic mammalian cells. The results suggest that DNA is a major component of the kinetochore, while RNA is a major component of the amorphous pericentriolar material. These findings support the concept that microtubule initiation sites in mitotic cells contain nucleic acids which are essential for the structural and functional integrity of the sites.
    Additional Material: 45 Ill.
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    Redistribution of actin and fascin in sea urchin eggs after fertilization (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 31-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; fascin ; actin cross-linking proteins ; fertilization ; microvilli ; sea urchin eggs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following fertilization, the sea urchin egg cortex undergoes a structural change involving the assembly and organization of actin filaments into microvilli. Antifascin localizes this actin cross-linking protein in the microvilli of the fertilized egg cortex but no organized staining is present in the unfertilized cortex. Determination of the actin content of eggs using the DNAase I inhibition assay indicates that actin is about 1.4% of the total protein. Approximately 90% of this actin is soluble in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs while only 60-65% can be recovered in identical extracts of fertilized eggs. Similar measurements for fascin using a radioimmunoassay indicate this molecule represents about 0.3% of the total egg protein, essentially all of which is recovered in low calcium isotonic extracts of unfertilized eggs. After fertilization only 65-70% of this actin cross-linking protein is in the soluble phase. These results demonstrate a markedly different solubility for actin and fascin after fertilization, when the indirect immunofluorescence staining localizes fascin in the microvilli, and are consistent with the idea that fascin organizes newly polymerized actin filaments into the microvillar cores. A consideration of the amounts of actin and fascin incorporated into the cortex after fertilization and the number of microvilli on the egg surface indicates that the measured values are sufficient to account for the observed microvillar elongation.
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    Control by calcium of the contractility of Labyrinthula slimeways and of the translocation of Labyrinthula cells (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 17-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Ca-ion ; Labyrinthula ; contraction ; glycerination ; Ca-reservoir ; cell movement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Colonies of Labyrinthula, a colonial marine protist, expand by protrusive movements of the specialized slimeways. The movements recorded in time-lapse films are of two types - filopodial and lamellipodial - and occur at rates equivalent to those of cell translocation.Evidence is presented that Ca2+ regulates the contraction of the actomyosin system of filaments present in the slimeways of Labyrinthula. In glycerinated models or in colonies exposed to ionophore A23187 contraction is evidenced by the occurrence of periodic contractions of the slimeways, giving them the appearance of strings of beads. Glycerinated slimeways contract on the addition of Ca2+ and ATP while slimeways provided with ionophore A23187 contract on addition of Ca2+ alone. The concentration required is 1.1 × 10-7 M Ca2+ while concentrations of 6.2 × 10-8 or lower were ineffective. Rates of contraction were measured in time-lapse films which provide evidence that contractions and beading occur everywhere in the slimeway system. When beading occurs, the 6-nm filaments transform from an array of parallel single filaments into an interwoven meshwork.We have identified by pyroantimonate-OsO4 fixation, as possible Ca2+ reservoirs, deposits of Ca2+ in bothrosomes - structures through which cell secretions pass into the slimeways. The electron-dense deposits are located at the base of the bothrosome and disappear after incubation with EGTA. We propose that the translocation of cells as well as the movements of slimeways may be regulated by the cells through the local measured liberation of Ca2+ from the bothrosome where it is sequestered.
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    An analysis of spindle ultrastructure during anaphase of micronuclear division in Tetrahymena (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 41-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: mitosis ; mitotic spindle ; kinetochore ; microtubule ; micronucleus ; Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Mitotic micronuclei were isolated from Tetrahymena thermophila and data on spindle ultrastructure were obtained from serial, transverse sections. Comparison of data from nuclei at meta- and early anaphase with data from nuclei at late anaphase showed that during anaphase, sister kinetochores move from the equator to the spindle poles, but kinetochore translocation occurs without any apparent change in either the number or length of kinetochore microtubules. This unprecedented result is ascribed significance with regard to the mechanism of kinetochore transport since there are only a limited number of ways that result could be achieved. The organization of the peripheral sheath changes during anaphase as evidenced by gaps in the sheath at late anaphase. Numerous kinetochore and non-kinetochore microtubules are located in polar regions of the spindle at late anaphase, whereas those regions contained only peripherally arranged microtubules at earlier stages. Tracking of individual kinetochore microtubules in late anaphase nuclei showed that some of them appeared to become incorporated into the peripheral sheath near the pole. At early and late anaphase, crossbridges connect adjacent microtubules throughout the spindle poleward to the kinetochores, as well as in the interzone.
