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  • Other Sources  (1,893)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (1,043)
  • ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)  (850)
  • 1975-1979  (1,893)
  • 1
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    Astronautics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Principles of rocket engineering, flight dynamics, and trajectories are discussed in this summary of Soviet rocket development and technology. Topics include rocket engine design, propellants, propulsive efficiency, and capabilities required for orbital launch. The design of the RD 107, 108, 119, and 214 rocket engines and their uses in various satellite launches are described. NASA's Saturn 5 and Atlas Agena launch vehicles are used to illustrate the requirements of multistage rockets.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Soviet Aircraft and Rockets (NASA-TT-F-770); p 198-271
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  • 2
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    Rapid interface flaw extension with friction (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: An idealized two-dimensional example of rapid interface flow extension is described. Initially undisturbed dissimilar isotropic, homogeneous, linearly elastic half-spaces are perfectly bonded along the interface y=0. Quantities associated with the half-space or = to 0 are denoted by the prime superscript or the subscripts 3 or 4 while those in y or = to 0 carry the subscripts 1 or 2. At time t=0 adjacent material points at x=0, y= + or - 0 are forced apart horizontally with a constant relative velocity delta v. This results in a zone of bond failure which extends symmetrically along the interface at a constant rate c. The newly created flaw surfaces are in sliding contact resisted by Coulomb friction. The friction coefficient is gamma.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 239-246
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  • 3
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    Metallurgical processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The metallurgical processing experiments on Skylab were chosen to: (1) elucidate the unknown effects of a low gravity environment on certain processes; (2) determine to what extent nongravitational driven flows operate in the processes; and (3) explore the possibilities of containerless solidification. Welding and brazing experiments were conducted to provide an understanding of solidification mechanics in a weightless environment.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 37 p
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  • 4
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    Tests of beaded and tubular structural panels (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: Two efficient concepts built from curved elements were identified, and a data base for tubular panels was developed. The tubular panel failure modes were understood, and the data base for these panels indicated that their performance can be predicted. The concepts are currently being tested in a realistic builtup structure; 157 room temperature tests and 67 hot tests were made with no structural failures, although all of these tests were not at the design load of the structure.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 538-576
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  • 5
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    Recent advances in thermal-structural analysis and design (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A continuing effort to develop a comprehensive capability for thermal-structural analysis and automated design (sizing) is reviewed. A principal role in the activity is played by the finite element program SPAR which contains both an efficient structural and thermal analysis capability. The benefit of having thermal and structural analyses in the same finite element program is illustrated by the application of SPAR to design calculations for the National Transonic Facility - a cryogenic wind tunnel under construction at Langley. Some experience with large-scale thermal structural analysis problems, particularly the space shuttle orbiter, has led to the identification of some analysis needs. Those needs include automated model generation and data output for lumped parameter thermal analysis, faster solution methods for nonlinear transient heat transfer, automated interpolation of temperature data from a thermal finite element model to a dissimilar structural finite model, and automated techniques to identify the times at which the critical combinations of transient heating and loads occur on a structure.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt.2; p 897-941
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  • 6
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    Recent advances in thermostructural finite element analysis (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A comparison study is described which has indicated that the finite element and lumped parameter methods are comparable for steady-state conduction/convection analyses. The finite element model was advantageous because of the ease of model verification with computer graphics. Some problems encountered in constructing compatible thermal and structural models have indicated the need for further methodology developments to automate the transition between thermal and structural analyses. The need for more efficient finite element nonlinear transient algorithms has been cited. With further development in the thermal analysis area, the finite element method offers high potential for an integrated thermal/structural analysis capability.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 851-896
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  • 7
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    External insulator for liquid hydrogen tanks (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: With optimized insulation thickness, tank temperatures were always below 311 K (100 F). This conclusion indicated that an aluminum tank could be used with an optimized insulation system if desired. The N2 purged systems were always lighter than CO2 purged systems. The lower condensation temperature was the controlling factor. Closed cell foam systems were lightest. Closed cell foams, in spite of their need for protective outer insulation, produced insulation systems which were lighter than systems which allowed cryodeposition. Foam system durability established for TMAX = 316 K (110 F). Tests for a subsonic application established this durability; higher temperature limit foam durability was unknown at this. An increase in foam TMAX from 316 K (110 F) to 450 K (350 F) potentially decreased TPS mass by 25 percent.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 807-847
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  • 8
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    Dryden Flight Research Center hot structures research (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The facilities, testing techniques, and design methods are described for NASA Dryden Flight Research Center. High temperature strain gage technology, realistic flight hardware fabrication, and structural analysis are discussed. A considerable amount of experimental work on hot structure concepts for hypersonic vehicles was performed; all the work is not complete, and there are still problem areas that need to be resolved.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 707-750
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  • 9
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    Multiwall TPS (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A study of multiwall TPS as an alternative to LRSI for the space shuttle indicated that vented multiwall, with foil thicknesses limited to those used in multiwall fabricated to date, is some what heavier than LRSI. With reduced foil thicknesses, multiwall TPS may equal the weight of LRSI. Metallic conduction through multiwall TPS transfered less heat than gas conduction or radiation. Radiation heat transfer was greatest at high temperatures; however, the number of layers selected can significantly reduce radiation. At low-to-intermediate temperatures, gas conduction transfered the most heat through multiwall TPS. Gas conduction may be eliminated by evacuation of panels. Oxidation rates required a trade of foil thickness against life.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 671-706
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  • 10
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    Structures and TPS for the NHFRF/HYTID (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The goal of HYTID was to provide a cost effective hypersonic vehicle constructed of near-state-of art systems and structure with sufficient margins to assure no vehicle flight development problems, and to permit concentration of flight operations on hypersonic research with a broad series of experiments carried in a dedicated payload bay or on the exposed surface of the lower aft fuselage.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 601-627
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  • 11
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    Design and fabrication of a super alloy thermal protection system (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A lightweight metallic TPS was designed, and two test articles were fabricated, one from Haynes 188 and one from Rene 41. A baseline TPS concept, selected at the beginning of the program, consisted of a Haynes 25 corrugation-stiffened beaded skin surface panel, a specially designed support system, and an insulation system. By optimizing the structure for the design loads and by chem-milling to remove material not needed, the mass of the baseline surface panel was reduced 25%, and the mass of the support structure was reduced 50%. The insulation system mass was reduced 40% by using two types of insulation, each suited to its temperature range, and by eliminating a foul bag which encapsulated the baseline insulation system. These reductions resulted in an overall 35% reduction in mass of the Haynes 188 panel from the baseline Haynes 25 design. Similar reductions were achieved with the Rene 41 system.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 629-669
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  • 12
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    Structures for hypersonic airbreathing tactical missiles (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The studies to date were encouraging and indicated that materials were available or could be developed to satisfy scramjet requirements. Some of the more promising materials for the critical components were indicated. This information is summarized as follows : (1) radome - Slip cast fused silica is the current candidate, but others are being investigated. One shortcoming of slip cast fused silica is its susceptability to rain damage. (2) inlet leading edges - A refractory metal with a good oxidation protective coating will be required. Tantalum T222 with a Hafnia coating looks promising. (3) inlet ducts - An uninsulated refractory alloy will be required. Columbium F-85 was the best of those considered for the noncircular ducts. (4) external body - The external body temperatures are sufficiently low to permit the use of super alloys. (5) combustor and nozzle - The pyrolytic graphite/silicon carbide coating is very attractive for use in the combustor and nozzle areas.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Recent Advan. in Structures for Hypersonic Flight, Pt. 2; p 577-599
