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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 41 (1971), S. 191-196 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die genphysiologischen Grundlagen der Entstehung von Dauermodifikationen (DM) sind noch weitgehend ungeklärt. Insbesondere fehlen bisher eindeutige Beweise von DM an Plastidenphänen. Darüberhinaus wurde ihr Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der quantitativen Genwirkung nicht beachtet. Quantitative Chlorophyll b-Defektmutanten des Kerngens ch von Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. wurden daher einem über 7 Generationen dauernden Test zur Auslösung von DM durch Gelblicht (λ 〉 550 nm) unterworfen. Hierbei wurden folgende Ergebnisse erhalten: 1. Die Hauptwirkung der Allele ch +, ch 1 und ch 2 auf die Chlorophyllumwandlungsreaktionen insbesondere die Chlorophyll b-Synthese kann durch Gelblicht nicht dauermodifiziert werden. 2. In bestimmten Nebenwirkungen des ch-Gens (CC, EAG und NAR) werden abhängig vom Allelzustand des Kerngens durch die verwendete Strahlung DM ausgelöst. Sie bestehen in quantitativen Merkmalsänderungen, die auch nach Rückführung in normales Licht in der darauffolgenden Generation nicht restituiert werden. Die erhaltenen DM betreffen Plastidenphäne, die vermutlich durch biochemische Regulationsänderungen auf der Ebene der Translation entstehen. Hierbei müssen die mehrfachen Interaktionen zwischen dem Allelzustand des ch-Locus, dem Restgenom des Kerns und den extrachromosomalen Erbinformationsträgern sowie dem auslösenden Umweltfaktor beachtet werden.
    Notes: Summary The genephysiological and developmental basis of “Dauermodifications” (DM) have still not been explained. In particular definite evidence for DM in plastids is lacking up to now. Moreover no attention has been paid to the connections with the problem of quantitative gene effects. For that reason mutants of the nuclear gene ch in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., quantitatively defective in chlorophyll b were tested during seven generations under continuous yellow radiation (λ 〈 550 nm) expecting DM. The following results were obtained: 1) The main effects of the homoalleles ch +, ch 1 and ch 2 on the reactions of chlorophyll transformation, especially on chlorophyll b-synthesis, cannot be modified permanently. 2) DM in certain accessory effects of the gene ch, i.e. carotinoid content (CC), apparent radiation energy use (EAG) and net assimilation rate (NAR) were induced by the applied radiation. These modifications are quantitative and cannot be restituted in the following generation after return to normal light. The induced DM affects phenotypic characters of the plastids which may result from biochemical regulation modified at the level of translation. The effects of multiple interactions between the allelic condition of the gene ch, the rest of the nuclear genes, the carriers of the extrachromosomal gene information, and the inducing environmental factor must be considered.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 47 (1976), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Terminal bands of meiotic chromosomes stained by the Giemsa technique are permanent genetic structures of the nucleus during PMC differentiation in 8 samples of wild, primitive, and cultivated species of rye. The characteristic meiotic banding pattern is probably identical with the heterochromatic regions of mitotic chromosomes of root meristem cells (RMC) which have so far been studied. Karyotype analysis can be significantly improved by quantitative studies of the number and size of the bands combined with certain well-known chromosome characters in diplotene and diakinesis. The chromosomes involved in multivalents of some natural and synthetic species hybrids are identified for the first time. The results are discussed both in relation to the problems of chromosome evolution and their significance for marker techniques in cytogenetics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 31 (1961), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 41 (1971), S. 327-328 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 41 (1971), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die exakte Analyse quantitativer, molekularer Genwirkungen setzt die Kenntnis der Reaktionsnorm der untersuchten Genotypen und ihrer Modifikation voraus. 1. Die in einer programmgesteuerten Klimakammer durchgeführten Experimente liefern zunächst die optimalen Versuchsbedingungen für die Reaktionsnorm der Untersuchungsobjekte. Die genotypisch bedingten Varianzen der untersuchten Merkmale und die Mittelwertsdifferenzen zwischen den Prüfgliedern sind im Wechselklima eines 16 Std.-Tages am häufigsten signifikant. 2. Durch qualitative, energiegleiche Strahlungsänderung im Transmissionsbereich 〉 500 bzw. 〉 600 nm werden bei der Crucifere Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. bestimmte Merkmalsmodifikationen in vier Ontogenesestadien von drei monogenen, quantitativen Chlorophyll b-Defektmutanten und dem Wildtyp induziert; diese gehören zwei verschiedenen Gen-Loci an. 3. Die Strahlungsbehandlung mit Wellenlängen oberhalb 600 nm (gefiltertes Rotlicht) führt zu einer drastischen Entwicklungsschädigung der Mutanten, so daβ sie nach 100 Tagen, d. h. der dreifachen normalen Vegetationszeit, keine Blattrosetten bilden. Die Blattpigmente und Stoffproduktion des Wildtyps gehen dabei um ca. 20 bis 30% gegenüber jenen bei ungefiltertem Normallicht zurück. 