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    Physarum myosin light chain binds calcium (1980)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1980), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Physarum polycephalum ; myosin light chains ; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; calcium ; cytoplasmic streaming ; actomyosin ATPase regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myosin from the slime mold Physarum polycephalum contains three sizes of polypeptides: a heavy chain and two light chains, LC-1 and LC-2. Using a simple qualitative test for calcium binding by comparing electrophoretic migration of the polypeptides in sodium dodecy1 sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gels in the presence and absence of calcium, we have found that Physarum myosin light chain LC-2 migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 16,900 daltons in the presence of the metal ion chelator ethylene glycol bis (B-aminoethyl ether) N,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). However, if calcium chloride is added to the sample prior to electrophoresis, the apparent molecular weight decreases to 16,100. Lanthanide and cadmium ions, but not magnesium, can substitute for calcium. Because the ionic radii of Ca2+, La3+, and Cd2+ are almost identical, we conclude that Physarum myosin LC-2 possesses a very size-specific binding site for calcium. Physarum myosin LC-1 and the heavy chain give no evidence for binding calcium by this test. Since cytoplasmic streaming in the plasmodium of Physarum requires calcium, our evidence indicates that the calcium-binding property of Physarum myosin LC-2 may be important in regulating the production of force by actomyosin in the ectoplasm. Unexpectedly, the myosin light chain in Physarum capable of binding calcium, LC-2, is the essential light chain, while LC-1 is a member of the regulatory class of myosin light chains [V. T. Nachmias, personal communication]. Until now, essential myosin light chains have not been shown to have high affinity divalent cation binding sites. This means a new version of the myosin-based model for actomyosin regulation by calcium may be required to explain cytoplasmic movement in Physarum, and perhaps in other motile systems involving cytoplasmic myosins as well.
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    Isolation of a new actin-binding protein from dictyostelium discoideum (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 273-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin gelation ; F-actin nucleation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new actin binding protein has been purified to homogeneity from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. This protein is a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 120,000 upon sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. It is soluble and trypsin-sensitive, contains no carbohydrate, increases the viscosity and sedimentation rate of F actin, and inhibits the actin-stimulated Mg ATPase of rabbit muscle heavy meromyosin. The interaction of 120,000-dalton protein with F actin is not inhibited by millimolar ATP, pyrophosphate, or micromolar calcium. The 120,000-dalton actin binding protein increases the initial rate of actin polymerization and decreases the critical concentration of actin at steady state.These properties demonstrate that 120,000-dalton protein from Dictyostelium discoidum is not a myosinlike protein. Rather, this protein is probably involved in regulating the assembly of the actin cytoskeletion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020307
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    A calcium- and pH-regulated actin binding protein from D. discoideum (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 287-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin-binding protein ; Dictyostelium ; cytoskeleton ; amoeboid movement ; calcium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A protein from Dictyostelium discoideum with an apparent subunit molecular weight of 95,000 daltons (95K protein) was previously identified as an actin-binding protein ‘Hellewell and Taylor, 1979’. In this paper, we present a method for purifying the protein, and characterize some important aspects of its structure and function. Purification of the 95K protein is achieved by fractionation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration on 6% agarose, and final purification on hydroxyapatite. The 95K protein is a dimer, composed of apparently identical subunits. It is a rod-shaped molecule, 38 nm in length, with a Stokes radius of 74 Å. In these structural properties, the 95K protein is similar to muscle and nonmuscle α-actinins. The 95K protein and filamin are equally competent, when compared on a weight basis, to enhance the apparent viscosity of actin as determined by falling ball viscometry. The apparent viscosity of mixtures of the 95K protein and actin is dramatically reduced at pH greater than 7.0 or free ‘Ca2+’ greater than 10-7 M. We also examine the mechanism by which calcium regulates the interaction of the 95K protein and actin. A change in free ‘Ca2+’ induces no detectable change in the quaternary structure of the 95K protein. Our experiments indicate that the 95K protein does not dramatically alter the length distribution of actin filaments in the presence of micromolar free ‘Ca2+’. A large fraction of the 95K protein cosediments with actin in the presence of low free ‘Ca2+’ (ca. 3 × 10-8M), but not in the presence of high free ‘Ca2+’ (ca. 4 × 10-6M). We conclude that increased free ‘Ca2+’ inhibits gelation of actin by the 95K protein by reducing the affinity of the 95K protein for actin. We propose that 95K protein is an important component of the cytoskeletal/contractile system in D. discoideum amoebae.