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  • 13
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    Influence of a circular hole under uniform normal pressure on the stresses around a line crack in an infinite plate (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: Based on the two dimensional theory of elasticity and by the use of Muskhelishvili's technique, the influence of a circular hole, under uniform normal pressure, on the stresses around a line crack in an infinite plate subjected to tension is discussed. Numerical calculations were carried out, and the variation of the crack tip stress intensity factor due to the geometry was clarified.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 275-282
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  • 14
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    Early space experiments in materials processing: Future programs (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: A list of the present state of knowledge in materials processing is presented. The fluid behavior in a low gravity environment is summarized. Materials processing in the Space Transportation System facility is discussed. Prospects for space commercialization are reported.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 16 p
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  • 15
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    Post-Skylab activities (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Program is described. A modification of the Skylab furnace was developed for the ASTP mission that had a maximum temperature of 1200 C, a programmed cool down to give more uniform growth rates, and a He quench system to shorten the time required to reach allowable touch temperature. The Space Processing Applications Rocket (SPAR) program was initiated to provide some continuity in flight experimentation. Liquid mixing, immiscible alloy solidification, composite materials, bubbles and dispersed particles during solidification, and containerless processing techniques were studied in the SPAR program.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 45 p
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  • 16
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    Fluid behavior in low g (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Several experiments and a number of demonstrations were performed during Skylab to elucidate the behavior of fluids in space. The purposes of these experiments were to confirm hypotheses on how systems would behave in a low-g environment, determine to what extent residual accelerations and nongravity-driven convection affected processes, and provide graphic demonstrations of fluid behavior in space for classroom use and to stimulate new ideas for low-g research.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 33 p
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  • 17
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    Possible applications of space processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Numerous applications take advantage of low gravity. These range from research, such as study of basic properties of materials or developing a better understanding of various processes and how they might be controlled, to actual production of unique materials, either in very limited quantities for research purposes to serve as paradigms for determining the limiting results of processes in which gravity effects are removed, or in large quantities, to fill certain high technology needs that cannot be met by other means. Examples of these are given in the following topics discussed: (1) crystal growth; (2) metals, alloys and composite materials (metallurgy); (3) glass and ceramics (containerless processing); (4) fluid and chemical processes; and (5) processing of biological materials.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 60 p
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  • 18
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    The evolution of apparatus for materials processing on Skylab (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The following topics are discussed: (1) the inception of space processing; (2) earth-based experimental activities prior to Skylab (drop tower and research aircraft experiments); (3) preliminary experiments in space (Apollo and sounding rocket experiments); and (4) Skylab experimental facilities. Apparatus for contained materials processing; for brazing in space; and containerless processing are presented and discussed. The Skylab materials processing system and miscellaneous design considerations are also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 48 p
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  • 19
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    Combined vibration/temperature/sideload environmental testing of UHF blade antennas (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: Service problems encountered on the F-4 aircraft showed that the environmental qualification requirements for the UHF blade antenna were not adequate. Although the individual environmental levels were stringent enough, only combined environmental testing could duplicate the conditions in which service problems occurred. Techniques for applying static side load simultaneously with vibration and temperature were developed. The combined environment testing was instrumental in the rapid assessment of antenna modifications and resulted in a final configuration which proved satisfactory in service. A need to include combined environmental testing for qualification of blade antennas was established.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 3; p 79-84
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  • 20
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    NASA workshop on outgassing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: The materials and processing constraints that are involved in the construction of a molecular wake shield for the shuttle orbiter are discussed. Stainless steel, having outgassing rates less than the required 10 to the minus 12th power Torr-liters/sq cm per second was the primary material suggested for the construction of the shield.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 17 p
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  • 21
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    Report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the assessment of models of a wake shield environment around various spacecraft, Universities Space Research Association (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: Models depicting the ambient atmosphere which can overtake the spacecraft vacuum shield are presented. The subject areas discussed are: possible changing effects on the wake shield environment; possible utilization of the induced environmental contamination monitor; present state of the knowledge of the parameters used to describe the intermolecular collisions; the possibility of using simple models to describe the wake shield environment; possible errors associated with using kinetic theory to calculate that part of the atmosphere overtaking the shield; and a general assessment of the Monte Carlo techniques used to calculate the shield environment.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 6 p
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  • 22
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    Proceedings of workshops to define engineering requirements for a space vacuum research Facility: Summary (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-20
    Description: Models depicting the collision dynamics in the near vicinity of a body orbiting in the upper atmosphere were studied to investigate degassing techniques for a vacuum facility.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of Workshops to Define Eng. Requirements for a Space Vacuum Res. Facility; 3 p
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  • 23
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    Electrophoresis of biological materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The selection of biological products was studied for electrophoresis in space. Free flow electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and isotachophoresis are described. The candidates discussed include: immunoglobulins and gamma globulins; isolated islet of langerhans from pancreas; bone marrow; tumor cells; kidney cells, cryoprecipitate; and column separated cultures.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 177-190
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  • 24
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    High purity tungsten targets (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: High purity tungsten, which is used for targets in X-ray tubes was considered for space processing. The demand for X-ray tubes was calculated using the growth rates for dental and medical X-ray machines. It is concluded that the cost benefits are uncertain.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 159-176
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  • 25
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    Costs and benefits of turbine blades (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: The potential demand for space processed turbine blades, and the dollar benefits to be derived from this technology were analyzed. It was found that an adequate demand to justify space processed blades will exist. The cost benefits per blade for replacements in existing aircraft is estimated to be $997.50 per blade, and for new aircraft the savings per blade would be over $21,000.00.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 40-90
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  • 26
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    NASTRAN analysis of a wheel-rail loading on its foundation (1978)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: One type of azimuth bearing for a large ground antenna (100 m) will consist of steel wheels, mounted at four corners of the alidade, rolling on a circular flat rail which provides the vertical restraints; a radial constraining bearing at the center of the alidade provides the horizontal restraints. One important design feature is the compressive stresses in the grout or concrete foundation under the wheel-rail load. A finite element analysis check was made of a particular design that consists of a steel rail resting on a concrete foundation. Symmetry was assumed as much as possible in order to minimize the models, but meaningful element sizes were used. Recently developed isoparametric hexahedron elements available in the NASTRAN computing program, which minimizes the number of elements required while maintaining the accuracy of the computed stresses, were used with two versions of NASTRAN. Test cases to check with the analytical solutions were made. A side loading was also applied to calculate the increase in the concrete stresses.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 204-215
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  • 27
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    Skylab: A beginning (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A major goal of Skylab was to learn more about man and his responses to the space environment for missions lasting up to 84 days. A review of Skylab data pertaining to this goal is given.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 408-418
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  • 28
