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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 10 (1980), S. 289-303,IN1-IN2 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Schlagwort(e): Dredge spoil ; USA ; bottom surveys ; cohesion ; dispersion ; hardness ; sediment movement ; turbidity
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 13 (1981), S. 27-45 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Schlagwort(e): circulation ; dispersion ; numerical model ; partially mixed estuary ; turbulent diffusion
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 10 (1980), S. 495-505 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Schlagwort(e): Kinorhyncha ; South Carolina coast ; dispersion ; meiofauna ; population dynamics ; salt marshes
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 14 (1982), S. 599-621 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Schlagwort(e): circulation ; dispersion ; estuaries ; mixing processes ; salinity
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 12 (1981), S. 525-533 
    ISSN: 0302-3524
    Schlagwort(e): continuity of salt ; convective mixing ; diffusion-advection models ; dispersion ; mixing ; mixing processes
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Free Radical Biology and Medicine 10 (1991), S. 177-184 
    ISSN: 0891-5849
    Schlagwort(e): Free radicals ; Humans ; Noninvasive analytical techniques ; Oxidative stress status
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research DNAging 256 (1991), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 0921-8734
    Schlagwort(e): Ageing ; Humans ; Skin cells ; Telomeres
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 139 (1984), S. 140-148 
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Schlagwort(e): adsorption ; biocompatibility ; infrared ; protein ; spectroscopy ; surfaces
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 137 (1984), S. 20-24 
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Schlagwort(e): capillary ; chromatography ; diffusion ; dispersion ; molecular weight ; peak shapes ; protein
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 165 (1987), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Schlagwort(e): biocompatibility ; fibrinogen ; immunoglobulins ; infrared ; protein determination ; radioactivity measurement
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 304 (1994), S. 285-294 
    ISSN: 0027-5107
    Schlagwort(e): Cotinine ; Genetic monitoring ; Hprt mutation ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Pregnancy ; Smoking ; Tobacco
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biosensors and Bioelectronics 6 (1991), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 0956-5663
    Schlagwort(e): biocompatibility ; in vivo ; packaging ; sensors ; stability
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biosensors and Bioelectronics 6 (1991), S. 653-661 
    ISSN: 0956-5663
    Schlagwort(e): L929 fibroblast ; agar diffusion ; biocompatibility ; cell culture ; glucose biosensor ; toxicity test
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research DNAging 237 (1990), S. 123-130 
    ISSN: 0921-8734
    Schlagwort(e): Aging ; Humans ; Ionizing radiation ; Single cell electrophoresis
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31 (1990), S. 651-665 
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; estuarine stratification ; residual currents ; salt transport ; tidal currents ; tropical estuary ; vertical current shear ; vertical-shear transport
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31 (1990), S. 651-665 
    ISSN: 0272-7714
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; estuarine stratification ; residual currents ; salt transport ; tidal currents ; tropical estuary ; vertical current shear ; vertical-shear transport
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Geographie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39 (1994), S. 141-150 
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Schlagwort(e): Cats ; Foraging ; Humans ; Livestock ; Predators ; Vampire bats
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Applied Animal Behaviour Science 41 (1994), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 0168-1591
    Schlagwort(e): Fear ; Handling ; Humans ; Poultry ; Productivity
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 5 (1980), S. 249-251 
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Schlagwort(e): Humans ; exercise ; hyperthermia ; oesophageal temperature
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): cockroaches ; Blattella germanica ; behaviour ; aggregation ; faeces ; dispersion ; Blattodea ; Blattellidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The patterns of faeces deposition in glass arenas with three groups of Blattella germanica L. during colonization of new refuges were recorded. The individual positions of more than 17,500 faeces were recorded. The average daily rate of faeces excretion per adult was 9.6 in males, 9.1 in non-gravid females and 2.7 in gravid females. Significant differences of faeces accumulation at various sites of the arena were found. In all three groups, mean density of faeces decreased in the following order: shelter, edges of arena, area around shelter, remainder of open area. The faeces were not accumulated more significantly at food and water sources than within the remainder of the open area. Low concentrations of faeces around edges were recorded with gravid females. The ratio of numbers of faeces in the shelter and those on the remainder of the arena was nearly identical in all tested groups. The rate of faeces deposition fluctuated during colonization of a new refuge. The role of faeces containing aggregation pheromone and ammonia in the ecology and behaviour of B. germanica is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 119-127 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): spatial covariance ; quantile variance ; total covariance ; dispersion ; patchiness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Insect populations tend to be patchy, and the nature of the patches is a critical component of ecology. Predator-prey interactions, coexistence of competing species, survival of rare species as habitat is destroyed, and damage to crops are just a few examples of spatially-dependent ecological processes. For want of tractable quantitative approaches, understanding of spatial ecology has lagged far behind recognition of its importance. We assert that a quantitative foundation of a spatial ecology involves the reification of patches as objects of study. We introduce two new measures of patch dynamics: total covariance for comparing degrees of patchiness between populations, and quantile variance for quantifying the constancy of dispersion patterns through time. These new measures, in combination with the long-established spatial covariance from geostatistics, comprise a rudimentary toolbox for reification of patches and empirical field studies in spatial ecology.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 805-812 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): katydid ; dispersal ; dispersion ; mating
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Schlagwort(e): MPC ; BMA ; AMPS ; biocompatibility ; cellulose triacetate ; diffusion-limiting effect ; glucose sensor ; needle type ; glucose oxidase ; serum ; whole blood
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A multifunctional membrane with biocompatibility, diffusion-limiting effect, and the ability to curtail the responses of an H2O2 electrode to ascorbate and urate was prepared. It was composed of MB, AB, and CTA, where MB is the copolymer of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and n-butylmethacrylate (BMA), AB is the copolymer of acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and BMA, CTA is cellulose triacetate. Investigation of the biocompatibility of this membrane showed that, compared with CTA, relatively few platelets bound to it. The membrane was coated onto the working electrode of a needle-type glucose sensor on which immobilized glucose oxidase membrane has been coated. The sensor did not respond to ascorbate and urate at their concentration normally encountered in blood. Its response was not inhibited by metal ions in blood at usual concentration. The sensor exhibited superior thermostability in addition to a rapid response (〈90 seconds in batch operation), good reproducibility (RE〈5%), good stability (more than 36 hours continuously in heparinized whole blood), and a wide dynamic range (5–650 mg/dl glucose). The sensor was used to determine glucose in serum. The data obtained from the sensor showed good agreement with that from a clinical autoanalyzer (R=0.973).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 50 (1989), S. 287-294 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): density-dependence ; dispersion ; marking pheromone ; oviposition ; Rhagoletis ; Tephritidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des études précédentes sur Rhagoletis avaient suggéré que différentes caractéristiques de la plant-hôte,-densité des fruits, taille de la plante, présence de phéromones de marquage, etc.-, influençaient la prospection par les femelles gravides. Ce travail examine si ces caractéristiques sont utilisables pour prévoir la distribution des larves de R. indifferens dans un verger abandonné; par exemple, si une prospection concentrée dans les zones de forte densité de fruits entraîne une relation positive entre densité des hôtes et intensité des contaminations. En 1986, le niveau d'attaque était élevé: 89% des fruits examinés contenaient au moins une larve. Tant le nombre de larves par fruit que le pourcentage des fruits attaqués étaient indépendants de la densité des fruits et de l'échelle spatiale utilisée: entre les arbres, dans l'arbre, parmi le paquet de fruits. L'abondance de larves n'était pas plus liée à la taille de l'arbre, qu'à son aspect ou à sa position dans le verger. En 1987, quand l'attaque a été faible (〈60% des fruits attaqués), l'échantillonnage des fruits pendant toute la saison a donné un nombre de larves par fruit, soit indépendant de la densité de fruits, soit, à l'opposé de nos prévisions, inversement dépendant de la taille de l'arbre et de sa densité en fruits. Bien que des infections multiples de fruits aient été fréquentes (17% des fruits contenaient de une à cinq larves), les larves étaient clairement distribuées uniformément parmi les fruits de l'arbre, probablement par suite de la présence de phéromones de marquage déposées après la ponte. Les mouches peuvent déceler lors de leur ponte la présence de larves d'autres espèces dans le fruit; la distribution des asticots est en relation négative avec celles des chenilles qui entrent plus tôt dans les fruits. Chez les insectes des fruits, comme chez de nombreux parasitoïdes, les réponses des populations aux variations spatiales de la densité de l'hôte peuvent difficilement être déduites de l'analyse du comportement individuel.
