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  • Articles  (8,621)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8,551)
  • mercury
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (8,554)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (63)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (3)
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  • Articles  (8,621)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Environmental Pollution 85 (1994), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 0269-7491
    Keywords: grey seal ; harbour seal ; harp seal ; mercury ; ringed seal ; selenium
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: Benchmark ; mercury ; risk assessment ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents benchmark (BMD) calculations and additional regression analyses of data from a study in which scores from 26 scholastic and psychological tests administered to 237 6- and 7-year-old New Zealand children were correlated with the mercury concentration in their mothers' hair during pregnancy. The original analyses of five test scores found an association between high prenatal mercury exposure and decreased test performance, using category variables for mercury exposure. Our regression analyses, which utilized the actual hair mercury level, did not find significant associations between mercury and children's test scores. However, this finding was highly influenced by a single child whose mother's mercury hair level (86 mg/kg) was more than four times that of any other mother. When that child was omitted, results were more indicative of a mercury effect and scores on six tests were significantly associated with the mothers' hair mercury level. BMDs calculated from five tests ranged from 32 to 73 mg/kg hair mercury, and corresponding BMDLs (95% lower limits on BMDs) ranged from 17 to 24 mg/kg. When the child with the highest mercury level was omitted, BMDs ranged from 13 to 21 mg/kg, and corresponding BMDLs ranged from 7.4 to 10 mg/kg.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 54-73 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Blei ; Toxizität ; Säuglingsnahrung ; cadmium ; mercury ; lead ; toxicity ; infantformulas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are differences between young and adult organisms regarding toxokinetic aspects and clinical manifestations of heavy metal intoxications. Chronically, toxic Cd intake causes a microcytotic hypochromic anemia in young rats at lower exposure levels and after shorter exposure periods than in adult animals. Cd absorption is increased by co-administration of milk and in conjunction with iron deficiency. After long exposure periods toxic Cd concentrations accumulate in the kidney cortex; this process starts very early in life. In 3-year-old children Cd concentrations in the kidney can reach up to one-third of those found in adults. Hg++ and methyl-Hg can cause Hg encephalopathia, and frequently cause mental retardation in adults. Correspondingly, Hg++ accumulation in the brains of suckling rats is approx. 10 times higher than in grown animals. Milk increases the bioavailability of Hg++. In suckling rats Hg is bound to a greater extent to ligands in the erythrocytes. Methyl-Hg concentrations in breast milk reach 5% of those in maternal plasma and that is a severe hazard for breastfed children of exposed mothers. Toxic Pb concentrations can lead to Pb encephalopathia. A high percentage of surviving children have seizures and show signs of mental retardation. Anemia and reduced intelligence scores were recently observed in children after exposure to very low levels of Pb. Pb absorption is increased in children and after co-administration of milk. There are no definite proofs for carcinogenesis or mutagenesis after oral exposure to Cd, Hg, and Pb in man. Heavy metal concentrations were found in the same order of magnitude in commercial infant formulas and in breast milk. When infant formulas are reconstituted with contaminated tap water, however, Pb and Cd concentrations can be much higher. The average heavy metal uptake from such diets exceeds the provisional tolerable weekly intake levels set by the WHO for adults, calculated on the basis of an average food intake and a downscaled body weight. These considerations do not even provide for differences in absorption and distribution or for the increased sensitivity of children to heavy metal exposure. However, dilution effects for essential heavy metals were observed in fast-growing Young children; this effect might be extrapolated to toxic metals. These theoretical considerations are compared with epidemiological evidence. A health statistic from Baltimore shows a decline of Pb intoxications in infants. This observation correlates with a simultaneous decline in exposure to Pb which was due, for example, to decreased use of lead dyes in house paints and the abolition of tin cans for infant food. At the end of the observation period Pb-related infant mortality had decreased to zero. Maximum admissible Pb exposure from infant formulas in the USA has now been further reduced but the calculated Pb exposures in the example mentioned above are still lower. In conclusion, no hazard can be deducted from the mentioned epidemiological data regarding the present content of Cd, Hg, and Pb in commercially available infant formulas in Germany. Looking at the high toxic potential, however, it seems desirable to keep the content of these three metals in infant formulas as low as the best available technology can achieve.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die klinischen Symptome und die Toxokinetik von Schwermetallintoxikationen zeigen Unterschiede zwischen jungen und ausgewachsenen Organismen. Chronisch toxische Cd-Mengen verursachen eine mikrozytäre hypochrome Anämie, die bei Jungratten nach kürzerer und geringerer Exposition auftritt als bei erwachsenen Tieren. Nach der Resorption, die durch Milch und im Eisenmangel erhöht ist, akkumuliert Cd über Jahre bis zu toxischen Konzentrationen in der Nierenrinde. Dieser Fortgang beginnt im Säuglingsalter und kann in den ersten drei Lebensjahren bis zu 1/3 der Erwachsenenwerte erreichen. Hg++ und Methyl-Hg können u. a. eine Hg-Enzephalopathie hervorrufen, in deren Folge Kinder mehr als Erwachsene geistige Behinderungen zeigten. In Saugratten ist die Hg-Akkumulation im Hirn gegenüber erwachsenen Tieren zehnfach erhöht. Milch steigert die Bioverfügbarkeit von Hg++, das nach der Resorption bei Säuglingen vermehrt in den Erythrozyten gebunden wird. Methyl-Hg erreicht in der Muttermilch 5 % der mütterlichen Plasmakonzentration und führte bei epidemischen Vergiftungen zu schweren Schäden bei Säuglingen. Chronische Pb-Exposition kann Enzephalopathien verursachen, die bei Kindern in einem hohen Prozentsatz Krampfleiden und geistige Behinderungen hinterlassen. Anämien und Intelligenzminderungen werden bei Kindern nach sehr niedrigen Pb-Expositionen beobachtet. Die Pb-Resorption wird durch Milchgabe gesteigert und ist bei Kindern erhöht. Für Cd, Hg und Pb gibt es keine gesicherten Belege für Karzinogenese oder Mutagenese bei Menschen nach oraler Exposition. Der Schwermetallgehalt in kommerzieller Säuglingsnahrung liegt in derselben Größenordnung wie in der Muttermilch. Bei Verwendung von kontaminiertem Zapfwasser zur Rekonstitution von Fertignahrung ist die Belastung mit Pb und Cd jedoch erhöht. Die theoretische Metallaufnahme aus solchen Diäten, berechnet für einen normgewichtigen Säugling und einen repräsentativen Diätplan, übersteigt, bezogen auf das Körpergewicht, die „provisional tolerable weekly intakes“ der WHO für Erwachsene. Dabei führen Unterschiede in Resorption und Verteilung von Cd, Hg und Pb zu einer erhöhten Empfindlichkeit des kindlichen Organismus. Andererseits ergibt sich aus dem schnellen Wachstum von Säuglingen ein Verdünnungseffekt für essentielle Spurenmetalle, der von manchen Autoren auf toxische Metalle extrapoliert wird. Diesen theoretischen Überlegungen stehen epidemiologische Erfahrungen gegenüber. Eine Statistik über kindliche Bleivergiftungen aus Baltimore ist über einen Zeitraum von 13 Jahren stark rückläufig. Die einzelnen Stufen des Rückgangs lassen sich mit einem zeitgleichen Rückgang der kindlichen Pb-Belastung korrelieren, z. B. durch die Meidung von Bleifarben für den Hausanstrich oder die Abschaffung von bleihaltigem Verpackungsmaterial für Babynahrung. Am Ende des Beobachtungszeitraums weist die Mortalitätsstatistik keine einschlägigen Todesfälle mehr auf. In den USA wurde der zulässige Pb-Gehalt in der Säuglingsnahrung seither weiter reduziert. Die im oben genannten Beispiel aus deutschen Werten errechneten Pb-Belastungen liegen deutlich darunter. Zusammenfassend läßt sich aus den genannten epidemiologischen Erfahrungen keine akute Gefährdung durch die gegenwärtigen Cd-, Hg- und Pb-Gehalte in kommerzieller Säuglings- und Kleinkindnahrung ableiten. Das hohe toxische Potential läßt es aber wünschenswert erscheinen, die Gehalte dieser drei Metalle so niedrig zu halten, wie es nach neuestem technischem Stand möglich wäre.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 34 (1995), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Blei ; Cadmium ; Quecksilber ; Gewürze ; Gewürzzubereitungen ; Wurstwaren ; Lead ; cadmium ; mercury ; spices ; condiments ; meat products
