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  • 1
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    Medical care of spacecrews, (Medical care, equipment, and prophylaxis) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: Treatment and prevention of the physiologic problems of spacecrews are discussed. Preflight procedures, inflight monitoring and medication, and postflight examination are described. Specific factors covered include: medical screening and astronaut selection; health stabilization and exposure prevention; preflight medical examinations and training; biomedical data; medical kits; diagnosis and treatment; and implications of postflight findings.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 3; p 345-371
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  • 2
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    Blood flow (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-11-08
    Description: A heuristic treatment of blood flow in the heart and the aorta together with some of the main branches considers the effects of fluid viscosity and vessel elasticity as well as pressure distribution in the typical pulsating flow.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Collected Works of Robert T. Jones; p 975-998
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  • 3
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    Bioelectric activity of skeletal muscle under conditions of alternating action of g-Forces and weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The bioelectric activity of the musculature of animals and man was studied during alternating g-forces and weightlessness. The appropriate conditions were reproduced in flight along a parabolic curve; in this case, weightlessness lasting 25-30 sec alternated with g-forces of about 2 g magnitude. Quite regular changes in the bioelectric activity of various groups of muscles were disclosed under g-forces and in weightlessness. Thus, muscle biopotential amplitudes of 130-180 microvolt in horizontal flight, increased to 190-330 microvolt under g-forces. In the subsequent weightlessness, an abrupt reduction in oscillation voltage was observed and, in a number of cases, phenomena, similar to the picture of bioelectric silence were noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 239-245
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  • 4
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    Theory of orthodontic motions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-09
    Description: A general theory of orthodontic motion is developed that can be applied to determine the forces necessary to induce a given tooth to move to the predetermined desirable position. It is assumed that the natural (nonorthodontic) forces may be represented by a periodic function and the orthodontic forces may be superimposed upon the natural forces. A simple expression is derived for the applied stress.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advan. in Eng. Sci., Vol. 1; p 103-110
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  • 5
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    Motor activity under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: The material presented on the motor activity under weightless conditions (brief and long) leads to the conclusion that it is not significantly disrupted, if those being examined are secured at the workplaces. Some discoordination of movement, moderately expressed disruption of the precision of reproduction of assigned muscular forces, etc., were observed. Motor disorders decrease significantly in proportion to the length of stay under weightless conditions. This apparently takes place, as a consequence of formation of a new functional system, adequate to the conditions of weightlessness. Tests on intact and labyrinthectomized animals have demonstrated that signaling from the inner ear receptors is superfluous in weightlessness, since it promotes the onset of disruptions in the combined work of the position analyzers.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 245-265
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  • 6
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    Methods of body orientation in space in the absence of support under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: The experience accumulated in training subjects in methods of body orientation in space indicates the necessity of clear planning of the training process. After theoretical familiarization with the principles of body orientation in space and reviewing training films, practical mastery of the body orientation methods begins with working out of the individual elements on the Zhukovskiy stool. Then, the correctness and sequence of movements are carefully mastered in water, and the motor skills are then reinforced under time deficit conditions, on the vaulting bars, trampolines, and, in the concluding stage of training, the methods of orienting the body in space in weightlessness are worked out in laboratory-aircraft, with and without the spacesuit and with and without a load.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 216-228
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  • 7
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    Astronaut activity in weightlessness and unsupported space (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: For the purpose of study of the performance ability of a human operator in prolonged weightless conditions was studied by the following methods: (1) psychophysiological analysis of certain operations; (2) the dynamic characteristics of a man, included in a model control system, with direct and delayed feedback; (3) evaluation of the singularities of analysis and quality of the working memory, in working with outlines of patterned and random lines; and (4) biomechanical analysis of spatial orientation and motor activity in unsupported space.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 383-429
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  • 8
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    Problem of artificial gravity from the point of view of experimental physiology (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Artificial gravity in spacecraft and orbital stations is considered as prophylactic method for preventing disorders under weightlessness conditions and for readaptation of astronauts to the gravity of earth. The creation of 0.28 to 0.31 g artificial gravity during weightlessness is adequate to orient the human body in space, to preserve movement coordination, as well as to maintain the necessary level of certain physiological indices. This range of artificial weightiness can be reached by various angular accelerations of the satellite rotation as a function of the radius or orientation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 351-357
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  • 9
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    Prophylaxis of unfavorable effect of weightlessness on the body (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Artificial gravitation is judged to be the most effective universal method of prophylaxis for the negative effects of weightlessness on the human body.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 314-335
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  • 10
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    Means and methods of physical conditioning of man in long space flights (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Methods of prophylaxis for disorders caused predominantly by reduction or absence of hydrostatic blood pressure in weightlessness and in experimental stimulation of it (readjustment of the watersalt metabolism, relative dehydration, disruption of competence of the cardiovascular system with respect to orthostatic loads, etc.), are adequately substantiated. Two theoretically possible approaches to prophylaxis of this type of disorder are examined: The use of methods of simulation of the effect of hydrostatic blood pressure in flight and the decrease in the gravitational redistribution of blood to the lower part of the body in the postflight period. In particular, the method of negative pressure in the lower region of the body gave favorable results. A significant decrease in orthostatic disorders after completion of such experiments was achieved by use of g-suits or other types of special clothing.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 335-351
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  • 11
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    Effect of weightlessness on mineral saturation of bone tissue (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: X-ray photometry of bone density established dynamic changes in mineral saturation of bone tissues for Soyuz spacecraft and Salyut orbital station crews. Calcaneus optical bone densities in all crew members fell below initial values; an increase in spacecrew exposure time to weightlessness conditions also increased the degree of decalcification. Demineralization under weightlessness conditions took place at a higher rate than under hypodynamia.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 208-215
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  • 12
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    Urea, sugar, nonesterified fatty acid and cholesterol content of the blood in prolonged weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Biochemical blood composition studies on astronauts during weightlessness flight simulation tests and during actual space flights showed some disturbances of metabolic processes. Increases in blood sugar, fatty acid and cholesterol, and urea content are noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 196-207