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    Effect of various extraction solutions and thrombin activation on the composition of the platelet cytoskeleton (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 317-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: cytoskeleton ; platelets ; actin-binding protein ; actin ; myosin ; thrombin activation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When human blood platelets were immersed in an ice-cold solution containing 1% Triton ×-1200, 40 mM KCl, 10 mM EGTA, 10 mM imidazole-HCl, and 2 mM NaN3 pH 7.0, a flocculent precipitate appeared immediately in the tube. This precipitate was collected at 3,000g and SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis showed it to consist mainly of actin, α-actinin, actin-binding protein (ABP), and varying amounts of myosin.Any modifications of this solution used to isolate the platelets' Triton-insoluble cytoskeleton caused profound changes in the nature of the cytoskeleton isolated. Increasing the KCl concentration resulted in a lower yield of cytoskeletal actin and ABP. Inclusion of EDTA in the solution resulted in an increased amount of myosin associated with the cytoskeleton, whereas including MgATP decreased the myosin yield.Experiments with the purified proteins showed that ABP and myosin can each protect the actin from depolymerizing when dialyzed into the Triton solubilization solution. In addition, it was found that when platelets were stimulated with thrombin for 2 min prior to the addition of the Triton solution, 3-4 times more myosin was associated with the cytoskeletal precipitate.The results suggest, therefore, that any variations in solution conditions used for isolating the cytoskeleton from resting platelets, which results in alterations in the amount of ABP, may have profound effects on the state of actin polymerization. Likewise, in thrombin-activated platelets, it is suggested that the increased association of myosin with the cytoskeleton results in a greater stabilization of the F-actin associated with the cytoskeleton. These factors must be considered when interpreting the results regarding the nature of actin transformations in the resting and activated platelet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020402
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020501
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    Motility of the 6 + 0 flagellum of lecudina tuzetae (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 369-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: motility ; flagella ; cilia ; microtubules ; Gregarines ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The male gametes of the parasitic protozoan, Lecudina tuzetae, have a motile flagellum with a “6 + O” ultrastructure ‘Schrével and Besse, 1975’. These gametes were isolated from the cysts in which they develop and were observed and photographed under a variety of conditions. The flagella beat continuously, without stopping and starting, with a beat period of about 2 sec. They can beat in solutions whose viscosities are greater than 0.5 Nsm-2 (l Nsm-2 = 103 cP). The waveform can be approximated by a series of helical arcs and interconnecting straight regions that travel from the base to the tip. The helical regions have a radius of curvature of 3.2 μm and subtend a final angle of 1.7 radians. The straight portions are 2.0 μm in length. There are two sets of opposing bends, but they do not originate in the same plane. The resulting waveform is an approximately helical coil, with a pitch of 9.8 μm, a pitch angle of 0.6 radian and a peak-to-peak amplitude of 2.3 μm. The sense of the coil is left handed. The axoneme twists during beating. The main differences between the movement of this flagellum and that of typical 9 + 2 flagella are a low beat frequency and three-dimensional bends that produce relatively little forward movement of the cell. Twisting is discussed as a means of discriminating between some types of models of flagellar motility.
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    Site of Ca2+ action in triggering motility in the cyanobacterium spirulina subsalsa (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 393-403 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: motility ; Ca2+ ; ionophores ; spirulina subsalsa ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Motility of the marine filamentous cyanobacterium Spirulina subsalsa is both Ca2+ and Na+ dependent, and replacement of Na+ by mannitol arrests it. The data presented suggest that Ca2+ interacts with sites on the surface of the cell membrane. The inhibitory effect of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) hints at the possibility that the role of Ca2+ may be associated with a membrane bound Ca-ATPase. Motility is pH dependent, being nil at pH 〈 6.5 and 〉 10.0, with an optimum at 8.5. Norepinephrine abolishes most of the inhibitory effect of low pH on motility. Ca2+ has an “all-or-none” effect on motility that is triggered at 5 mM. Acetylcholine lowers the threshold of Ca2+ necessary for triggering motility.