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The lead and cadmium contents of 50 spices and 19 condiments were investigated by means of flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mercury contents were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption method including amalgamation. The mean concentrations of lead, cadmium, and mercury were 0.470 mg/kg, 0.080 mg/kg, and 0.005 mg/kg, respectively. By using the detected levels of these three heavy metals in model calculations only a small carry-over of lead, cadmium, and mercury in meat products by spices and condiments can be assumed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 50 Gewürze und 19 Gewürzzubereitungen wurden mittels flammenloser Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie auf ihren Blei- und Cadmiumgehalt sowie mittels Kaltdampftechnik und nachfolgender Amalgamierung auf ihren Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Im Mittel wurden hierbei 0,470 mg Blei, 0,080 mg Cadmium und 0,005 mg Quecksilber pro kg Würzmittel gefunden. Anhand von Modellrechnungen wurde ein nur geringer Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbereintrag über Würzmittel in die Wurstsorten Fleischwurst, Leberwurst und Mettwurst aufgezeigt.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Enzyme and Microbial Technology 16 (1994), S. 802-807 
    ISSN: 0141-0229
    Keywords: Accumulation ; Chlorella ; agarose ; algae ; alginate ; immobilization ; mercury ; packed-bed reactor ; phosphate ; volatilization
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 823-828 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; lake chemistry ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We determined mercury in fish (perch Perca fluviatilis) from 26 Russian lakes in three regions over four years. The lakes ranged in size from 2 to 395,000 ha, in pH from 4.5 to 10.0, and in color from 3 to 190 hazen. Sixteen lakes were drainage lakes, with permanent outlets, and 10 were seepage lakes, with no permanent inlets or outlets. The lakes were generally located in forested regions with little or no human habitation in the watershed. The three regions were geologically distinct: Precambrian Shield granitic bedrock covered with thin soil; Triassic bedrock covered with thick glacial tills; and Triassic bedrock covered with thin sediments. At each lake water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, add neutralizing capacity (ANC), major cations, and anions. Dissolved mercury species were estimated with a thermodynamic equilibrium model (MINTEQA2). Mercury content of dorsal muscle varied from 0.04 to 1.0 μg/g wet weight, and was linearly related to calculated HgCH3Cl (r20.68, p〈0.001). Lake HgCH3Cl, in turn, was related to lake pH (r2=0.86, p〈0.001). Stepwise multiple regression selected lake HgCH3Cl and color as the factors most highly related to fish mercury content, with the model accounting for 75% of the variation.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Atmospheric chemistry ; mercury ; plume model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A reactive plume model that includes atmospheric chemical reactions of mercury was developed. The model simulates advective transport with the mean wind flow; horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion; gas phase; aqueous-phase and particulate chemistry; cloud microphysics; wet deposition and dry deposition. The model was applied to the simulation of clear sky, non-precipitating cloud and precipitating cloud scenarios. No significant mercury chemistry occurs in the absence of droplets. In clouds, Hg(II) is reduced to Hg(0) with more reduction taking place in precipitating clouds than in non-precipitating clouds.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1209-1216 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: gaseous ; particulate ; mercury ; sampling ; silver ; gold ; denuder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A denuder-based method for sampling and separating gaseous and participate mercury in the air is described. Two different denuder configurations developed in Vilnius, Lithuania (silver) and in Gothenburg, Sweden (gold) are compared. Data were acquired at different sampling locations around the cities of Vilnius and Gothenburg. The concentration of particulate Hg was found to be 0.04 to 0.40 ng m−3 in the Vilnius region, and 0.11 to 0.57 ng m−3 in the Gothenburg region. Intel-calibration results for the silver and gold denuders are presented. The results obtained by the two different denuder configurations and sampling set-ups display satisfactory agreement.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 89 (1996), S. 267-275 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; forest trees ; biomonitors ; contaminants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of mercury has been determined in assimilation organs of forest trees from 10 main industrial regions of Slovakia, four mountain forests and one military area and compared with concentration of mercury from 1356 permanent monitoring plots of Slovakia. The mercury concentration ranges for 2 yr old needles of Picea abies Karst. were (in mg kg−1): 1.249–4.402 (Rudnany iron ore mines), 0.013–0.749 (nine other industrial regions), 0.021–0.737 (four mountain forests) and 0.053–0.538 (military area). The mercury content in the soil (0–5 cm) from a mercury smelting plant ranged from 9.9 to 130 mg kg−1, and the moss Pleurozium schreberi contained 3.8–9.1 mg kg−1. The values obtained were compared with the available literature data.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; foodplains ; humic substances ; complexation ; speciation ; mobilization ; risk assessment ; water solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The water-mobilizability of mercury from contaminated floodplain soils of the river Elbe in Northern Germany was evaluated by batch extraction experiments. It was shown that only a small amount of the total mercury present (about 1% per extraction) can be mobilized by water. This mercury is transported entirely in the form of a complex bound to humic acids (HA); particulates and fulvic acids (FA) did not seem to contribute to the process. It could not be removed from the HA even at pH 1, indicating an extremely strong complexation e.g. by sulfur-containing ligands. Furthermore, the influence of pH on the mobilization was investigated. It was found that in the range of natural pH-values, there was no observable effect of pH on the mobilization of either mercury or dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This surprising finding is explained by an unexpectedly high buffering capacity of the humics, both in the acidic and in the alkaline region. Only at extreme pH-values there was deviation from this behaviour. In contrast to other heavy metals, the amount of mobilized mercury decreases at pH 〈 3; and at pH 〉 12, an increased mobilization of mercury was observed because the humics are mobilized completely, accompanied by the total amount of mercury bound to them.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; gold mining ; ecosystems ; methyl-Hg ; cycling ; global sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As described by Jemelov and Ramel (1995), the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) sponsored an investigation of Hg in ecosystems with special emphasis on tropical regions. In these regions small-scale gold mining activities have occupied about 10 million people worldwide who use Hg for extracting gold.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; atmosphere ; rainwater ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and rainwater were collected on board of two research vessels (F. S. ALKOR and R.V. BELGICA) positioned 200 km apart in the center of the North Sea during the North Sea Experiment, September 1991. On the F. S. ALKOR (up-wind ship) TGM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.5 ng m−3 and on the R. V. BELGICA (down-wind ship) TGM ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 ng·m−3 with an average of 1.2 ng·m−3. An average 20% decrease is observed from the up-wind to the down wind ship. which may largely be affected by entrainment into the free troposphere. An overall removal (entrainment) velocity of 0.95 cm·s−1 was calculated for the whole experiment. The average removal velocity was 0.5 cm·s−1 for dry periods and varied between 1 to 5 cm·s−1 during rain events. Rainwater concentrations varied between 5 and 25 ng·1−1. Based on these data an annual wet deposition flux of 1.08 ng Hg cm−2 yr1− was estimated for the North Sea.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete worm Nereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation by N. diversicolor was significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg in N. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg in N. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p 〈 0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p 〈 0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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  • 15