    Notizen: Abstract Previous foraging studies of individual Rhagoletis flies predict a positive relationship between the density of host fruits and probability of fruit infestation. This study examines how fruit density and other traits influence the distribution of Rhagoletis indifferens Curran larvae in an abandoned orchard. In 1986, when the level of fruit infestation was high, both the number of larvae/fruit and the percentage of fruits attacked were independent of fruit density at all spatial scales examined (among trees, within trees, or among fruit clusters). In 1987, when the level of fruit infestation was low and fruits were sampled throughout the season, the number of larvae/fruit was either independent of fruit density or, contrary to prediction, was inversely dependent on fruit density and tree size. In fruit-parasitic insects, as in many parasitoids, population-level responses to spatial variation in host density may be difficult to predict from analyses of individual behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 83-98 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): spatial manoeuvering ; orientation ; host plant finding ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado potato beetle ; directionality ; release-recapture ; dispersion ; field experiments ; turning angles ; walking speed ; photomenotaxis ; radius of detection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A short critical review is given on the literature of host plant finding in phytophagous insects with main emphasis on the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, col.: Chrysomelidae). The literature data are compared with the results of field experiments: (1) the foraging behaviour of adults was observed in a field arena on bare ground, and (2) adults were released in closed plant stands and recaptured by potted potato plants. It is concluded that host plant finding is a chance event in this species. The observed high directionality of move must be an adaptation increasing probability of host finding. Implications on population dynamics and agricultural practice are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 63-69 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Ceratitis capitata ; medfly ; C. rosa ; C. nigra ; dispersion ; phylogeny ; allozyme frequencies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We used three different approaches, a phylogenetic analysis, the principal component analysis, and Gabriel Graphs, to study the dispersion of the medfly from its geographic centre of origin. Our analysis was based on 13 enzyme polymorphisms detected electrophoretically in 15 natural populations coming from distinct geographic areas. The results indicate that (i) there is a clear-cut separation of the native African from the introduced populations, (ii) the population from Spain seems to connect the African and the Mediterranean or American populations, and (iii) the Mediterranean populations as well as the American ones comprise two distinct groups of closely related populations. We have also estimated a phylogenetic tree for 3 species of the genus Ceratitis: C. capitata, C. rosa and C. nigra, based on electrophoretic data under the assumption of a molecular clock. The results suggest that C. capitata and C. rosa are more closely related to each other than either is to C. nigra.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Genome composition ; Coding sequences ; Isochores ; Humans ; Murids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The compositional distributions of coding sequences and DNA molecules (in the 50-100-kb range) are remarkably narrower in murids (rat and mouse) compared to humans (as well as to all other mammals explored so far). In murids, both distributions begin at higher and end at lower GC values. A comparison of homologous coding sequences from murids and humans revealed that their different compositional distributions are due to differences in GC levels in all three codon positions, particularly of genes located at both ends of the distribution. In turn, these differences are responsible for differences in both codon usage and amino acids. When GC levels at first+second codon positions and third codon positions, respectively, of murid genes are plotted against corresponding GC levels of homologous human genes, linear relationships (with very high correlation coefficients and slopes of about 0.78 and 0.60, respectively) are found. This indicates a conservation of the order of GC levels in homologous genes from humans and murids. (The same comparison for mouse and rat genes indicates a conservation of GC levels of homologous genes.) A similar linear relationship was observed when plotting GC levels of corresponding DNA fractions (as obtained by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of a sequence-specific ligand) from mouse and human. These findings indicate that orderly compositional changes affecting not only coding sequences but also noncoding sequences took place since the divergence of murids. Such directional fixations of mutations point to the existence of selective pressures affecting the genome as a whole.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Alu source genes ; Humans ; Gorillas ; Retrotransposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A member of the young PV Alu sub-family is detected in chimpanzee DNA showing that the PV subfamily is not specific to human DNA. This particular Alu is absent from the orthologous loci in both human and gorilla DNAs, indicating that PV subfamily members transposed within the chimpanzee lineage following the divergence of chimpanzee from both gorilla and human. These findings and previous reports describing the transpositional activity of other Alu sequences within the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee lineages provide phylogenetic evidence for the existence of multiple Alu source genes. Sequences surrounding this particular Alu resemble known transcriptional control elements associated with RNA polymerase III, suggesting a mechanism by which cis-acting elements might be acquired upon retrotransposition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 442-449 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Humans ; Mouse ; Rat ; Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A new statistical test has been developed to detect selection on silent sites. This test compares the codon usage within a gene and thus does not require knowledge of which genes are under the greatest selection, that there exist common trends in codon usage across genes, or that genes have the same mutation pattern. It also controls for mutational biases that might be introduced by the adjacent bases. The test was applied to 62 mammalian sequences, the significant codon usage biases were detected in all three species examined (humans, rats, and mice). However, these biases appear not to be the consequence of selection, but of the first base pair in the codon influencing the mutation pattern at the third position.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 336-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Humans ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nuclear polymorphisms ; Heteroplasmy ; Genetic differentiation ; Sickle cell ; Rain forest refuges
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The identification of genetically coherent populations is essential for understanding human evolution. Among the culturally uniform ethnic groups of west Africa, there are two geographically distinct populations with high frequencies of sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Although the HbS mutation in each group is found on distinguishable chromosomes 11, these populations have been assumed to be parts of a single population. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in these populations demonstrated that the two populations identified by alternative chromosomes 11 bearing HbS have distinct distributions of mitochondrial genotypes, i.e., they are maternally separate. These studies also showed that, contrary to expectation, the mtDNA of some individuals is heteroplasmic. For nuclear loci, a comparison of the frequency of alternative alleles established that these populations are genetically distinct. Both the mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate that these populations have been separate for approximately 50,000 years. Although HbS in the two populations is usually attributed to recent, independent mutations, the duration of the separation and the observed geographic distribution of the population allow for the possibility of an ancient origin of HbS. Assuming an ancient mutation and considering the known biogeography, we suggest that HbS protected selected populations from malaria in rain forest refuges during the most recent ice age.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 13 (1991), S. 190-201 
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Schlagwort(e): Mathematical modelling ; carbon partitioning ; dispersion ; dynamic systems ; phloem translocation ; pollutant transport ; rainfall-streamflow modelling ; recursive estimation ; time variable parameters ; time-series analysis
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0165-7992
    Schlagwort(e): Cytochrome P-450 ; Dogs ; Humans ; Monkeys ; P-448-H ; Rats
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 6 (1985), S. 183-187 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Schlagwort(e): Assortative mating ; Genetic similarity ; Heritability ; Humans ; Kin recognition
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Ethology and Sociobiology 8 (1987), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 0162-3095
    Schlagwort(e): Humans ; Paternity confidence ; Relatedness
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods 9 (1984), S. 233-243 
    ISSN: 0165-022X
    Schlagwort(e): FT-IR ; IRAS ; Key words ; biocompatibility ; protein-metal interactions
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; mangrove swamp ; secondary circulation ; tidal creek ; tidal trapping ; vegetation density
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The dependence of dispersion in a tidal creek on the vegetation density in a fringing mangrove swamp is discussed through a numerical model. A secondary circulation prevails everywhere in the tidal creek‐mangrove swamp system and is generated by the overflow into the swamp at every high tide. As a result, dissolved and suspended matter moving with the circulation is trapped in the swamp for a fraction of the tidal cycle; it flows out of the swamp at ebb tide and disperses in the creek. The relation between the dispersion coefficient and the mangrove vegetation density is shown to be non‐linear. Dispersion is large both for bare and high vegetation densities and minimum for intermediate vegetation density. The ecological and management applications may be profound as our study suggests that such systems may be unstable and cannot naturally recover from excessive anthropogenic disturbances.
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 124 (1993), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Assessment ; Cancer ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Mushroom
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This assessment focuses on the concentrations of some chemicals present in theAgaricus bisporus mushroom, the cancer-inducing doses of these chemicals or mushroom used in the animal experiments, the total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in these mice, and the estimated total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in humans. By adding the estimated amounts of chemicals needed to induce cancer and by comparing it with the amount of raw mushroom needed to induce the same effect, it becomes obvious that we have accounted for less than 2% of the carcinogenic components of theAgaricus bisporus mushroom. Since some unavailable data handicapped this assessment, it should be regarded as tentative and subject to further adjustment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 7 (1992), S. 127-145 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Miscible displacement ; dispersion ; in-situ concentration measurement ; computerized data acquisition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A technique for measurement of thein-situ concentration in an unconsolidated porous medium has been developed. The method involves measurement of electrical conductivityin-situ, under dynamic conditions, for flow involving brine of differing concentrations, at selected locations along the porous medium and relating it to the brine strength. Data acquisition and analysis is carried out using a Hewlett — Packard micro-computer and its interface. A user-friendly software was designed and developed for the system. The measurement technique was evaluated by studying the effect of brine concentration, brine flow rate, and by conducting miscible displacements experiment. The experimentally measured dispersion coefficients for the porous medium agreed closely with the value predicted by the correlation available in the literature.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 28 (1997), S. 109-124 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): seepage ; conductivity ; double-periodic structure ; advection ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A study is made of steady two-dimensional seepage in a porous massif composed by a double-periodic system of ‘white’ and ‘black’ chequers of arbitrary conductivity. Rigorous matching of Darcy's flows in zones of different conductivity is accomplished. Using the methods of complex analysis, explicit formulae for specific discharge are derived. Stream lines, travel times, and effective conductivity are evaluated. Deflection of marked particles from the ‘natural’ direction of imposed gradient and stretching of prescribed composition of these particles enables the elucidation of the phenomena of transversal and longitudinal dispersion. A model of pure advection is related with the classical one-dimensional vective dispersion equation by selection of dispersivity which minimizes the difference between the breakthrough curves calculated from the two models.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 9 (1992), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Waves ; dispersion ; shock tube ; gas bubbles