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    The structural properties and contractile force of a clot (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 445-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: clot structure ; platelet contractility ; protein networks ; rheological techniques ; viscoelasticity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When citrated plasma is recalcified, it forms a viscoelastic gel-a clot. The relationship between platelet contractility and clot rigidity was studied by using a rheological technique which simultaneously measured both the dynamic rigidity modulus and the contractile force during gel formation with platelet rich plasma (PRP). Protein network formation in a clot was accompanied by a contractile force throughout the clotting process. PRP demonstrated a maximum elastic modulus of 6,000 dynes/cm2 and a maximum contractile force/area of 1,500 dynes/cm2. The values of these parameters for a platelet-free clot (PFP) were 700 dynes/cm2 and less than 100 dynes/cm2 respectively. Sonicated control PRP and PRP from a Glanzmann thrombasthenia patient both clotted in a manner similar to PFP. Metabolic inhibitors, 2-deoxy-D-glucose and KCN (5 mM each), retarded the clotting curves of PRP. Cytochalasin B and E suppressed both structural rigidity and force generation in a concentration-dependent manner similar to their inhibitory effect on actin polymerization in platelets. Colchicine (2.5 mM) or vinblastine (0.11 mM) did not affect these clotting curves. Thrombi-activated, fixed platelets did not generate any force, nor did they significantly increase clot rigidity. Streptokinase induced a concurrent decrease of both rigidity and force in PRP clots. The elastic modulus of a PFP clot could be increased to 2,500 dynes/cm2 by externally straining the network with an axial force/area of 1,500 dynes/cm2. Our results indicate that clot structure formation in PRP is strongly coupled to the contractile force generated by the platelet microfilament system and that this force modulates clot rigidity.
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    Effect of fragmin on actin polymerization: Evidence for enhancement of nucleation and capping of the barbed end (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 457-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: fragmin ; critical actin concentration ; nucleation ; filament growth ; pointed end ; barbed end ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As reported previously, fragmin isolated form Physarum plasmodia restricts the polymerization of actin to produce short F-actin filaments in the presence of Ca2+ ions. Here it is shown that when actin is polymerized at low concentrations of salts, fragmin increases the critical concentration of actin for polymerization. This effect of fragmin on the critical concentration is independent of the molar ratio of fragmin to actin. The addition of actin monomers onto heavy meromyosin-decorated F-actin fragments treated with fragmin occurs unidirectionally at the pointed end of each fragment. These results suggest that fragmin binds to the barbed ends of F-actin filaments and inhibits association and dissociation of actin monomers at this end. Fragmin accelerates the initial stage of polymerization of actin. When a constant amount of G-actin is polymerized in the presence of small amounts of fragmin, the inverse of the half-polymerization time increases in proportion to the square root of the amount of fragmin added. This means that fragmin acts as a potent promoter of the nucleation step in actin polymerization. Both functions of fragmin-promotion of nucleation and capping at the barbed end of F-actin-require micromolar concentrations of Ca2+.
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    Dictyostelium calmodulin: Production of a specific antiserum and localization in amoebae (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 471-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: calmodulin ; myosin ; antibody ; immunofluorescence ; amoeba ; Dictyostelium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A rabbit antiserum was raised against calmodulin from the eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. In double immunodiffusion experiments, the antiserum formed an immunoprecipitation line with Dictyostelium calmodulin but not bovine brain calmodulin; competition radioimmunoassays showed no cross reactivity between the antiserum and calmodulins from bovine brain and spinach. The calmodulin content of vegetative Dictyostelium amoebae, determined by competition radioimmunoassay, was 0.5 μg/mg protein; similar levels were found in developing cells. The antiserum was used to visualize the distribution of calmodulin in Dictyostelium amoebae by indirect immunofluorescence. Cells were examined under various conditions: in suspension, attached to a substrate, and while phagocytosing yeast cells. In all cases, anticalmodulin staining was concentrated in the cell cortex. Parallel experiments using a monoclonal antibody against Dictyostelium myosin showed that this protein is also enriched in the cortical region of the cell.
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    Evidence for nuclear membrane fluidity: Proacrosome migration and nuclear pore redistribution during grasshopper spermiogenesis (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 355-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: proacrosome migration ; nuclear pore redistribution ; nuclear membrane fluidity ; electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electron microscopic examination of thin sections and freeze fractures of Locusta spermatids revealed that the proacrosome docks to the nuclear membrane and glides around the nucleus during sperm development. Whereas nuclear pore complexes occur in groups distributed at random over the entire nucleus of the early spermatid, they are found only in a narrow ring closely surrounding the centriolar adjunct in later spermatids. The pores appear to be swept caudally in the nuclear envelope, perhaps by a process like capping; they are not merely excluded by structures adhering to the nucleus. The observations suggest that both proacrosome migration and the deployment of pores are facilitated by the inherent fluidity of the nuclear membranes.