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selective leach ; organic ; humic ; fulvic ; analysis ; mercury ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its ‘soluble organic’ phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7–9.8% C, 27–103 ng g−1 Hg and 19–69 μg g−1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3–2.8% C, 17–24 ng g−1 Hg and 64–72 μg g−1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exactNature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; body distribution ; feather concentrations ; body burden ; tern chicks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We studied mercury concentrations and amounts in tissues of 19 starved young Common Tern chicks (median age 4 days) and in eggs from the same colony. Concentrations and burden were similar between eggs and newly hatched chicks. Mercury concentrations were highest in down, which contained at least 38% of the body mercury. The mercury burden of the whole body and of the tissues as well as the concentration in down increased with age and body mass, indicating the importance of down as an elimination pathway. Conversion ratios between mercury concentrations in tissues and the whole chick body varied according to the contamination level.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: fish ; mercury ; natural selection ; allozyme ; population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the differential tolerance between enzyme genotypes and shifts in allozyme frequencies in populations from contaminated habitats have prompted the use of allozymes as markers of population-level toxicant effects. However, such studies often do not consider other factors that influence allele frequencies, including natural clines, migration, the intensity and specificity of selection and toxicant-induced genetic bottlenecks. In addition, selection components other than survival are not included. Consequently, the associated conclusions remain speculative. To assess this approach rigorously, a simulation study was conducted with the mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) GPI-2 locus. Laboratory studies have shown the GPI-238/38 homozygote at this locus to be less tolerant than other genotypes during acute exposure to mercury. The GPI-2100/100 genotype has also been shown to have a reproductive disadvantage at lower mercury concentrations. Simple and then more complex models were used to quantify the relative effects of viability selection, random genetic drift and migration on the GPI-238 allele frequency. Simulations were also performed to assess the contribution of sexual and fecundity selection. A simple population model suggested that viability selection plays a greater role than does mortality-driven, genetic drift in the decrease of the sensitive allele under the conditions of this study. A more complex, stochastic model indicated that no significant mortality-driven drift was taking place in this system. In both models, migration mitigated the effect of selection. Sexual and fecundity selection had little effect on the allele frequencies in these simulations. We conclude that, provided the system under study is clearly understood, shifts in allele frequency can indicate the population-level effects of pollutants.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Cytotoxicity ; mercury ; primary renal culture ; proximal tubular cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mercuric compound toxicity is well documented in animals and man for practically all organs. The recent development of cell culture techniques appeared as a novel fruitful tool in toxicology, especially in renal toxicology. Heavy metal induced renal cell alterations can be evaluated by membrane permeability damages. The present study evaluates mercuric chloride nephrotoxic effect in human kidney epithelial cells by measuring the release of two specific nephrotoxicity marker enzymes, Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) in the culture medium. Cultured kidney epithelial cells were exposed to different HgCl2 concentrations (5, 10, 20, and 50 μg). Cultures were examined after 6 and 24 hours exposure. A good correlation between mercury dose and toxic effect, and exposure time and toxic effect was found. Enzymes were significantly released into the culture medium for 5 μg and 10 μg HgCl2/ml after 6 hours exposure; and after 24 hours exposure, enzymes were released for 5 μg/ml only. It appears that the specific tubular enzyme release in the culture medium is a good in vitro test for quantification of specific tubular damage.
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  • 19
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    Mathematical geology 12 (1980), S. 489-522 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: mercury ; resource estimation ; production data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A simple technique based on historical records of tonnage and grade of ore produced provides a means for calculating how much of a mineral product will be available in the future at various average grades. Estimates made on this basis are independent of geologic considerations or changing economic and political factors, although they are based on mining history, which was largely determined by these factors. The relatively minor element, mercury, was used for the test case reported here, but the method has been found applicable to forecasts of resources for other mineral products. Mercury resources available in ore in which the average grade is as low as 0.1% are estimated to be 53 ×10 6 kg (1.5 ×10 6 flasks) for the United States and 1551 ×10 6 kg (45 ×10 6 flasks) for the world; this amount is more than adequate to meet predicted demand to the year 2000. The expectable price of mercury in 1978 dollars at this 0.1% grade is projected to be $58.75 per kg ($2,025 per flask), but at a 10% annual inflation rate, it would be more than $12,000 per flask. To satisfy just the projected U.S. demand for mercury by 2000, the price is calculated to be $48.96 per kg ($1,688 per flask) in 1978 dollars at an average annual grade of 0.12%.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mercury ; plant-uptake ; selenite ; selenate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot culture experiments containing sand and soil, at two levels of mercury (2 and 5 μg mL-1) added through irrigation with increasing supplementation of selenium (selenite and selenate) led to a decrease in the uptake of mercury by tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) plant. Both the forms of selenium (selenite and selenate) were found to be equally effective in reducing the mercury accumulation by plants. The observed reduction pattern of mercury accumulation in plant tissues has been discussed on the basis of the formation of insoluble HgSe complex in soil-root environment.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; batch experiment ; Freundlich isotherm ; lysimeter experiment ; mercury ; simulation model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Increasing mercury contents are reported from freshwater systems and fish in northern Europe and North America. Mercury input from soils is a major source with the leaching being affected by increased atmospheric mercury deposition compared to pre-industrial times and by other environmental conditions such as acid rain. The results of a mathematical model-calculation of vertical inorganic Hg(II) leaching in a Scandinavian iron-humus podzol under different atmospheric input rates of mercury are presented. Leaching under background rain conditions was calculated to be considerably stronger than under acid rain conditions. Increasing fractions of deposited soluble or solute atmospheric mercury were leached from the O f(h)-horizon with decreasing soil content of soluble mercury under acid rain conditions; this effect was less pronounced under background rain conditions. The steady state concentrations of soluble mercury of the upper soil horizons were calculated and compared with the actual concentrations of total (= soluble + insoluble mercury) and extractable (= estimate of soluble) mercury measured in these horizons. The results indicate that even if the deposition of airborne mercury to soil is strongly reduced, the total mercury content of the soil decreases only slowly. It may take decades or even centuries before a new steady state concentration of total mercury is established in the soil. The decrease of the mercury concentration in the O f(h)-horizon is probably largely dependent on the turnover of organic matter, binding most of the deposited airborne mercury in an insoluble form. Hence, present day mercury leaching is likely to be dominated by mercury deposited during former times and temporarily retained in an insoluble form in the organic matter.
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  • 22
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    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 241-254 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coal ; deposition ; emission ; mercury ; municipal solidwaste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different species of mercury have different physical/chemical properties and thus behave quite differently in air pollution control equipment and in the atmosphere. In general, emissions of mercury from coal combustion sources are approximately 20–50% elemental mercury (Hg°) and 50–80% divalent mercury (Hg(II)), which may be predominantly HgCl2. Emissions of mercury from waste incinerators are approximately 10–20% Hg° and 75–85% Hg(II). The partitioning of mercury in flue gas between the elemental and divalent forms may be dependent on the concentration of particulate carbon, HCl and other pollutants in the stack emissions. The emission of mercury from combustion facilities depends on the species in the exhaust stream and the type of air pollution control equipment used at the source. Air pollution control equipment for mercury removal at combustion facilities includes activated carbon injection, sodium sulfide injection and wet lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization. While Hg(II) is water-soluble and may be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition close to combustion sources, the combination of a high vapor pressure and low water-solubility facilitate the long-range transport of Hg° in the atmosphere. Background mercury in the atmosphere is predominantly Hg°. Elemental mercury is eventually removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition onto surfaces and by wet deposition after oxidation to water- soluble, divalent mercury.