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The propagation of compressional waves in a porous medium is investigated in case the pore liquid contains a small volume fraction of gas. The effect of oscillating gas bubbles is taken into account by introducing a frequency-dependent fluid bulk modulus, which is incorporated in the Biot theory. Using a shock tube technique, new experimental data are obtained for a porous column subjected to a pressure step wave. An oscillatory behaviour is observed, consisting of two distinct frequency bands, which is predicted by the theoretical analysis.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Skeletal muscles ; Ultrastructure ; Exercise ; Glycogen ; Humans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Distribution of glycogen particles in semithin and ultrathin sections of biopsy samples from human muscles subjected to either short- or long-term running were investigated using PAS and Periodic Acid-ThioSemiCarbazide-Silver Proteinate (PA-TSC-SP) staining methods. Glycogen particles were predominantly found immediately under the sarcolemma or aligned along the myofibrillar Iband. After long-term exhaustive exercise type-1 fibers with a few or no glycogen particles in the core of the fibers were frequently observed. The subsarcolemmal glycogen stores of these “depleted” type-1 fibers were about three times as large as after exhaustive short-time exercise. Another indication of utilization of subsarcolemmal glycogen stores during anaerobic exercise was that many particles displayed a pale, rudimentary shape. This observation suggests fragmental metabolization of glycogen. Thus, depending on type of exercise and type of fiber differential and sequential glycogen utilization patterns can be observed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 28 (1994), S. 317-328 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Schlagwort(e): particles ; mathematical models ; kinematics ; hydrodynamics ; transport ; dispersion ; tidal waters ; sediments ; decay
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Small particles and organisms in the aquatic environment can be represented in model simulations in a very direct way by ‘model particles’. The behaviour of one model particle is a close approximation of that of a real particle; a set of model particles corresponds to a random sample of the corresponding set of real particles. A description is given of the characteristics of the model particles and the mathematical models in which they figure. Two types of sub-gird modelling are briefly described and compared. Examples of applications and comparison between measurements and simulations are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 26 (1992), S. 347-354 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Schlagwort(e): habitat preference ; Axarus ; behaviour ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract During fall draw-down of a reservoir in northeast Kansas it was observed that larvae ofAxarus festivus were restricted to highly weathered Pennsylvanian Shale outcrops and surrounding coarse sediments with high-clay content derived from erosion of the shale outcroppings. Larvae constructed burrows into the outcrops and eroded coarse sediments, which they used to filter feed by setting up currents through the burrows. Burrows were widely distributed over the outcrops, with average densities ranging from 372–2,351 burrows m−2. However, closer inspection revealed that burrows were more common at apices of individual shale strata, where weathering of the outcrop was most advanced. Here burrows were more uniformly distributed and densities ranged to 4,166 burrows m−2. 73% of burrows contained larvae. Burrows were generally U-shaped, and averaged 1.8 mm in diameter and 42 mm in total length. Laboratory experiments revealed that 4th instar larvae removed from burrows could construct new burrows in weathered shale, but preferentially used old empty burrows if available. When given choices among alternative sediment combinations of sandvs. finely-ground shale, sandvs. coarsely-ground shale, and finely-ground shalevs. coarsely-ground shale, larvae exhibited statistically significant preferences for the finely-ground shales (P〈0.001), coarsely-ground shales (P〈0.001), and coarsely-ground shales (P〈0.01), respectively. It is concluded that larvae (1) actively select shale or high-clay content sediments, (2) can differentiate among sediments with differing physical properties and (3) exhibit behavioral choices for sediment types that guide them toward shale outcrops.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 109 (1990), S. 323-326 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): artificial oxygen carrier ; hemoglobin ; molecular weight ; heterogeneity ; biocompatibility
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): solute transport ; Fick's law ; dispersion ; dispersivity ; equation of motion ; non-Fickian dispersion equation ; scale effects
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The Fickian dispersion equation is the basic relationship used to describe the nonconvective mass flux of a solute in a porous medium. This equation prescribes a linear relationship between the dispersive mass flux and the concentration gradient. An important characteristic of the Fickian relationship is that it is independent of the history of dispersion (e.g. the time rate of change of the dispersion flux). Also, the dispersivities are supposed to be medium constants and invariant with temporal and spatial scales of observation. It is believed that in general these restrictions do not hold. A number of authors have proposed various alternative relationships. For example, differential equations have been employed that prescribe a relationship between the dispersion flux and its time and space derivatives. Also, stochastic theories result in integro-differential equations in which dispersion tensor grow asymptotically with time or distance. In this work, three different approaches, which lead to three different non-Fickian equations with a transient character, are discussed and their primary features and differences are highlighted. It is shown that an effective dispersion tensor defined in the framework of the transient non-Fickian theory, grows asymptotically with time and distance; a result which also follows from stochastic theories. Next, principles of continuum mechanics are employed to provide a solid theoretical basis for the non-Fickian transient dispersion theory. The equation of motion of a solute in a porous medium is used to provide a rigorous derivation of various dispersion relationships valid under different conditions. Under various simplifying assumptions, the generalized theory is found to agree with the conventional Fickian theory as well as several other non-Fickian relationships found in the literature. Moreover, it is shown that for nonconservative solutes, the traditional dispersion tensor is affected by the rate of mass exchange of the solute.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 473-489 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Advection ; dispersion ; particles ; characteristics ; finite-element ; continuous fluid velocity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A Eulerian-Lagrangian scheme is used to solve the two-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Concentration and its partial differential operator are decomposed into advection and dispersion terms. Thus, advection is formally decoupled from dispersion and solved by continuous forward particle tracking. Dispersion is handled by implicit finite elements on a fixed Eulerian grid. Translation of steep gradients of concentration in advection-dominated flow regimes, is done without numerical distortion. Continuous spatial distribution of velocities are evaluated by using Galerkin's approach in conjunction with Darcy's law based on hydraulic input data from each element. The method was implemented on coarse FE grid with linear shape functions, demonstrating no over/under shooting and practically no numerical dispersion. Simulations, covering a wide range of Peclet numbers, yield high agreement with analytic and practical results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 4 (1989), S. 85-96 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Stability ; linear stability analysis ; miscible displacement ; aspect ratio ; mobility control ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Chang and Slattery (1986, 1988b) introduced a simplified model of dispersion that contains only two empirical parameters. The traditional model of dispersion (Nikolaevskii, 1959; Bear, 1961; Scheidegger, 1961; de Josselin de Jong and Bossen, 1961; Peaceman, 1966; Bear, 1972) has three empirical parameters, two of which can be measured in one-dimensional experiments while the third, the transverse dispersivity, must be measured in experiments in which a two-dimensional concentration profile develops. It is found that nearly the same linear stability behavior results from using either model.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 275-301 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): free convection ; through flow ; vadoze zone ; salinization ; dispersion ; multigrid
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Evaporation of groundwater in a region with a shallow water table and small natural replenishment causes accumulation of salts near the ground surface. Water in the upper soil layer becomes denser than in the depth. This is a potentially unstable situation which may result in convective currents. When free convection takes place, estimates of the salinity profile, salt precipitation rate, etc., obtained within the framework of a 1-D (vertical) model fail. Very simplified model of the process is proposed, in which the unsaturated zone is represented by a horizontal soil layer at a constant water saturation, and temperature changes are neglected. The purpose of the model is to obtain a rough estimate of the role of natural convection in the salinization process. A linear stability analysis of a uniform vertical flow is given, and the stability limit is determined numerically as a function of evaporation rate, salt concentration in groundwater, and porous medium dispersivity. The loss of stability corresponds to quite realistic Rayleigh numbers. The stability limit depends in nonmonotonic way on the evaporation rate. The developed convective regime was simulated numerically for a 2-D vertical domain, using finite volume element discretization and FAS multigrid solver. The dependence of the average salt concentration in the upper layer on the Rayleigh number was obtained.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 24 (1996), S. 275-296 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): chemical flooding ; ternary ; immiscible ; surfactant ; numerical simulation ; interfacial tension ; phase behavior ; miscibility ; capillarity ; numerical grid ; adsorption ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This is the second of two joint papers which study the influence of several physical properties on the transport phenomena in chemical flooding. To that aim, we use a previously reported ternary two-phase model into which representative physical properties have been incorporated as concentration-dependent functions. Physical properties such as phase behavior, interfacial tensions, residual saturations, relative permeabilities, phase viscosities and wettability have been analyzed in the first paper. In this paper, we discuss the influence of capillary pressure, adsorption of the chemical component onto the rock and dispersion. Although arising from different phenomenological sources, these transport mechanisms show some similar effects on concentration profiles and on oil recovery. They are studied for systems with different phase behavior. A numerical analysis is also presented in order to determine the relevance of the number of grid blocks taken in the discretization of the differential equations. This numerical analysis provides useful guidelines for the selection of the appropriate numerical grid in each type of displacement.
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 217-256 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Salinity ; advection ; dispersion ; aquifers ; flow model ; transport model ; simulation ; sea water ; connate water ; leakage
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Historical information of the hydraulic and salinity aspect, detailed geological information, and information on the physical characteristics of the different layers comprising the formation, are needed for simulating the saltwater transport process in aquifers. In most simulation studies of field situations, there is an inadequacy of data and the modeller has to make justifiable assumptions to analyze a particular situation in order to provide an insight into the problem. A quasi-three-dimensional solute transport model is used to analyze the saltwater encroachment phenomena in aquifers underlying the City of Bangkok; first by calibrating the model's performance with available historical data and then by assessing the extent of future saltwater encroachment with the implementation of the regulatory pumpage to be followed in order to restrict the alarming rate of land subsidence. Model simulation indicates a substantial reduction in the rate of encroachment of the saltwater front with a reduction of pumpage after 1987.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 549-562 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptive mesh ; finite element method ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A Galerkin finite element method is used along with a self-adaptive strategy of domain discretisation to model dispersion in an axisymmetric cylindrical porous medium. A solution strategy is proposed based on the use of a Gear scheme for the time stepping and partial vectorisation of the code. The domain is highly discretised in the area of the sharp transient front, while the remainder is coarsely discretised. The area covered by the fine mesh is determined by the value of the local concentration gradients. Numerical results are presented for the one and two dimensional cases.
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 30 (1998), S. 57-73 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): groundwater ; nonergodic transport ; dispersion ; heterogeneous formations ; hydrogeology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Flow of an inert solute in an heterogeneous aquifer is usually considered as dominated by large-scale advection. As a consequence, the pore-scale dispersion, i.e. the pore scale mechanism acting at scales lower than that characteristic of the heterogeneous field, is usually neglected in the computation of global quantities like the solute plume spatial moments. Here the effect of pore-scale dispersion is taken into account in order to find its influence on the longitudinal asymptotic dispersivity D11we examine both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional flow cases. In the calculations, we consider the finite size of the solute initial plume, i.e. we analyze both the ergodic and the nonergodic cases. With Pe the Péclat number, defined as Pe=Uλ/D, where U, λ, D are the mean fluid velocity, the heterogeneity characteristic length and the pore-scale dispersion coefficient respectively, we show that the infinite Péclat approximation is in most cases quite adequate, at least in the range of Péclat number usually encountered in practice (Pe 〉 102). A noteworthy exception is when the formation log-conductivity field is highly anisotropic. In this case, pore-scale may have a significant impact on D11, especially when the solute plume initial dimensions are not much larger than the heterogeneities' lengthscale. In all cases, D11 appears to be more sensitive to the pore-scale dispersive mechanisms under nonergodic conditions, i.e. for plume initial size less than about 10 log-conductivity integral scales.