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  • 13
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    Condition of cardiovascular systems of astronauts during flight of Soyuz orbital station (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Extensive studies of blood circulation functions during manned space flight demonstrated a pronounced tendency toward an increase in minute volume of the blood and a decrease in pulse wave propagation rate. Individual blood circulation indices had large amplitude fluctuations. Physical work loads caused slow recovery of heart rate, arterial pressure and minute blood volume.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 147-173
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  • 14
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    Some results of biomedical studies carried out in the Gemini and Apollo programs (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Biomedical changes in Gemini and Apollo astronauts indicate physiological shifts in the majority of organs and systems of the body during space flight. Weightlessness conditions affected body weight, blood circulation, hematological indices, metabolisms, etc. Prophylactic measures to minimize the various physiological and psychological effects constitute activity and rest cycles, supplementary potassium addition to space food, artificial gravity, etc.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 429-482
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  • 15
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    Some results of medical studies of Voskhod 2 spacecraft crew members (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Clinical and psychological examinations of the astronauts before, during and after space flight established fluctuations in heart rate, blood circulation, metabolism and sensorimotor reactions that disappeared completely one month after flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 116-128
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  • 16
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    Vestibular reactions of astronauts during flight in Voskhod spacecraft (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: It is shown that differing human vestibular resistances to weightlessness stress are connected with the nonuniform initial sensitivity of the vestibular apparatus, as well as with different lengths of vestibular training. However, intensive vestibular training of persons with a moderate degree of sensitivity of the vestibular analyzer does not ensure vestibular stability under weightlessness conditions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 91-98
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  • 17
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    Space form of motionsickness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Spacesickness under weightlessness conditions is explained mainly by disruption of the activity of the functional system perceiving space and participating in carrying out the balancing function, consisting, in particular, of the vestibular, proprioceptive, interoceptive, visual and cutaneomechanical analyzers. It can be assumed that, under specific conditions, Coriolis acceleration also is a cause of spacesickness. Adaptation is possible by formation of a new functional system which is adequate to the new mechanical conditions of weightlessness. Selection, training, creation of optimum conditions in the spacecraft cabin, medicinal, and technical improvement of spacecraft play an important role in prophylaxis of the space form of seasickness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 82-91
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  • 18
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    Static-kinetic reactions of man under conditions of brief weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Physical characteristics of human responses to weightlessness simulation during parabolic flights establish body immobilization and visual illusions as the most manifest causes of sensory distrubances. Repeated brief weightlessness exposures gradually decreased expressions of static-kinetic disorders.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 76-81
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  • 19
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    Reactions of astronauts under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Experimental data show that weightlessness conditions lasting 5 days or more (18-25) do not produce significant disturbances in physical reactions of astronauts, with the exception of some singularities in functioning of the cardiovascular system: A reduction in heart rate and somewhat large fluctuations in the physiological indicators of cutaneogalvanic reactions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 15-32
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  • 20
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    Physiological mechanisms of the effect of weightlessness on the body (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Experimental data show that physiological reactions observed under weightlessness conditions are caused by: (1) The direct effect of weightlessness, as a consequence of decrease (""disappearance'') of the weight of body tissues and organs; and (2) the mediated effect of weightlessness, as a result of changes in the functional state of the central nervous system and the cooperative work of the analyzers. The human body adopts to weightless conditions under the prolonged effects of it. In this case, four periods can be distinguished: The first period, a transitional process lasting from 1 to 24 hours; second period, initial adaptation to conditions of weightlessness and readjustment of all functional systems of the body; the third period, adaptation to the unusual mechanical conditions of the external environment, lasting from 3 to 8 days and more; and the fourth period, the stage of possible imbalance of the functions and the systems of some astronauts, as a result of the prolonged effect of weightlessness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 32-40
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  • 21
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    Perception of time under conditions of brief weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Results of experiments under conditions of brief weightlessness confirmed the theoretical concepts of the dependence of time perception on the emotional state of a man. The time test, together with other methods, can be used to precisely define the emotional state of subjects in stress situations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 71-76
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  • 22
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    Physiological problems of weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: A brief review of the compensatory-adjusting body changes observed during and after human exposure to prolonged spaceflight is given. Pathological disturbances caused by increased functional hypokinesia and weightlessness loads affect the cardiovascular system, the nervous and hormonal systems, and the state of the skeletal musculo apparatus.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 1-15
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  • 23
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    Respiration, respiratory metabolism and energy consumption under weightless conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: Changes in the physiological indices of respiration, respiratory metabolism and energy consumption in spacecrews under weightlessness conditions manifest themselves in increased metabolic rates, higher pulmonary ventilation volume, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination, energy consumption levels in proportion to reduction in neuroemotional and psychic stress, adaptation to weightlessness and work-rest cycles, and finally in a relative stabilization of metabolic processes due to hemodynamic shifts.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Weightlessness: Med. and Biol. Res. (NASA-TT-F-16105); p 174-195
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  • 24
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    Sound and noise (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of audible sound and noise, infrasound, and ultrasound on man are discussed. Those factors which have potential relevance to the space flight situation are emphasized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 109-147
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  • 25
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    Exerciser (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Mark I exerciser which was added for the second and third Skylab missions, was used for a number of arm and leg exercises. This unit is a modified version of a commercial device. This is an iso-kinetic, or constant velocity, exerciser which retards the speed at which the user is allowed to move. The user applies a maximum effort and the device automatically varies the opposing resistance to maintain speed of translation at a constant preselected value.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 485-486
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  • 26