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  • 23
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    Water, air & soil pollution 98 (1997), S. 241-254 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: coal ; deposition ; emission ; mercury ; municipal solid waste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Different species of mercury have different physical/chemical properties and thus behave quite differently in air pollution control equipment and in the atmosphere. In general, emissions of mercury from coal combustion sources are approximately 20–50% elemental mercury (Hg°) and 50–80% divalent mercury (Hg(II)), which may be predominantly HgCl2. Emissions of mercury from waste incinerators are approximately 10–20% Hg° and 75–85% Hg(II). The partitioning of mercury in flue gas between the elemental and divalent forms may be dependent on the concentration of particulate carbon, HCl and other pollutants in the stack emissions. The emission of mercury from combustion facilities depends on the species in the exhaust stream and the type of air pollution control equipment used at the source. Air pollution control equipment for mercury removal at combustion facilities includes activated carbon injection, sodium sulfide infection and wet lime/limestone flue gas desulfurization. While Hg(II) is water-soluble and may be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition close to combustion sources, the combination of a high vapor pressure and low water-solubility facilitate the long-range transport of Hg° in the atmosphere. Background mercury in the atmosphere is predominantly Hg°. Elemental mercury is eventually removed from the atmosphere by dry deposition onto surfaces and by wet deposition after oxidation to water-soluble, divalent mercury.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; mercury accumulation ; mercury deposition ; North Dakota ; saline lakes ; sediment cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were collected from lakes in the Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota to determine if mercury (Hg) accumulation chronologies from sediment-core data are good indicators of variations in Hg accumulation rates in saline lakes. Sediment cores from Creel Bay and Main Bay, Devils Lake were selected for detailed analysis and interpretation. The maximum Hg concentration in the Creel Bay core was 0.15 micrograms per gram at 8 to 9 centimeters. The maximum Hg concentration in the Main Bay core was 0.07 micrograms per gram at 5 to 7 centimeters. The general decreases in Hg concentrations with depth are attributed to historic variations in atmospheric Hg deposition rate. Hg stratigraphies combined with210 Pb and 137Cs dating analyses yield Hg chronologies that indicate a general increase in Hg accumulation rates in Devils Lake since the middle of the 19th century. Mean modern Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 4.9 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.8 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Mean preindustrial Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 1.2 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.6 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Relatively low Hg concentrations in recent sediments in the Devils Lake Basin, along with similarities in Hg accumulation rates between lakes in the Devils Lake Basin and other lakes in the northern interior of North America, indicate that local sources of Hg are not important sources of Hg. Results of the study indicate that accurate Hg chronologies are discernible in sediment cores collected from saline lakes. However, spatial and temporal variations in lake level and water chemistry common to saline lakes make interpretation of radioisotopic and geochemical chronologies difficult. Hg geochemistry in Devils Lake, and presumably in other saline lakes, is dynamic. The results of this study indicate that the absolute amount of sediment transported to Devils Lake, along with the associated Hg and total organic carbon, and the distribution of sedimentation patterns in Devils Lake may be affected by changing lake levels.
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  • 25
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 64 (2000), S. 409-419 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: monitoring ; assessment ; water ; sediment ; bioaccumulation ; toxicity ; pesticides ; mercury ; PCB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: radiocaesium ; mercury ; lead ; fish ; Chernobyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples of fish and sediments collected from waters within 10 km of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant were analysed for radiocaesium and other atmospherically transported pollutants (lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg)) were measured in fish tissues. For comparison, fish muscle was also sampled from a less-contaminated area of the Kiev Reservoir and from a hatchery in Kiev. In sediments, 137Cs was the major gamma-emitting isotope, with concentrations of over 100 Bq g−1 in canals adjacent to the reactor and in ponds that were downwind during the accident. The radiocaesium distributions appeared non-normal, were very patchy and could vary by over 100% in samples collected metres to tens of metres apart. Fish muscle radiocaesium from ponds within 10 km of the power plant was in the range of 6–192 Bq g−1. The fish muscle radiocaesium concentrations were highest in ponds from the downwind sites and were correlated with the sediment radiocaesium concentrations. The lead and mercury concentrations in fish were relatively low (medians 〈0.8 μg Hg per g dry mass and 〈150 ng Pb per g dry mass), suggesting little contamination from lead applied to the burning reactor after the accident. The radiocaesium levels in fish in areas close to the reactor continue to be high enough to cause health concerns to humans that might utilize these resources.
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  • 27
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    Ecotoxicology 8 (1999), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; fish ; acidification ; biomagnification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two small drainage lakes of similar surface area (0.4–0.6 km 2 ) and depth, and situated in close proximity to one another (about 9 km apart) in the Muskoka-Haliburton district of rural Ontario, Canada were chosen to investigate the effects of differing pH on Hg accumulation in fish and other biota. Blue Chalk Lake is circumneutral (pH = 6.3–6.9) with an average dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of 2.69 mg/L; Plastic Lake is acidic (pH = 5.2–5.6) with a similar DOC level (2.72 mg/L). Neither lake is an impoundment, and neither receives inputs from point-source urban or industrial waste emissions. Surficial (top 4 cm) sediments and various aquatic biota, including crayfish (Orconectes virilis)], and 5 species of fish [brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), yellow perch (Perca flavenscens) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris)] were sampled for Hg analysis. Only creek chub and pumpkinseed occurred in both lakes. Significant size (length) vs. Hg-concentration relationships were observed for brown bullhead, pumpkinseed, yellow perch and rock bass, but not for crayfish nor for creek chub in either lake. Rock bass had the highest mean Hg concentration (1.02 ± 0.98 μg/g dry wt.). Pumpkinseed from Plastic Lake had the highest overall rate of accumulation with increasing size. Several individual pumpkinseed and rock bass sampled from the acidic Plastic Lake had Hg concentrations equal to or greater than levels reported to be hazardous to breeding piscivorous birds, such as common loons (Gavia immer), whereas no fish from Blue Chalk approached this threshold (0.3 μg/g wet wt). This study illustrates the importance of within-lake parameters, particularly pH, and species trophic level, in determining Hg accumulation in fish in lakes of similar size that receive similar atmospheric Hg inputs.
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  • 28
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    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: humic acid ; mercury ; transport ; transformation ; soil-plant system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of humic acid (HA) on the transport and transformation of mercury (Hg) in soil was studied. No available Hg could be detected (〈2.5 μg kg−1) in alluvial soil when the content of HA-carbon (HA-C) was higher than 0.2 g kg−1 although a large amount of Hg (8 μg kg−1) was applied to the soil. The available Hg decreased with the increase of HA in purple soil (r=0.735). There are significant correlations between HA concentration and organic Hg in the tested soils (r=0.974 for the purple soil and r=0.979 for the alluvial soil). The increase of HA results in decrease of Hg absorbed by plant from the soil. A loss of Hg from soil caused by microbes was observed.
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  • 29
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    Water, air & soil pollution 95 (1997), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: humic acid ; mercury ; transport ; transformation ; soil-plant system
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of humic acid (HA) on the transport and transformation of mercury (Hg) in soil was studied. No available Hg could be detected (〈2.5 μg kg-1) in alluvial soil when the content of HA-carbon (HA-C) was higher than 0.2 g kg-1 although a large amount of Hg (8 μg kg-1) was applied to the soil. The available Hg decreased with the increase of HA in purple soil (r=0.735). There are significant correlations between HA concentration and organic Hg in the tested soils (r=0.974 for the purple soil and r=0.979 for the alluvial soil). The increase of HA results in decrease of Hg absorbed by plant from the soil. A loss of Hg from soil caused by microbes was observed.
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  • 30
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 205-207 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; gold mining ; ecosystems ; methyl-Hg ; cycling ; global sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract As described by Jernelov and Ramel (1995), the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) sponsored an investigation of Hg in ecosystems with special emphasis on tropical regions. In these regions small-scale gold mining activities have occupied about 10 million people worldwide who use Hg for extracting gold.