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 31 (1998), S. 133-143 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): transport ; solute ; flux-averaged concentration ; stratification ; conductivity ; distribution ; arrival time ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Two-dimensional and steady solute transport in a stratified porous formation is analysed under assumption that the effect of pore-scale dispersion is negligible. The longitudinal dispersion produced as a result of the vertical variation of hydraulic conductivity is analysed by averaging the variability of a solute flux concentration and conductivity. The evolution of the solute flux concentration is expressed with respect to the correlated variable, that is the travel (arrival) time τ at a fixed location and the averaging procedure is constructed to satisfy the boundary condition where the inlet concentration is a known function of time. In such a statement, a velocity-averaged solute flux concentration is described by a conventional dispersion model (CDM) with a dispersion coefficient which is a function of the arrival time. It is demonstrated that such CDM satisfies the assumption that hydraulic conductivity of the layers is gamma distributed with the parameter of distribution which is chosen to represent a reasonable value of the field scale solute dispersion. The overall behaviour of the model is illustrated by several examples of two-dimensional mass transport.
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 21 (1995), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): diffusion ; dispersion ; percolation ; fractals ; scaling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Two fundamental questions regarding the application of percolation theory to transport in porous media are addressed. First, when ‘critical path’ arguments (based on a sufficiently wide spread of microscopic transition rates) are invoked (in analogy to the case of transport in disordered semiconductors) to justify the application of percolation theory to the determination of relevant transport properties, then for long time scales (compared to the inverse of the ‘critical’ percolation rate), the fractal structure of the ‘critical’ path is relevant to transport, but not at short time scales. These results have been demonstrated concretely in the case of disordered semiconductors, and are in direct contradiction to the claims of the review. Second, the relevance of deterministic or stochastic methods to transport has been treated heretofore by most authors as a question of practicality. But, at least under some conditions, concrete criteria distinguish between the two types of transport. Percolative (deterministic) transport is temporally reproducible and spatially inhomogeneous while diffusive (stochastic) transport is temporally irreproducible, but homogeneous, and a cross-over from stochastic to percolative transport occurs when the spread of microscopic transition rates exceeds 4–5 orders of magnitude. It is likely that such conditions are frequently encountered in soil transport. Moreover, clear evidence for deterministic transport (although not necessarily percolative) exists in such phenomena as preferential flow. On the other hand, the physical limitation of transport to (fractally connected) pore spaces within soils (analogously to transport in metal-insulator composites) can make transport diffusive on a fractal structure, rather than percolative.
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 24 (1996), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): unsaturated flow ; large-scale averaging ; dispersion ; high-resolution numerical simulations ; NAPL spills
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Infiltration of water and non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the vadose zone gives rise to complex two- and three-phase immiscible displacement processes. Physical and numerical experiments have shown that ever-present small-scale heterogeneities will cause a lateral broadening of the descending liquid plumes. This behavior of liquid plumes infiltrating in the vadose zone may be similar to the familiar transversal dispersion of solute plumes in single-phase flow. Noting this analogy we introduce a mathematical model for ‘phase dispersion’ in multiphase flow as a Fickian diffusion process. It is shown that the driving force for phase dispersion is the gradient of relative permeability, and that addition of a phase-dispersive term to the governing equations for multiphase flow is equivalent to an effective capillary pressure which is proportional to the logarithm of the relative permeability of the infiltrating liquid phase. The relationship between heterogeneity-induced phase dispersion and capillary and numerical dispersion effects is established. High-resolution numerical simulation experiments in heterogeneous media show that plume spreading tends to be diffusive, supporting the proposed convection-dispersion model. Finite difference discretization of the phase-dispersive flux is discussed, and an illustrative application to NAPL infiltration from a localized source is presented. It is found that a small amount of phase dispersion can completely alter the behavior of an infiltrating NAPL plume, and that neglect of phase-dispersive processes may lead to unrealistic predictions of NAPL behavior in the vadose zone.
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 157 (1988), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): benthos ; filamentous algae ; dispersion ; variability ; drift samples ; artificial substrates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A simple method for subsampling unsorted benthic macroinvertebrates by weight is described for different types of samples obtained from lentic and lotic environments. It is especially useful for samples containing large amounts of filamentous algae that preclude the use of conventional subsampling methods. The method provided random dispersions of individuals in the original samples. Overall variability of the subsamples was low for artificial substrate and catastrophic drift samples. Variability was higher for regular drift samples, which had the lowest numbers of individuals of the three sample types. The method produced considerable savings in time spent sorting. Subsampling approaches for community level studies are discussed.
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 253 (1993), S. 249-261 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): phosphorus ; sediments ; adsorption ; dispersion ; solid-phase diffusion ; Al-hydroxide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In artificial test ditches, originally poor in nutrients, the effects of enhanced external loading with phosphorus were studied. An important term in the mass balance of phosphorus is retention by sediment. Parameters concerning the uptake of phosphorus by the sandy sediment of a ditch have been measured or were obtained from curve-fitting and were used in a mathematical model to describe diffusion into the sediment and subsequent sorption by soil particles. On a time scale of hours uptake of phosphorus from the overlying water by intact sediment cores could be simulated well with a simple diffusion-adsorption model. Mixing of the overlying water resulted in an enhanced uptake rate caused by an increased effective diffusion coefficient in the top layer of the sediment. Laboratory experiments revealed that after a fast initial adsorption, a slow uptake process followed that continued for a period of at least several months. This slow sorption can immobilize a substantial part of the phosphorus added. It may physically be described as an intraparticular diffusion process, in which the adsorbed phosphate penetrates into metaloxides, probably present as sand grain coating, and thereby reaches sorption sites not immediately accessible otherwise. The total sorption capacity of the soil particles is ca. 3.3 times the maximum instantaneous surficial adsorption capacity.
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 176-177 (1989), S. 99-110 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): sediment texture ; fine sediments ; silt/clay ratio ; dispersion ; Great Lakes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The dispersion of fine sediment is greatly influenced by factors that induce flocculation, and which thereby determine whether particulates will settle in aggregate form or as discrete grains. The transport and deposition of silt and clay particulates in both marine and non-marine environments may be influenced by flocculation. Because the transport of sediment-associated contaminants is largely influenced by the behaviour of sub sand-size material, it is important to understand the factors which influence patterns of deposition. The silt/clay ratio has been used in an attempt to simplify description of the physical processes of sediment/water interaction, and most examples have been drawn from the Great Lakes. The silt/clay ratio has been related to other characteristics of the total particle-size distribution. As an indicator of many sedimentary conditions, it must be coupled with other measurements of particle-size.
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Hydrobiologia 176-177 (1989), S. 111-124 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): sediment texture ; sand size ; percent mud ; dispersion ; Liverpool Bay ; River Mersey
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract In part 2 of this contribution, examples are drawn from the River Mersey and Liverpool Bay illustrating the use of simple statistical parameters to describe dispersion of sands and muddy sediments. The River Mersey and Liverpool Bay, eastern Irish Sea, were sites of intensive studies on the dispersal of dumped harbour mud and sewage sludge during the mid 1960's–70's. The combined effects of strong tidal scour, wave action and shoreward near-bed residual drift result in shoreward transport of large volumes of sand in the bay. Large amounts of mud (silt/clay mixtures) oscillate in the river estuary, and naturally derived and dumped muds also move shoreward in the bay. Unpublished historic geochemical data have been combined with reprocessed particle size data and both have been used to reassess sedimentological techniques for defining transport and dispersal pathways. River and bay muds have similar size compositions, but river muds have excess Cd 〉 V 〉 U 〉 As = Zn relative to bay muds. The lower relative concentrations of heavy metals in the bay are thought to reflect desorption and degradation of organic matter from the river. Trends in sediment distribution data based on the means of the sand size fraction, alone, provide sensitivities comparable to those of higher order moment measures and are usually easier to interpret than full size spectrum analyses.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; dissolved oxygen ; gas tracer ; macrophytes ; reaeration coefficient ; hydraulic variables
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of macrophytes on hydraulic and physico-chemical variables were examined by conducting tracer experiments with SF6, CH3Cl and rhodamine WT in a stream before and after complete removal of plants from a 180 m reach. Whakapipi Stream has high average biomasses (up to 370 g dw m-2) of macrophytes (predominantly Egeria densa) that, on average, cause summer velocities to be lowered by 30% and depths increased by 40%, compared to a plant-free channel. Manning's roughness coefficent was consistently higher by 0.13 and longitudinal dispersion coefficients were more variable (CV = 52%, cf. 20% when plants removed), when macrophytes were present. Stream dissolved oxygen (DO) and temperatures were unevenly distributed, possibly as a result of transient storage zones attributable to plant biomass. Surface water in macrophyte patches was 1-5 °C warmer than water in channels or beneath the plants near the bed of the stream, and DO was 2-28% of saturation higher at the top of the plants than in channel water and up to 7% higher than in bottom water. Effects of increased small-scale turbulence on the reaeration coefficient, K 2(20), were cancelled by increased stream depth and reduced velocity so that it varied little with flow. Application of a single-station diurnal curve model, DOFLO (Dissolved Oxygen at Low Flow), to continuous monitoring data gave values of K 2(20) in broad agreement with those measured by the gas tracer method and showed that rates of gross photosynthetic production in daylight (10-27 g m-2 d-1) and respiration at 20 °C (19-37 g m3 d-1) were high by comparison with other rural streams. Streams with smaller K 2(20) values than Whakapipi Stream but with similar levels of productivity and community respiration would show more pronounced diurnal variations in DO and even be anoxic at times.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): algal holdfasts ; Peracarida ; reproduction ; dispersion ; benthos
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract During the colonisation process of islands, newly immigrating species often arrive as single individuals. Islands that have received single colonisers may subsequently harbour large populations of a species, while other islands may completely lack this species. Exchange between islands is limited, thereby strongly affecting evolutionary processes. While this concept is widely used in the context of oceanic islands or habitat patches on the mainland, it is rarely used to explain and examine the distribution patterns of marine invertebrates. Benthic marine organisms inhabiting patches with island-like features may also be restricted in their movements between patches. Once established in a patch, it may be more favourable to remain there rather than moving to another patch. Juveniles of species with direct development may recruit to the island patch of their parents. Herein, we examined the peracarid fauna in patches that have island-like features, i.e. kelp holdfasts. The number of peracarid species within an individual holdfast increased with its size. Similarly, the number of individuals per holdfast increased with holdfast size. However, several peracarid species showed a strongly aggregated distribution pattern, being highly abundant in some holdfasts and almost completely absent in others. Our results suggest that these aggregations of conspecifics may be a consequence of the peracarid reproductive biology: fully developed juveniles emerge from the female's marsupium and recruit to the immediate vicinity of their mother, showing little or no tendency to emigrate towards other patches. At present, while it is not known how long peracarid aggregations within kelp holdfasts persist, our data suggest that some juveniles may remain with the natal holdfast and possibly reproduce therein. It is concluded that, during certain time periods, reproduction rates of peracarids in a holdfast may exceed their migration rates between holdfasts.