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    Skylab hardware report operational bioinstrumentation system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Skylab Operational Bioinstrumentation System is a personal, individually adjustable biomedical system designed to monitor the basic physiological functions of each suited crewman during specified periods of a manned space mission. The basic physiological functions of this system include electrocardiogram, respiration by impedance pneumogram, body temperature, cardiotachometer, and subject identification. The Operational Bioinstrumentation System was scheduled to monitor each crewman during launch, extravehicular activities, suited intravehicular experiments, and undocking and return.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 481-484
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  • 27
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    In-flight medical support system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The In-flight Medical Support System for Skylab was designed to provide the onboard Crew Physician or Scientist Pilot (or other crewmember if the Scientist Pilot was unable to act) with information adequate to make diagnostic assessment of those injuries or illnesses most likely to occur in the Skylab environment. The necessary diagnostic, therapeutic, and laboratory equipment needed to diagnose and to render first aid, resuscitative or supportive measures was stored in the Skylab Orbital Workshop. The resupply kit containing refrigerated laboratory and drug resupply items was stored in the Command Module.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 463-473
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  • 28
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    Body temperature measuring system (M171) (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The body temperature probe is used in support of experiment M171 to determine if crewmen are storing heat following exercise and to monitor crew health in case of illness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 448-449
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  • 29
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    Ergometer (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The bicycle ergometer was designed for use in experiments M171 and M093 and for use in optional exercise by the crewmen. The ergometer allows a crewman to exercise in zero-gravity using either his hands or his feet. It provides a precisely calibrated and, if needed, a programmable standard of work rate for the crewman. The ergometer operates in any of three selectable modes. The set heart rate mode varies the ergometer work rate, as necessary, to achieve and maintain a preselected heart rate. The sequenced heart rate mode is similar to the set heart rate mode except that the heart rate is programmable through five preset levels with a period of time for each level. The set work rate mode delivers a preset work load to the subject.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 436-440
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  • 30
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    Metabolic cost of extravehicular activities (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Skylab zero-g extravehicular activity data is of particular interest when it is considered in combination with the Apollo and Gemini data. The energy cost of extravehicular activity from Gemini through Skylab is discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 395-399
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  • 31
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    Evaluation of the electromechanical properties of the cardiovascular system after prolonged weightlessness (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Devices and techniques for measuring and analyzing systolic time intervals and quantitative phonocardiograms were initiated during Apollo 17. The data show that the systolic time interval from Apollo 17 crewmen remained elevated longer postflight than the response criteria of heart rate, blood pressure, and percent change in leg volume all of which had returned to preflight levels by the second day postflight. Although the systolic time interval values were only slightly outside the preflight fiducial limits, this finding suggested that: the analysis of systolic time intervals may help to identify the mechanisms of postflight orthostatic intolerance by virtue of measuring ventricular function more directly and, the noninvasive technique may prove useful in determining the extent and duration of cardiovascular instability after long duration space flight. The systolic time intervals obtained on the Apollo 17 crewmen during lower body negative pressure were similar to those noted in patients with significant heart disease.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 351-365
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  • 32
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    Vectorcardiographic changes during extended space flight (M093): Observations at rest and during exercise (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The objectives of Skylab Experiment M093 were to measure electrocardiographic signals during space flight, to elucidate the electrophysiological basis for the changes observed, and to assess the effect of the change on the human cardiovascular system. Vectorcardiographic methods were used to quantitate changes, standardize data collection, and to facilitate reduction and statistical analysis of data. Since the Skylab missions provided a unique opportunity to study the effects of prolonged weightlessness on human subjects, an effort was made to construct a data base that contained measurements taken with precision and in adequate number to enable conclusions to be made with a high degree of confidence. Standardized exercise loads were incorporated into the experiment protocol to increase the sensitivity of the electrocardiogram for effects of deconditioning and to detect susceptability for arrhythmias.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. JSC Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 339-350
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  • 33
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    Hemodynamic studies of the legs under weightlessness (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Significant among the medical findings following prolonged space flight are reduced orthostatic tolerance and ergometric work capacity. Changes in hemodynamics of the legs with increased blood pooling and reduction in cardiac output must be considered one of the most probable causes of these effects. Concern for the above plus the observed marked tissue changes occurring in the legs during flight prompted the addition of several procedures to evaluate hemodynamic changes in the leg; resting arterial blood flow, venous compliance and muscle pumping were investigated. In so far as possible, the initial reaction to pressure in the smallest possible vein segment was examined.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 324-329
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  • 34
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    Red cell metabolism studies on Skylab (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Blood samples from Spacelab crewmembers were studied for possible environment effects on red cell components. Analysis involved peroxidation of red cell lipids, enzymes of red cell metabolism, and levels of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid and adenosine triphosphate. Results show that there is no evidence of lipid peroxidation, that biochemical effect known to be associated with irreversible red cell damage. Changes observed in glycolytic intermediates and enzymes cannot be directly implicated as indicating evidence of red cell damage.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. JSC Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 242-248
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  • 35
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    Biostereometric analysis of body form (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Four-camera stereophotogrammetry of Skylab crewmen, preflight and postflight, revealed a loss of volume of one to one and one-half liters from the legs, much of which was replaced during the first 4 postflight days. It is estimated that about one third of the loss represents partial atrophy due to relative disuse in zero-gravity, the remainder being due to a deficit in body fluid. Reduction in volume of the abdomen has also been noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 198-202
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    Crew efficiency on first exposure to zero-gravity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Activation task performance of Skylab crews showed improved efficiency as experience was gained in weightlessness living. During three activation intervals, less than 12 man-hours were lost due to reduced efficiency (including the effects of motion sensitivity) while almost 200 man-hours of productive work were delivered. Work rate improved for tasks in which simulation and training time were extensive and for tasks which allowed zero-gravity operations to be optimized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed Results from Skylab; p 155-162