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    In situ demonstration of actin in normal and injured ocular tissues using 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole phallacidin (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: NBD-phallacidin ; actin ; ocular tissues ; wound repair ; stress fibers ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fluorescent derivative of the actin-binding toxin phallacidin, 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3 diazole phallacidin, has been used to cytologically demonstrate the presence of actin in lens epithelium, corneal endothelium, and retinal pigment epithelium. In these noninjured tissues, no stress fibers are observed and fluorescence is confined mainly to an area at or near the cell membrane, although some diffuse cytoplasmic staining can also be seen. However, following injury to either the lens epithelium or corneal endothelium of rats and frogs, stress fibers are detected, but only in those cells that migrate into the wound area. Cells on the periphery of each tissue do not partake in would repair and thus maintain their normal appearance. After the tissue has regenerated, stress fibers disappear, and those cells involved in the injury response return to their normal morphology.When rabbit corneal endothelium is placed in tissue culture, stress fibers are observed as the cells migrate away from the initial explant. Upon reaching confluency, these cells spread out and each is surrounded by thick actin-containing bands. Furthermore, they exhibit some stress cables within their cytoplasm. This is in contrast to their appearance in vivo where stress fibers are absent and fluorescence is limited to a region near the cell membrane.
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    Three-dimensional organization of microtubules and microfilaments of the basal body apparatus of ciliated respiratory epithelium (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 385-391 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: ciliated cell ; basal body apparatus ; microtubules ; microfilaments ; respiratory epithelium ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This is a descriptive study showing the three-dimensional interrelationship of cytoskeletal elements at the apex of ciliated cells of rat respiratory epithelium. Tissue specimens were serially thin sectioned in various planes and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Thicker sections were also cut at various angles and analyzed stereoscopically. Other specimens were cleared of soluble molecules by glycerination or Triton-X 100 treatment and sectioned as described above. It was found that C microtubules from the triplets of each basal body diverge from the A and B microtubules, run a short distance, and converge at the basal foot. These microtubules or other microtubules arising anew then dispersed deeper into the cytoplasm. The C fibers also interdigitated with other microtubules running perpendicular to them and parallel to the ciliated surface. Ten-nanometer intermediate filaments were organized in parallel sheets between adjacent basal bodies. Sixnanometer actin filaments were distributed throughout the apical cytoplasm. Neighboring basal bodies were linked to one another by microtubules and microfilaments. Basal bodies from each cell appear to be structured for stability, flexibility, and arranged to operate as a single unit.
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    Binding stoichiometry of 21S dynein to A and B subfiber microtubules (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 429-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: 21S dynein ; tubulin ; binding stoichiometry ; ATP sensitivity ; binding cooperativity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The binding properties of Tetrahymena 21S dynein to doublet A and B subfiber microtubules were analyzed by both a turbidimetric assay (Δ A350 nm) and electron microscopy. KCl-extracted, sucrose-gradient, purified 21S dynein binds to each of the two kinds of axonemal microtubules in both ATP-insensitive and ATP-sensitive modes, even though only a single type of binding occurs to each of the subfibers in situ. Total dynein bound to axonemal microtubules is a composite of binding that is sensitive to dissociation by ATP and binding that is insensitive to ATP. Each exhibits a different binding profile. Total binding exhibits a sigmoid profile (h = 1.93) and saturates at 1.49 mg D/mg T. ATP-sensitive binding likewise exhibits a sigmoid profile (h = 2.66) but saturates at 1.06 mg D/mg T. Binding occurs with a similar affinity for both A and B subfibers. The Hill coefficient (h) for ATP-sensitive binding implies positive cooperativity between binding events. ATP-insensitive binding was studied independently in 20 μM ATP, 10 μM vanadate, which blocks ATP-sensitive binding. ATP-insensitive binding exhibits a hyperbolic profile (h = 1.0) and likewise occurs along each of the two kinds of axonemal tubules. Binding saturates at 0.87 mg D/mg T. The binding data suggest that the tubulin dimer has conserved both ATP-sensitive and ATP-insensitive binding sites for 21S dynein, even though the sites may not be expressed in vivo.