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 1 (1986), S. 179-199 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Stability ; linear stability analysis ; miscible displacement ; dispersion ; mobility control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A linear stability analysis has been performed for a miscible displacement in a semi-infinite system of finite thickness and unbounded width. A more general description of dispersion has been adopted than those used by previous workers. It is shown that, when there is a step change in concentration and the mobility ratio is unfavorable, the displacement can be unstable at the injection boundary. But, if the concentration is changed sufficiently slowly with time at the entrance to the system, the displacement is stable to infinitesimal perturbations, no matter how unfavorable the mobility ratio. When the mobility ratio is favorable, the displacement is unconditionally stable.
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 1 (1986), S. 319-338 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): heterogeneity ; dispersion ; saturated flow ; unsaturated flow
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This invited lecture enumerates various categories of flow and transport in heterogeneous media with particular reference to this Symposium. Specific attention is given to five topics within these categories. (1) We explore the compounding of spatially variable local permeability K to produce an apparent permeability K * on a scale large compared with that of variation of K. An inverse method generates and analyzes flow systems with K spatially periodic in two and three dimensions. (2) Physical arguments indicate that apparent hydraulic properties of an unsaturated composite medium may not represent any conceivable mean of the properties of the component media. (3) Conventionally, buried holes are thought to stay empty during generally unsaturated soil-water flow. The hole, however, acts as an obstacle to flow so that water may seep through it. The larger the hole the more likely this will happen. (4) Dispersion in heterogeneous porous systems with no maximum scale of variation is explored using a Lagrangian mode of analysis. (5) Comments are offered on ‘geostatistics’ and its application to heterogeneous soils and aquifers.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 231-243 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Stratified formations ; kinematic mixing ; dispersion ; random fields
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The mixing process in fluid flow is presented as the bending and stretching of material lines or filaments. A mixing exponent, which quantifies their specific rate of stretching, is defined and analyzed for the case of groundwater flow though stratified formations characterized by a Gaussian autocovariance function. The analysis is performed for purely advective mixing as well as for advective-dispersive mixing. The mixing exponent was found to be proportional to the variance of hydraulic conductivity and inversely proportional to the correlation scale of hydraulic conductivity and to the pore-level dispersion coefficient.
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 6 (1991), S. 607-626 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; dispersivity ; heterogenity ; miscible ; porous media ; scaling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper discusses scaling of mixing during miscible flow in heterogeneous porous media. In large field systems dispersivity appears to depend on system length due to heterogeneities. Three types of scaling are discussed to investigate the heterogeneous effects. Dimensional analysis of mixing during flow through geometerically scaled heterogeneous models is illustrated using measured dispersion. Fractal analysis of mixing in statistically scaled heterogeneous porous media is discussed. Analog scaling of pressure transients in heterogeneous porous media is suggested as an in-situ method of estimating dispersion.
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 12 (1993), S. 143-159 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Heterogeneity ; layers ; displacement ; numerical simulation ; flow in porous media ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Beadpack experiments and numerical simulations have been carried out to study flow displacements, effluent profiles and streamline patterns for layered systems with flow not parallel to the layers. The effects of layer thickness, permeability contrast, angle of layer to flow direction, mobility ratio and flood rate have been examined. Each of these parameters influence the displacement profiles, and disperse the flood front. Such real effects must be considered when subsuming reservoir heterogeneities in average reservoir parameters in simulation studies, or interpreting core tests.
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 13 (1993), S. 3-40 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Diffusion ; dispersion ; percolation ; fractals ; scaling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract We review and discuss diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion in a heterogeneous porous medium. Two types of heterogeneities are considered. One is percolation disorder in which a fraction of the pores do not allow transport to take place at all. In the other type, the permeabilities of various regions of the pore space are fractally distributed with long-range correlations. Both systems give rise to unusual transport in which the mean square displacement 〈r 2(t)〉 of a particle grows nonlinearly with time. Depending on the heterogeneities and the mechanism of diffusion and disperison, we may havefractal transport in which 〈r 2〉 growsslower than linearly with time, orsuperdiffusive transport in which 〈r 2〉 growsfaster than linearly with time. We show that percolation models can give rise to both types of transport with scale-dependent transport coefficients such as diffusivity and dispersion coefficients, which are consistent with many experimental observations.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 13 (1993), S. 97-122 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Scale up ; dispersion ; porous media ; random field
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Dispersion is the result, observable on large length scales, of events which are random on small length scales. When the length scale on which the randomness operates is not small, relative to the observations, then classical dispersion theory fails. The scale up problem refers to situations in which randomness occurs on all length scales, and for which classical dispersion theory necessarily fails. The purpose of this article is to present non-Fickian, theories of dispersion, which do not assume a scale separation between the randomness and the observed consequences, and which do not assume a single length scale. Porous media flow properties are heterogeneous on all length scales. The geological variation on length scales below the observational length scale can be regarded as unknown and unknowable, and thus as a random variable. We develop a systematic theory relating scaling behavior of the geological heterogeneity to the scaling behavior of the fluid dispersivity. Three qualitatively distinct regimes (Fickian, non-Fickian and nonrenormalizable) are found. The theory gives consistent answers within several distinct analytic approximations, and with numerical simulation of the equations of porous media flow. Comparison to field data is made. The use of Kriging to generate constrained ensembles for conditional simulation is discussed.
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 15 (1994), S. 15-30 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Experiment ; dispersion ; layered heterogeneity ; permeability ; averaging ; permutation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Experiments were run in three linear, homogeneous, nonuniform porous media constructed in lucite columns using spherical glass beads. The columns were also joined end to end to create an in series layered heterogeneous porous media. Each column, all combinations of columns and several permutations were studied with a factorial experimental design to determine the effects of porosity, permeability, velocity, length, and column order upon dispersion. Attempts to predict the heterogeneous results from the homogeneous results were made, and a statistical regression based on the factorial design was calculated. Results showed that no simple averaging procedure accurately predicted the heterogeneous results. The statistical regression showed permeability, velocity, viscosity, length and column order to be significant.
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  • 70
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 17 (1994), S. 19-32 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): LGA model ; heterogeneous porous media ; miscible displacement ; dispersion ; tracer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The lattice gas automaton (LGA) model proposed in the previous paper is applied to the problem of simulating dispersion and mixing in heterogeneous porous media. We demonstrate here that tracer breakthrough profiles and longitudinal dispersion coefficients can be computed for heterogeneous porous media.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
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    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 245-261 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Porous media ; miscible flow ; tracer ; dispersion ; convective flow ; stochastic ; stream tube ; continuous time random walk
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A simple theoretical model is described for deriving a 1-dimensional equation for the spreading of a tracer in a steady flow at the field scale. The originality of the model is to use a stochastic appoach not in the 3-dimensional space but in the 1-D space of the stream tubes. The simplicity of calculation comes from the local relationship between permeability and velocity in a 1-D flow. The spreading of a tracer front is due to local variations in the cross-sectional area of the stream tubes, which induces randomness in travel time. The derived transport equation is averaged in the main flow direction. It differs from the standard dispersion equation. The roles of time and space variables are exchanged. This result can be explained by using the statistical theory of Continuous Time Random Walk instead of a standard Random Walk. However, the two equations are very close, since their solutions have the same first and second moments. Dispersivity is found to be equal to the product of the correlation length by the variance of the logarithm of permeability, a result similar to Gelhar's macrodispersion.
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  • 72
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    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 263-282 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Porous media ; dispersion ; miscible flow ; heterogeneities ; stochastic ; stream tube ; layered ; fractal
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Large-scale dispersion in heterogeneous porous media is studied by using a simple model based on stochastic calculation of convective flow in a bundle of stream tubes. The advantage of this approach is that there is a local relationship between velocity and permeability in the 1-dimensional space of the stream tubes. Dispersion is due to the variation in stream tube cross-section, related to the permeability field. First, the arrival times of the tracer in the stream tubes are related to the stochastic properties of the permeability field (variance and covariance). Then, transport equations are derived from the moments of the arrival times. The results agree with more complicated studies. For a permeability field with long-range correlation, the transport equation is not unique. It depends on the assumptions involving moments higher than two. Assuming a Gaussian shape for the tracer flux leads to equations similar to the ones obtained in previous studies of time-dependent dispersivity. Without this approximation, the equation is non-local (integrodifferential) and leads to a memory effect. In the last part of this paper, the general results are illustrated with several correlation functions for the permeability field: purely random, exponential and power law covariance, and perfectly layered media.