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    Changes in the Achilles tendon reflexes following Skylab missions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Postflight measurements of Achilles tendon reflex duration on Skylab crewmen indicate a state of disequilibrium between the flexor and extensor muscle groups with an initial decrease in reflex duration. As the muscles regain strength and mass there occurs an overcompensation reflected by increased reflex duration. Finally, when a normal neuromuscular state is reached the reflex duration returns to baseline value.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 131-135
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  • 38
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    The effects of prolonged exposure to weightlessness on postural equilibrium (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A postflight postural equilibrium rail tests on spacecrews was used to prove a pronounced decrement in ability to maintain an upright posture after prolonged exposure to weightlessness. Support for the hypothesis that central neural reorganization occurs in response to environmental change is obtained when postflight decrease in stability on the rails and the time course for recovery are compared with preflight performance.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 104-112
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  • 39
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    Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared rays (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Sources of infrared, visible and ultraviolet radiation are discussed, and important associated biological and psychophysiological effects are described. The problem of protection from excessively high or low levels of radiant energy in these spectral regions is considered and optimal levels are suggested.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 453-472
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  • 40
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    Angular velocities, angular accelerations, and coriolis accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Weightlessness, rotating environment, and mathematical analysis of Coriolis acceleration is described for man's biological effective force environments. Effects on the vestibular system are summarized, including the end organs, functional neurology, and input-output relations. Ground-based studies in preparation for space missions are examined, including functional tests, provocative tests, adaptive capacity tests, simulation studies, and antimotion sickness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 247-304
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  • 41
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    Impact accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The degree to which impact acceleration is an important factor in space flight environments depends primarily upon the technology of capsule landing deceleration and the weight permissible for the associated hardware: parachutes or deceleration rockets, inflatable air bags, or other impact attenuation systems. The problem most specific to space medicine is the potential change of impact tolerance due to reduced bone mass and muscle strength caused by prolonged weightlessness and physical inactivity. Impact hazards, tolerance limits, and human impact tolerance related to space missions are described.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 214-246
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  • 42
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    Biostack 3 experiment MA-107 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Biostack III experiment onboard the Apollo spacecraft during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project complemented the Biostack I and II experiments of the Apollo 16 and 17 missions. The objectives of these experiments were to study the biological effects of individual heavy cosmic particles of high energy loss (HZE) not available on earth, to study the influence of additional space flight factors, to obtain knowledge on the mechanism by which HZE particles damage biological materials, to get information on the spectrum of charge and energy of the cosmic ions in the spacecraft, and to estimate the radiation hazards to man in space.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 28 p
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  • 43
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    Endocrine, electrolyte, and fluid volume changes associated with Apollo missions (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The endocrine and metabolic results obtained before and after the Apollo missions and the results of the limited in-flight sampling are summarized and discussed. The studies were designed to evaluate the biochemical changes in the returning Apollo crewmembers, and the areas studied included balance of fluids and electrolytes, regulation of calcium metabolism, adaptation to the environment, and regulation of metabolic processes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 163-184
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  • 44
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    Flight crew health stabilization program (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The flight crew health stabilization program was developed to minimize or eliminate the possibility of adverse alterations in the health of flight crews during immediate preflight, flight, and postflight periods. The elements of the program, which include clinical medicine, immunology, exposure prevention, and epidemiological surveillance, are discussed briefly. No crewmember illness was reported for the missions for which the program was in effect.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 141-149
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  • 45
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    Extravehicular mobility unit (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) consisted of a highly mobile, anthropomorphic pressure vessel and a portable life support system. The EMU used for the first lunar landing is described along with the changes made in the EMU design during the program to incorporate the results of experience and to provide new capabilities. The performance of the EMU is discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 545-569
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  • 46
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    The Apollo 17 pocket mouse experiment (Biocore) (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Results are presented of the Biocore experiment which attempted to assess the degree to which exposure to cosmic ray particle radiation might present a risk to astronauts. Pocket mice, with plastic dosimeters implanted beneath the scalp were flown in a sealed canister. The objective was to determine whether microscopically visible lesions attributable to particle radiation, could be found in brain, eye, and other tissues in these animals. The need for further study is demonstrated.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 381-403
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  • 47
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    Hematology and immunology studies (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The hematology and immunology program conducted in support of the Apollo missions was designed to acquire specific laboratory data relative to the assessment of the health status of the astronauts prior to their commitment to space flight. A second objective was to detect and identify any alterations in the normal functions of the immunohematologic systems which could be attributed to space flight exposure, and to evaluate the significance of these changes relative to man's continuing participation in space flight missions. Specific changes observed during the Gemini Program formed the basis for the major portion of the hematology-immunology test schedule. Additional measurements were included when their contribution to the overall interpretation of the flight data base became apparent.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 197-226
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  • 48
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    Metabolism and heat dissipation during Apollo EVA periods (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The extravehicular activity life support equipment, suit temperature control, metabolic rate measurement methods, and energy production are discussed. The Apollo crewmen were able to perform planned extravehicular activities and to extend them to the maximum time allowable without medical problems. The metabolic rates experienced during the lunar surface extravehicular activities were lower than conservative premission estimates. A manually controlled liquid cooling garment was effectively used to minimize fatigue and water loss from sweating during lunar surface extravehicular activities. Gas cooling was adequate during the short zero-g extravehicular activities performed from the command module. The prediction of EVA workloads became more reliable as inflight data was accumulated. The prediction of the average metabolic cost of an EVA was more reliable than the cost of an individual short-term task.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 115-128
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  • 49
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    Weightlessness (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The general physiological effects of weightlessness are discussed with emphasis on the physiological effects that could limit mission durations in the absence of effective countermeasures.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 169-185
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  • 50