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    A survey of Rocketry and astronautics in Spain (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The entire field of rocketry and astronautics in Spain was studied. Congreve war rockets in military actions were emphasized in the African war, the Cuban campaign and the Spanish Civil War. Rockets in space travel were also summarized along with space science fiction.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 78-101
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  • 29
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    On the works of S. S. Nezhdanovsky in the field of flight based on reactive principles, 1880 - 1895 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The work of a Soviet scientist and inventor of the 19th century, S. S. Nezhdanovsky, is discussed. Investigations in the field of aircraft science and technology are emphasized in relation to Nezhdanovsky's studies of using the jet principle in solving the problem of human flight. Nezhdanovsky dealt with calculations of the speed at which combustion products flow, and considered such problems as fuel feeding into the combustion chamber by means of pumps, and the use of one of the fuel components for cooling the walls of the combustion chamber.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 125-139
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  • 30
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    History of the development of rocket technology and astronautics in Poland (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The development of rocket technology in Poland is outlined. The history cites 13th century use of war rockets in combating Tartars as well as 20th century studies of the future and reality of space flights.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 102-111
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  • 31
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    First works by K. E. Tsiolkovsky and I. V. Meshchersky on rocket dynamics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A study of rocket dynamics done by K. E. Tsiolkovsky in 1896 is reported. Problems in rectilinear movement of rockets were studied. Calculations were done on velocity efficiency, motion in free space, motion in a homogeneous gravitational field and motion with constant acceleration.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 115-124
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  • 32
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    Platforms in space: Evolutionary trends (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of physical crowding and the proliferation of separate communication links and ground support systems for multiple free-flying satellites can be overcome by using space platforms and multiplexing the data streams. Pertinent features of the space shuttle orbiter payloads, the solar power satellite, and geostationary and geosynchronous platforms are discussed. Typical payload requirements data which are needed to allow meaningful study of payloads as candidates for platform implementation are cited and factors affecting the compatibility/grouping of payloads are outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc.: Workshop on the Need for Lightning Observations from Space; p 159-182
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  • 33
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    A simplified method of evaluating the stress wave environment of internal equipment (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A simplified method called the transfer function technique (TFT) was devised for evaluating the stress wave environment in a structure containing internal equipment. The TFT consists of following the initial in-plane stress wave that propagates through a structure subjected to a dynamic load and characterizing how the wave is altered as it is transmitted through intersections of structural members. As a basis for evaluating the TFT, impact experiments and detailed stress wave analyses were performed for structures with two or three, or more members. Transfer functions that relate the wave transmitted through an intersection to the incident wave were deduced from the predicted wave response. By sequentially applying these transfer functions to a structure with several intersections, it was found that the environment produced by the initial stress wave propagating through the structure can be approximated well. The TFT can be used as a design tool or as an analytical tool to determine whether a more detailed wave analysis is warranted.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 1; p 89-96
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    High G pyrotechnic shock simulation using metal-to-metal impact (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A technique for simulating high g level pyrotechnic shocks is described and the results of applying the technique to obtain the MIL-STD-1540A shock spectrum with a maximum acceleration of 18,000g at 2,000 Hz are presented. Designing the resonant beam and plate on which the test unit is mounted, and generating a proper impulsive load on them, were the essentials of the technique. One dimensional stress wave and Euler equations were employed in the design. A metal pendulum hammer was used to generate the impulsive load.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 1; p 97-100
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  • 35
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    Probability of failure prediction for step-stress fatigue under sine or random stress (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A previously proposed cumulative fatigue damage law is extended to predict the probability of failure or fatigue life for structural materials with S-N fatigue curves represented as a scatterband of failure points. The proposed law applies to structures subjected to sinusoidal or random stresses and includes the effect of initial crack (i.e., flaw) sizes. The corrected cycle ratio damage function is shown to have physical significance.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 1; p 31-41
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  • 36
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    Guido von Pirquet: Austrian pioneer of astronautics (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The works of Guido von Pirquet, Austrian pioneer of rocketry, were assessed. Major emphasis was given to Pirquet's calculation of the route to Venus which in fact was followed by the first Russian rocket to Venus. Of interest also is Pirquet's valuable construction of a space station and his analysis of interstellar space flight.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA, Washington Essays on the History of Rocketry and Astronautics, Vol. 1; p 140-155
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  • 37
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    Progress Report on Project Mercury (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Progress on Project Mercury, program for manned orbital space flight, is briefly reviewed. The original aims and concepts of the project are recounted. Various types of launch apparatus are mentioned along with safety factors.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 6 p
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  • 38
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    Guidelines for advanced manned space vehicle program, June 1960 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A very broad mission objective was established; i.e., manned circumlunar flight and return to earth. It is implicit that the Saturn will be the primary propulsion system for this mission. The following attempts to: (1) define the objective so as to achieve as much capability in the vehicle as possible; (2) draw on Mercury experience to provide broad guidelines for vehicle performance and safety; (3) provide flexibility in the vehicle capability in the event that the manned lunar mission is proved to be subject to unacceptable risk in the target time period; and (4) indicate problem areas where work appears to be particularly needed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Collected Works of Charles J. Donlan; 66 p
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  • 39
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    Extraction processes for the production of aluminum, titanium, iron, magnesium, and oxygen and nonterrestrial sources (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The suitability of existing terrestrial extractive metallurgical processes for the production of Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, and O2 from nonterrestrial resources is examined from both thermodynamic and kinetic points of view. Carbochlorination of lunar anorthite concentrate in conjunction with Alcoa electrolysis process for Al; carbochlorination of lunar ilmenite concentrate followed by Ca reduction of TiO2; and subsequent reduction of Fe2O3 by H2 for Ti and Fe, respectively, are suggested. Silicothermic reduction of olivine concentrate was found to be attractive for the extraction of Mg becaue of the technological knowhow of the process. Aluminothermic reduction of olivine is the other possible alternative for the production of magnesium. The large quantities of carbon monoxide generated in the metal extraction processes can be used to recover carbon and oxygen by a combination of the following methods: (1) simple disproportionation of CO,(2) methanation of CO and electrolysis of H2O, and (3) solid-state electrolysis of gas mixtures containing CO, CO2, and H2O. The research needed for the adoption of earth-based extraction processes for lunar and asteroidal minerals is outlined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 257-274
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  • 40
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    The initial lunar supply base (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The first lunar supply base should have a mass less than 1000 tons, be deployed by 24 persons in 4 months, and be maintained by 10 persons. Output could be expanded 20 times in 5 years to 600,000 tons/yr by a factor of 10 expansion of the area of the solar array on the lunar surface, using low power soil beneficiation, increasing the fleet of mining vehicles, and illuminating the base continuously at night with lunar orbiting mirrors. The space manufacturing facility (SMF) will supply most of the mass (solar cells and orbiting mirrors) necessary for expansion. Several devices and procedures are suggested for development which could further reduce the total mass necessary to transport to the Moon to establish the initial lunar supply base.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center. Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 207-224
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  • 41
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    Zero-G processing of magnets experiment MA-070 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Solidification of magnetic materials in the low gravity orbital environment was studied. The magnetic compounds under study, manganese bismuth and copper cobalt cerium ((Cu, Co)5Ce), both have the potential for the development of high coercive strength. Preliminary results indicate that static fluid configurations, in the absence of the gravitational body force, differ substantially from the documented terrestrial behavior. Chemical homogeneity is substantially enhanced on a macroscopic and microscopic level. Single crystal matrices have been grown in the coordinated growth regions of the flight samples. Primary crystals one order of magnitude greater than those grown terrestrially have been noted and are limited in size by the ampoule dimensions.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 13 p
