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  • Articles  (1,270)
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (409)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrosynthetic immobilisation of proteins for bioanalysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 101-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: biosensor ; protein immobilisation ; protein modification ; electrochemistry ; nitrotyrosine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Use of electrosynthetic methodology allows the production of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) either mononitrated at tyrosine 23 or bisnitrated at tyrosines 20 and 23, but never nitrated at tyrosine 53. This is a different sequence from that obtained by the chemical nitrating agent tetranitromethane, and when reduced by dithionite, the selectively modified enzyme can be anchored at pH 5 via the unique aromatic amino group to magnetic beads or other suitable matrices. HEWL so immobilised loses less than 10% of cell-wall lytic activity compared with the approximately 50% loss of activity when immobilised by conventional methodology at pH 9 via essentially random reaction at lysine residues and other functionalities which are nucleophilic at this pH. This result offers promise as a general method for selective protein immobilisation in biosensors and similar applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference Report: Molecular Electronics-Science and Technology. 14-18 December 1997, Humacao, Puerto Rico (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical assessment of a fouling-resistant surface (PHEMA/ benzalkonium chloride) after exposure to a marine environment (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: antifouling ; biofouling ; hydrogel ; benzalkonium chloride ; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ; underwater optics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A hydrogel based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) containing benzalkonium chloride (BAK) can be used as an environmentally acceptable, fouling-resistant material in the marine environment. The loaded hydrogel system is transparent and has the potential to be used in the protection of optical ports in underwater instruments. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy was used to study the optical properties of the material after a marine exposure period. The optical transmittance of PHEMA/ BAK was higher for 10 weeks than that detected for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a material currently used in commercial instruments, which confirmed the superior fouling resistance of the PHEMA/ BAK combination. The UV-vis spectroscopic method was quick, relatively cheap and accurate enough to allow the effects of the development of marine fouling on transparent surfaces for use in marine underwater optical applications to be monitored. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular design and properties of side chain liquid crystal polymers for applications in optoelectronics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 247-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of a number of side chain liquid crystalline polymers for quadratic non-linear optical (NLO) applications is reported. The active chromophore is a charge transfer (CT) biphenyl derivative which possesses mesogenic properties itself. The liquid crystalline behaviour of these polymers was established by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The active chromophores were oriented by the standard corona poling technique and the degree of axial ordering was determined as a function of poling conditions by linear optical absorption. Growth of the second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal was used to probe the induction of polar order. These experiments clearly indicated that liquid crystallinity results in an enhancement of the polar order over that of isotropic materials. The second-order NLO susceptibility tensor components d31 and d33 were measured by the SHG technique. The ratio d33/ d31 was found to be much larger than 3, in agreement with molecular statistical models. Values of d33 up to 30-35 pm V-1 were obtained at 1064 nm fundamental wavelength. These values are essentially not resonance-enhanced, since the chromophore absorption occurs below 350 nm. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin films of novel polysiloxane copolymers substituted with stilbene and biphenylene side-chains: response to nitrogen dioxide (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gas sensing ; nitrogen dioxide ; stilbene ; biphenyl ; UV-visible spectroscopy ; thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of a selection of stilbene and biphenyl side-chain substituted liquid crystal polymers based on polysiloxanes were deposited using an automated dip-coating technique and exposed to either 100 ppm NO2 gas and/or concentrated nitric acid vapour, the consequent effect being monitored by changes in the UV-visible spectra of the material. No effective response to NO2 was observed from the biphenylene analogue, but the stilbene derivatives showed spectral changes to suggest that an interaction occurs between the vapour and the bridge position of the stilbene side-chain. The stilbenes also show a marked pre-conditioning phenomenon upon exposure to nitric acid vapour prior to exposure to nitrogen dioxide. This procedure gives a material that has a more reversible response on exposure to NO2 gas than an anagolous film that has not been pre-treated. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface chemical sensitivity of polyaniline doped with palladium or platinum compounds This paper is part of the special issue: Part II of the Proceedings of the International Conference, Towards Molecular Electronics, TME'97, 23-28 June 1997,Śrem, Poland, edited by Prof. Jerzy J. Langer (Adv. Mater. Opt. Electron. 8, 213-284 (1998)) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conductive polymers ; polyaniline ; palladium dopants ; platinum dopants ; catalytic hydrogenation ; active centres ; catalyst aging ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The chemical and structural surface-aging effects brought about by the presence of water in emeraldine base (EB) polyaniline (PANI) doped with Pd or Pt protonic acids were studied. IR spectroscopy, XRD, XPS and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation (alkyne→alkene→alkane) were applied to characterise the PANI-Pd and PANI-Pt. Interpretation of the results gave the surface characteristics, structure, chemical catalytic activity and stability mainly of PANI-Pd specimens. The unique form of catalytically active centres therein was the surface complex [PdCl4]2- with Pd 3d5/2 BE=337·7 eV. The most promising among the PANI-Pd catalysts studied were those dried in a slow, long procedure (3 months, zeolite 5A). Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 7
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    Electronic Resource
    Redox reactions on TCNQ-modified self-assembled monomolecular films (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: self-assembly ; charge transfer ; electron-conducting monolayers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Suitably modified mono- and bimolecular films, including bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), offer exceptionally good opportunities for probing electric field effects on charge transfer and redox reactions in biosensor and molecular electronics research and development.This work presents the redox reactions of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) molecules incorporated in a self-assembled octadecanethiol monolayer (SAM) on polycrystalline gold electrodes, depending upon the type of supporting electrolyte cations and their concentration. Our results show that TCNQ-modified Au-SAM electrodes exhibit selectivity versus alkali metal cations in aqueous supporting electrolyte (∽10 kJ mol-1 difference between K+ and Li+ and between Cs+ and K+). The slope of the ‘calibration curves’ for Li+ and K+ is about 59 mV per decade of concentration of the analyte. The explanation of this behaviour is based on the Donnan potential model; however, an ion-pairing effect can also be involved. Our preliminary results show also that the TCNQ molecules within the octadecanethiol monolayer may act as a molecular redox device. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 8
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    Electronic Resource
    Stoichiometric deviations along an ingot of CuGaSe2 (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: synthesization ; chalcopyrite ; CuGaSE2 single phase ; X-ray diffraction ; stoichiometric deviations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the structural parameters on compositional deviations of CuGaSe2 has been studied. These deviations have been induced along an ingot by a single fusion of the components at 1150 °C and subsequent slow cooling in a stationary ampoule in a vertical furnace. All along the sample a single chalcopyrite phase is present and a compositional gradient along the ingot was found by energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) measurements, the upper part being rich in Ga (series B) and the lower part in Cu (series A), with Cu/Ga ratios of 0·95 and 1·1 respectively. A hypothesis of the existence of two phases in the melt is proposed to explain these facts. The unit cell parameters, anion displacement and Cu and Ga occupation numbers in their sublattices were analysed by X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement methods. In series A the occupation numbers are near stoichiometry, while in series B a Cu defect appears. In both series, changes in unit cell parameter are related to changes in Cu content, suggesting the presence of a fraction of Cu ions either as interstitials or at Ga sites when Cu is in excess, or of Cu vacancies in its sublattice when there is a Cu deficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of a planar chiral waveguide structure by a modified ATR method (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chiral waveguides ; preparation of modified ATR method ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Chiral properties of planar waveguide structures with a core layer formed by a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) host matrix doped with chiral santonin were investigated by means of a modified attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. Distinct modification of the observed ATR spectra was revealed for right and left circularly polarised incident beams. From comparison of the experimental spectra with theoretical curves, the following specific rotation was obtained: [α]20633=11,200 deg cm2 g-1 (santonin/ PMMA mass ratio 2:1). The origin of the observed optical activity and its influence on the waveguide dispersion characteristics are briefly discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 10