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  • 31
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    Water, air & soil pollution 97 (1997), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; atmosphere ; rainwater ; marine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total gaseous mercury (TGM) and rainwater were collected on board of two research vessels (F. S. ALKOR and R.V. BELGICA) positioned 200 km apart in the center of the North Sea Experiment, September 1991. On the F.S. ALKOR (up-wind ship) TGM concentrations ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 ng·m-3 with an average of 1.5 ng·m-3 and on the R. V. BELGICA (down-wind ship) TGM ranged from 0.7 to 1.9 ng·m-3 with an average of 1.2 ng·m-3. An average 20% decrease is observed from the up-wind to the downwind ship, which may largely be affected by entrainment into the free troposphere. An overall removal was 0.5 cm·s-1 for dry periods and varied between 1 to 5 cm·s-1 during rain events. Rainwater concentrations varied between 5 and 25 ng·l-1. Based on these data an annual wet deposition flux of 1.08 ng Hg cm-2 yr1- was estimated for the North Sea.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; mercury accumulation ; mercury deposition ; North Dakota ; saline lakes ; sediment cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores were collected from lakes in the Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota to determine if mercury (Hg) accumulation chronologies from sediment-core data are good indicators of variations in Hg accumulation rates in saline lakes. Sediment cores from Creel Bay and Main Bay, Devils Lake were selected for detailed analysis and interpretation. The maximum Hg concentration in the Creel Bay core was 0.15 micrograms per gram at 8 to 9 centimeters. The maximum Hg concentration in the Main Bay core was 0.07 micrograms per gram at 5 to 7 centimeters. The general decreases in Hg concentrations with depth are attributed to historic variations in atmospheric Hg deposition rate. Hg stratigraphies combined with210Pb and137Cs dating analyses yield Hg chronologies that indicate a general increase in Hg accumulation rates in Devils Lake since the middle of the 19th century. Mean modern Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 4.9 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.8 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Mean preindustrial Hg accumulation rates in Creel Bay were 1.2 nanograms per square centimeter per year, and rates in Main Bay were 1.6 nanograms per square centimeter per year. Relatively low Hg concentrations in recent sediments in the Devils Lake Basin, along with similarities in Hg accumulation rates between lakes in the Devils Lake Basin and other lakes in the northern interior of North America, indicate that local sources of Hg are not important sources of Hg. Results of the study indicate that accurate Hg chronologies are discernible in sediment cores collected from saline lakes. However, spatial and temporal variations in lake level and water chemistry common to saline lakes make interpretation of radioisotopic and geochemical chronologies difficult. Hg geochemistry in Devils Lake, and presumably in other saline lakes, is dynamic. The results of this study indicate that the absolute amount of sediment transported to Devils Lake, along with the associated Hg and total organic carbon, and the distribution of sedimentation patterns in Devils Lake may be affected by changing lake levels.
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  • 33
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 57 (1999), S. 85-107 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Kissimmee River ; mercury ; nutrients ; restoration ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The planned restoration of the Kissimmee River ecocystem will backfill approximately 35 km of flood control canal (C-38) that cuts through the meandering river channel, re-establish natural flow patterns, and restore the river/floodplain ecosystem. Water quality monitoring, including nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and mercury, was conducted during a pilot `test fill' project to determine if soil disturbance during canal backfilling would negatively impact these water quality constituents. Surface water nutrient concentrations varied little between sites. Generally, highest concentrations occurred prior to construction, with lowest concentrations occurring during and after construction. During construction, TSS concentrations increased at sites immediately upstream, downstream, and adjacent to the construction area. Increased turbidity was generally restricted to areas immediately upstream and downstream of the test plug, with maximum levels occurring during the initial construction phase. Some downstream increases in turbidity were observed; however, impacts were short-term, lasting less than 24 h. Depresssed DO levels (〈2 mg/l) were observed upstream of the test plug following completion of the initial plug across C-38. Dissolved oxygen levels remained low for approximately 6 weeks, with no apparent ecological impacts. Total mercury (HgT) within canal sediment ranged from 9.2–180 ng/g and methylmercury concentrations ranged from 0.037–0.708 ng/g. Concentration of total mercury and total methylmercury (MeHgT) in the backfill material were much lower than concentrations in the canal sediment. No significant change in aqueous HgT concentrations occurred over the sampling period, although construction-induced turbidity could have temporarily caused a slightly elevated concentration immediately downstream of the construction site. Methylmercury concentrations in the water column ranged from 0.033–0.518 ng/l. No significant differences in mean MeHgT concentrations occured between sites or between sampling dates, except at one downstream site where MeHgT declined significantly over the sampling period.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: bioaccumulation ; mercury ; methylmercury ; remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Approximately 250 000 kg of mercury was lost towater and soils at the U.S. Dept. of Energy Y-12 Plantin Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the 1950s and early 1960s. A creek originating within the plant receivedcontinuous inputs of waterborne mercury, predominantlyas dissolved inorganic mercury, from groundwater,streambed contamination, and sump and process waterdischarges to the contaminated storm sewer network.These produce aqueous total mercury concentrations of1–2 μg L-1 in the upper reaches of the stream,decreasing to about 0.1–0.2 μg L-1 in its lowerreaches. A program to reduce mercury concentrationsin the creek identified specific sources (buildingsumps, contaminated springwater seeps, foundationdrains, and contaminated piping) and rerouted wateraround contaminated portions of the drain system orcollected and treated mercury-contaminated waterbefore discharging it. As a result, waterbornemercury concentrations in the creek and total mercuryloading were reduced from 1.8 μg L-1 to0.6 μg L-1 and 100 to 20 g d-1, respectively, in the last 5 yr.Mean mercury concentrations in fish nearest sourceareas in the creek headwaters decreased at roughly thesame rate as waterborne total mercury concentrationsover the past five years, but at the facility boundarydownstream the decline in mercury bioaccumulation wasmuch less. At sites 5–15 km farther downstream, nodecrease was evident. Dissolved methylmercury tendedto increase with distance downstream in a patterninverse to that noted for its dissolved inorganicmercury precursor.Improvements in water quality and modification ofweirs to allow the passage of fish have resulted inthe establishment of large populations of fish inmercury-contaminated headwater areas previously devoidof fish. It may be that the accumulation, retention,and eventual downstream transport of this reservoir ofbiologically incorporated methylmercury has acted tobuffer against expected reductions in mercury in fishat downstream sites.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: mercury ; mining ; monitoring ; aquatic ; acid mine drainage ; floc ; Clear Lake ; remediation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mercury (Hg) in the aquatic ecosystem of Clear Lake has been documented since the 1970s when fishes were found to have elevated levels of toxic methyl mercury (meHg). Mining practices at the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine (active intermittently from 1872–1957) along the shoreline of Clear Lake included the bulldozing of waste rock and overburden ore into the shallow nearshore regions of the lake and the creation of steeply sloped piles of waste rock at the water's edge. This process, plus erosion of the waste rock piles, resulted in the accumulation of an estimated 100 metric tons of Hg in Clear Lake. A monitoring program to assess Hg in Clear Lake was established in 1992, and conducted continuously from 1994. Drought conditions in California had persisted for ca. 6 yrs prior to 1992, when the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) remediated the steeply sloped eroding waste rock piles, which appeared to reduce sediment Hg concentrations significantly. In April 1995, a white flocculent material was observed in Clear Lake adjacent to the mine and has been observed every year since, leading to the discovery of ongoing acid mine drainage (AMD), low pH fluids high in Hg and extremely high in sulfate. AMD is now believed to be the most likely cause of elevated meHg in Clear Lake. The discovery of this source of meHg production in Clear Lake, which will significantly influence remedial options, was only made possible by implementation of a diligent monitoring program.
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  • 36
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    Water, air & soil pollution 101 (1998), S. 309-321 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Arctic ; atmospheric deposition ; contaminants ; lead-210 ; mercury ; sediment ; sewage ; subarctic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The history of atmosheric mercury inputs to remote arctic regions can be measured in lake sediment cores using lead-210 chronology. In this investigation, total mercury deposition is measured in sediments from Imitavik and Annak Lakes on the Belcher Islands in southeastern Hudson Bay, an area in the southern Canadian Arctic with no history of local industrial or agricultural sources of contamination. Both lakes received background and atmospheric inputs of mercury while Annak also received mercury from raw domestic sewage from the Hamlet of Sanikiluaq, a growing Inuit community of about 550 established in the late 1960's. Results from Imitavik show that anthropogenic mercury inputs, apparently transported through the atmosphere, began to appear in the mid-eighteenth century, and continued to the 1990's. Annak had a similar mercury history until the late 1960's when disposal of domestic sewage led to increased sediment and contaminant accumulation. The high input of mercury to Annak confirms that Sanikiluaq residents are exposed to mercury through native food sources.