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  • 42
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    Solar-induced variations of environment affecting manned space flight and spacecraft operations (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Estimates of short and long term solar activity are required for calculating variations in the environment with regard to spacecraft charging, radiation effects, and orbital lifetime. Correlations appear to exist between the time of solar activity and the time of operational anomalies due to electrical discharges when the dielectric surfaces of geosynchronous spacecraft are charged by interaction with the ambient plasma to levels above breakdown voltage. An ability to predict the solar induced variation variability of the plasmas could permit refinement of design criteria. The influence of the radiation on spacecraft materials, systems, and manned operations is summarized. Solar radition effects on the orbital altitude atmospheric density environment and spacecraft lifetimes are also considered.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 89-103
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  • 43
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    User requirements of solar-terrestrial predictions for spacecraft applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Areas which are influenced by solar-terrestrial coupling effects and which are internal to the Earth's magnetosphere are of interest to mission planners, spacecraft hardware designers, and those engaged in the operation of already orbiting manned or unmanned spacecraft. Accurate models are needed to predict energetic particle flux density, interactions between low energy (10 eV to 100 eV) near-Earth plasma and space systems, and neutral atmospheres. Parameters required for each of these areas are discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 1-20
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  • 44
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    Crystal study and econometric model (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: An econometric model was developed that can be used to predict demand and supply figures for crystals over a time horizon roughly concurrent with that of NASA's Space Shuttle Program - that is, 1975 through 1990. The model includes an equation to predict the impact on investment in the crystal-growing industry. Actually, two models are presented. The first is a theoretical model which follows rather strictly the standard theoretical economic concepts involved in supply and demand analysis, and a modified version of the model was developed which, though not quite as theoretically sound, was testable utilizing existing data sources.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 191-233
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  • 45
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    Turbine blade processing (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: Space processing of directionally solidified eutectic-alloy type turbine blades is envisioned as a simple remelt operations in which precast blades are remelted in a preformed mold. Process systems based on induction melting, continuous resistance furnaces, and batch resistance furnaces were evaluated. The batch resistance furnace type process using a multiblade mold is considered to offer the best possibility for turbine blade processing.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 91-158
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  • 46
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    Extraterrestrial fiberglass production using solar energy (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A conceptual design is presented for fiberglass production systems in both lunar and space environments. The raw material, of lunar origin, will be plagioclase concentrate, high silica content slag, and calcium oxide. Glass will be melted by solar energy. The multifurnace in the lunar plant and the spinning cylinder in the space plant are unique design features. Furnace design appears to be the most critical element in optimizing system performance. A conservative estimate of the total power generated by solar concentrators is 1880 kW; the mass of both plants is 120 tons. The systems will reproduce about 90 times their total mass in fiberglass in 1 year. A new design concept would be necessary if glass rods were produced in space.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Space Resources and Space Settlements; p 225-232
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  • 47
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    Mutual assistance in space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Operating principles, system functions, and technological problems associated with developing compatible spacecraft, station approach, and docking facilities between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. are reported. Two designs, the probe cone and the androgynous docking device are examined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Mod. Achievements of Cosmonautics (NASA-TT-F-16221); p 20-38
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  • 48
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    A study of the effect of subcritical crack growth on the geometry dependence on nonlinear fracture toughness parameters (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The effect of subcritical crack growth on the geometry dependence of nonlinear fracture toughness parameters was studied by comparing the toughness values for different specimen geometries at the onset of subcritical crack growth and at the initiation of unstable crack propagation. Center-cracked thin sheet specimens of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys were tested by varying the specimen length L, width w, and crack length-to-width ratio c/w. When the onset of unstable crack propagation was selected as the critical point, the nonlinear energy toughness and the R curve toughness increased with increasing w and decreasing L and c/w. However, when the onset of subcritical crack growth was taken as the critical point, energy toughness and the linear toughness values were independent of these geometrical variables.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 257-266
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    Influence of specimen boundary on the dynamic stress intensity factor (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: The problem to be considered is the sudden appearance of a flaw or crack in a strip of material of finite height subjected to tensile loading. Stress waves are generated within the strip and are reflected from boundary to boundary. Of interest is the maximum value of the dynamic stress intensity factor at a given instance of time as the strip height to crack length ratio is varied.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 205-214
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  • 50
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    The processing of semiconductor materials (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: Five experiments involving the processing of semiconductor materials were performed during the Skylab mission. After discussions on semiconductors and their unique electronic properties, and techniques of crystal growth, these five experiments are presented. Four melt growth experiments were attempted: (1) steady state growth and segregation under zero gravity (InSb); (2) seeded, containerless solidification of InSb; (3) influence of gravity-free solidification on microsegregation; and (4) directional solidification of InSb-GaSb alloys. One vapor growth experiment, crystal growth by vapor transport, was attempted.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 45 p
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    The promise of space processing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-06
    Description: The long exposure to a virtually zero-gravity environment is a truly unique situation that cannot be duplicated or even approximated for any length of time on earth. The topics discussed are: (1) low gravity; (2) atmospheric effects; (3) potential advantages of materials processing in space; (4) the absence of buoyancy-driven convection; (5) the absence of hydrostatic pressure; (6) the absence of sedimentation and buoyancy; (7) containerless processing; and (8) ultrahigh vacuum processing.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Early Space Expt. in Mater. Process.; 37 p
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    Summary and recommendations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: An economic analysis using econometric and cost benefit analysis techniques was performed to determine the feasibility of space processing of certain products. The overall objectives of the analysis were (1) to determine specific products or processes uniquely connected with space manufacturing, (2) to select a specific product or process from each of the areas of semiconductors, metals, and biochemicals, and (3) to determine the overall price/cost structure of each product or process considered. The economic elements of the analysis involved a generalized decision making format for analyzing space manufacturing, a comparative cost study of the selected processes in space vs. earth manufacturing, and a supply and demand study of the economic relationships of one of the manufacturing processes. Space processing concepts were explored. The first involved the use of the shuttle as the factory with all operations performed during individual flights. The second concept involved a permanent unmanned space factory which would be launched separately. The shuttle in this case would be used only for maintenance and refurbishment. Finally, some consideration was given to a permanent manned space factory.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 234-251
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    Economic analysis of materials processing in space: Introduction (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-10
    Description: Space processing concepts investigated included an unmanned space factory, and a permanently launched factory. Product lines chosen for analysis were: (1) turbine blades, (2) tungsten targets for X-ray machines, (3) 1 sub G subclass separation by electrophoresis, and (4) high-price exotic crystals. The turbine blade, and 1 sub G products are considered promising candidates.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Econ. Analysis of Materials Processing in Space; p 1-7
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    Man in space - A time for perspective (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting crew performances in long-term space flights are examined with emphasis on the Space Shuttle-Spacelab program. Biomedical investigations carried out during four Skylab missions indicate that initially rapid changes in certain physiological parameters, notably in cardiovascular response and red-blood-cell levels, lead to an adapted condition. Calcium loss remains a potential problem. Space Shuttle environmental control and life-support systems are described together with technology facilitating performance of mission objectives in a weightless environment. It is concluded that crew requirements are within the physical and psychological capability of astronauts, but the extent to which nonastronaut personnel will be able to participate without extensive training and pre-conditioning remains to be determined.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; Oct. 197