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    Masthead (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020601
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    Videodisc Supplement. Announcement (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970020602
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    Effects of infrared laser damage to the Euglena photoreceptor on the control of flagellar motility (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 573-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Euglena flagella ; laser microsurgery ; stigma ; Mg2+ ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When the area of the stigma of Euglena was irradiated with an infrared laser beam at a dose too low to cause permanent loss of motility, a reduction in flagellar motility was observed only when the external medium contained less than 1 mM Mg2+. At these low Mg2+ concentrations, the laser caused a decrease in flagellar frequency and a tendency for the flagellar waveform to shift towards that taken during reversed swimming. This suggests that the effect of the laser irrdiation was to deplete the cells of Mg2+. After the laser pulse the reversal response remained sensitive to the wavelength of the illuminating light. In white light (420-700 nm) 60% of the Euglena showed a reversed waveform; in orange light (530-700 nm) this increased to 90%. This shows that the photoreceptor was not destroyed by the laser irradiation.These experiments were performed on cells that had been impaled on a microelectrode. If direct electric current was passed into the laser-irradiated cells, the current necessary to cause flagellar arrest was 2 to 4 times less than that for cells not laser irradiated.It is concluded that an internal Mg2+ store is present in the Euglena, localized in the area of the paraflagellar swelling; and that the laser irradiation eliminates this Mg2+ store, but at the power used it does not destroy the ability of the stigmaparaflagella to control the flagellar activity.
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    Two different monoclonal antibodies to alpha-tubulin inhibit the bending of reactivated sea urchin spermatozoa (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 599-614 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: monoclonal antibodies to tubulin ; radioimmune assay ; immunoautoradiography ; Western blots ; immunofluorescence ; tubulin heterogeneity ; eukaryotic flagellar motility ; immunomotility ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two monoclonal antibodies reactive for α-tubulin but not for β-tubulin have been prepared, characterized in terms of their relative binding to tubulins from differnt sources by a solid-phase binding assay, immunoautoradiography, and indirect immunofluorescence, and utilized to study flagellar motility. Our results demonstrate that α-tubulins from different species, and even from different tissues of the same species, are nonidentical. Especially interesting was the observation that one of the antibodies, Ab2, immunofluorescently stained microtubules of chick embryo fibroblast cells, but was completely unreactive for microtubules of rat kangaroo (PtK2) fibroblasts; a different antibody, Ab1, stained both cell types. Results of these and additional experiments clearly show that Ab1 and Ab2 recognize discrete and different epitopes on α-tubulin.Monoclonal antitubulins Ab1 and Ab2 each inhibited the bend amplitude of reactivated sea urchin spermatozoa without affecting beat frequencies or the ability of the outer doublet microtubules to slide past each other in elastase-digested models. These results, together with those obtained previously using rabbit polyclonal antitubulin antibodies [Asai and Brokaw, 1980], demonstrate that inhibition of bend amplitude is a common property of antitubulin antibodies and is not due to the binding of antibodies to one specific site on the axoneme. Our results suggest that tubulin subunit conformational changes may occur on the outer doublet lattice and may be integrally involved in the mechanism and control of flagellar bending.
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    Movement and coordination of tracheal cilia and the relation of these to mucus transport (1982)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 2 (1982), S. 19-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Video-enhanced contrast, differential interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy: A new method capable of analyzing microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of allogromia laticollarisDr. D. Lansing Taylor served as executive editor for this communication. (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 291-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: videomicroscopy ; differential interference microscopy ; streaming ; reticulopodial motility ; Allogromia ; microtubules ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A new method called Allen Video-enhanced Contrast, Differential Interference Contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy is shown to be sufficiently sensitive to detect several new features of microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of the foraminifer, Allogromia. The method takes advantage of the variable gain and offset features of a binary video camera to operate the DIC microscope under conditions highly favorable for video imaging, but in which the optical image is virtually invisible to the eye yet retains its full information when viewed by a suitable video camera. The improvements are made possible by setting a dé Senarmont compensator to λ/9-λ/4 at maximal working aperture of internally corrected planapochromatic objectives. Under these conditions, the offset feature of the video camera can reject so much stray light from the instrument and specimen that contrast compares favorably with that observed in high-extinction images, and polarizing rectifiers offer scarcely any advantage. Freed from the constraints of the light-limited conditions of DIC microscopy, video images can be recorded 60 times per second, or over 1,000 times the rate of photomicrographs at comparable magnifications under high-extinction conditions.Application of this method to the reticulopodial network of Allogromia has shown that cytoplasmic organelles are translocated only in contact with single microtubules or bundles of microtubules, and that these organelles fail to move when separated from microtubules. Microtubules themselves undergo both axial translatory (“sliding”) and lateral “zipping and unzipping” movements that have been suggested to occur during mitosis and other biological processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010303