4. Gefiltertes Gelblicht mit Wellenlängen 〉 500 nm setzt die Nettoassimilationsrate herab, ohne die Chlorophyll b-Bildung, den Blattflächenindex und die apparente Strahlungsenergiebindung wesentlich zu beeinflussen. Die einzelnen Genotypen verhalten sich aber nicht nur unter gleichen Strahlungsbedingungen quantitativ verschieden, sie reagieren auch in bestimmten Merkmalen mit unterschiedlicher Stärke und Richtung auf die qualitativ veränderte Strahlung. Hierbei zeigen der Wildtyp und die Mutante ch 2/ch 2 untereinander ähnlichere Reaktionen als die beiden anderen Genotypen ch 1/ch 1 und ch 3/ch 3, welche die stärkeren Plastidendefekte besitzen. 5. Die genphysiologischen Effekte des ch-Locus bestehen aus primären Hauptwirkungen, die die Chlorophyll b-Biosynthese betreffen, und sekundären Nebenwirkungen auf die anderen Blattpigment- und Stoff produktionsmerkmale. Wenn Chlorophyll b fehlt, kommt es zu keiner Anhäufung, sondern immer zu einer Abnahme des Chlorophylls a; dabei besteht kein quantitativer Zusammenhang in der Bildung der Chlorophylle. Die primäre Genwirkung der beiden Mutanten-Loci wird an den erweiterten Modellreaktionen der Chlorophyllumwandlung von Shibata diskutiert. Die sekundären, pleiotropen Genwirkungen auf die Stoffproduktion beruhen offenbar auf der zusätzlichen Strahlungsenergiebindung des Chlorophylls b und der Carotinoide. Hierbei muβ mit komplexen Interaktionen innerhalb und zwischen den Genwirkungen und den Umwelteinflüssen gerechnet werden.
    Notes: Summary An analysis of the quantitative molecular effects of genes requires information on the norm of reaction (“Reaktionsnorm”) and on its variability in the genotype tested. 1) Experiments were carried out in an automatically controlled growth chamber to determine the optimal conditions for the norm of reaction of the plants to be tested. Genotypically determined variances between the characters studied and differences of means between test samples were most frequently significant when the growth conditions were those of an intermittent 16 hour day. 2) Changes in the transmitted radiation to wavelengths of above 500 nm or 600 nm respectively, while keeping the total radiant energy input constant, led to certain characteristic modifications in three of the mutants and in the wild type of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Four ontogenetic stages were affected. The mutants are monogenic defect mutants for synthesis of chlorophyll b; two different gene loci are involved. 3) Treatment with radiation of wavelengths above 600 nm (filtered red light) results in marked developmental disorders, after 100 days (three times the normal growth period) leaf rosettes had not yet developed. Moreover, leaf pigment and dry matter production of the wild type decreased by about 20 to 30 percent as compared with production in unfiltered normal light. 4) Filtered yellow light of wavelengths above 500 nm decreases the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a and of the carotinoids and the net assimilation rate, but does not influence chlorophyll b production, leaf area index and apparent use of radiant energy. Each of the genotypes, however, shows a different reaction to the same radiation treatment. Furthermore, each shows characteristic differences in response to altered quality of radiation. The wild type and the mutant ch 2/ch 2 show certain similarities which are not shared by the two other genotypes ch 1/ch 1 and ch 3/ch 3. The latter two are characterized by more serious plastid defects. 5) The ch-locus has a primary effect on biosynthesis of chlorophyll b and secondary physiological effects on production of other leaf pigments and dry matter. When chlorophyll b is absent, there is no increase, but rather a reduction of the amount of chlorophyll a; however, there is no quantitative correlation between production of the two chlorophylls. The primary genetic effect of the two mutant loci is discussed, in accordance with Shibata's model of chlorophyll transformations. The secondary pleiotropic gene effects on dry matter production are probably due to additional binding of radiant energy by chlorophyll b and by the carotenoids. Complex interactions between the effects of the genes, and between gene effects and environmental effects must also be considered.