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    Preface (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 213-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    Some new synthetic low-dimensional semiconductors based on inorganic units (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: semiconductors ; low-dimensional systems ; crystal structure ; optical properties ; photoluminescence ; Raman spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The structural, optical and related properties (i.e. photoluminescence and resonance Raman spectra) of some synthetic (i.e. unconventional) low-dimensional semiconductor systems such as K2Cd3S4, [CH3SC(NH2)=NH2]3PbI5 and [H3N(CH2)6NH3]BiI5 are reported. They are compared with the properties of the corresponding higher-dimensionality systems. A blue shift of the excitonic bands and an enhancement of their binding energy and intensity were observed by decreasing the dimensionality or the size of the materials active part. The results are similar to those obtained from conventional semiconductors by decreasing the dimensionality or the size and are attributed to quantum confinement of excitons. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen dioxide gas-sensing studies on dip-coated films of novel chromophoric siloxane copolymers employing azo derivatives as side-chains (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 309-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: optical gas sensing ; polysiloxane ; azobenzene ; NO2 ; molecular modelling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Siloxane copolymers having as side-chains azobenzene derivatives bearing different electron-withdrawing and donating substituents were deposited as thin films by dip coating, and their behaviour upon exposure to 100 pm NO2 was studied by UV/visible spectroscopy. Electron-donating substituents at the ortho positions on the aromatic rings in the azo unit have significant influence on the absorbance changes produced by exposure to NO2, and this is explained by modelling, which suggests that interaction between the electrophilic nitrogen atom in NO2 and the electron clouds of the azobenzene skeleton is responsible for the sensing process, rather than the formation of a Wheland intermediate or other product of chemical reaction. Especially effective substituents are methoxy groups in either aromatic ring ortho or the azo linkage, which also produce a significant increase in intensity of the long-wavelength n-π* transition. This moves the optical interrogation signal to a wavelength range of particular benefit for potential applications. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Influence of polyaniline on electrode materials (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 303-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; emeraldine base ; carbon fluoride ; lithium cells ; aprotic solvent ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) has been used for modification of the electrochemical behaviour of a carbon fluoride ((CFx)n) cathode in a lithium cell. PANI and (CFx)n powders were carefully mixed and the electrochemical properties and kinetic parameters of the composite (CFx)n-PANI cathode were evaluated by galvanostatic and potentiodynamic techniques. An increase in exchange current has been found for electrodes with addition of polyaniline in the form of emeraldine base (EB). During the reduction process of carbon fluoride using 1 M lithium perchlorate solution in organic solvent, the ternary intercalation compound CLixF is formed and then irreversibly decomposed into carbon and lithium fluoride. The insertion of lithium cations into the (CFx)n layered structure is diffusionally controlled, hence improvement in electronic properties of this fluoride material by the presence of conducting PANI chains and enhancement of discharge performance were found for 25% addition of PANI. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Theory of organic field effect transistors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Field effect transistors with an organic material as active layer are at present essentially used to determine the mobilities in these materials. Until now, in analysing the measured current characteristics, only the simplest (Shockley) model has been used which accounts neither for this type of thin film transistor (TFT), which operates in depletion and accumulation, nor for the nature of the carriers. Starting from two-dimensional simulations for the analogous silicon TFT, we have developed an analytical model for the TFT that accounts for several peculiarities of the current characteristics of this type of transistor. In addition, a first modification has been developed which describes the situation when the charged states are polarons and bipolarons, as is the case in organic materials. Applications to published experimental current characteristics show that a general reanalysis is needed. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational properties of quasi-particles in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: PPV ; conjugated polymers ; quasi-particles ; ab initio calculation ; infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We investigate the quasi-particle conformational defects (excitons, polarons and bipolarons) in phenylene vinylene oligomers (PVOs) consisting of up to 12 repeat units. The conformations are determined by minimisation of the total Hartree-Fock energy calculated at 3-21G level. The Hartree-Fock calculations of the excited states are followed by the CI-Singles calculation. The bond length alternation along the oligomer chain is discussed. On the basis of these results the vibrational transitions are calculated. To correct the basis set truncation error, the vibrational frequencies are multiplied by a uniform scaling factor. The types of vibrations are assigned. The theoretical spectra are in good agreement with the experimental infrared vibrational spectrum of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 16
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    Microstructural characterisation of nanocrystalline GaN prepared by detonations of gallium azides (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium nitride ; nanocrystallites ; detonation ; gallium azide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: High quality nanoscale, phase-pure hexagonal gallium nitride (GaN) crystallites have been synthesized by the thermal induced detonation of molecular precursors of the type (R3N)Ga(N3)3 (R=CH3, C2H5, etc.). The method allows the control of the particle size regime from 2 to about 1000 nm. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld simulations revealed an anisotropic platelet-like shape of the particles. The obtained GaN material was as well characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM, IR, RAMAN, thermal gas effusion/mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, elemental analysis. Gas absorption measurements (BET method) showed a specific surface area of about 90 m2 · g-1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 17
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    Determination of the electroaffinity and potential barrier heights at polymer/ metal interfaces of poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 181-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) ; polymer interfaces ; conjugated polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we determine the LUMO level position of poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV), a heterocyclic poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) analogue, using tunnelling current measurements. We compare the energy level positions with those measured for PPV and determine their shifts. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions and good agreement is observed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 18
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    Optical spectra of C60 and C70 complexes: their similarities and differences (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 215-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fullerene ; fullerides ; charge transfer complexes ; spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Some possible uses of vibrational and electronic spectroscopies in characterising the basic interactions in C60 and C70 complexes are pointed out. We report on the wealth of infrared spectra of (usually) single crystals of C60 and C70 clathrates and complexes with organic donors. The changes in the spectral parameters of the complexes in comparison with those of the neutral fullerene molecules are attributed to redistribution of the charge on the spherical C60 or elongated C70 molecules in their compounds. Some general considerations on the origin of the IR, NIR, VIS and UV spectral variations are also given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 19
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    Towards the application of charge transfer salts and conducting polymer wires to electronic devices and sensors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 269-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic charge transfer salts ; conducting polymers ; electronic properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We are exploring the electronic properties of novel materials such as conducting polymer-coated polyester fibres and charge transfer complexes configured in resistive, gated (FET) and diode configurations. In this paper we will consider several areas where we are attempting to make sensors and/ or primitive devices from molecular materials. Our most successful result so far is the temperature-dependent resistivity of polypyrrole-coated polyester fibres. Here we find that the conductivity is thermally activated and produces a reliable, highly sensitive indicator of temperature in a cryogenic environment. Using parallel configurations of fibres, sensors with different limiting resistances can be fabricated. We have also placed insulated electrical gates on single crystals of various metallic and insulating charge transfer salts and have attempted to alter the charge transfer character by the application of high electric fields. With polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) insulating layers, gate voltages up to 150 V have been acquired with no leakage or heating. Similar measurements on diode devices fabricated from charge transfer complexes with different electronic structures are also in progress, and our preliminary results will be presented. Prospects and plans for developing these materials into viable sensors and devices are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 20