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  • 37
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    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 151-162 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: exposure assessment ; mercury ; uncertainty analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A modeling system has been developed to simulate regional environmental exposure to mercury due to atmospheric deposition of mercury to watersheds. The atmospheric fate and transport of mercury is simulated using a comprehensive three-dimensional Eulerian model, the Trace Element Atmospheric Model (TEAM). The aquatic chemistry and bioaccumulation of mercury in fish are simulated using a model of mercury cycling in a lake/watershed system, the Regional Mercury Cycling Model (R-MCM). Fish consumption was derived from a review of available surveys. Previous work focused on an assessment of the environmental and inter-individual variability in key input data (Seigneur et al., 1997a). We address here the uncertainties associated with critical model input variables (e.g., atmospheric deposition velocities, precipitation rate, limnological characteristics). A probabilistic assessment is conducted to propagate the uncertainties in the input data through the modeling system and develop a probability distribution of the human mercury dose that reflects these uncertainties. The standard deviation of the distribution of the calculated human dose is about 50% of the mean value. For the example considered here (i.e., Park Lake in Michigan, U.S.A.), 80% of the uncertainty in the human dose was due to uncertainties in the speciation of mercury air emissions, pH and temperature of the lake, burial velocity of the sediments, and rate of fish consumption.
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  • 38
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    Water, air & soil pollution 90 (1996), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: binational ; electric utilities ; Lake Superior ; LaMP ; mercury ; PCBs ; special designations ; virtual elimination ; zero discharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lake Superior is called the greatest of the Great Lakes for good reason. It is the largest of the Great Lakes and also the cleanest. Although Lake Superior fish contain enough PCBs, mercury, and toxaphene to warrant fish consumption advisories, levels of toxic chemicals in Lake Superior are low compared to other Great Lakes. Because of the relatively clean waters of the lake and the basin's small industrial base, Lake Superior governments have agreed to set aside the basin as a special demonstration area with a goal of zero discharge and zero emission for nine toxic chemicals. Some of these chemicals have been associated with electric utilities. The governments recognize that electric utilities, industry and residents of the basin will all have a role in the march towards zero. The Lake Superior governments urge the electric utilities to consider 1) the proposed load reduction schedules for Lake Superior, 2) a US inventory of PCB equipment and 3) innovative solutions that bring facilities closer to zero discharge and zero emission.
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  • 39
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    Water, air & soil pollution 91 (1996), S. 255-269 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; benthic invertebrates ; lakes ; reservoirs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) concentrations in benthic insects from a 14 years old hydroelectric reservoir (La Grande 2) were 2 to 3 times higher than those from a reference lake and, in some groups, up to 7 times. The difference was even more pronounced for methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations, with a mean of 4 fold and a maximum of 12 fold between systems. The enrichment factors (dw) of insects, relative to the substrate in which they reside was around 3 for total Hg and 6 to 22 for MeHg. On the basis of their diet, we have classified the insects into four different trophic levels: detritivores, grazers, grazers-predators and predators. In insects collected in the reservoirs, the McHg:Hg ratio was 20–25% in dipterans-ephemeropterans (detritivores) and 30–40% in trichopterans (grazers), but 60–85% in heteropterans-coleopterans (grazers-predators) and 95% in odonates (predators). The pattern was similar in the lake with slightly lower values. In both systems, the proportion of MeHg increases in direct relation to our defined trophic levels. Given that insects are an important food source for many fish, our results suggest that they are a strong vector of McHg to these fish in hydroelectric reservoirs. The bioavailability of MeHg to insect larvae appears to depend on the nature and composition of the substrate in which they reside.
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  • 40
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    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: selective leach ; organic ; humic ; fulvic ; analysis ; mercury ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The international reference lake sediment, LKSD-4, was used to compare Hg, organic C and Zn extracted from its 'soluble organic' phase by two commonly used reagents: 0.1 M Na4P2O7 solution at pH 10 and 0.5 M NaOH solution at pH 12. While recoveries of Hg and Zn by 0.1 M Na4P2O7 are not affected by changes in sample weight to reagent volume ratio (W/V) or contact time, those by NaOH show a marked dependency. In general, the NaOH leach extracts more organic C and Hg from LKSD-4 but less Zn. Over the range of conditions studied, the NaOH-based method extracted 4.7-9.8% C, 27-103 ng g-1 Hg and 19-69 µg g-1 Zn from LKSD-4, compared to 2.3-2.8% C, 17-24 ng g-1 Hg and 64-72 µg g-1 Zn by the Na4P2O7 leach. Clearly, different groups of organic substances are being dissolved by these two reagents and therefore a comparison of data from different laboratories becomes meaningless. This paper suggests that more research is needed into the exact nature of metal-organic associations extracted by selective leaches and into associated artifacts of extraction such as readsorption phenomena.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: mercury ; methylmercury ; sediment ; polychaete ; Nereis diversicolor ; methylation ; bioaccumulation ; Scheldt estuary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were determined in sediments and in the polychaete wormNereis diversicolor at 13 stations of a brackish water intertidal mudflat of the Scheldt estuary. Hg and MeHg concentrations in sediments ranged from 144 to 1192 ng g−1 dw and from 0.8 to 6 ng g−1 dw, respectively. Both Hg and MeHg concentrations increased with an increase of organic matter (OM) content and fine grain fraction. In contrast, Hg accumulation byN. diversicolor was significantly (p〈0.05) higher at stations with sandy sediments (mean value: 125 ng g−1 dw) than at stations with muddy sediments (mean value, 80 ng g−1), probably because Hg availability for bioaccumulation at muddy stations was reduced by high OM content of the muddy sediments. MeHg accounted for an average of 0.7% of the total Hg in sediments and 18% of the total Hg inN. diversicolor. Seasonal variations significantly affected Hg concentrations in sediments and MeHg inN. diversicolor. Total Hg concentrations in sediments were significantly (p〈0.05) higher in autumn and winter than in spring and summer whereas MeHg concentrations were lowest in winter compared to the other seasons. On the other hand, total Hg concentrations in the worms were lowest in spring whereas MeHg concentrations were significantly (p〈0.01) higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter.
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  • 42
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 48 (1997), S. 285-296 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: herring gulls ; heavy metals ; selenium ; feathers ; bioindicator ; mercury ; lead ; cadmium ; chromium ; manganese
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With increasing interest in assessing the health or well-being ofcommunities and ecosystems, birds are being used asbioindicators. Coloniallynesting species breed mainly in coastal areas that are alsopreferred for humandevelopment, exposing the birds to various pollutants. Inthis paper concentrations of heavy metal and selenium in the feathers ofHerring Gulls(Larus argentatus) nesting in several colonies fromMassachusetts toDelaware are reported. There were significant differencesamong colonies forall metals, with metal concentrations being two to nearly fivetimes higher atsome colonies than others. Selenium showed the leastdifference, and cadmium showed the greatest difference among sites. Concentrations of lead werehighest at Prall‘s Island; mercury was highest at Shinnecock,Huckleberry andHarvey, and manganese was highest at Captree.
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  • 43
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 53 (1998), S. 259-277 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air quality model ; dispersion model ; industrial source complex model ; mercury ; model evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this paper is to compare and evaluate the performance of three air quality regulatory models for mercury releases. The models include Industrial Source Complex Short Term model (ISCST2), Industrial Source Complex Long Term model (ISCLT2), and SCREEN2. The evaluation is conducted in multiple point source urban environment using meteorological data, emission inventory and monitoring data for eight stations for the year 1990 to 1992. The performance of the models is evaluated using eight statistical parameters. The comparison of models results for both quarterly and annual averaging periods shows that ISCST2 predictions qualitatively match the observed concentrations; whereas SCREEN2 predicts highest concentrations and ISCLT2 the lowest concentrations. The summary of statistical analysis obtained by using three different methods of observed concentration (Co) and predicted concentrations (Cp) comparison show that the ISCST2 has a better overall performance than ISCLT2 and SCREEN2 models. However, none of the models met the criteria for a reasonable model. Summaries of 95% confidence limits on normalize mean square error (NMSE), geometric mean variance (VG) and geometric mean bias (MG) for each and among model indicate that of the three models, ISCST2 has the best overall performance indicators. Improved model performance may be achieved by incorporating different types of mercury forms into emission rate and air dispersion calculations.