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 41 (1971), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In biometrischen Untersuchungen zur Genetik quantitativer Merkmale wird bisher weitgehend das Problem der Genregulation übersehen. Chlorophyll b-Defektmutanten der Crucifere Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. erlauben eine direkte biochemische und physiologische Prüfung ihrer quantitativen Genwirkungen in der Biosynthesekette der Plastidenpigmente. Auf Grund bestimmter Testkreuzungen zwischen zwei Mutanten und der Normalform sowie eines kombinierten Verfahrens zur phänotypischen Klassifizierung bestehend aus präparativer Dünnschichtchromatographie aller Plastidenpigmente, visueller Blattfarbenbonitur, papierchromatographischem Einzelpflanzentest und quantitativer Pigmentmessung der Linien werden in Übereinstimmung mit anderen Autoren die nachweisbaren Genotypen einer Allelenreihe ch +, ch 1 und ch 2 des ch-Locus zugeordnet. ch 1/ch 1 blockiert die Chlorophyll b-Synthese vollständig, ch 2/ch 2 nur etwa zu 90% gegenüber dem Wildtyp und in der Heterozygote ch 2/ch 1 wird offenbar die Blockade durch komplementative Effekte noch stärker aufgehoben (Superdominanz des ch 2- über das ch 1-Allel). Die in den Spaltungsgenerationen erhöhten Chlorophyll- und Carotinoid-Varianzen aller Genotypen gegenüber den Eltern weisen auf einen evtl. polygenen Hintergrund der Gesamtpigmentbildung hin, dessen physiologischer Wirkungsbereich aber relativ zu dem des Hauptgens ch begrenzt ist. Orientierende In-vitro-Versuche ergeben, daß im plastidenfreien Blattgewebe-Extrakt des Wildtyps ch +/ch + ein Wirkstoffprinzip vorhanden ist, das belichtete Chloroplasten der in vivo pigmentdefekten Genotypen ch 1/ch 1 und ch 2/ch 2 zur Chlorophyll b-Synthese befähigt. Weiterführende Aussagen über Art, Umfang und Zeitpunkt der hierbei angenommenen Enzymaktivitäts- bzw. Substratsänderungen werden von Versuchen mit variierten Strahlungsbedingungen und verbesserten Nachweismethoden der Pigmentvorstufen erwartet.
    Notes: Summary In biometric studies on the genetics of quantitative characters the problem of regulation of the activity of genes is rarely considered. Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Cruciferae), defective for chlorophyll b, permit a direct biochemical and physiological determination of their quantitative gene effects in the biosynthetic pathway of the plastid pigments. In agreement with other authors, the detectable genotypes are found to be based on multiple alleles (ch +, ch 1 and ch 2) at the ch locus. This evidence was obtained by test crosses of two mutants with the wild type and by a phaenotypic classification of the progeny on the basis of preparatory thin layer chromatography, paper chromatography tests of single plants, and quantitative spectrophotometry of the lines. In ch 1/ch 1 the synthesis of chlorophyll b is completely blocked, in ch 2/ch 2 only about 10 percent of the wild-type pigment is present, and in the heterozygote ch 2/ch 1 a complementation effect is observed (i. e. superdominance of ch 2 over ch 1) resulting in still more pigment production. In the segregating generations the variances for chlorophyll and carotinoids of all the genotypes are higher than in the parents and therefore suggest a possible polygenic background for pigment development. However, the physiological effect of the genetic background is slight as compared with the effect of the major gene ch. Preliminary experiments show that in tissue extracts of wild type leaves (ch +/ch +) there is an effective agent which enables irradiated chloroplasts of the defective ch 1/ch 1 and ch 2/ch 2 genotypes to synthesize chlorophyll b in vitro. Further information on the mechanism, extent and the time of action of the active agent should be obtained by varying the conditions of irradiation and by refining the tests for pigment precursors.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 250 (1972), S. 152-170 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1972-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0372-820X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1536
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Biostack III experiment onboard the Apollo spacecraft during the Apollo Soyuz Test Project complemented the Biostack I and II experiments of the Apollo 16 and 17 missions. The objectives of these experiments were to study the biological effects of individual heavy cosmic particles of high energy loss (HZE) not available on earth, to study the influence of additional space flight factors, to obtain knowledge on the mechanism by which HZE particles damage biological materials, to get information on the spectrum of charge and energy of the cosmic ions in the spacecraft, and to estimate the radiation hazards to man in space.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 28 p
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The opportunity to compare cosmic radiation effects caused during long and short duration exposure flights in biological objects are limited until now, and data obtained so far are very rare and insufficient. Because of the very long exposure of the experiment during the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) mission (approximately 2000 days) structural changes of the hardware material can be expected which will influence its biocompatibility and, thus, will interact with the radiobiological effects. The aim of the experiment flown on LDEF was a detailed investigation of biological effects caused by cosmic radiation especially of particles of high atomic number Z and high energy. The flight hardware consisted of standard BIOSTACK containers; in these containers a special sandwich construction consisted of visual plastic detectors with seed rsp. spore layers interlocked.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, LDEF: 69 Months in Space. First Post-Retrieval Symposium, Part 3; p 1651-1660
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