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    Fracture testing with surface crack specimens (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper is a report of ASTM Task Group E24.01.05 on Part-Through Crack Testing. It includes recommendations for the design, preparation, and static fracture testing of surface crack specimens based on the current state of the art. The recommendations are preceded by background information including discussions of stress intensity factors, crack opening displacements, and fracture toughness values associated with surface crack specimens. Cyclic-load and sustained-load tests are discussed briefly. Recommendations for further research are included.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Testing and Evaluation; 3; Sept
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    Structural reanalysis via a mixed method (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study is made of the approximate structural reanalysis technique based on the use of Taylor series expansion of response variables in terms of design variables in conjunction with the mixed method. In addition, comparisons are made with two reanalysis techniques based on the displacement method. These techniques are the Taylor series expansion and the modified reduced basis. It is shown that the use of the reciprocals of the sizing variables as design variables (which is the natural choice in the mixed method) can result in a substantial improvement in the accuracy of the reanalysis technique. Numerical results are presented for a space truss structure.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures; 5; Apr. 197
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    Man's future in space (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies evaluating potential operational and commercial uses of space are being conducted, taking into account astronomy, astrophysics, manned bases and laboratories in earth orbit, space colonization, terrestrial communications, space processing and manufacturing, interstellar probes, planetary exploration, and the use of space for terrestrial energy supply. The present status in the exploration of the solar system is examined, giving attention to Jupiter, Venus, Mars, and Mercury. A brief outline of the development of human colonies on Mars is presented.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spaceflight; 17; Mar. 197
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    Time bases, discretes, and interrupts (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effort performed to assure proper flight program handling of time bases, discretes, and interrupts was discussed. The following time bases are used as key mission events: guidance reference release, liftoff, S-1B low level sensors dry, S-1B outboard engines cutoff, S-IVB cutoff, and S-IVB de-orbit DCS command. The five discrete outputs in the discrete output register were verified for proper setting. Each discrete input is honored in the proper time frame by forcing each discrete in the following intervals: before the discrete is enabled, after the discrete has been detected, and after the discrete has been disabled. As an assurance that an interrupt is honored only in the proper time frames, each interrupt was forced during the following intervals: prior to the specified enable time, after the interrupt has been honored, after the interrupt has been disabled.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 10 p
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    Utilization of the vacuum developed in the wake zone of space vehicles in the LDEF class (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Contaminating fluxes from upper atmospheric molecules found in the wake of a typical spacecraft of the Long Duration Exposure Facility class are studied with the aim of determining vacuum levels which may be employed by experiments mounted on the vehicle. A simplified representation for the spacecraft, the velocity-shifted Maxwellian distribution (to evaluate ambient flux which has a velocity sufficient to overtake the spacecraft), and a calculation for the backscattered contribution to the flux density of the wake figure in the study are presented. Results indicate that direct and backscattered fluxes of about 10 to the seventh power molecules per sq cm can be expected in the wake of a spacecraft at 550 km altitude.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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    Orbiting molecular-beam laboratory (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The composition of the atmosphere within the planned orbital envelope of the Space Shuttle and the velocity necessary to maintain a stable orbit within that envelope provide unique conditions for forming a high-purity, moderate energy beam (about 5 eV) of atomic oxygen. At 500 km, for example, atomic oxygen comprises approximately 90% of the atmosphere. Since the mean thermal speed of the ambient atomic oxygen is substantially less than the orbital speed, a high-purity beam can be generated by sweeping through the gas with a series of beam-forming truncated conical shells. Characteristics of the beam, including energy distribution, flux, and purity variation with orbital altitude and methods for lowering the mean energy, are presented. Gas-surface interaction experiments that have been proposed for this laboratory are also discussed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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    An orthotropic sandwich plate containing a part-through crack under mixed mode deformation (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Engineering Fracture Mechanics; 10; 1, 19; 1978
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    Finite element solution for beams using an element averaging technique (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The article investigates the error in the computation of natural frequency through finite element models of the structures when elements of unequal length are chosen and then goes on to suggest an averaging technique for unequal length elements, with different structural properties. Using the element averaging technique, a typical structure has been analysed for its natural frequencies and the results are described.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures; 8; Feb. 197
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  • 63
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    On humanity's role in space (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Manned spaceflight is considered within the framework of two broad categories: human exploitation of space for economic or scientific gain, and human habitation of space as a place where man may live, grow, and actualize himself. With the advent of the Space Shuttle, exploitation of space will take the form of new product development. This will continue during the 1990s as the new products are manufactured on a scale large enough to be profitable. The turn of the century should see major industries in space, and large space habitats. Thus, the question of mankind's existential needs arises. In addition to basic physical needs, the spiritual and cultural requirements of human beings must be considered. The impact of man's presence in space upon human culture in general is discussed with reference to international cooperation, public interest in space programs, scientific advancement, the basic urge to explore, and the density of mankind as a whole; which will become free of external constraints as we step into the cosmos.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Spaceflight; 20; Feb. 197
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    Displacement coefficients along the inner boundaries of radially cracked ring segments subject to forces and couples (1978)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Displacement results of plane boundary collocation analysis are given for various locations on the inner boundaries of radially cracked ring segments (C-shaped specimens) subject to two complementary types of loading. Results are presented for ratios of outer to inner radius in the range of 1.1 to 2.5 and ratios a/W in the range 0.1 to 0.8, where a is the crack length for a specimen of wall thickness W. By combination of these results the resultant displacement coefficient or the corresponding influence coefficient can be obtained for any practical load line location of a pin-loaded specimen.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Testing and Evaluation; 6; May 1978
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  • 65
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    International Sun-Earth Explorer - A three-spacecraft program (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE) is a three-spacecraft system developed by NASA and ESA to study the magnetospheric structure, paying attention to the quantitative mechanism of magnetospheric response to external perturbations, and the structure of its parts. In particular, the nature, structure, motion, and stability of magnetospheric boundaries will be studied, including bow shock, magnetopause, plasmapause, and neutral sheet. Spacecraft ISEE-A and ISEE-B will be launched into the same orbit (of apogee 23 earth radii) but separated by a small, controllable distance, and will make observations from within the magnetosphere. The ISEE-C spacecraft will be launched into a heliocentric orbit (234 earth radii upstream) and will make observations in the solar wind upstream of the earth.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Science; 198; Oct. 14
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    Planning and operating experiments S-183 on the three skylab missions (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: CNES Technol. of Sci. Space Expt.,; p 119-134
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    A new method for predicting response in complex linear systems. II (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper describes convergence and response studies in the low frequency range of complex systems, particularly with low values of damping of different distributions, and reports on the modification of the relaxation procedure required under these conditions. A new method is presented for response estimation in complex lumped parameter linear systems under random or deterministic steady state excitation. The essence of the method is the use of relaxation procedures with a suitable error function to find the estimated response; natural frequencies and normal modes are not computed. For a 45 degree of freedom system, and two relaxation procedures, convergence studies and frequency response estimates were performed. The low frequency studies are considered in the framework of earlier studies (Kayser and Bogdanoff, 1975) involving the mid to high frequency range.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 53; Aug. 22
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  • 68
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    Wave propagation in laminated orthotropic circular cylindrical shells (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An exact three-dimensional analysis of wave propagation in laminated orthotropic circular cylindrical-shells is developed. Numerical results are presented for three-ply shells, and for various axial wave lengths, circumferential wave numbers, and thicknesses. Results from a thin shell theory and a refined approximate theory are compared with the exact results.