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  • 73
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    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 283-302 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Solute transport experiments ; heterogeneous media ; dispersion ; scale-dependency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory tracer experiments were conducted to investigate solute transport in 12.5-m long, horizontally placed soil columns during steady saturated water flow. Two columns having cross-sectional areas of 10×10cm2 were used: a uniformly packed homogeneous sandy column and a heterogeneous column containing layered, mixed, and lenticular formations of various shapes and sizes. The heterogeneous soil column gradually changed, on average, from coarse-textured at one end to fine-textured at the other end. NaCl breakthrough curves (BTC's) in the columns were measured with electrical conductivity probes inserted at 50- or 100-cm intervals. Observed BTC's in the homogeneous sandy column were relatively smooth and sigmoidal (S-shaped), while those in the heterogeneous column were very irregular, nonsigmoidal, and exhibited extensive tailing. Effective average pore-water velocities (v eff) and dispersion coefficients (D eff) were estimated simultaneously by fitting an analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation to the observed BTC's. Velocity variations in the heterogeneous medium were found to be much larger than those in the homogeneous sand. Values of the dispersivity,α=D eff/v eff, for the homogeneous sandy column ranged from 0.1 to 5.0 cm, while those for the heterogeneous column were as high as 200cm. The dispersivity for transport in both columns increased with travel distance or travel time, thus exhibiting scale-dependency. The heterogeneous soil column also showed the effects of preferential flow, i.e., some locations in the column showed earlier solute breakthrough than several locations closer to the inlet boundary. Spatial fluctuations in the dispersivity could be explained qualitatively by the particular makeup of the heterogeneities in the column.
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  • 74
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    Transport in porous media 19 (1995), S. 37-66 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; sandstone ; radial flow
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper presents some experimental and theoretical results for dispersion processes occurring in consolidated Berea sandstone with radial flow geometry. A comprehensive review of the derivation and application of several analytical solutions is also presented. The Galerkin finite element method is applied to solve the advection-dispersion equation for unidimensional radial flow. Individual and combined effects of mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion are examined using velocity-dependent dispersion models. Comparison of simulated results with experimental data is made. The effect of flow rates is examined. The results suggest that a linear dispersion model,D=αu, whereD is the dispersion coefficient,u the velocity andα a constant, is not a good approximation despite its wide acceptance in the literature. The most suitable mathematical formulation is given by an empirical form of $$D = D_0 + \mathop \alpha \limits^` u^m$$ , whereD ois the molecular diffusion coefficient. For the range of Péclet number (Pe=vd/D m,wherev is the characteristic velocity,d the characteristic length andD mthe molecular diffusion coefficient in porous media) examined (Pe=0.5 to 285), a power constant ofm=1.2 is obtained which agrees with the value reported by some other workers for the same regime. From the results of experiments and numerical modelling, the effect of mobility ratios (defined as the ration of viscosities of displaced and displacing fluids) on dispersion is found to be negligible, provided that the ratio is favourable.
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  • 75
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    Transport in porous media 29 (1997), S. 207-223 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; attenuation ; surface waves ; Rayleigh wave ; Love wave
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract An investigation is conducted of propagation of surface waves in a porous medium consisting of a microscopically incompressible solid skeleton in which a microscopically incompressible liquid flows within the interconnected pores, and particularly the case where the solid skeleton deforms linear elastically. The frequency equations of Rayleigh- and Love-type waves are derived relating the dependence of wave numbers, being complex quantities, on frequency, as a result those waves are dispersive as well as inhomogeneous. Nevertheless, the amplitudes of both surface waves attenuate along the surface of the porous medium, whereas they decay exponentially receding from the surface of the medium.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): solute transport ; nonequilibrium ; heterogeneous porous media ; dispersion ; diffusion ; experiments ; modelling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Two region models for solute transport in porous media assume that hydrodynamic dispersion in mobile water and solute diffusion within immobile water regions are independent. Experimental and theoretical results for transport through a macropore indicate that hydrodynamic dispersion and solute exchange are interdependent. Experiments were carried out to investigate this problem for a column packed with spherical porous aggregates. The effective diffusion coefficient of a tracer within the agreggates was determined from specific experiments. The dispersivity of the bed was determined from experiments carried out with a column filled with nonporous beads. We took advantage of the dependence of hydrodynamic dispersion on density ratios between the invading and displaced solutions to obtain a set of breakthrough curves corresponding to situations where the diffusion coefficient remains constant, whereas the dispersivity varies. Simulations reproduce correctly the experiments. Small discrepancies are noted that can be corrected either by increasing the dispersion coefficient or by fitting the external mass transfer coefficient. Increased dispersion coefficients probably reveal a modification of Taylor dispersion due to solute exchange. The fitted external mass transfer coefficients are close to the values obtained with classical correlations of the chemical engineering literature.
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  • 77
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    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 277-297 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Stability ; linear stability analysis ; miscible displacement ; aspect ratio ; mobility control ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Viscous fingering and gravity tonguing are the consequences of an unstable miscible displacement. Chang and Slattery (1986) performed a linear stability analysis for a miscible displacement considering only the effect of viscosity. Here the effect of gravity is included as well for either a step change or a graduated change in concentration at the injection face during a downward, vertical displacement. If both the mobility ratio and the density ratio are favorable (the viscosity of the displacing fluid is greater than the viscosity of the displaced fluid and, for a downward vertical displacement, the density of the displacing fluid is less than the density of the displaced fluid), the displacement will be stable. If either the mobility ratio or the density ratio is unfavorable, instabilities can form at the injection boundary as the result of infinitesimal perturbations. But if the concentration is changed sufficiently slowly with time at the entrance to the system, the displacement can be stabilized, even if both the mobility ratio and the density ratio are unfavorable. A displacement is more likely to be stable as the aspect ratio (ratio of thickness to width, which is assumed to be less than one) is increased. Commonly the laboratory tests supporting a field trial use nearly the same fluids, porous media, and displacement rates as the field trial they are intended to support. For the laboratory test, the aspect ratio may be the order of one; for the field trial, it may be two orders of magnitude smaller. This means that a laboratory test could indicate that a displacement was stable, while an unstable displacement may be observed in the field.
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  • 78
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    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 591-618 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): Polymer flooding ; viscous fingering ; multiphase flow ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract The concept of improving oil recovery through polymer flooding is analysed. It is shown that while the injection of a polymer solution improves reservoir conformance, this beneficial effect ceases as soon as one attempts to push the polymer solution with water. Once water injection begins, the water quickly passes through the polymer creating a path along which all future injected water flows. Thus, the volume of the polymer slug is important to the process and an efficient recovery would require that the vast majority of the reservoir be flooded by polymer. It is also shown that the concept of grading a polymer slug to match the mobilities of the fluids at the leading and trailing edges of a polymer slug does not work in a petroleum reservoir. While this process can supply some additional stability to the slug, it is shown that for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery this additional stability is not great enough to be of any practical use. It is found that in this case the instability has simply been hidden in the interior of the slug and causes the same sort of instability to occur as was the case for the uniform slug.
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  • 79
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    Transport in porous media 32 (1998), S. 97-116 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; anomalous diffusion ; Taylor dispersion ; roughness ; self-affine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Tracer dispersion is studied in an open crack where the two rough crack faces have been translated with respect to each other. The different dispersion regimes encountered in rough-wall Hele-Shaw cell are first introduced, and the geometric dispersion regime in the case of self-affine crack surfaces is treated in detail through perturbation analysis. It is shown that a line of tracer is progressively wrinkled into a self-affine curve with an exponent equal to that of the crack surface. This leads to a global dispersion coefficient which depends on the distance from the tracer inlet, but which is still proportional to the mean advection velocity. Besides, the tracer front is subjected to a local dispersion (as could be revealed by point measurements or echo experiments) very different from the global one. The expression of this anomalous local dispersion coefficient is also obtained.
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  • 80
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    Transport in porous media 32 (1998), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): diffusion ; dispersion ; miscible ; automaton
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract A thermodynamic lattice gas (automaton) model is used to simulate dispersion in porous media. Simulations are constructed at two distinctly different scales, the pore scale at which capillary models are constructed and large scale or Darcy scale at which probabilistic collision rules are introduced. Both models allow for macroscopic (pore scale) phase separation. The pore scale models clearly show the effect of pore structure on dispersion. The large scale (mega scale) simulations indicate that when the pressure difference between the displacing phase and displaced phase is properly chosen (representing the average pressure gradient between the phases). The simulation results are consistent with both theoretical predictions and experimental observations.