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    Radiofrequency radiation (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Sources, biophysical characteristics, and potential biological effects of rf radiation are described. Standards are given for exposure of spacecraft personnel to rf radiation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 149-167
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  • 51
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    Physical forces generating acceleration, vibration, and impact (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects of forces resulting in radial acceleration, sustained linear acceleration, impact, or vibration are identified. Tolerance limits are presented for these forces.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 71-107
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  • 52
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    Contaminants (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spacecraft contaminants, their sources, and their toxicological effects are summarized. The problems of identifying toxic hazards, establishing standards for their concentrations, and designing removal systems are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 17-56
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  • 53
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    Atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological basis of the limits established for atmospheric pressure as well as the partial pressures of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and diluent gas are reviewed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 1-15
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  • 54
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    Hardware report for experiment M133, sleep monitoring on Skylab (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The purpose of the experiment was objectively to measure sleep quantity and quality during prolonged space flight with the use of automatic equipment for onboard analyses of electroencephalographic (EEG) and electro-oculographic (EOG) activity and telemetry of sleep stage data.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 450-454
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  • 55
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    A.I.e. in-flight blood collection system (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The hardware selected to obtain and partially process human blood samples during the Skylab missions is described and consists of the following three major items: a centrifuge, an evacuation regulator, and a Beta cloth bag.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 433-435
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  • 56
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    Lower body negative pressure device (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The Lower Body Negative Pressure Device was used, in the space environment, to stress the astronaut's cardiovascular system, to determine the extent and time course of his cardiovascular deconditioning and to determine whether in-flight data from experiment M092, Lower Body Negative Pressure, would be useful in predicting postflight status of orthostatic tolerance. The lower portion of the subject's body was enclosed in this device for the purpose of applying regulated and controlled negative pressure. A description is given of the device.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 421-423
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  • 57
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    Pulmonary function evaluation during and following Skylab space flights (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Cardiac output measurements were made in the laboratory during preflight and postflight exercise tests. Due to the magnitude of decreases in cardiac output following the first and second manned Skylab missions and because the method used is based upon normal pulmonary function, it was decided to perform more thorough pulmonary function screening in conjunction with the final and longest duration Skylab mission. This paper summarized pulmonary function data obtained during all three Skylab missions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 388-394
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  • 58
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    Effect of prolonged space flight on cardiac function and dimensions (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: By taking advantage of the capabilities of echocardiography to measure noninvasively left ventricular volume, stroke volume, and ejection fraction, and of the fact that the astronauts were routinely subjected to lower body negative pressure (whereby cardiac filling is progressively decreased), it was possible to construct classic ventricular function curves noninvasively, thereby obviating the difficulties encountered in comparing cardiac function at different end-diastolic volumes preflight and postflight. In this manner, the effect of an 84-day period of weightlessness on cardiac structure and function was evaluated in the Skylab 4 astronauts.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA., JSC Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 366-371
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  • 59
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    Vectorcardiographic results from Skylab medical experiment M092: Lower body negative pressure (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Electrocardiographic interval changes suggesting effects of increased vagal tone were observed early in some Gemini crewmembers. Preflight versus postflight amplitude differences appeared in electrocardiograms of several of the early Apollo crewmembers. In preflight and postflight crew evaluations of the last three Apollo flights, quantitative postflight vectorcardiographic changes were for the first time determined in American space crews. Changes not considered related to heart rate were mainly those of increased P and QRS vector magnitudes and orientation shifts. But since most of these postflight findings resembled those observed with the orthostatic stress of lower body negative pressure, it was inferred then that upon their return from space, these Apollo astronauts exhibited exaggerated responses to orthostasis in the vectorcardiogram as well as in measures of cardiovascular hemodynamics.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 313-323
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  • 60
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    Hematology and immunology studies (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A coordinated series of experiments were conducted to evaluate immunologic and hemotologic system responses of Skylab crewmen to prolonged space flights. A reduced PHA responsiveness was observed on recovery, together with a reduced number of T-cells, with both values returning to normal 3 to 5 days postflight. Subnormal red cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit values also returned gradually to preflight limits. Most pronounced changes were found in the shape of red blood cells during extended space missions with a rapid reversal of these changes upon reentry into a normal gravitational environment.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 249-282
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  • 61
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    The response of single human cells to zero-gravity (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Microscopic and histochemical evaluations of human embrionic lung cells after exposure to zero-gravity are reported. Growth curves, DNA microspectrophotometry, phase microscopy, and ultrastructural studies of fixed cells revealed no effects on the cultures. Minor unexplained differences have been found in biochemical constituents of the samples.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 221-234
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  • 62
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    Physiological mass measurements in Skylab (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A spring-mass oscillator constrained to linear motion was used to measure astronaut weight during Skylab mission. Plots of spacecrew body weights, preflight and postflight, and inflight equivalent weight measurements indicate high in-flight metabolic costs with weight losses under weightlessness conditions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 175-182
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  • 63
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    Experiment M133. Sleep monitoring on Skylab (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Subjective sleep logs during 59-day and 84-day Skylab missions indicate that prolonged space flight, with its accompanying weightless state, is not directly associated with major adverse changes in sleep characteristics. Observed alterations in sleep patterns were not of sufficient magnitude to result in significant degradation of performance capacity.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 113-126
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  • 64
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    Analysis of the Skylab flight crew health stabilization program (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Isolation periods were established prior to launch as well as postflight in order to reduce the number of infectious illness contacts between crewmen. The most frequently reported illness contacts were upper respiratory infections. Enteric illnesses represented the next most common illness, but these were relatively rare compared to upper respiratory infections.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 45-52