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    Charge transfer complexes involving calix[4]resorcinarenes: potential candidates for non-linear optics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: calix[4]resorcinarenes ; charge transfer (CT) complexes ; tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) ; tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) ; non-linear optical (NLO) materials ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Lipophilic calix[4]resorcinarenes - condensation products of resorcinol and lauryl aldehyde comprising four resorcinol units - form electron donor-acceptor complexes with electron acceptors tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in organic solvents. Their formation was confirmed by EPR and UV-vis spectroscopy, except for compounds c1 and c3 which did not form charge transfer (CT) complexes with TCNE. Titration experiments involving calixarenes and electron acceptors indicated the presence of species of different stoichiometries. Complexes with ligands c1-c4 were characterised spectroscopically. CT bands appeared in most cases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 21
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    Demonstration of unimolecular electrical rectification in hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 229-245 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: unimolecular rectifier ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Asymmetries in the macroscopic and the nanoscopic DC electrical conductivity through Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers and monolayers of γ-(n-hexadecyl)quinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (HDQ-3CNQ, 1) are due to a transition from the ground-state zwitterion to a probably neutral excited-state conformer, thus confirming without a shadow of a doubt the rectification of electrical current by a single molecule. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Optimisation of the electrochemical bath for growing device-quality CuInSe2 thin films (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: electrodeposition ; copper-indium-selenide ; thin films ; layer-by-layer deposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electrochemical bath used for growing device-quality CIS (CuInSe2) thin films by co-deposition as well as layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition was characterised and optimised with respect to the film properties. The bath composition was varied by changing the Cu, In and Se ion concentrations in specific ratios in both co-deposition and LBL deposition. The film properties were analysed using techniques such as SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EPMA (electron probe microanalysis), AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The structural, morphological and compositional properties of the films were characterised and their variation is attributed to the bath composition and growth conditions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Remote plasma-enhanced CVD of silicon nitride films: effects of diluting nitrogen with argon. Part I: effect on nitrogen plasma parameters studied by emission spectroscopy (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 13-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: remote PECVD ; silane ; nitrogen ; silicon nitride ; argon dilution ; emission spectroscopy ; metastable states ; atomic nitrogen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In a series of two papers we describe the effect of argon dilution of the nitrogen passed through the RF discharge region on the plasma composition, growth rate and some characteristics of silicon nitride films deposited by remove PECVD. In this part we report the results of an emission spectroscopic study of the plasma obtained in an SiH4-N2-Ar mixture. It is shown that argon in metastable electronic excited states plays an important role during the RPECVD of silicon nitride films by providing a high concentration of atomic nitrogen which is necessary for the promotion of film growth. In Part II the influence of argon dilution on the growth rate, composition and some properties of silicon nitride films deposited by capacitively and inductively coupled remote PECVD is discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Remote plasma-enhanced CVD of silicon nitride films: effects of diluting nitrogen with argon. Part II: effect of nitrogen plasma parameters on layer characteristics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: remote PECVD ; silane ; nitrogen ; silicon nitride ; argon dilution ; hydrogen content ; stoichiometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In Part I we reported the results of an emission spectroscopic study of the plasma obtained in an SiH4-N2-Ar mixture. It was shown that argon in metastable electronic excited states provides a high concentration of atomic nitrogen. In this part we report the results of a study of the influence of argon dilution on the growth rate, composition and properties of silicon nitride films. The exact influence of nitrogen dilution with argon depends on the process parameters and on the method of coupling of the RF power, but it is found in general that a high concentration of atomic nitrogen leads to changes in the relative amounts of Si-Hj and N-Hi bonds and in the Si/N ratio of deposited films. In particular, it is shown that hydrogen incorporation can be reduced and improved stoichiometry can be obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular conductors and magnets: different strategies and achievements (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 61-76 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic molecular materials ; conducting molecular materials ; polyoxometalates ; TTF ; ET ; conducting polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The different approaches used by the authors for the synthesis of new molecular materials exhibiting simultaneously magnetic and conducting properties are presented here. The aim is to prepare materials where a magnetic and a conducting sublattice coexist and/or interact in order to obtain either coexistence of properties or coupling between them. The strategy described is a hybrid one that combines various types of inorganic metal complexes with planar organic π-electron donors of the TTF family or with organic matrices made of conducting polymers. There are four main combinations: (i) magnetic polyoxometalates with organic donors - this strategy has already produced more than 10 radical salts where a magnetic character coexists with a conducting or semiconducting one; (ii) small magnetic anions with organic donors - in this case one of the most promising results has been the synthesis of one of the very few known examples of magnetic molecular metals; (iii) ferro- and ferrimagnetic oxalate-bridged bimetallic layers with organic donors; (iv) magnetic polyoxometalates incorporated into electrodeposited films of conducting polymers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Effect of dopant counter-anion on tribological properties of polypyrrole (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 87-91 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: friction coefficient ; wear coefficient ; tribology ; conducting polymers ; 2,6-naphthalenedisulphonate (2,6-NDS) ; 1,5-naphthalenedisulphonate (1,5-NDS) and 2-naphthalenesulphonate (NS) polypyrroles ; sliding test ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: It is known that, with careful control of conditions, polypyrrole films with counter-ions of toluene sulphonic acid sodium salt and methane phosphonic acid sodium salt can be produced with friction coefficients comparable with or even better than PTFE. Here we now report a systematic study of polypyrrole with various planar anions for tribological bearing applications. Thus naphthalene disulphonate-doped polypyrrole has a kind of laminar structure with very good adhesion to the surface. Polymer films were electrodeposited on glass lenses and tested in a friction apparatus for friction and wear measurements. The film orientation was measured by low-angle X-ray diffraction and the surface structure was evaluated by both AFM and SEM for different film thicknesses. The friction coefficient and wear rate of such bearings were measured under loads up to 5 N and at speeds up to 30 mm s-1 and were found to be 0·06 and 0·04 nm mm-1 respectively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A robust gel-bilayer channel biosensor (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 47-52 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ligand gated ; channel protein ; biomembrane ; biosensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We demonstrate a novel protective configuration for a gated channel biosensor. The bilayer membrane containing the channel proteins is formed by a simple self-assembly technique ensuring continuous coverage of the interface between two slabs of agarose gel by a biomimetic lamella in a fluid state. The gel protects both membrane surfaces from mechanical shock and contact with low-energy media while allowing diffusion of biomolecules up to 10 MDa in weight. The technique has been demonstrated using both dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and a phosphatidylcholine lipid cross-linked with a short polysiloxane chain (PSPC). The conductance per unit area of the channel-free membrane produced by this method was less than 25 S m-2 for DOPC and 2 S m-2 for PSPC, and the bilayer nature of the barrier in both cases has been demonstrated by measurement of the capacitance. The applicability to sensors has been confirmed using gramicidin-D, a 1·1 kDa unilamellar lipid bilayer pore former, and partially confirmed using valinomycin, a selective ion transporter. On incorporation of gramicidin the membrane conductance increased by over an order of magnitude. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    [TTF]2[Fe(tdas)2]: a molecular conductor containing magnetic counter-ions (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ithiolene ; tetrathiafulvalene ; molecular conductor ; molecular magnetism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The salt [TTF]2[Fe(tdas)2] has been prepared by electocrystallisation and its conductivity and magnetic properties are reported. The X-ray structure has been determined. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Preface (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 45-45 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: No Abstract