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    The identification and localization of actin and actin-like filaments in lactating guinea pig mammary gland alveolar cells (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 1 (1981), S. 329-347 
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    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: actin ; microfilaments ; heavy meromyosin ; mammary gland ; secretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytochalasin B, a microfilament-altering drug, inhibits lactose synthesis in lactating guinea pig mammary gland [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 392:20, 1975] but not primarily by inhibiting glucose transport [Eur. J. Cell Biol. 20:150, 1979]. In order to study the possible role of microfilaments in lactose synthesis and secretion, we isolated both the alveolar (milk-secreting) and myoepithelial (contractile) cells from lactating mammary gland. Light microscopy shows that the alveolar cell fraction (viability approximately 71%) is homogenous and that the cells retain strong polarity of secretory structures in the apical region. Two proteins were extracted from the alveolar cell fraction. One (mol wt 42,000) comigrates with skeletal muscle actin on SDS-PAGE gels. The other, a high-molecular-weight (180,000) protein (HMWP) may be analogous to actin-binding protein or clathrin. An extract from the myoepithelial cell fraction also contains a protein that comigrates with actin but no HMWP. Whole tissue extract contains the 42K protein, and a 185K HMWP. Examination of the alveolar cell extract by electron microscopic (EM) negative staining revealed meshworks of multistranded, interconnecting filaments, with attached globular structures (100-200 A) (possibly the HMWP) and single filaments (40-60 A diameter) branching off. To localize these filamentous structures in situ, whole tissue was glycerinated and incubated with rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM). Masses of filaments in myoepithelial cells served as convenient standards for HMM decoration. Decorated filaments have cross-arms or projections, unlike the narrow, smooth filaments of control tissue. Decorated filaments in alveolar cells are located beneath the plasma membrane, in close association with secretory vacuoles, and near the Golgi apparatus; filaments near the latter two are often oriented perpendicular to the plasma membrane. Microvesicles are embedded in meshworks under the plasmalemma and near the Golgi apparatus. Intermediate-sized (85-115 A diameter), non-decorated filaments diverge from the meshworks of decorated filaments. Microvesicles are associated with intermediate-sized filaments as well. The association of actin-like filaments with secretory vacuoles and microvesicles and their location in areas of the cell concerned with biosynthetic activities suggest a possible function in the intracellular transport of secretory products.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970010305
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    Bending patterns of chlamydomonas flagella I. Wild-type bending patterns (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 131-150 
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    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: flagella ; Chlamydomonas ; motility ; flagellar reversal ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Using a uniflagellate mutant of Chlamydomonas and flash photomicrography at 300 Hz, we have obtained detailed information on the forward and reverse beating modes of Chlamydomonas flagella and on the relationship between rotation of the uniflagellate cell and the bending cycle of the forward mode. Flagella ranging in length from 5 to 15.5 μm were photographed. There is a decrease in wavelength and an increase in curvature in the principal bends when the length of the flagellum is less than the normal length of 12-13 μm, but these changes are not sufficient to maintain similarity of the bending pattern. In the reverse mode, the flagellum propagates symmetrical, planar, undulatory waves with a shear amplitude which is the same as in the forward mode: there is a 19% increase in beat frequency and a similar decrease in wave length. The reorientation of the flagellar beat direction towards the axis of the cell in the reverse mode is caused both by the decrease in asymmetry of beat and by activation of sliding in the principal bends at an earlier time in the beat cycle, relative to the time of activation of sliding in reverse bends. There are additional rare modes of beating which may be related to intermediate stages in the transition between forward and reverse beating modes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030204
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    Taxol binds differentially to flagellar outer doublets and their reassembled microtubules (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: taxol ; microtubules ; flagellar outer doublets ; tubulin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Taxol induces the in vitro assembly of calcium stable microtubules from flagellar tubulin solubilized from sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) sperm tail outer doublets by sonication. Assembly occurs in the presence or absence of exogenous GTP. The drug (10 μM) reduces the critical concentration of protein required for assembly to ≤0.04 mg/ml. 3H-Taxol binds specifically to both isolated flagellar outer doublets and to reassembled microtubules with calculated maximal binding ratios of 0.25 and 1.32 moles taxol/mole polymerized flagellar tubulin dimer, respectively. We suggest that the discrepancy in maximal binding ratios may result from the presence of an endogenous molecule(s) along the surface of outer doublet microtubules that restricts taxol binding to that structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030203