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 47 (1997), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air emissions ; Canada ; mercury ; Ontario ; sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mercury is released to the environment from various anthropogenic and natural sources. This work is a compilation of mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources in Ontario, Canada. The goal of our study was to identify all sources of mercury, and develop an emission inventory of anthropogenic mercury in Ontario. The result of our investigation revealed that combustion of fossil fuels and emissions from landfill sites are two primary sources of mercury to the atmosphere. Other sources of significance are emissions from waste incinerators, various industrial activities, and cement production. Total mercury emission in Ontario is estimated as 4100 kg per year.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; eggs ; feathers ; quail ; dose-response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper describes differences in the excretion of methyl mercury between male and female Quail Coturnix coturnix after a single dose. Since feathers are often used to monitor mercury pollution it is important to take into account biases in feather mercury levels that may arise as a result of mercury loss through egg-laying. Evidence is presented to support the use of bird eggs to sample for environmental mercury contamination. Birds were monitored up to twelve weeks after administration. Mercury concentrations in the kidney exceeded those in the liver which exceeded those in the pectoral muscle. Significant differences in mercury levels between male and female birds were found up to eight weeks after administration. Mercury was initially distributed through most of the internal tissues and was lost relatively slowly in a negative exponential manner. Mercury loss through excretion differed between the sexes for the first eight weeks after mercury administration. Initial mercury concentration in eggs was 3.5 μg g-1 but no mercury was detected in eggs five weeks after the dose was administered. At this point over 40% of the females' intake had been lost into the eggs.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: mercury ; small mammals ; bioaccumulation ; tissue residues ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Mercury concentrations were determined in surface soil and biota at a contaminated terrestrial field site and were used to calculate transfer coefficients of mercury through various compartments of the ecosystem based on trophic relationships. Mercury concentrations in all compartments (soil, vegetation, invertebrates, and small mammals) were higher than mercury concentrations in corresponding samples at local reference sites. Nonetheless, mercury concentrations in biota did not exceed concentrations in the contaminated surface soil, which averaged 269 μg g-1. Plant tissue concentrations of mercury were low (0.01 to 2.0 μg g-1) and yielded soil to plant transfer coefficients ranging from 3.7×10-5 for seeds to 7.0×10-3 for grass blades. Mercury concentrations in invertebrates ranged from 0.79 for harvestmen (Phalangida) to 15.5 μg g-1 for undepurated earthworms (Oligochaeta). Mean food chain transfer coefficients for invertebrates were 0.88 for herbivores/omnivores and 2.35 for carnivores. Mean mercury concentrations in target tissue (kidney) were 1.16±1.16 μg g-1 for the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), a granivore, and 38.8±24.6 μg g-1 for the shorttail shrew (Blarina brevicauda), an insectivore. Transfer coefficients for diet to kidney were 0.75 and 4.40 for P. leucopus and B. brevicauda, respectively. A comparison of kidney mercury residues measured in this study with values from controlled laboratory feeding studies from the literature indicate that B. brevicauda but not P. leucopus may be ingesting mercury at levels that are nephrotoxic.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Developments of metallic materials in view of their use for chemical plants. The demands placed on materials of construction for chemical plants are becoming more and more stringent due to the steady increase in mechanical, thermal, and chemical loading. Molten metallurgical improvements, alloying steps, new methods of plastic deformation and heat treatment, and facilitation of workability are implemented in attempts to optimize the properties of construction materials and to achieve better adaptation to the service conditions. Progress achieved by research and developments during recent years in the above mentioned field is apparent in practical applications of some groups of materials which are important for construction of apparatus; these are high-strength fine grained steels, high-alloyed ferritic and austenitic stainless steels, as well as duplex steels. Moreover, the improvements - especially in corrosion restistance - are considered which can be obtained by special melting techniques and new fabrication processes. In addition, the advantages of electroslag remelting (ESR) and powdermetallurgical fabrication of semi-finished products of corrosion resistant alloys and the possibilities of hotisostaticpressing (HIP) of structural components are discussed.
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  • 48
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solvent extraction (SX). SX is widely used to separate metals from diluted leaching liquors, wastes, and effluents. The composition of the organic phase has great influence in this type of extraction with chemical reaction. Some trends and rules can be given. Another major problem is the aqueous phase. A systematic study is undertaken to up-date the parameters which are changing with aqueous phase composition. Step-by-step development of a process is shown.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Production of petrol from coal and natural gas. This article assumes an adequate knowledge of the Fischer-Tropsch process in its original form and as its modern variant, the Synthol process, and adopts the view that coal hydrogenation will only become implementable on an industrial scale in the early 1990. In detail, it considers the integration of the Mobil MTG process in the proven area of methanol production; operation of pilot plant has shown that this process is indeed suitable for industrial scale operation. The production of methanol from natural gas and coal is discussed, as is the subsequent conversion of methanol to petrol; emphasis is placed on the best possible integration of all process plant. Apart from the conventional steam reforming route for methanol production from natural gas, the alternative approach of combing a steam reforming plant with an autothermal cleavage step is also considered; the latter leads to a significant increase in efficiency and a reduction in investment costs. It is also shown for coal as raw material that simultaneous generation of petrol and SNG has considerable advantages of a thermal and financial nature. The principal process steps are described after the manner of keywords and the product costs are presented as functions of the various raw material costs.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Present tendency in rectification: energy economizing. Rectification columns are the greatest consumers of energy in many chemical plants. Decreasing their energy consumption has been a long term aim in process engineering. These considerations have culminated, for example, in the splitting of a separation between two columns operating at different pressures to make an energy match feasible, the application of heat pumps, of intermediate evaporators and condensers, and also the joint execution of different separations in one column with several feeds and side streams. These ideas were formerly often thwarted by high investment costs and (supposed) reduced flexibility; in recent years, however, the design of complex plants with extensive energy matching has become commonplace. A prerequisite is the feasibility of calculating sufficiently exactly the necessary separation units; moreover, there is also a need for efficient column intervals and heat exchangers which can operate with small pressure drops and modest temperature gradients. A general energy-saving strategy also leads to process modifications in other separation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Destillation ; Gleichgewichts-Flüssigphasenreaktion ; Ionenaustauscher ; Katalyse ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Blasensäule ; Kaskaden-Abstromreaktor ; Absorption ; Desorption ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Dispersions-Modelle ; Schüttungen ; Temperaturprofile ; Einzelpartikel-Modell ; Einphasen-Modell ; Zweiphasen-Modell ; Festbettreaktor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Abwasser ; Kläranlage ; Belebungsbecken ; Belebungsgraben ; Belebungssystem ; Belüftung ; Strahldüse ; Sauerstoff-Eintrag ; Schlammablagerungen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Airlift-Schlaufenreaktor ; Flüssigkeitsumlauf ; Fermentation ; Zellwachstum ; Stoffwechsel ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Wärmeübergang ; Schmelzen ; Sublimieren ; Filmsieden ; freie Konvektion ; Strömung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Strahlmischer ; Umlaufhäufigkeit ; Mischzeit ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Wärmeleitfähigkeit ; Böden ; Temperatur-Abhängigkeit ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 181-181 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Prozeßüberwachung ; Sicherheitstechnik ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 185-185 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 182-185 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 202-202 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 1184-1190 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 1213-1215 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 1241-1241 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Ultrafiltration ; konzentrationsabhängige Stoffwerte ; makromolekulare Stoffe ; Konzentrationspolarisation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Adsorption ; Mehrkomponentengleichgewicht ; Phasengleichgewicht ; Langmuir-Gleichung ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 51 (1979), S. 1255-1255 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Tropfenabsceidung ; Lamellenabsceider ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 12-19 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ruhrchemie/Ruhrkohle variant of the Texaco coal gasification process - a status report. In pilot operation since January 1978, the Ruhrkohle/Ruhrchemie variant of the Texaco coal gasification process has produced a total of 20 million mN3 of synthesis gas having an average composition of 46% CO, 34% H2, 19% CO2, 0.3% H2S, 0.6% N2, and 0.1% CH4 from ca. 12 000 tonnes of coal. As the first of the „second generation“ coal gasification processes, the Texaco process has proved itself capable of gasifying pulverized coal of all grades at high temperatures and pressures. The next goal is an increase in capacity from that of the demonstration plant at Oberhausen-Holten (12 000 mN3/h) to ca. 100 000 mN3/h.