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    Optical absorption behaviour of metal/semiconductor hybrid nanoparticle composites (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: coated hybrid particles ; nanoparticle composites ; surface plasmon resonance ; optical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Semiconductor/metal hybrid nanoparticle composites have been prepared in a glass host by a modified melt/quench process and examined with respect to their optical properties. The coated hybrid nanoparticles exhibit surface plasmon resonance absorption spectra which are red-shifted compared with that of a dispersion of homogeneous Ag nanoparticles in the same host. The position of the plasmon resonance was a sensitive function of the heat treatment schedule. A theoretical model based on effective medium theory for the coated hybrid particles was used to describe the shift of the plasmon position in the optical spectra as a function of the coating thickness. The calculated absorption spectra of the coated hybrid particles agree well with the experimental results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrically conducting and fluorising self-assembled monomolecular layers (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 31-37 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: self-assembled monomolecular layers ; chemical modification ; ATR/FTIR' electrical conductivity ; fluorescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Self-assembled monomolecular layers have been formed on a glass substrate with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The amino groups were chemically modified with either salicylaldehyde or 4-formylpyridine, then a TCNQ-pyridine CT complex was formed on a limited area of the surface, making a molecular conductive channel. This area is electrically conducting and we have observed it with the aid of SEM and direct measurements. ATR/FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy were also used to monitor the monomolecular layer formation and modification processes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electronic structure, insulator-metal transition and superconductivity in κ-ET2X salts (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 53-60 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; electron correlations ; dielectric-metal transition ; superconductivity ; Fermi surface ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electronic structure and superconductivity of layered organic materials based on the bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene molecule (BEDT-TTF, hereafter ET) with essential intra-ET correlations of electrons are analysed. Taking into account the Fermi surface topology, the superconducting electronic density of states (DOS) is calculated for a realistic model of κ-ET2X salts. A d-symmetry of the superconducting order parameter is obtained and a relation is found between its nodes on the Fermi surface and the superconducting phase characteristics. The results are in agreement with the measured non-activated temperature dependences of the superconducting specific heat and NMR relaxation rate of central 13C atoms in ET. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Low-pressure-induced conformational transition in doped polypyrrole: optical and IR spectra (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conducting polymers ; polypyrrole ; optical absorption ; pressure ; piezochromism ; conformation ; infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A pressure dependence of the optical absorption spectra of BF-4-doped polypyrrole has been observed at pressures below atmospheric pressure. The two absorption bands at photon energies of 1·2 and 3·0 eV depend on the pressure: a decrease in the high-energy absorption is accompanied by an increase in the low-energy absorption and its shift towards lower energies. The Fourier transformation infrared reflection spectra also depend on the pressure in this region of pressures. The results are interpreted as a pressure-induced conformational transition of the polypyrrole chain. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Peculiarities of radiative recombination in amorphous molecular semiconductors doped with polymethine dye (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 201-209 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular semiconductors ; electron-hole pairs ; excitons ; photoconductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Processes of charge carrier photogeneration and recombination are investigated in films of poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole doped with polymethine dye. Films with blocking contacts were illuminated with light from either the region of dye absorption or beyond this region. The kinetics of accumulation and relaxation of electron-hole pairs with lifetimes greater than tens or hundreds of seconds was studied. It is presumed that the reason for the growth of recombination luminescence intensity in an external electric field is connected with the increase in efficiency of radiative recombination stimulated by electrons captured from photogenerated excitons. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photoluminescence measurements of GaAs grown by liquid phase epitaxy from Ga-Bi solution (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 9-12 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: LPE growth ; Ga-Bi solution ; ‘purification effect’ ; photoluminescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thick, intentionally undoped GaAs epitaxial layers grown by LPE from Ga-Bi solution with different contents of Bi in liquid solvent (from 0 to 82 at.%Bi) were studied by photoluminescence (PL) at temperature &helvbi;T&helvbd;=2 K. The dependence of the photoluminescence spectrum on the content of Bi in solution was analysed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Microstructuring of As40S60 wafers exposed to soft X-raysSome of the results were presented at the 2nd International Conference on Photo-Excited Processes and Applications  -  ICPEPA '95, Jerusalem, Israel (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 129-133 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: As-S wafers ; X-ray exposure ; microstructuring ; bulk optic element ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The possibilities of ‘resistless’ microstructuring of As36·1S63·9 wafers by soft X-ray irradiation and wet alkaline etching have been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the influence of the exposure and processing parameters on the depth and acuity of the patterned structures. Structures 1 μm wide are obtained by irradiation with an energy flux of 2000 mJ cm-2, followed by etching in a solution of pH 10·8 at a temperature of 23°C for a processing time of 18 min. It is established that by X-ray irradiation and suitable processing of As36·1S63·9 wafers, microstructures of a depth up to 0·65 μm could be patterned. The structured wafers could be used as diffraction elements for IR optics. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Information-processing capabilities of chemical reaction-diffusion systems. 1. Belousov-Zhabotinsky media in hydrogel matrices and on solid supports (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 163-171 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chemical-based computing ; reaction-diffusion systems ; polymer materials for chemical computing ; Belousov-Zhabotinsky media ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Promising potentialities are opened up by the use of polymer materials for the elaboration of information-processing devices based on reaction-diffusion media. In this work, features of image processing by Belousov-Zhabotinsky media formed on the basis of hydrogel matrices and using catalyst immobilisation on the surface of solid supports have been investigated. Such active media structures have been found to improve significantly the quality of images in the course of their processing by the media. The spatial resolution of the media increases considerably in going from liquid Belousov-Zhabotinsky media and media functioning in polymer matrices to media based on catalyst immobilisation on the surface of solid supports. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Low-pressure-induced conformational transition in doped polypyrrole: electrical conductivity (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conducting polymers ; polypyrrole ; electrical conductivity ; pressure ; conformation ; glass transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We describe the observation of a pressure-induced variation in the electrical conductivity of BF-4-doped polypyrrole at pressures below atmospheric pressure. We also show that there are anomalies in the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in cyclic measurements at temperatures of 240 and 310 K. The pressure effect is interpreted as a pressure-induced order-disorder conformational transition. The anomalies in the temperature dependence are attributed to the glass transition and melting of the polymer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Melting of conducting organic composites based on TCNQ and methyl-TCNQ salts studies by IR spectroscopy (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 97-99 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: TCNQ salts ; IR spectra ; melting ; charge transfer, electron-phonon coupling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The infrared spectra (400-7000 cm-1) of three composites based on salts of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) and methyl-TCNQ with N-alkyl-isoquinolinium cations are measured as a function of temperature (up to about 450 K). The influence of composite melting on the charge transfer and vibrational bands is studied. It is found that melting causes an irreversible transition into a new phase. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Comments on ‘Use of small-scale testing to predict Cal 133 performance’ by Herman H. Forsten (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 43-43 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Letter to the Editor (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 44-44 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Mathematical expression of Heat Release Rate Curve and proposal of ‘Burning Index’ (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 39-42 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Heat Release Rates of organic materials are studied in many countries, but there is no mathematical formula to represent their shape. We considered a mathematical expression of the Heat Release Rate Curve by a simple equation. And we also derived the index of degree of combustibility, named ‘Burning Index (BI)’. The Heat Release Rate Curve is expressed by the derivative of a probability function of maximum value and has three parameters; an amplitude coefficient, a time width coefficient and an ignition index. BI is in proportion to an amplitude and a time width and in inverse proportion to an ignition index. BI values of cable plastic compounds with flame-retardant material had good relations with the quantity of non-organic ingredients. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Microkinetics of high-temperature pyrolysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 47-54 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: High-temperature pyrolysis of various classes of polymers have been discussed. For the non-carbonizing polymers it was shown that polymer structure can affect the pyrolysis characteristics. Data on the high-temperature pyrolysis of some polypropylene samples with different crystallinity have been presented. Modification of the standard method allowing one to obtain kinetic data from the single experiment was discussed. A kinetic model for the degradation of char-forming polymers in conditions of high-temperature pyrolysis has been suggested. It has been supposed that pyrolysis of carbonizing polymers proceeds in some (two in present work) parallel stages with different activation energies, temperatures and pyrolysis rates. Questions of the applicability of the suggested model to describe the various types of charring systems have been discussed. High-temperature pyrolysis for a number of epoxy resin-based polymeric compositions have been investigated. Kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis have been computed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Functionally graded wood in fire endurance with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 77-83 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire-retardant wood treatment with fire-retardant chemicals consisting of basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid have been thoroughly examined. The fire retardance and endurance of wood were influenced by the treatment method. Here two treatment methods were compared, heat-pressed treatment method improved these qualities more than heat-dried treatment method. Furthermore, to gain lasting fire retardance, it was considered necessary to react basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid with formaldehyde as in the dicyandiamide-formaldehyde-phosphoric acid or melamine-dicyandiamide-formaldehyde-phosphoric acid system. In the treated wood, the concentration of chemicals gradually decreased as it approached the center. The functional fire retardance could be graded in accordance with the chemical content. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Modelling the thermal decompositions of wood and leaves under a nitrogen atmosphere (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 103-108 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of six different samples of wood and leaves in nitrogen has been studied by using dynamic thermogravimetry. In the experiments two main weight loss processes took place and the total weight loss at 500°C was over 95% in all six cases. By means of the Doyle method, the two processes were found to fit most closely the plot for the second-order equation in the form dα/dt=k(1-α)2, and each of the weight loss processes was found to be controlled, respectively, by two dominant reactions as the temperature increases. It was inferred that competing reactions occur during the overall temperature interval for all the six samples. By comparing the activation energies using this model with those by the method of Moll et al., and by comparing the experimental and theoretical thermogravimetric curves, the ‘second-order’ model was tested to be able to predict the weight loss processes of the samples with very good accuracy. It can be concluded that the ‘second-order’ kinetic model acts much better than the conventionally adopted first-order model. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Comment on Dr Marcelo M. Hirschler' recent paper entitled ‘Comparison of the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture fabrics and cotton ducks (500-fabric study)’, in Fire and Materials, 21, 123-141 (1997) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 131-131 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Combustion behaviour of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer-based intumescent formulations using oxygen consumption calorimetry (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 119-128 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This work compares the fire degradation of ethylene-vinyl acetate 8% copolymer (EVA8) with two flame-retarded formulations, using the cone calorimeter. The first one, EVA8/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) leads to the protection of the material, in the conditions of a fire, by means of blowing up and weak carbonization. The addition of polyamide-6 (PA-6) in EVA8/APP improves the protection by forming an intumescent carbonaceous shield. The fire hazard of the virgin polymer and of the FR systems are quantified, in terms of rate of heat release, weight loss, effective heat of combustion, volume of smoke production and CO and CO2 production. It assesses the effectiveness of the fire retardant additives APP and APP/PA-6 in EVA8-based materials under simulated real fire test conditions.The respective temperatures of the degradation front are deduced from the weight loss data recorded in the course of the cone calorimeter experiments and the results of the invariant kinetic parameters method applied to the different specimens. The addition of APP/PA-6 in EVA8 leads to a superficial phenomenon; the degradation zone is thus located on the upper volume of the specimen during all the exposure to the heat flux. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Effects of the structural properties of solid fuels on their re-ignition characteristics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 155-165 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A set of small-scale experiments was carried out to study the effects of material structural properties on the re-ignition characteristics of solid fuels. The influence of other key parameters, such as the incident heat flux and pre-burn, was also carefully investigated. The experiments were conducted on specimens of wood and PMMA using a cone calorimeter. As expected, the effect of water on the re-ignition time was found to be significant. It was also found that the re-ignition characteristics of charring materials, such as wood, are quite different from non-charring materials, mainly due to the structural differences. Based on the experimental observations two different mathematical models were developed to analyse the data for both wood and PMMA samples. Calculations of the re-ignition time made using these models agree generally well with the measurements and confirm that the material structure plays a vital role in its re-ignition behaviour. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Letter to the Editor (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 44-44 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Repeatability and reproducibility of fire tests for cigarette ignition of upholstered furniture composites (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: An analysis has been made to compare the repeatability and reproducibility of three tests for cigarette ignition of upholstered furniture composites: ASTM E1352, ASTM E1353 and NIST 851 mock-up. The first two of these tests are traditional methods designed to assess the potential of upholstered furniture components to being ignited by cigarettes while the last one, NIST 851 mock-up, is a new method designed to assess the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture composites. The traditional methods, ASTM E1352 and ASTM E1353 use a single cigarette for each determination and can be run in two ways: to obtain a numerical output of char length on the substrate (following the standard) or to obtain a pass/fail result for the substrate (practical use); the precision was analysed in both fashions. The new method, NIST 851 mock-up, uses 144 cigarettes for each determination (48 each on three substrate composites), and assesses the fraction of substrates that have been ignited (char length exceeding 10 mm), i.e. by a combination of pass/fail data. The analysis for actual char length was made according to ASTM E691 guidelines, while the analysis of the pass/fail was made according to a modification applicable to binary data. The precision of the test methods was as follows (in descending order):NIST 851〉ASTM E1353 P/F〉ASTM E1352 P/F〉ASTM E1353〉ASTM E1352© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Flame-retarding properties of ion-exchanging groups introduced into beech sawdust (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 149-154 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Ion exchangers prepared from beech sawdust by introduction of weak and strong basic ion-exchanging groups were analysed with thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and limited oxygen index methods to evaluate their thermal stability and flame-retarding properties. By cross-linking with epichlorohydrin in the presence of NH4OH, ion exchangers in free form or in H3BO3 or H3PO4 form were obtained with increased thermal stability in comparison to the starting material. By cross-linking and quaternization of sawdust in one step with 1,3-bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)imidazolium hydrogen sulfate, a material with better thermal stability and flame-retarding properties was obtained than by the previous procedure. This resulted in greater residues at higher temperatures as measured by dynamic thermogravimetry. The values of rate constants and activation energies of gasification calculated from isothermal thermogravimetric measurements decreased with improved thermal resistance similar to heat effects observed with differential scanning calorimetry. Limited oxygen index values up to 35.6% were obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Experimental study on the radiative ignition of silicones (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Silicones comprise a wide variety of materials such as fluids, elastomers, resins, and foams. This paper reports the ignitability of some typical silicones under various external radiant heat fluxes. The ignitability of silicones was studied using a cone calorimeter under radiant heat flux levels of 0.5-60 kW m-2. The time to ignition of the silicones was found to be proportional to a power of the incident heat flux that varies from -1.33 to -2.84. For silicone fluids, viscosity (or molecular size) is the key variable in controlling the ignitability. For silicone elastomers, the fillers play an important role in controlling the ignitability, especially at incident heat fluxes lower than 35 kW m-2. The ignitability of silicone resins depends on the chemical structure of the resins: the pure trifunctional resin has the lowest ignitability. The ignitability of the silicone foams having the same density depends on the foam thickness, especially at incident heat fluxes lower than 30 kW m-2. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The fire retardance and endurance of functionally graded wood in the case of the heat-compressed treatment method (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 199-206 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The behaviour of wood with the heat-compressed treatment method was evaluated. Fire retardance and endurance of wood treated with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid were much improved by the compressed method using a hot press. In this way, the concentration of chemical contents and the density of wood were raised at the surface of the treated wood and it increased the specific gravity of the treated wood as a whole. It was recognized that the increase of specific gravity improved fire retardance and endurance, and fire endurance of wood was indicated by the equation of addition of chemicals and specific gravity. It is more effective to increase the specific gravity of wood at the surface to improve fire endurance. Wood treated with chemicals showed a high limiting oxygen index in proportion to the increase in the addition of chemicals regardless of the treatment method, and high fire endurance was not always accompanied by a high limiting oxygen index. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Improving fire retardancy of fast growing wood by coating with fire retardant and surface densification (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 207-212 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fire retardant fast-growing wood product was developed by coating with fire retardant and densifying the surface of wood. Trimethylol melamineformaldehyde resin mixed with phosphoric acid was coated on the wood surface, preheated and followed by hot pressing. Effects of the amount of coating, preheating temperature, and densifying ratio on the fire retardancy of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood, and pressing temperature and pressing time on that of albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria Becker) wood were discussed. Bending strength, creep performance under fire and fire retardancy were evaluated. The results showed that the treatments improved the fire retardancy of woods without reduction in the bending strength. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Relationship between heat of combustion, lignin content and burning weight loss (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 1-6 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The measurements of effective heat of combustion obtained from the Cone Calorimeter test for several wood composites (different types of plywood and particle board) at horizontal configuration are presented. Comparison of the average effective heat of combustion at different irradiation shows no correlation to gross heat of combustion measured in the oxygen bomb calorimeter. It was also found, that for the materials studied, there is no statistically significant correlation of heat of combustion to lignin content, but on the other hand, there is an evidence of correlation to the burning weight loss of the samples, but further investigation is necessary. Additionally, the effective heat of combustion is shown as a function of time for different external radiant heat-flux level for the chosen materials. Similar profiles have been found for remaining samples. Two different types of such curves can be distinguished. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Effect of glass fibres and fire retardant on the combustion behaviour of composites, glass fibres-poly(butylene terephthalate) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 7-14 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The oxygen index (OI) of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) tends to decrease when it is combined with milled-glass fibres either with or without the sizing treatment. This shows that the previously found apparent increase of flammability of PBT glass fibre composites (GFPBT) as compared to PBT is not due to the introduction of the flammable sizing together with the glass fibres in the polymer which was one suggested explanation in the literature, but rather to the wick and anti-dripping effects of glass fibres. The effectiveness of a typical brominated organic compound-antimony trioxide fire retardant system (FR), as measured by OI, is found to be larger in GFPBT as compared to PBT. A linear increase of the temperature index (TI) of PBT and of GFPBT is observed with increasing concentration of the FR. The fire retardant increases the time to ignite while it decreases the maximum rate of heat release and increases the smoke optical density and CO evolution on burning in the cone calorimeter. The dependence of fire risk and hazard assessement on the combustion model of the combustion test method is discussed for OI and cone calorimeter in the case of PBT, GFPBT and FR corresponding materials. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Comments on ‘Comparison of the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture fabrics and cotton ducks (500-fabric study)’ by Marcelo M. Hirschler (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 129-130 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    The functionally graded wood observed from chemical and thermal perspectives (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 141-148 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The fire retardance of wood treated with basic nitrogen compounds and phosphoric acid is improved. It was investigated which chemicals were suitable for the fire retardant treatment of wood and how chemicals influenced fire retardance and endurance from the perspective of chemical reaction and also it was investigated how chemicals and treatment methods influenced fire retardance and endurance from a thermal perspective. Although the fire endurance was improved by a heat-pressed treatment method, the chemical reaction was carried out by heat irrespective of the pressing or drying method. The wood structure would become complex as the cross-linked structure occurred by chemicals and pressure. Its structure would be maintained at combustion. Fire endurance of wood is shown to be related to a cross-linked structure created by a chemical and/or physical reaction rather than thermal factors related to the carbonized product. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Evaluation of heat release rate equations used in standard test methods (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 167-173 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A thorough review was recently conducted to verify the correctness of equations being used to calculate heat release rate in standard test methods. The review incorporated 17 different standard test methods from American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Uniform Building Code (UBC), California Technical Bulletin (CA TB), International Standards Organization (ISO), and British Standards (BS). The standard test methods reviewed were ASTM D5424, ASTM D5537, ASTM E1354, ASTM E1537, ASTM E1590, ASTM E1623, ASTM E1822, NFPA 264, NFPA 265, NFPA 266, NFPA 267, CA TB 129, CA TB 133, UBC 8-2, UBC 26-8, ISO 5660, BS 476. Through this review, incorrect equations were found in 12 of the 17 standards with a total of 22 incorrect equations overall. The following paper provides the correct heat release rate equations and a summary of the review. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Comparison of the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture fabrics and cotton ducks (500-fabric study) -  a second opinion (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 175-178 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In the paper entitled ‘Comparison of the Propensity of Cigarettes to Ignite Upholstered Furniture Fabrics and Cotton Ducks (500-Fabric Study)’ (Fire Mater. 21, 123-141 (1997)) Marcelo M. Hirschler addresses the validity of a test method, proposed by NIST, for smoldering cigarette ignition propensity of upholstery fabrics. The thrust of the study is to establish similarities ‘between the ignition propensity of cigarettes assessed by (1) a set of 500-upholstery fabrics (chosen at random among typical upholstery fabrics) and (2) a test method proposed by NIST (NIST 851) and based on “cotton duck” fabrics’. The conclusion of Hirschler's study is that ‘the overall results obtained from the 500-upholstery fabric study correlate well with those of the “cotton duck” study.’ In addition, the author states that ‘the “cotton duck” can be considered, as a whole, to behave similarly to the majority (estimated at perhaps 80%) of the upholstery fabrics available at the time of the study, and the test is valid’. In an attempt to validate these statements, the ignition patterns generated by the five test cigarettes on each of the 500-upholstery fabrics were compared with the NIST “cotton duck” pattern. Only 6.6% were found to generate a pattern similar to the NIST pattern and 94% of this group were heavyweight (greater than 14 oz/sq yd.) fabrics. Assessment of the test results fails to substantiate Hirschler's statements. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The kinetic methods for which no assumption about the order of reaction is needed (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 219-220 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Comparison of four combustion models for simulating the premixed combustion in inert porous media (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 187-197 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This work reports one-dimensional predictions of methane/air fuel combustion in inert porous media using four combustion models: full mechanism (FM, 49 species and 227 elemental reactions), skeletal mechanism (SM, 26 species and 77 elemental reactions), 4-step reduced mechanism (4RM, 9 species) and 1-step global mechanism (1GM). The effects of these models on temperature, species, burning speeds and pollutant emissions are examined. The calculations are compared with available experimental data. It is concluded that the already known limitation of the 1-step global mechanism can be partially eliminated by the present 4-step reduced mechanism. This 4RM model compares very satisfactorily with the full mechanism in the simulation of combustion in porous media. This conclusion is encouraging for the simulation of practical porous media burners because the 4RM model improves the stability of the calculation process and can be used with reduced computational resources and cost. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Investigations of conveyor belts flammability. Comparison of flammability assessment using the large-scale gallery test and cone calorimeter (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 213-218 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper describes results of investigations of conveyor belt flammability in full scale, using the large-scale gallery method and using cone calorimeter. On the basis of oxygen consumption calorimetry, the amounts of heat release during burning of conveyor belts were calculated. A correlation was found between results of conveyor belt flammability obtained using both methods. Criteria for conveyor belt flammability assessment were established for the cone calorimeter method, which define a level that would be equivalent to that for the large-scale gallery test. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    New polyester resins with reduced flammability and smoke evolution capacityPaper presented at 5th Arab International Conference on Materials Science, ‘Materials and Fire’ Alexandria, Egypt. 22-25 March 1998. (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 253-255 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Smoke evolution [in NBS chamber by the ASTM E-622-(1983) method] and ignitability (by the oxygen-index method) was investigated for glass-reinforced polyester (GRP) laminates obtained with unsaturated polyester (UP) resins containing chlorine and bromine in the chain. In these studies, the effect on the properties of such additives as Sb2O3, Al (OH)3, MoO3, Mg(OH)2 and melamine diphosphate in an amount up to 30 mass-% was determined. The most efficient ignition and smoke-evolution retarder of the investigated compounds was Mg(OH)2, whereas an essential reduction in smoke evolution was observed also with MoO3. GRP laminates with these additives meet the fire-safety recommendations concerning smoke evolution from materials used in transportation means and in the building industry. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Charring of protected wood studs (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 55-60 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The charring of wood studs has been studied in the cone calorimeter at constant heat flux 50 kW/m2 and compared to data from full-scale furnace wall tests. The wood studs were unprotected or protected by gypsum plasterboards on the exposed side. Similar charring depths were found and the data analysed mainly in terms of fire exposure. A simple small-scale technique was developed to measure the heat transfer through protective boards and the charring depth of wood studs. These properties are essential for the load bearing capacity of wood frame structures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Response to Ms Lewis's letter on the paper ‘Comparison of the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture fabrics and cotton ducks (500-fabric study)’ by M. M. Hirschler, Fire Mater. 21, 123-141 (1997) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 87-87 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Characterization of flame-retarded polymer combustion chars by solid-state 13C and 29Si NMR and EPR (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 61-67 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: We report here on the results of our continuing effort to study the flame-retardant mechanism of silica gel and potassium carbonate. These additives reduce the flammability of a wide variety of common polymers such as polypropylene, nylon, polymethylmethacrylate, poly(vinyl alcohol), and cellulose. In an effort to determine how these additives reduce polymer flammability, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and solid-state 13C and 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the combustion chars or residues. These data indicate that, in the case of poly(vinyl alcohol), the additives do not change the type of char formed, but they do change the rate of char formation relative to the rate of fuel generation. We also found that, using only CP/MAS 13C NMR, there can be significant intensity distortions which complicate interpretation, if the char is hydrogen depleted and contains paramagnetic centres. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The functional gradient of fire resistance laminated board (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 89-94 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Although the fire resistance of wood depends on its dimensions, it needs a lot of time and energy to fire retard thick wood. On the other hand, it is easier and takes less time and energy to treat thin materials. The fire resistance of wood was improved by compressed treatment, even untreated wood, and moreover compressed wood loaded with chemicals was improved more. Fire resistance of a laminated board was the same as a solid compressed board, and also fire resistance of a laminated board which was arranged with compressed thin wood on two sides of untreated wood showed similar fire endurance. A laminated lathe veneer board showed better fire resistance than solid untreated wood and a laminated board with treated veneers arranged concentratively showed better fire resistance than it did when arranged dispersively.So it was judged that it was important to retard fire ignition and to form a carbonized layer effectively in a fire by physical and chemical treatment, especially on the surface of a material. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Gasification of silicone fluids under external thermal radiation. Part I. Gasification rate and global heat of gasificationContribution from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This paper was written under the auspices of the US Government and is therefore not subject to copyright in the US. (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 221-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Transient gasification rates and fluid temperatures were measured for polydimethylsiloxane fluids ranging in viscosity from 0.65 cS to 60 000 cS in a nitrogen atmosphere at external radiant fluxes from 20 kW/m2 to 70 kW/m2. A detailed energy balance for each fluid sample was conducted to determine its global heat of vaporization. Two major energy loss corrections were identified and quantified. The absorption of incident radiation by the volatile products from short chain oligomers was measured and found to substantially reduce the incident flux to the sample surface; the energy loss due to re-radiation was determined to be a substantial factor in reducing the net heat flux to the sample for long chain length fluids. Other energy losses, e.g. heat loss to the substrate, were observed but were less significant. The average gasification rate for each fluid increased linearly with increasing external radiant flux. The global heat of gasification increases with an increase in the chain length (molecular weight) for the siloxane oligomers. These agreed well with calculated values. The global heat of gasification for 50 cS fluid is about 1200 kJ/kg and its value remains nearly constant for all higher molecular weight dimethylsiloxanes. Pyrolysis rates for siloxane fluids are very sensitive to trace catalysts. Measurements of the global heat of gasification for ultra-clean polymers resulted in significantly higher values (3000 kJ/kg). The gasification of siloxanes occurs via two modes or combinations thereof: (1) volatilization of molecular species native to the polymer, and (2) volatilization of thermal degradation products. The former process dominates for low molecular weight siloxanes (η〈10 cS) and the latter process dominates for high molecular weight siloxanes (η〉1000 cS). For the intermediate molecular weight siloxanes, both volatilization and degradation processes occur. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Gasification of silicone fluids under external thermal radiation. Part 2. Gasification products  -  characterization and quantitation (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 239-252 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The gasification behavior for a wide range of polydimethylsiloxane fluids in a nitrogen atmosphere was investigated. Part 1 of this study addressed the measurement of the energy (global heat of gasification) required for the gasification of a wide range of dimenthylsiloxanes. Several significant corrections were required to reconcile measured gasification energy(s) with calculated heat(s) of gasification based on fundamental thermochemical data. The identification of the dominant mode(s) of gasification via the characterization of pyrolysis products provided a firm basis and rationale for understanding and directing efforts at quantifying these correction factors. In Part 2, the gasification products were identified and quantified at various stages of the gasification process corresponding to ignition, fire growth, and steady-state burning. Pyrolysis of methylated siloxanes occurs via two modes: (1) the volatilization of short chain and intermediate chain length species native to the polymer, and (2) the volatilization of short chain and intermediate chain length species resulting from thermal degradation via siloxane rearrangement. The former process is the dominant gasification mechanism for short chain oligomers and low viscosity fluids (η〈10 cS) and the latter process is dominant in all higher molecular weight polymers (η〉100 cS). Both gasification mechanisms are evident in all polymers (η〉20 cS); the dominant mechanism is dependent upon polymer size and distribution thereof, the gasification stage, and the presence of trace catalysts in the polymer. Because of their structural similarity, the combustion of all gasification products emanating from PDMS regardless of the stage of the pyrolysis process or the dominant mode of gasification will result in virtually identical combustion products, i.e. SiO2, CO2, and H2O. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This paper was written under the auspices of the US Government and is therefore not subject to copyright in the US.