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 32 (1998), S. 139-161 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; reaction ; perturbation theory ; stochastic modeling
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract We carry out a stochastic-perturbation analysis of a one-dimensional convection–dispersion-reaction equation for reversible first-order reactions. The Damköhler number, Da, is distributed randomly from a distribution that has an exponentially decaying correlation function, controlled by a correlation length, ξ. Zeroth- and first-order approximations of the dispersion coefficient, D are computed from moments of the residence-time distribution obtained by solving a one-dimensional network model, in which each unit of the network represents a Darcy-level transport unit, and the solution of the transfer function in zeroth- and first-order approximations of the transport equation. In the zeroth-order approximation, the dispersion coefficient is calculated using the convection–dispersion-reaction equation with constant parameters, that is, perturbation corrections to the local equation are ignored. This zeroth-order dispersion coefficient is a linear function of the variance of the Damköhler number, 〈(ΔDa)2〉. A similar result was reported in a two-dimensional network simulation. The zeroth-order approximation does not give accurate predictions of mixing or spreading of a plume when Damköhler numbers, Da ≪ 1 and its variance, 〈(ΔDa)2〉 〉 0.25 〈Da2〉. On the other hand, the first-order theory leads to a dispersion coefficient that is independent of the reaction parameters and to equations that do accurately predict mixing and spreading for Damköhler numbers and variances in the range √〈(ΔDa)2〉/〈Da〉≤0.3
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 36 (1999), S. 307-339 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): dispersion ; chromatography ; porous media ; adsorption ; homogenization ; multiple scales expansions.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract This paper is devoted to the computation of effective equations for the transport of a solute in a chromatograph. We focus our attention on models that retain dispersion effects. A chromatograph is a biporous periodic heterogeneous medium, made up of macropores, and of small porous adsorbing crystals that have a retention effect on the solute. We use the method of multiple scales expansions. Various macroscopic behaviours appear, according to the respective orders of magnitude of the dimensionless characteristic parameters: Peclet number in the macropores, ratio of the characteristic time of diffusion in the macropores to the characteristic time of diffusion in the crystals, adsorption coefficient. Dispersion occurs for a Peclet number of order ε−1. We then discuss the effective behaviour of the solute, with respect to the orders of magnitude of the other characteristic parameters. To our knowledge, most of the models are new. Our modelling is not restricted to chromatographs. It applies to various situations of physic and chemical engineering: fixed bed reactors, catalytic cracking, ground water for instance.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Schlagwort(e): experiment ; aperiodic heterogeneity ; dispersion ; stochastic modeling.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract An electrochemical technique was used to measure concentration distributions in an aperiodic heterogeneous model for comparison with a stochastic transport theory. Four identical columns, each filled with a homogeneous distribution of glass beads, were threaded together to create a single model with aperiodic heterogeneity. The layers in the model were arranged in different ways providing 24 realizations of the permeability distribution. Comparisons between experimental moment data and moments of simulated mean concentration distributions showed that the model was not able to accurately predict experimentally observed mixing behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Shape from shading ; Visual search ; Texture segregation ; Chimpanzees ; Humans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors. Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process shading information in a different way from humans.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 247 (1992), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): mangrove estuary ; salt transport ; estuarine stratification ; dispersion ; vertical shear transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The dependence of salinity stratification on the vertical structure of the longitudinal salinity gradient is investigated by solving the equations of longitudinal momentum and salt conservation. The results are used to interpret measurements made throughout 31 tidal cycles in the Merbok Estuary, Malaysia, as part of an ecological study of a tropical mangrove estuary. The solutions show that a substantial part of the salinity stratification was caused by vertical shear in the currents coupled with advection of the longitudinal salinity gradient. This mechanism led to maximum stratification around low water and minimum stratification around high water. Observed intratidal variations in stratification at neap tides greatly exceeded modelled values when a depth-independent, longitudinal salinity gradient was assumed. Simulations made using a longitudinal salinity gradient of simple depth-dependent, power-law form implied that this difference arose mainly because the near-surface, longitudinal salinity gradient in the field was significantly larger than that near the bed during neap tides and at times of high run-off. The longitudinal, dispersive transport of salt, fresh water and solutes due to vertical shear is shown to be important during periods of stratification at neap tides and during high run-off. The relevance of stratification to mangrove estuaries is discussed.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 86 (1982), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): phytoplankton ; abundance estimates ; dispersion ; contagion ; micro-patchiness
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The spatial distribution of phytoplankton is considered in relation to factors which may cause deviations from a random distribution. Such deviations may arise over a wide range of scales and attention is focused on small-scale contagion and its possible significance. Evidence is presented that contagion may occur at scales smaller than have previously been considered. Samples covering a range of volumes from 0.1 ml to 10 ml were taken from a small lake and total numbers of several phytoplankton species were counted in each sample to avoid problems arising from sub-sampling. The counts were used to calculate different indices of dispersion. All indices indicated contagion to occur at the scale being considered. Within the range examined the ‘patch size’ appeared variable between species. The possible derivation and relevance of such ‘micro-patchiness’ is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Schlagwort(e): cell culture ; endosteal human osteoblasts ; maxilla ; mandible ; titanium ; biocompatibility ; alkaline phosphatase
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract Fragments of cancellous and cortical bone from human maxilla and mandible were cultured by the explant technique. Cells isolated by trypsinization of primary cultures were characterized as osteoblasts on the basis of intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity, the constituents of the extracellular matrix, and response to human parathormone (PTH). In culture, the osteoblasts often gave rise to superposed clumps of large cells whose cytoplasm contained endoplasmic reticulum, numerous mitochondria, vacuoles, and a dense network of intermediate filaments, often at the level of the plasma membrane. In the presence of vitamin C and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the osteoblasts produced an extracellular matrix composed of collagen type I and various non-collagenous proteins, including osteocalcin. Biochemical test results were comparable to those reported for osteoblasts of other origins (rat calvaria, human iliac crest), and namely elevated intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity and cAMP accumulation in response to stimulation by human PTH (1–34). Osteoblasts isolated in this manner were cultured in the presence of pure titanium disks to determine the effects of exposure to this metal. Electron microscopy revealed few significant differences in cell growth and specific enzyme activity compared to control osteoblasts grown on plastic dishes, reflecting the excellent biologic and biochemical relationship between the osteoblasts and pure titanium. This experimental system thus appears suitable for biocompatibility studies, and in particular, evaluation of dental implants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 21 (1993), S. 489-499 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Schlagwort(e): Work of breathing ; Inspiratory pressure-time integral ; Respiratory modeling ; Dogs ; Humans
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract We hypothesized that the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system should have significant implications for the energetically optimal frequency of breathing, in view of the fact that these properties cause marked dependencies of overall system resistance and elastance on frequency. To test our hypothesis we simulated two models of canine and human respiratory system mechanics during sinusoidal breathing and calculated the inspiratory work ( $$\dot W$$ ) and pressure-time integral (PTI) per minute under both resting and exercise conditions. The two models were a two-compartment viscoelastic model and a single-compartment model. Requiring minute alveolar ventilation to be fixed, we found that both models predicted almost identical optimum breathing frequencies. The calculated PTI was very insensitive to increases in breathing frequency above the optimal frequencies, while $$\dot W$$ was found to increase slowly with frequency above its optimum. In contrast, both $$\dot W$$ and PTI increased sharply as frequency decreased below their respective optima. A sensitivity analysis showed that the model predictions were very insensitive to the elastance and resistance values chosen to characterize tissue viscoelasticity. We conclude that the $$\dot W$$ criterion for choosing the frequency of breathing is compatible with observations in nature, whereas the optimal frequency predictions of the PTI are rather too high. Both criteria allow for a fairly wide margin of choice in frequency above the optimum values without incurring excessive additional energy expenditure. Furthermore, contrary to our expectations, the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system tissues do not pose a noticeable problem to the respiratory controller in terms of energy expenditure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 985-1005 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Effective attraction radius ; dispersion ; dispersal ; host finding ; host selection ; Scolytidae ; Coleoptera ; Ips typographus ; I. paraconfusus ; Trypodendron lineatum ; computer simulation model
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Results were analyzed from six previous studies in which marked bark and ambrosia beetles, Ips typographus, I. paraconfusus, and Trypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), were released at the center of concentric rings of pheromone traps. Assuming nearly straight flight paths, a “filtering” equation model predicts recapture percentages on several trap rings of specified radii, trap numbers, and effective attraction radius (EAR) of a pheromone trap. Equations were used to calculate recapture percentages on concentric trap rings as a function of increasing EAR and gave polynomial relationships for each ring with terms equal to the number of inner rings plus one. Results were confirmed by computer simulations. Filtering equations were iterated with increasing EAR values to find one that gave a recapture percentage for the innermost trap ring that matched the field results. The estimated EAR for a synthetic pheromone bait of I. typographus was similar in five tests (range 1.39–1.78 m), but in two other tests was larger (3.27 and 15.9 m). The EAR for pheromone of 75 male I. paraconfusus in ponderosa pine logs ranged from 0.35 to 34.5 m (mean of 4.7 m) and was generally larger for previously pheromone-responding beetles than for freshly emerged ones. For T. lineatum, the EAR of lineatin-baited traps at 100-m radius was 2.43 m. Recaptures of I. typographus were reasonably predicted by the estimated EARs in the filtering model. To obtain perfect fits, another model assumed the EAR could vary with ring radius (dispersal distance) and found that the EAR for I. typographus decreased with dispersal distance in four experiments, but increased or was variable in two others. However, in I. paraconfusus and T. lineatum, the EAR increased with dispersal distance. Simulations that varied combinations of the EAR and random angles of maximum turning (AMT) of beetles stepwise showed that a nearly straight flight path for I. typographus explained observed catches on trap rings best, while a higher AMT of 36° was better to explain catches of T. lineatum. Simulations show that catch per trap ring in relation to radial distance can be influenced by the beetle's AMT (still unobserved in the field). A conceptual model of dispersal and host selection in “aggressive” bark beetles with regard to pioneer and joiner colonization strategies is presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of engineering mathematics 36 (1999), S. 163-184 
    ISSN: 1573-2703