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  • 65
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    Skylab crew health: Crew surgeon's report (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Medical examinations and treatment of crewmen preflight, during Skylab missions, and postflight periods are outlined. From a clinical point of view, all of the physiological responses noted in the various missions were either self-limiting or represented work-around problems requiring minimal counteraction. As such, these changes do not preclude extending man's duration in zero-gravity for longer periods of time.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 30-34
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  • 66
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    Skylab medical program overview (1977)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The following major medical subsystems in Skylab are outlined: (1) operational equipment; (2) life science experiments; (3) medical operations; and (4) operational experience. Throughout the Skylab flight program, alterations in equipment and procedures were made for each succeeding mission to capitalize on the flight experience of the previous mission.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 3-19
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  • 67
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    Bone mineral measurement: Experiment M078 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Gamma ray absorptiometric measurements on bone mineral content, in addition to calcium balance studies, were performed on male volunteers during bed rest periods of 24 to 36 weeks duration and compared to Skylab mission data. Results show that mineral losses occur from the bones of the lower extremities during missions of up to 84 days and that in general they follow the loss patterns of the bed rest situation. The level of loss observed in Spacelab crews are not of clinical concern.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 183-190
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  • 68
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    Mineral and nitrogen metabolic studies, experiment M071 (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The similarity between bed rest test and space flight effects on human mineral and nitrogen metabolisms indicates impairment of capable musculoskeletal functions. A pattern of urinary calcium increases and total calcium shifts suggests that calcium losses continue with time. Significant losses of nitrogen and phosphorus are associated with reduction in muscle tissue. It is concluded that capable musculoskeletal function is likely to be impaired during space flights of 1 1/2 to 3 years duration.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 164-174
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  • 69
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    Radiological protection and medical dosimetry for the Skylab crewmen (1977)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Dosimetry results for Skylab crewmembers show that the Skylab 4 crewmen received the highest dose equivalents but remained well within the established limits for Skylab missions below the threshold of significant clinical effects. These dose equivalents apply specificially to long term effects such as general life shortening, increased neoplasm incidence, and cataract production. A Skylab crewman could fly a mission comparable to one 84-day Skylab 4 mission per year for 50 years before exceeding these career limits.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomed. Results from Skylab; p 64-69
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  • 70
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    Biologic guidelines for future space research (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Biological experiments conducted onboard balloons, rockets, and spacecraft are described. The effects of aerospace environments on microorganisms, plants, and invertebrate animals were examined.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 707-739
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    The effects of space flight on polymorphonuclear leukocyte response experiment MA-032 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In a series of studies performed at intervals from 30 day before flight to 30 days after recovery, blood samples were obtained from the three astronauts of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project and from eight control subjects. To determine the effects of space flight on polymorphonuclear leukocytes, tests were performed on blood samples obtained as quickly as possible after splashdown and on the day following recovery. The astronauts' inhalation of propellant gases and the inception of corticosteroid therapy 1 day after recovery provided an additional opportunity to investigate the possible effects of these factors on leukocyte function. Data were obtained during each time period on the total leukocyte count, differential count, leukocyte adhesion, leukocyte migration and chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and histochemical staining for leukocyte acid and alkaline phosphatase. These observations present a variety of in vitro correlates to white blood cell function within the body. Taken together, they serve as a reasonable approximation of the effects of space flight on leukocyte function.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 29 p
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    Quantitative observation of light flash sensations experiment MA-106 (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Light flashes caused by the interaction of cosmic particles with the visual apparatus have been observed by astronauts on all space missions since Apollo 11. This Apollo Soyuz Test Project experiment compared measurements of the observer's visual sensitivity with measurements of the ambient radiation environment and with the frequency and character of the flashes observed. The data obtained reveal a latitude dependence of the frequency of observed flashes. This distribution of flashes is correlated with the distribution of cosmic particles with stopping power greater than 15 keV/ micrometers in the eye. The interaction of dark adaptation, specific ionization, and range of particles in the retina as factors in the visualization of particle passage is discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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    Descent and landing of spacecrews and survival in an unpopulated area (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Medical and physiologic experience gained in space flight programs of the U.S. and U.S.S.R. is described in relation to acceleration forces in the final phases of manned space flight. Application of this knowledge to future programs, survival in the postlanding period, and survival provisions currently made for spacecrews are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 3; p 372-394
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  • 74
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    Cellular immune response experiment MA-031 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Significant changes in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) lymphocytic responsiveness occurred in the cellular immune response of three astronauts during the 9 day flight of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project. Parameters studied were white blood cell concentrations, lymphocyte numbers, B- and T-lymphocyte distributions in peripheral blood, and lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA, pokeweed mitogen, Concanavalin A, and influenza virus antigen.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 7 p
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  • 75
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    Bioinstrumentation (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo bioinstrumentation system (BIS) and related hardware is described. The BIS requirements evolved as a continuation and refinement of medical monitoring systems utilized throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs. The BIS provided physiological data to ground-based medical personnel for operational inflight safety monitoring, for inflight medical experiments; and for ground-based operations safety monitoring. The overall performance of the BIS is evaluated.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 485-493
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  • 76
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    Quarantine testing and biocharacterization of lunar materials (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Quarantine testing was conducted to ensure the safety of all life on earth. The plants and animals which were exposed to lunar material were carefully observed for prolonged periods to determine if any mutation or changes in growing characteristics and behavior occurred. The quarantine testing was terminated after the Apollo 14 flight when it became apparent that previously returned lunar material contained no potentially harmful agents. Further biological experimentation with the lunar material was conducted to determine its chemical, physical, and nutritional qualities.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 425-434