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 75-75 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Tröpfchen-Abscheidung ; Filterkerzen ; Glasfritten ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Blasengrößenverteilung ; Phasengrenzfläche ; Gasgehalt ; Stoffübergang ; Airlift-Fermenter ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Extraktion ; Verweilzeit-Verteilung ; Vermischung ; pulsierte Siebbodenkolonne ; Fluiddynamik ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 87-87 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 98-98 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Explosion hazard analysis of inflammable gas released spontaneously into the atmosphere. The processes of flash evaporation, atmospheric vapour cloud formation ignition and explosion after the bursting of vessels containing liquefied gas have been studied by model experiments with propylene heated up to 70°C and pressurized to 60 bar. The experiments have shown that a blast wave with considerable peak pressure in the vicinity of the vessel is produced already by flash expansion of the propylene. The experimentally determined decrease of peak pressure with growing distance could be scaled up to vessels of arbitrary size and different propylene temperatures. Scaling laws could be established as well for the calculation of peak pressure and positive pressure duration of the deflagration wave as functions of released mass and distance. The experiments have not revealed any evidence of a detonation process even when the cloud was ignited by an explosive charge.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 87
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 170-171 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Füllkörperkolonne ; Stoffübergang ; Hydraulik ; Extraktion ; Grenzbelastung ; Hold-up ; Tropfendurchmesser ; Phasengrenzfläche ; Stoffübergangskoeffizient ; Rohrkolonne ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 178-179 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Dekantierzentrifugen ; Versuchsbedingungen ; Scaleup ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 199-209 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat and mass transfer in fluidized beds. Methods of calculation are presented which enable reasonably accurate prediction of heat and mass transfer coefficients in fluidized beds. Some well established equations already given in the literature could be used for estimating the range of existence of the fluidized bed and for calculating maximum fluidization velocities, bed expansion, and particle-to-fluid heat and mass transfer. However, a new model had to be developed for the wall-to-bed heat transfer from solid surfaces immersed in fluidized beds. This model makes use of some basic ideas adopted from the kinetic theory of gases in order to describe the mechanism of energy transfer through the moving particles. Predictions with this new model are in good agreement with most of the experimental observations, particularly regarding the effects of particle diameter, temperature, pressure, physical properties of gas and particles, and gas velocity.
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  • 90
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 244-246 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 52 (1980), S. 249-251 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Rühren ; Reaktor ; Dispergieren ; Leistungscharakteristik ; Suspendiercharakteristik ; Überflutungscharakteristik ; gerührte ; begaste Suspensionsreaktoren ; Leistungsbedarf ; Dreiphasen-system ; Dreiphasenreaktor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Airlift-Schlaufenreaktor ; Gasgehalt ; Stoffübergang ; Längsvermischung ; Mischzeit ; Umlaufgeschwindigkeit ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Begasen ; Belüften ; selbstansaugender Rührer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Schlammentwässerung ; Schlammcharakterisierung ; Flockungsmittel ; Flockungsreaktion ; Flockungsreaktoren ; Entwässerungsmaschinen ; Siebtrommeln ; Kammerfilterpressen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A clean environment - responsibility of society. The need for environmental protection was previously beyond question and is more so than ever today. Discussions or controversy centers on the extent of measures needed to protect our environment. Such discussion is conducted by pressure groups while decisions are made by society for environmental protection is a function of society. Whereas the aversion of danger was formerly the main consideration prevention is becoming increasingly important. The potential dangers have been essentially eliminated. It is our present task to ensure living space for future generations and to preserve space for tomorrow's industry. This is possible only with the aid of technology, provided that technologists are prepared to adopt new approaches. We must do away with a mere technology of reduction, i. e. peripheral environmental protection. Tomorrow's task is integrated invironmental protection.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Clean air - technical possibilities and economic consequences. Starting from the historical development of measures for maintaining clean air in the course of the industrial revolution, the article outlines advances in dust removal which have been accomplished in close, trusting cooperation between legislature, experts and plant operators. The interactions between mankind, technically modified and natural environment, and atmosphere, which have arisen as a consequence of the growth in population, are described and an attempt is made to assign the principal contaminants in the atmosphere to their causers on a global and a national basis. The relationship between rational use of energy and clean air maintenance becomes clear. Additive and integrated air purification procedures are explained with the aid of environmental protection measures adopted in coal-fired power plant and the costs of excessively low emission level demands pointed out. Examples of gas purification plant in the cellulose industry and the printing trade illustrate the possibilities offered by recycling.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Clean water - technical possibilities and economic consequences. Water pollution by industrial effluent is becoming more and more of a political warcry which creates a fear of technology - precisely that technology which is largely responsible for the present quality of life. It has so far gone largely unrecognized by the public that industry and municipal authorities have accomplished a great amount in the area of waste water purification. The versatile techniques developed in recent years are summarized, and biological purification is treated in somewhat greater detail. Annual investment in waste water treatment runs at several thousand million DM, and represent a considerable financial burden on industry and municipal authorities. The thesis that economic considerations should play no role in environmental protection is not acceptable in that unqualified form, and would mean that German industry would no longer be competitive in an international arena. Ecological demands cannot be separated from economic considerations. All participants will have to make some compromises on our way to our desired goal of a flourishing economy in an almost intact environment.
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  • 99
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 303-313 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Assessment, acquisition, and assembly of pipe components. Pipe technology accounts for ca. 30 to 35% of the planning of chemical plant and refineries. The reason for this high proportion lies in the numerous possibilities of variation. Each part must be defined, assessed and executed. The programme system developed consists of an assembly of several individual programmes which utilize available data. The overall procedure, from specification to assembly, is performed or supported by this programme system. The “general text system” (ATS) stores all pipe texts and pipe classes in several languages. With the aid of the “Lurgi piping macro-system” (LUROMAK) the piping components are processed on the basis of flow charts, assembly plans and isometric drawings. The materials determined are transformed into buying information by the “execution system” (DISPO). Registration of material entering and leaving stores in the “assembly organization system” (MOS) permits work preparation for assembly on the basis of the resulting stocks. It is also possible to assess the progress of assembly and to prepare costing information. The continuous processing of piping is permitted by a systematic standardization and classification, accomplished in particular by uniform definition of piping components in the ATS programme system.
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  • 100
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 351-362 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas Separation with membranes. Gas separation with membranes has already been tested in numerous fields of application, e. g. uranium enrichment or H2 separation. In many of these processes the mass transfer units, so-called permeators, have to be connected in tandem in order to achieve high concentrations. A most economical operating method provides for each case an optimization of the cascades with regard to the membrane materials, construction and design of module. By utilization of the concentration gradient along the membrane a new process development has been accomplished - the continuously operating membrane rectification unit. Investment and operating costs can be reduced considerably for a number of separating processes by combining a membrane rectification unit with a conventional recycling cascade. However, the new procedure requires that the specifications for the module construction, flow design, and membrane properties be reconsidered.
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