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    Plane-stress fracture of compact and notch-bend specimens (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Thin-gaged or high toughness materials containing cracks usually fail in a ductile manner with nominal failure stresses approaching the ultimate strength of the material. For such materials, a two-parameter fracture criterion was developed. An equation which related the linear elastic stress-intensity factor, elastic nominal stress, and two material parameters has previously been derived and has been used as a fracture criterion for surface- and through-cracked specimens under tensile loading. In the present paper the two-parameter fracture criterion was rederived in a more general form and was extended to compact and notch-bend fracture specimens. A close correlation was found between experimental and calculated failure stresses.
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  • 70
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    Flight to Mercury (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The project development and active flight of the Mariner 10 deep-space probe mission is recounted in detail, with sequential blow-by-blow coverage. Early studies and speculation on the planet Mercury are reviewed, and the spin-orbit coupling and near-synchronous rotation of the planet are described. Use of Venus as a slingshot in a gravity-assist maneuver is described, and Mariner 10 records of Venus are shown. The three encounters of Mariner 10 with Mercury (March 1974, Aug. 1974, March 1975) are described in detail, with purposes, problems, mishaps, and glossy photographs recovered from Mariner 10 data. Information on the planet's magnetosphere, surface topography, inferred internal structure, and IR signature is provided, and the end-of-mission improvised solar-sail experiment is outlined.
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  • 71
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    The shear-stress intensity factor for a centrally cracked stiff-flanged shear web (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: By use of the principle of superposition the stiff-flanged shear web is modeled mathematically by an infinite elastic strip with fixed longitudinal edges. The shear-stress intensity factor for a central longitudinal crack is calculated for various values of the ratio of strip width to crack length, h/a, in the range 0.1-10. The interaction of the crack with the boundaries is illustrated by boundary shear-stress distributions for three values of h/a. Some implications of the results for the design of damage-tolerant shear webs are discussed briefly.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture; 12; Apr. 197
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  • 72
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    Status of Goldstone solar energy system study of the first Goldstone energy project (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results reached by the DSN engineering section and private consultants in the review of the initial plan of the Golstone Energy Project are summarized. The main objectives were in the areas of energy conservation and the application of solar-driven systems for power and hydrogen generation. This summary will provide background data for management planning decisions both to the DSN engineering section and other organizations planning a similar program. The review showed that an add-on solar driven absorption refrigeration unit with its associated changes to the existing system was not cost-effective, having a payback period of 29 years. Similar economically unattractive results were found for both a solar-hydrogen and a wind-hydrogen generation plant. However, cutting the hydrogen generation linkage from this plant improved its economic feasibility.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 120-140
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  • 73
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    Germanium-silicon solid solutions (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experiment on melting and directional crystallization of an antimony (Sb) doped germanium silicon (GeSi) solid solution was designed for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) to study the possibility of using zero-g conditions for obtaining solid-solution monocrystals with uniformly distributed components. Crystallization in the zero-g environment did not occur under ideal stationary growth and segregation conditions. Crystallization under zero-g conditions revealed the heterogeneous nature of Si and Sb distribution in the cross sections of crystals. The presence of the radial thermal gradient in the multipurpose furnace could be one of the reasons for such Si and Sb distribution. The structure of space-grown crystals correlates with the nature of heterogeneities of Si and Sb distribution in crystals. The type of surface morphology and the contour observed in space-grown crystals were never observed in ground-based crystals and indicate the absence of wetting of the graphitized walls of the ampoule by the melt during melting and crystallization.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (date]; 36 p
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  • 74
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    Surface tension induced convection in encapsulated liquid metals in a microgravity environment. Experiment MA-041 (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The experiment was designed to detect possible convection caused by a steplike compositional variation in a liquid metal in a microgravity environment. Wetting and nonwetting ampoules were used to try to determine the extent of the stirring effects if they were present. Since stirring effects can be caused by temperature gradients, the temperature gradients were minimized. Steplike compositional variation was created by pressure bonding a lead-0.05 atom percent gold alloy to pure lead. Two diffusion temperatures (923 K and 723 K) were used; if no stirring effects were present, it was hoped that the liquid diffusion parameters for gold in lead could be obtained. Two identifical experimental arrangements were used to compare the transport mechanisms of gold in liquid lead in unit gravity and microgravity environments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 87 p
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  • 75
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    Three-dimensional elastic stress and displacement analysis of finite geometry solids containing cracks (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The line method of analysis is applied to the Navier-Cauchy equations of elastic equilibrium to calculate the displacement distributions in various bodies containing cracks. The application of this method to these equations leads to coupled sets of simultaneous ordinary differential equations whose solutions are obtained along sets of lines in a discretized region. When decoupling the equations and their boundary conditions is not possible, the use of a successive approximation procedure permits the analytical solution of the resulting ordinary differential equations. The results obtained show a considerable potential for using this method in the three-dimensional analysis of finite geometry solids and suggest a possible extension of this technique to nonlinear material behavior.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture; 11; June 197
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  • 76
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    Materials processing in space - New challenges for industry (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A summary is presented of NASA's activity in materials research in zero-g. Very simple experiments to determine the effects of zero-g upon solidification processes, upon heat flow, convection and mass transport, and upon the separation of biological cells were conducted during three Apollo flights. The investigations were continued in a series of experiments conducted on Skylab. The experiments provided data on a wide range of space-processing topics. The various tests and the results obtained in them are discussed. Attention is also given to experiments planned for the Apollo-Soyuz experiment, studies to be conducted with the aid of sounding rockets, and an evaluation of the possibilities provided by space processing for industry.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; May 1975
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  • 77
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    Structural design and analysis. Part 1 (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Topics in anisotropic elasticity are discussed along with the analysis of truss, beam, frame, and membrane components. Attention is given to failure criteria and failure analysis of composite structural components. Other subjects considered are related to the analysis of plates, the analysis of shells, and questions of wave propagation and impact in composite materials. Individual items are announced in this issue.