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    Cell motility and microtubules in cultured fibroblasts from patients with Kartagener syndrome (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 185-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: dynein ; microtubules ; cell motility ; fibroblasts ; in vitro ; phagokinetic tracks ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Patients with Kartagener syndrome (KS) show defects in ciliary and flagellar movement that are usually associated with the partial or total absence of dynein side arms from axonemal microtubules. Dynein is essential for such movements, but its involvement in other cellular (particularly microtubule-related) processes is unknown. It has recently been reported that neutrophils from KS patients show impaired motility including responses to chemotactic stimuli, suggesting that dynein-like proteins may be generally involved in motile processes. In support of this, we have now found that spontaneous motility of cultured skin fibroblasts from KS patients is also markedly impaired. Three cell lines derived from skin explants of KS patients with deficient dynein side arms in nasal cilia and eight cell lines derived from normal volunteers were studied. Fibroblasts were seeded into dishes containing colloidal gold-coated cover glasses [Albrecht-Buehler, 1977], incubated for 24 h at 37°C, and the area of cell “phagokinetic” tracks determined.Each cell line studied in this manner reproducibly displayed an amount of spontaneous motility characteristic for that cell line. The mean track area (± SE) for all control cells studied was 14.6 ± 0.5 × 103μm2 whereas for KS fibroblasts was 8.7 ± 0.4 × 103μm2 (P 〈 0.001). Immunofluorescence microscopy using antitubulin and antihuman 210 K MAP antibodies revealed no differences in the staining patterns between control and KS fibroblasts. Pinocytic rates were identical, and the complement of tubulin and major microtubule associated proteins as seen on one-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel autoradio-graphs appeared similar for control and KS cells. Thus, the observed motility defect is probably not the result of alterations in the occurrence or distribution of microtubules or in the occurrence or binding of the major microtubule-associated proteins. This defect in cellular motility may be related to the absence of dynein or may reflect another independent cellular defect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030207
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    Organization of interdoublet links in tetrahymena cilia (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 321-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubule sliding ; interdoublet links ; radial spokes ; bend formation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ciliary axonemes from Tetrahymena extracted by KCl to remove the dynein arms reveal an orderly array of interdoublet links connecting adjacent A-B or A-A subfibers. The links repeat every 96 nm at a stable site on the A subfiber positioned near the bases of radial spokes 2 and 3. Both links and radial spokes are in lateral register across the nine successive doublets of unbent axonemes. In contrast, bent axonemes or those reactivated by ATP to undergo partial sliding disintegration exhibit systematic displacement of the interdoublet links. The links show no evidence of having elastic or other extendable properties and, therefore, must have undergone intermittent attachment with nonstructural binding sites on the adjacent subfiber. These observations suggest a more dynamic role for the interdoublet links in ciliary motion than previously has been envisioned.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030404
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    Microtubule-containing detergent-extracted cytoskeletons in sea urchin eggs from fertilization through cell division: Antitubulin immunofluorescence microscopy (1983)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 3 (1983), S. 213-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0886-1544
    Keywords: microtubules ; fertilization ; cell division ; sea urchin ; cytoskeleton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The microtubule-containing structures that appear in eggs during fertilization and cell division in the sea urchins Lytechinus variegatus and Arbacia punctulata were detected by antitubulin immunofluorescence microscopy of detergent extracted cytoskeletal preparations. The extraction buffer, which is composed of 0.55 mM MgCl2, 10 mM EGTA, 25 mM MES, 25% glycerol, 1% Nonidet P-40, and 25 μM PMSF, pH 6.7, allows for dramatically improved fluorescent images compared to those obtained using conventional staining procedures, with residual background staining being reduced to near zero.The immunofluorescent images obtained using this technique provide information on several motile events that occur during the first cell cycle. This technique demonstrates that all of the cytoplasmic microtubules are associated with the incorporated sperm's centrioles during female pronuclear migration. This changes during the centration of the male and female pronuclei at which time a monastral array of microtubules forms in the egg's cytoplasm. A large proportion of the monastral microtubules do not appear to be associated with the centrioles. At prophase and early metaphase, the centrioles are the dominant microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) consistent with mitotic theories that the kinetochore catches, but does not initiate, microtubules. Observations of intercentriolar distances show that there are three stages of pole separation during the first cell cycle. The initial separation occurs during pronuclear centration, the second during the streak stage, and the final one during the late stages of mitosis. At telophase, polar microtubules appear to extend into the cortex supporting the cell surface at all regions except the presumptive cleavage site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cm.970030303
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