    Schlagwort(e): fiber optics ; nonlinear Schrödinger equation ; multiple scales ; dispersion ; solitons.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Abstract Multiple-scale averaging is applied to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with rapidly varying coefficients, and use the results to analyze pulse propagation in an optical fiber when a periodic dispersion map is employed. The effects of fiber loss and repeated amplification are taken into account by use of a coordinate transformation to relate the pulse dynamics in lossy fibers to that in equivalent lossless fibers. Second-order averaging leads to a general evolution equation that is applicable to both return-to-zero (soliton) and non-return-to-zero encoding schemes. The resulting equation is then applied to the specific case of solitons, and an asymptotic theory for the pulse dynamics is developed. Based upon the theory, a simple and effective design of two-step dispersion maps that are advantageous for wavelength-division-multiplexed soliton transmission is proposed. Theuse of these specifically designed dispersion maps allows simultaneous minimization of dispersive radiation in several different channels.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): surface modification ; biocompatibility ; artificial organs ; biohybrid ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl chloride) (PAN/VC) anisotropic membranes were chemically modified with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) (5000 and 20,000 g/mol) by one of two aqueous reactions: (a) acid hydrolysis of the nitrile group to a carboxylic acid with which amine-terminated PEO (PEO-NH2) reacted or (b) base reduction of the nitrile group to an amine with which PEO-succinimide (PEO-SC) reacted. Approximately 1.3% of the bulk material was modified with PEO-NH2 whereas 1.8 to 3.5% was modified with PEO-SC as determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR FTIR) spectra. Approximately 50 to 75% less bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorbed to PEO-grafted single skin fibers than to unmodified PAN/VC. Transport properties of modified and unmodified fibers were compared by passive diffusion, convective nominal molecular weight cutoff, and hydraulic permeability. Neither hydraulic permeability nor nominal molecular weight cutoff of BSA changed appreciably after surface modification with PEO indicating that pore structure was not adversely affected by the chemistry involved in grafting poly(ethylene oxide). However, in the absence of any membrane conditioning, the apparent diffusion of α-chymotrypsinogen (24,000 g/mol) was enhanced in PEO-grafted PAN/VC fibers possibly as a result of reduced sorption of the permeating protein. In vivo biocompatibility in the brain tissue of rats was judged by histological assessment of the host's cellular response to fibers implanted for 30 days; biocompatibility of both PAN/VC and PAN/VC-g-PEO was satisfactory but improved slightly with PEO grafting. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 121 (1996), S. 113-116 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Schlagwort(e): proteoglycans ; cells ; aggregation ; steric exclusion ; adhesion ; dispersion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Studies of proteoglycans for their capacity to perform the function of steric exclusion of cells are reviewed. The ability of the proteoglycans hyaluronic acid and protein-chrondroitinkeratosulfate and their aggregates to effect cell aggregation and steric exclusion is determined by the structure of glycosaminoglycan components and the amount of covalently bound protein in their macromolecules. These actions of proteoglycans, in which physicochemical processes predominate, can be stimulated or suppressed by protein substances and heparin fractions present in the medium. Results of model tests are fully consistent with those of animal experiments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3855-3887 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Schlagwort(e): Adaptive two-step methods ; periodicity ; dispersion ; dissipation ; P-stability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Mathematik , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Adaptive two-step direct integration methods are constructed for the integration of second-order semidiscrete evolution equations possessing oscillatory solutions. The methods are based on a class of adaptive multistep methods for a semilinear test model whose frequency is known. They are constructed following the notion of diagonally implicit RK-methods by using efficient rational approximations to cos v, v ≥ 0. Our interest is centered on the dispersion (or phase errors) of the dominant components in the numerical oscillations when these methods are applied to a linear homogeneous test model. Two-step methods which have high order of dispersion (up to 12), whereas the algebraic order is relatively low (2 or 4), are derived. Applications of these methods to linear as well as non-linear test models and to semidiscretized hyperbolic equations reveal a good behaviour with regard to error propagation when they are compared with other conventional methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 54-64 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): fluidized-bed adsorption ; dispersion ; particle diameter ; bed height ; frontal adsorption ; mass transport ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: The influence of matrix properties and operating conditions on the performance in fluidized-bed adsorption has been studied using Streamline diethyl-aminoethyl (DEAE), an ion exchange matrix based on quartz-weighted agarose, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Three different particle size fractions (120-160 μm, 120-300 μm, and 250-300 μm) were investigated. Dispersion in the liquid phase was reduced when particles with a wide size distribution were fluidized compared to narrow particle size distributions. When the mean particle diameter was reduced, the breakthrough capacities during frontal adsorption were enlarged due to a shorter diffusion path length within the matrix. At small particle diameters the effect of film mass transfer became more relevant to the adsorption performance in comparison to larger particles. Therefore matrices designed for fluidized-bed adsorption should have small particle diameter and increased mean particle density to ensure small diffusion path length in the particle and a high interstitial velocity to improve film mass transfer. Studies on the influence of sedimented matrix height on axial mixing showed an increased Bodenstein number with increasing bed length. Higher breakthrough capacities were also found for longer adsorbent beds due to reduced dispersion and improved fluid and particle side mass transfer. With increasing bed height the influence of flow rate on breakthrough capacity was reduced. For a settled bed height of 50 cm breakthrough capacities of 80% of the equilibrium capacity for flow rates varying from 3 to 9 cm/min could be achieved. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 54-64, 1997.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 57 (1998), S. 118-120 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): biocompatibility ; microfabrication ; biohybrid organs ; immunoisolation ; Islets of Langerhans ; silicon ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A microfabricated silicon-based biocapsule for the immunoisolation of cell transplants is presented. The biocapsule-forming process employs bulk micromachining to define cell-containing chambers within single crystalline silicon wafers. These chambers interface with the surrounding biological environment through polycrystalline silicon filter membranes. The membranes are surface micromachined to present a high density of uniform pores, thus affording sufficient permeability to oxygen, glucose, and insulin. The pore dimensions, as small as 20 nm, are designed to impede the passage of immune molecules and graft-borne viruses. The underlying filter-membrane nanotechnology has been successfully applied in controlled cell culture systems (Ferrari et al., 1995), and is under study for viral elimination in plasma fractionation protocols. Here we report the encouraging results of in vitro experiments investigating the biocompatibility of the microfabricated biocapsule, and demonstrate that encapsulated rat neonatal pancreatic islets significantly outlive and outperform controls in terms of insulin-secretion capability over periods of several weeks. These results appear to warrant further investigations on the potential of cell xenografts encapsulated within microfabricated, immunoisolating environments for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 57: 118-120, 1998.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 348-358 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Schlagwort(e): enzymatic resolution ; ο-transaminase ; biphasic system ; product inhibition ; α-methylbenzylamine ; biocompatibility ; extracting capacity ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Two microorganisms showing high ο-transaminase activity (Klebsiella pneumoniae JS2F and Bacillus thuringiensis JS64) were screened by the enrichment method using (S)-α-methylbenzylamine (α-MBA) as a sole nitrogen source. Optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for enzyme induction and the properties of ο-transaminases were investigated. ο-Transaminase from B. thuringiensis JS64 was highly enantioselective (E = 75.3) for (S)-enantiomer of α-MBA and showed remarkable stability. However, ο-transaminase showed severe product inhibition by acetophenone. An aqueous/organic two-phase system was introduced to overcome this problem. Through solvent screening, cyclohexanone and ethyl acetate were selected as the best organic phases. The acetophenone-extracting capacity of the solvent and the biocompatibility of the solvent to the cell were important determinants in the reaction rate at high concentrations of α-MBA. The reaction rate of ο-transamination was strongly influenced by the volume ratio of organic phase to aqueous phase as well as agitation speed in the biphasic mixture. Using the optimal volume ratio (Vorg:Vaq = 1:4) in the biphasic system with cyclohexanone, the reaction rate of ο-transaminase under vigorous mixing conditions increased ninefold compared with that in the monophasic aqueous system. At the same optimal conditions, using whole cells, 500 mM α-MBA could be resolved successfully to above 95% enantiomeric excess of (R)-α-MBA with ca. 51% conversion. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 348-358, 1997.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biospectroscopy 4 (1998), S. 413-419 
    ISSN: 1075-4261
    Schlagwort(e): disposable soft contact lenses ; biocompatibility ; Raman spectroscopy ; hydrogels ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Physik
    Notizen: Disposable soft contact lenses based on HEMA-MAA hydrogels are examined using Raman and ATR/FTIR vibrational spectroscopies and thermal analysis. The main factors dealing with physical, chemical, and biological biocompatibility are evaluated in relation to those of long-wear soft contact lenses with the aim of individuating the most biocompatible lens. The Raman spectra of HEMA-MAA lenses show that some biocompatibility factors are affected by environmental conditions and, in particular, by changes in pH and ionic strength values. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 4: 413-419, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 36 (1997), S. 560-563 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Schlagwort(e): bone ; implant ; hydroxylapatite ; biocompatibility ; histomorphometric implant saturation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Bone implant materials are often used to fill in bone gaps that frequently result from orthognathic and craniofacial reconstruction. The substrate hydroxylapatite (HA) is commonly implanted into the bone voids, resulting from these conditions due to its established biocompatibility and osteoconductive properties. The porous structure of HA provides a three-dimensional guideline for fibrovascular ingrowth, facilitating the process that ultimately results in the deposition of new bone. Porous HA (Interpore, 200) implants were implanted in the mandible or maxilla of nine humans and removed after 14-30 months (19.1-month mean). There was no evidence of an inflammatory response. The sample composition and apposition against the implant were determined using point counting and a digitizing tablet and software. Percent ingrowth in available space (%IAS) was defined as %Bone/(%Bone + %Void). A new measure of implant saturation (%IAS - %Apposition of bone) was established to help determine the fundamental manner in which long-term HA implants incorporate bone. In the mean, the samples were composed of 27% bone, 21% void, and 53% implant. The apposition percentages averaged 60% bone, 16% void, and 24% soft tissue. The %IAS averaged 58%, and implant saturation averaged -3%, indicating that a near-balance between the implant and surrounding bone has been established. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 36, 560-563, 1997.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 37 (1997), S. 100-107 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Schlagwort(e): Diopside ; biocompatibility ; osteogenic cell (MC3T3-E1) ; biomechanical strength ; apatite wollastonite-containing glass-ceramic (AWGC) ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: Diopside was prepared by sintering a powder compact composed of CaMgSi2O6 at 1573K for 2 h. In order to clarify the biocompatibility of Diopside, the cytotoxicity of Diopside against the osteogenic cell line MC3T3-E1 and the bone-Diopside interface strength were examined. On both the 14th and 21st days of incubation of MC3T3-E1 cells with Diopside, ALP activities were not significantly lower than those of the CTRL. TEM photographs of MC3T3-E1 on Diopside after 14 days of incubation showed active secretion of crystals from osteoblast-like cells. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that the cells on Diopside formed multiple cell layers similar to those on the CTRL both 14 and 21 days after incubation. These results showed that Diopside had no cytotoxic effect on MC3T3-E1. The pulling test showed that failure loads of Diopside were significantly lower than those of AWGC. Histologically, there was no fibrous tissue or foreign body reaction at the bone interface. SEM-EPMA showed that Diopside had attached to the bone via a calcium-phosphorus layer. SEM back-scattered electron imaging showed that the Diopside plate had degraded to a porous state 12 weeks after implantation. These findings indicate that Diopside is a biodegradable ceramic. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 37, 100-107, 1997.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 38 (1997), S. 229-234 
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Schlagwort(e): cobalt alloy ; implant ; biocompatibility ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Medizin , Technik allgemein
    Notizen: The behavior of the ASTM F1058 wrought cobalt-chromium-nickel-molybdenum-iron alloy (commonly referred to as Elgiloy® or Phynox) is evaluated in terms of mechanical properties, magnetic resonance imaging, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. The data found in the literature, the experimental corrosion and biocompatibility results presented in this article, and its long track record as an implant material demonstrate that the cobalt superalloy is an appropriate material for permanent surgical implants that require high yield strength and fatigue resistance combined with high elastic modulus, and that it can be safely imaged with magnetic resonance. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 38: 229-234, 1997
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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