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  • 78
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    Analysis of truss, beam, frame, and membrane components (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Truss components are considered, taking into account composite truss structures, truss analysis, column members, and truss joints. Beam components are discussed, giving attention to composite beams, laminated beams, and sandwich beams. Composite frame components and composite membrane components are examined. A description is given of examples of flat membrane components and examples of curved membrane elements. It is pointed out that composite structural design and analysis is a highly interactive, iterative procedure which does not lend itself readily to characterization by design or analysis function only.-
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  • 79
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    Panel flutter optimization by gradient projection (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A gradient projection optimal control algorithm incorporating conjugate gradient directions of search is described and applied to several minimum weight panel design problems subject to a flutter speed constraint. New numerical solutions are obtained for both simply-supported and clamped homogeneous panels of infinite span for various levels of inplane loading and minimum thickness. The minimum thickness inequality constraint is enforced by a simple transformation of variables.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 9; 2, 19; 1975
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  • 80
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    Application of boundary integral method to elastoplastic analysis of V-notched beams (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The boundary integral equation method was applied in the solution of the plane elastoplastic problems. The use of this method was illustrated by obtaining stress and strain distributions for a number of specimens with a single edge notch and subjected to pure bending. The boundary integral equation method reduced the nonhomogeneous biharmonic equation to two coupled Fredholm-type integral equations. These integral equations were replaced by a system of simultaneous algebraic equations and solved numerically in conjunction with the method of successive elastic solutions.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture; 11; Apr. 197
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  • 81
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    Molecular fluxes from a spacecraft measured with quartz microbalances (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A technique has been developed to obtain a characterization of the self-generated environment of a spacecraft and its variation with time, angular position, and distance. The density, pressure, outgassing flux, total weight loss, and other important parameters were obtained from data provided by two mass measuring crystal microbalances, mounted back to back, at a distance of 1 m from the spacecraft equivalent surface. The strongest source appeared to be caused by a material diffusion process which produced a directional density at 1 m distance of about 160 billion molecules per cu cm after 1 h in vacuum and decayed to 1.6 billion molecules per cu cm after 200 h. Self-contamination of the spacecraft was equivalent to that which occurs in a 300-km altitude orbit.
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    Reference systems and transformations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The verification accomplished to assure correct computation of the many geometrical relationships between the several coordinate systems and transformation matrices defined for the Saturn 1B mission was discussed. This is accomplished by demonstrating the following: (1) the program has the ability to correctly establish the initial vector coordinate system from external input data for use as a reference, (2) the program logic is capable of properly executing the calculations necessary to transform vectorial parameters from one coordinate system to another, and (3) the presettings used for vector component calculations are valid.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 3 p
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  • 83
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    General verification description (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A brief general description of the ASTP flight program verification was presented. The total program verification effort assures the accuracy and adequacy of the LVDC flight program and verifies that the final program meets mission requirements and conforms to program documentation. The flight program's functional requirements to integrate the guidance and control system with the launch vehicle sequencing system are verified directly by analysis of many special logic checks designed for this purpose and indirectly by the correct overall program response to nominal and numerous perturbed conditions. Verification of the interaction of function requirements is accomplished on every case run during the verification effort.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Program Verification Doc. for the ASTP Flight Program; 3 p
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  • 84
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    Mission operations and data systems (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A communications system for performing the basic functions of mission operations, orbit and attitude determination, and data processing is described. A block diagram is provided to show the relationships of these functions with the spacecraft in orbit and the experiments to be conducted on board the spacecraft. Specific areas of application are discussed as follows: (1) software operating systems for the ATS-F satellite testing and ground support, (2) inversion of the RAE-1 satellite (Explorer 38 satellite) in orbit, (3) ALSEP differential Doppler tracking, (4) minitrack calibration using satellite data, (5) angles-only orbit extraction, and (6) image processing system performance prediction and product quality evaluation techniques. Block diagrams of the various systems are provided to show the steps involved in the operations.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci. and Technol.; p 290-319
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  • 85
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    Future exploration of the asteroids (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Future possibilities for the further study of the asteroids are reviewed, with particular attention paid to space missions for their direct exploration. The role of traditional ground-based and earth orbiting techniques is examined briefly, and it is concluded that although astronomical techniques are presently at their peak, and despite the opportunities provided by the Infrared Astronomical satellite, the Space Telescope and Spacelab Infrared Telescope Facility, the next major step will require direct exploration by space probes to obtain information on asteroid surface chemistry, geology and bulk properties. Various mission modes and propulsion systems for a first multi-target asteroid mission are discussed, including flyby, rendezvous, landing and sample return, and ion-drive propulsion systems. Science payloads for a basic rendezvous mission are considered, and target selection for multi-asteroid flyby tours and rendezvous tours is discussed. Consideration is also given to sample return missions for the evaluation of the asteroid as potential resources.
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    Mechanics of fracture - Fundamentals and some recent developments (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An overview is presented of the fundamental aspects of and recent developments in fracture mechanics. Reference is made to linear elastic fracture mechanics including the state of stresses and displacements in the vicinity of cracks, effects of crack geometry and orientation on stress intensity factors, energy balance of Griffith, Irwin's stress intensity concept, and linear elastic fracture mechanics testing for fracture toughness. Other aspects of this paper include the non-linear behavior of materials and their influence on fracture mechanics parameters, consideration of viscoelasticity and plasticity, non-linear fracture toughness parameters as C.O.D., R-curve and J-integral, and a non-linear energy method, proposed by Liebowitz. Finite element methods applied to fracture mechanics problems are indicated. Also, consideration has been given to slow crack growth, dynamic effects on K(IC), Sih's criterion for fracture, Lee and Liebowitz's criterion relating crack growth with plastic energy, and applications of fracture mechanics to aircraft design. Suggestions are offered for future research efforts to be undertaken in fracture mechanics.
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    NASA-Langley Research Center's participation in a round-robin comparison between some current crack-propagation prediction methods (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A round-robin study was conducted which evaluated and compared different methods currently in practice for predicting crack growth in surface-cracked specimens. This report describes the prediction methods used by the Fracture Mechanics Engineering Section, at NASA-Langley Research Center, and presents a comparison between predicted crack growth and crack growth observed in laboratory experiments. For tests at higher stress levels, the correlation between predicted and experimentally determined crack growth was generally quite good. For tests at lower stress levels, the predicted number of cycles to reach a given crack length was consistently higher than the experimentally determined number of cycles. This consistent overestimation of the number of cycles could have resulted from a lack of definition of crack-growth data at low values of the stress intensity range. Generally, the predicted critical flaw sizes were smaller than the experimentally determined critical flaw sizes. This underestimation probably resulted from using plane-strain fracture toughness values to predict failure rather than the more appropriate values based on maximum load.