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  • 77
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    The role of toxicology in the Apollo space program (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Some of the major considerations are presented which governed the formation and application of the toxicology program employed in support of the Apollo program. The overriding concern of the program was the safety of crews exposed to trace contaminant gases for extended periods of time. The materials screening program employed, in conjunction with a well designed spacecraft environmental control system, helped to attain the goals set forth for the Apollo program. The knowledge gained from working with the toxicity problems and the identification of compounds in the space cabin atmosphere are of importance for continued efforts in manned space flight. Tabular data of spacecraft contaminants are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 151-159
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  • 78
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    Radiation protection and instrumentation (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Radiation was found not to be an operational problem during the Apollo program. Doses received by the crewmen of Apollo missions 7 through 17 were small because no major solar-particle events occurred during those missions. One small event was detected by a radiation sensor outside the Apollo 12 spacecraft, but no increase in radiation dose to the crewmen inside the spacecraft was detected. Radiation protection for the Apollo program was focused on both the peculiarities of the natural space radiation environment and the increased prevalence of manmade radiation sources on the ground and onboard the spacecraft. Radiation-exposure risks to crewmen were assessed and balanced against mission gain to determine mission constraints. Operational radiation evaluation required specially designed radiation detection systems onboard the spacecraft in addition to the use of satellite data, solar observatory support, and other liaison. Control and management of radioactive sources and radiation-generating equipment was important in minimizing radiation exposure of ground-support personnel, researchers, and the Apollo flight and backup crewmen.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 105-113
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  • 79
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    Apollo command and service module and lunar module environmental control systems (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The environmental control systems and system requirements of the Apollo command service module and the lunar module are described. The overall performance of both systems during the Apollo program is discussed. Other topics covered include: dust control, EVA provisions, Apollo 13 emergency, component redundancy, modular construction, and subatmospheric design.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 517-543
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  • 80
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    Waste management system (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The function of the waste management system was to control the disposition of solid and liquid wastes and waste stowage gases. The waste management system consisting of a urine subsystem and a fecal subsystem is described in detail and its overall performance is evaluated. Recommendations for improvement are given.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 469-484
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  • 81
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    Clinical aspects of crew health (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Medical procedures and findings for Apollo astronauts in the preflight, inflight, and postflight phases of the Apollo missions are described in detail. Preflight medical examinations, inflight monitoring and medications, crew illnesses, and clinical findings are summarized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 43-81
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  • 82
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    Environmental factors (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The selection of an Apollo spacecraft atmosphere was based on the establishment of an acceptable range of atmospheric composition and pressure, the establishment of acceptable carbon dioxide levels, thermal comfort criteria, and acceleration and impact limits. The prime design requirements in a spacecraft system are minimum weight, volume, power usage, reliability, ease of maintenance, environmental compatibility, integration with other systems, and crew compatibility. The selection considerations are reviewed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 129-139
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  • 83
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    Microbiological investigations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crew microbiology program was conducted to evaluate lunar contamination, to detect potentially pathogenic microoganisms, to identify medically important microorganisms recovered from ill crewmen, to aid in diagnosis and treatment, and to collect microbiological data that would aid in elucidating the response of the crew microbial autoflora to the space flight environment and in evaluating the resultant effect on the crewmember. Microbiological sampling of selected sites in the command module was initiated in support of the quarantine program. During lunar quarantine missions, microbial screening was accomplished for all support personnel to be isolated with the returning crewman. Virology support for the Apollo project consisted of characterization of the viral and mycoplasma flora of the crewmembers and performance of viral serology for crewmembers, crew contacts, and key mission personnel. Procedures and results are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 83-103
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    Astronaut activity (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Human factors pertinent to the design and operation of spacecraft are considered. The geometric characteristics of spacecraft that define the degree and type of confinement imposed on the crew and the character of equipment management and housekeeping necessary for hygiene, comfort and safety are discussed. The controls and displays of various spacecraft are described to indicate the degree to which crew functions become integral to functions of the total spacecraft. The contributions of the crew to system reliability and performance are summarized and the increasing significance of the crew's role in scientific observation and experimentation is noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 600-636
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  • 85
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    Weightlessness (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Significance of gravitation forces in regulating homeostasis is discussed, along with weightlessness effects on humans and a state of reduced weight (subgravity), such as on the moon. Biomedical effects of weightlessness adaptation to zero G and readaptation to terrestrial gravitation are described for the nervous system, cardiovascular system, metabolism, and musculoskeletal system. Reactions caused primarly by: (1) changes in the afferent nervous system, (2) lack of hydrostatic blood pressure, (3) lack of weight on the musculoskeletal system, and (4) exposure limits derived from the effects of prolonged weightlessness on humans are reviewed. Protection of humans from adverse effects of weightlessness is considered; Skylab missions are also summarized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 305-354
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  • 86
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    Ionizing radiation (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The biological effects of ionizing radiation encountered in space are considered. Biological experiments conducted in space and some experiences of astronauts during space flight are described. The effects of various levels of radiation exposure and the determination of permissible dosages are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 473-531
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  • 87
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    Radio-frequency and microwave energies, magnetic and electric fields (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The biological effects of radio frequency, including microwave, radiation are considered. Effects on body temperature, the eye, reproductive systems, internal organs, blood cells, the cardiovascular system, and the central nervous system are included. Generalized effects of electric and magnetic fields are also discussed. Experimentation with animals and clinical studies on humans are cited, and possible mechanisms of the effects observed are suggested.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 409-452
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  • 88
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    Principles of gravitational biology (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Physical principles of gravitation are enumerated, including gravitational and inertial forces, weight and mass, weightlessness, size and scale effects, scale limits of gravitational effects, and gravity as biogenic factor. Statocysts, otolithic organs of vertebrates, gravity reception in plants, and clinostat studies for gravitation orientation are reviewed. Chronic acceleration is also studied, as well as physiology of hyper and hypodynamic fields. Responses of animals to a decreased acceleration field are examined, considering postural changes, work capacity, growth, and physiologic deadaptation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 129-162