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  • 88
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    A review and assessment of the stress-intensity factors for surface cracks (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The stress-intensity factor solutions proposed for a surface crack in a finite plate subjected to uniform tension are reviewed. Fourteen different solutions obtained over the past 16 years using approximate analytical methods, experimental methods, and engineering estimates are compared. The accuracy of the various solutions is assessed by correlating fracture data on surface-cracked tension specimens made of a brittle epoxy material. Fracture of the epoxy material was characterized by a constant value of stress-intensity factor as failure. Thus, the correctness of various solutions is judged by the variations in the stress-intensity factors at failure. The solutions were ranked in order of minimum standard deviation. The highest ranking solutions correlated 95% of data analyzed within + or - 10% whereas the lowest ranking solutions correlated 95% of data analyzed within + or - 20%. Some solutions could be applied to all data considered, whereas others were limited with respect to crack shapes and crack sizes that could be analyzed.
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  • 89
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    Cometary nucleus release experiments and ice physics (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Some physical and chemical processes involved in the evaporation and sublimation of mixtures of frozen gases are discussed. Effects of zero gravity, vacuum, and solar radiation are emphasized. Relevant experiments that can be carried out with the aid of the space shuttle are proposed.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 137-141
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  • 90
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    Simulation of a cometary conglomerate of frozen gases and dust in a zero-gravity environment: A critical evaluation of possible space experiments (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is proposed to use the Shuttle (OFT experiments) or eventually Spacelab to study, in the absence of gravity the low velocity accretion and the bulk properties of icy conglomerates simulating cometary material and their sedimentation and bulk properties in very small acceleration fields. Their behavior when exposed to the direct solar flux is also under consideration.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 99-117
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    Space shuttle opportunities for cometary research (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The different modes of cometary investigation offered by the shuttle are reviewed. First, there is a mode in which instrumentation for observations of a natural comet is carried to orbit on Spacelab. Second is a mode in which gaseous or solid material is released from the shuttle to simulate some aspect of cometary physics. Another mode uses the near weightlessness within Spacelab to allow laboratory experiments with materials as they may exist on the surface of a comet nucleus.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 5-6
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  • 92
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    Solar photochemistry using the space shuttle (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A continuing source of difficulty in cometary astrophysics is understanding the origin of C2, C3, NH and CO(+) species in comets. An experiment is proposed to investigate these problems by continuously releasing suspected parent gases from the space shuttle and using a dye laser to selectively excite fragments produced as a result of solar photochemical decomposition of the molecules. The backscattered fluorescence is gathered by a telescope, spectrally filtered, and measured as a function of time after the laser pulse.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 118-136
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    Review comments of shuttle-based cometary experiments (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experiments considered are in two groups: on-board experiments and overboard experiments. The on-board experiments include the determination of bulk properties and processes (within solids) and observations of exposure panels (near surface phenomena) The overboard experiments consist of analysis of gas/dust shells by observation from the shuttle and observation by sub-satellites. Experimental parameters are discussed with emphasis on work that is unique to low gravity and high vacuum environments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
    Type: Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 160-166
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  • 94
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    Response of a beam on an inertial foundation to a traveling load (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The response of a Bernoulli-Euler beam supported by a Winkler-type elastic foundation with inertia and subjected to a moving load is investigated. Steady-state solutions are determined for an undamped and linearly damped beam-foundation system. The effects on the response of load velocity, foundation mass, and damping are studied. For the undamped system, it is well known that the response grows without bound as a certain critical velocity is approached. It is shown that the effect of foundation mass is to reduce the critical velocity and to increase the peak deflection. The increase in peak deflection becomes more pronounced as the critical velocity is approached. As in the case of massless foundation, the deflection wave is observed to be symmetric with respect to the load. When damping is introduced, the deflection wave loses its symmetry, and the peak deflection is reduced. Results for both cases are given in graphical form.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 15; Aug. 197
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  • 95
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    Three dimensional beam elements synthesis applications with stress constraints, nonlinear size-stiffness relationships and various size-inertia powers (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures; 7; Aug. 197
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  • 96
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    Reliability and structural integrity (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An analytic model is developed to calculate the reliability of a structure after it is inspected for cracks. The model accounts for the growth of undiscovered cracks between inspections and their effect upon the reliability after subsequent inspections. The model is based upon a differential form of Bayes' Theorem for reliability, and upon fracture mechanics for crack growth.
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  • 97
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    Static free-fluid electrophoresis in space (1977)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The weightless environment onboard spacecraft in drifting flight has provided a unique opportunity to do experiments that cannot be done on the ground. High resolution free-fluid electrophoresis of particles proposed in the late 1960s to take advantage of reduced gravity began with brief experiments done during two Apollo flights. The recent Apollo Soyuz Test Project mission had two major experiments that accomplished the separation of viable biological cells. Experiments now are being planned for the Space Shuttle which will attempt to achieve high resolution of the separated species by using zone electrophoresis. These experiments will return a quantity sufficient for laboratory testing and establish the potential of fractionation and purification of biological materials in space.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 98
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    Drop dynamics in space (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experiments to study the dynamics of liquid drops are being planned to be performed in the weightless environment of Spacelab. The liquids will range from superfluid helium through ordinary liquid to molten metals and glasses. The experiments will be conducted in a chamber now being developed which utilizes the forces and torques produced by acoustic waves excited within the chamber. None of the currently available facilities (drop towers, sounding rockets, or zero-g aircraft flights) can provide a sustained weightless environment, since the resulting zero-g periods are from 3 sec to 5 min. Spaceflight, however, will provide weightlessness for periods of one week, or more, allowing truly laboratory-like experiments to be conducted on free liquid drops and bubbles. In this paper we discuss both the drop dynamics experiments proposed for Spacelab and the acoustic chamber: its operation and current testing for these and other experiments.
    Keywords: ASTRONAUTICS (GENERAL)
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  • 99
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    On the role of minicomputers in structural design (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented of exploratory studies on the use of a minicomputer in conjunction with large-scale computers to perform structural design tasks, including data and program management, use of interactive graphics, and computations for structural analysis and design. An assessment is made of minicomputer use for the structural model definition and checking and for interpreting results. Included are results of computational experiments demonstrating the advantages of using both a minicomputer and a large computer to solve a large aircraft structural design problem.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 100
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    Resizing procedure for structures under combined mechanical and thermal loading (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The fully-stressed design (FSD) appears to be the most widely used approach for sizing of flight structures under strength and minimum-gage constraints. Almost all of the experience with FSD has been with structures primarily under mechanical loading as opposed to thermal loading. In this method the structural sizes are iterated with the step size, depending on the ratio of the total stress to the allowable stress. In this paper, the thermal fully-stressed design (TFSD) procedure developed for problems involving substantial thermal stress is extended to biaxial stress members using a Von Mises failure criterion. The TFSD resizing procedure for uniaxial stress is restated and the new procedure for biaxial stress members is developed. Results are presented for an application of the two procedures to size a simplified wing structure.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 14; Oct. 197
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