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  • 89
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    Prolonged linear and radial accelerations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Overall acceleration effects on the body and man's resistance to it are presented, including endurance limits, acceleration tolerances, and aftereffects. These effects on individual body systems are described for: (1) cardiovascular system, (2) respiratory system, (3) vision, (4) central nervous system, (5) endocrine glands, (6) gastrointestinal tract, and (7) renal system. Work capacity effects are also noted.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 163-213
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  • 90
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    Physiology of the sensory sphere under spaceflight conditions (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Information regarding the influence on sensory perception of certain space flight factors, including weightlessness, acceleration, and vibration, is presented. Several illusions which occur under these conditions are described. The results of ground based experiments are also discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 571-599
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  • 91
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    Biological and physiological rhythms (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Circadian rhythms, particularly that of sleep and wakefulness, are discussed. The sleep-wakefulness experiences of astronauts during several space missions are described, and predictions are made for future space activities, including Mars missions, interstellar flight, and life on permanent space stations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 535-570
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  • 92
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    Methods of investigation in space biology and medicine, transmission of biomedical data (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Methods for in-flight monitoring of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, vestibular system, central nervous system, and the musculoskeletal systems are described. Methods of data analysis are also discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 668-706
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  • 93
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    Combined effect of flight factors (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Description: The effects of various combinations of space flight stresses are discussed. Included are weightlessness, acceleration, vibration, ionizing radiation, hypoxia, and ambient temperature. The problem of constructing mathematical models to describe the dynamics of biological systems, including those to analyze and predict adaptation and restoration processes following combined stresses, is also considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 2; p 639-667
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  • 94
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    Thermal exchanges and temperature stress (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Thermal comfort during space flight is discussed. Heat production of man during space flight and wear loss as a mean of dissipating heat are described. Water cooled garments are also considered, along with tolerance for extreme heat and body heat storage. Models of human temperature regulation are presented in the form of documented FORTRAN programs.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA, Washington Found. of Space Biol. and Med., Vol. 2, Bk. 1; p 94-126
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  • 95
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    Potable water supply (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The history and evolution of the Apollo potable water system is reviewed. Its operation in the space environment and in the spacecraft is described. Its performance is evaluated. The Apollo potable water system satisfied the dual purpose of providing metabolic water for the crewmen and water for spacecraft cooling.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 495-515
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  • 96
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    Apollo light flash investigations (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The visual phenomenon of light flashes resulting from high energy, heavy cosmic rays penetrating the command module structure and crewmembers' eyes is investigated. Light flash events observed during dedicated sessions on Apollo 15, 16, 17 are described along with a Monte Carlo simulation of the exposure of an astronaut to cosmic radiation during a mission. Results of the Apollo Light Flash Moving Emulsion Detector experiment developed for Apollo 16 and 17 to obtain a direct record of incident cosmic ray particles are correlated with crewmembers' reports of light flashes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 355-365
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  • 97
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    Apollo flight crew cardiovascular evaluations (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The results of the lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and passive stand tests are presented, and the efficacy of the experimental antihypotensive garments is evaluated. Results of the tests are presented in tabular form. Postflight orthostatic evaluations during the Apollo program indicate that reduction in orthostatic tolerance is a consequence of space flight exposure. Heart rate, the most reliable index, was increased, while systolic and pulse pressures were decreased during immediate postflight evaluations using lower body negative pressure and passive standing as the orthostatic stress. Elevation in resting heart rate was a less frequent finding. There was considerable variability in the magnitude of these changes between individual crewmembers and in the persistence of the changes over subsequent postflight evaluations. Postflight changes in leg volume during LBNP were equal to or less than those seen during preflight baseline evaluations. Body weight, resting calf girth, supine leg volume, and cardiothoracic ratios were all diminished immediately postflight, and return to preflight values was not complete within the postflight testing time frame.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 227-264
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  • 98
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    Nutritional studies (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Detailed metabolic studies were conducted of the Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 flight crews, and the results are presented in tabular form. Intake and absorption data are also included. Apollo nutrient intakes were found to be characteristically hypocaloric. Estimates of body composition changes from metabolic balance data, from preflight and postflight weights and volumes, and from total body water and potassium provide no evidence for diminished caloric requirements during a flight. As observed during the Gemini Program and during periods of bed rest, measurements of bone density and metabolic balance confirm a tendency toward loss of skeletal tissue in weightlessness. No evidence exists that any inflight metabolic anomaly, including hypokalemia, was induced by marginal or deficient nutrient intakes. In general, the Apollo crewmen were well nourished and exhibited normal gastroenterological functions, although appetite was somewhat diminished and the organoleptic response to food was somewhat modified during flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 277-302
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  • 99
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    Skeletal response (1975)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The effect of weightlessness on bone mineral content during prolonged space flight was investigated. The mineral content changes which occurred during Apollo 14, 15, and 16 as measured by photon absorptiometry techniques are presented and compared. Bed rest served as an experimental model to assess the bone mineral changes, and to determine what remedial measures might be used to stem the tide of bone mineral loss. It is concluded that loss of mineral from bone due to the state of weightlessness is comparable to that observed in bed rest subjects.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Biomedical Results of Apollo; p 303-322
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  • 100
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    Thermal environment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects, discomfort, and performance degradation associated with an imbalanced thermal environment are discussed. Temperature tolerance limits are set using thermoregulation models and experimental results. The effects of interacting environmental factors, individual variations, and exposure duration on tolerance limits are considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 57-69
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