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    Reply to comments by Dr V. Babrauskas (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 43-43 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Application of cone calorimeter for the assessment of class of flame retardants for polypropylene (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 15-18 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The study presented addresses the fire behaviour of polypropylene compounded with six classes of flame retardants. The application of cone calorimetry for the assessment of the thermal characteristics of the tested materials and their comparison with thermogravimetry are the central point of this research. This study only presents data for 25 kW/m2 of incident heat flux exposure and includes five tests for polypropylene with no additives and five tests for polypropylene with flame retardants based on triglycidylisocyanurate and lignin. The data collected include the rate of heat release, mass loss rate, char yield, time to ignition and time of total combustion. Results represent meaningful comparison between the behaviour of the materials under simulated fire conditions, using the cone calorimeter, and in the slow dynamic environment utilized in thermogravimetric analysis. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Reduction of the thermoplastic melt hazard of polyester fabric through the application of a radiation cross-linking technique (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes how a standard polyester cloth was irradiated in the presence of a cross-linking reagent to produce a fabric whose thermoplastic melt-drip behaviour had been modified to that of a charring thermoset material. British Crown Copyright 1998/MoD.
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    Comment on ‘Comparison of the propensity of cigarettes to ignite upholstered furniture fabrics and cotton ducks (500-fabric study)’ by M. M. Hirschler, Fire Mater. 21, 123-141 (1997) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 85-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Shielding effects of silica-ash layer on the combustion of silicones and their possible applications on the fire retardancy of organic polymers (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This study demonstrates the shielding effects of a silica-ash layer on the combustion of silicones and their possible applications on the fire retardancy of organic materials. The deposited silica-ash layer, formed on the surface of silicone materials during combustion, has shielding effects on the combustion of silicones. It insulates the burning surface from the radiant heat of flame, as well as from the radiant heat produced from the burning of adjacent materials. It also restricts the diffusion of fuels into the combustion zone and the access of oxygen to the unburned fuels. The shielding effects provide some of the fundamentals for the development of silicone-based fire retardants. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dynamics of concurrent flame spread over a thin charring solid in microgravity (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 95-101 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The dynamics of microgravity concurrent flame spread over thin cellulosic sheets are theoretically investigated. The mathematical model is based on the laminar, reactive Navier-Stokes equations coupled to solid-phase enthalpy and mass conservation equations. Simulations have been made for forced flow velocities in the range 0.25-15 cm/s, by decreasing the oxygen mass fraction of the concurrent flow below the ambient value and by increasing the solid charring rate (fire-retarded cellulose). For air, non-retarded cellulose and flow velocites larger than 5 cm/s, the dynamics of concurrent flame spread are qualitatively similar to those of normal gravity. As the concurrent flow is decreased below 5 cm/s, after short transients, a transition from fast flame spread to slow solid burning and then to flame quenching is predicted. Flame quenching is also observed, for relatively high flow velocities, in vitiated air or for fire-retarded cellulose. Finally, blow-off at the highest velocity considered (15 cm/s) is predicted only for sufficiently low oxygen concentrations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A theory for quasi-steady single-step thermal degradation of polymers (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 109-118 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A theory for approximately steady thermal degradation of solids is developed from a superset of nonlinear integral-differential equations. The theory extends previous work, using a degradation model that is more consistent than previously published models and fully accounts for surface radiation losses. The thermal decomposition of the solid is assumed to follow a single-step first-order Arrhenius reaction. A quasi-steady regime is identified and approximate solutions are compared with experimental results for PMMA and numerical results obtained by integrating the full model. The numerical solutions are found to compare well with experimental results and the approximate solutions compare well with the numerics. Furthermore, it is found that the quasi-steady mass loss rate gives a good estimate of the average mass loss rate even during thermally thin degradation. To simplify interpretation and to aid the analysis, the degradation kinetics are re-cast in terms of a critical temperature and a critical temperature range. Application of the theory to practical situations and other modelling approaches is also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    WALL2D: A model for predicting heat transfer through wood-stud walls exposed to fire (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Fire and Materials 22 (1998), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 0308-0501
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: WALL2D, a two-dimensional computer model for predicting heat transfer through uninsulated wood-stud walls protected by gypsum board, has been under development at Forintek for several years. This paper describes major revisions which improve the description of heat transfer through the entire assembly, but, most notably, across the cavity. WALL2D's predictions for time-dependent temperature profiles in wood-stud walls are in very good agreement with the results of both small- and full-scale fire resistance tests. Although further refinement of WALL2D will continue, the model, in its current form, is suitable for application to fire safety engineering design. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrical activity of iodine-diffused CdTe (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; iodine doping ; electrical activity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electrical activity of iodine in CdTe is discussed when iodine is introduced into the CdTe by diffusion from the vapour phase. It is compared both with the total concentration of iodine in the diffused CdTe slices and with the electrical activity in CdTe slices which have been annealed under Cd- and Te-saturated vapour pressures.Iodine-diffused slices of CdTe were profiled by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to obtain the total iodine concentration and by capacitance-voltage (C-V) techniques to obtain the net concentration of electrically active iodine. After annealing with iodine in the form of Cdl2, the slices were p-type, similar to those obtained when CdTe was annealed in either excess Te or Cd vapour, and they showed no significant increase in electrical activity. If Cd was added to the Cdl2 diffusion source or the CdTe was given a subsequent anneal in cadmium vapour, the slices became n-type. The results indicated that in all cases a neutral layer composed of Cd nIm (m and n are integers) formed on the surface layers, whereas if Cd was involved in the diffusion, some of the iodine existed in an electrically active form deeper into the slice with a maximum concentration of active carriers given by ND - NA ≈ 1017 cm-3. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Peculiarties of the electronic and electron vibrational spectra of organic conductors: BEDT-TTF salts of alpha-type structurePaper presented at ERPOS-7, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland, 18-22 June 1996. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 19-22 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; optical spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised infrared reflectivity spectra of some ET-based conducting salts of alpha-type structure are measured and compared: (ET)2I3 (I), (ET)2TIHg(XCN)4 (X=S, Se) (II) and (ET)8[Hg4Br12(CH3C6H4CI)2] (III). For both I and II the electronic reflectivity is greater for the polarisation perpendicular to ET stacks. However, a resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed for II in the polarisation characterized by lower electronic reflectivity in contrast with the spectra of I. Another difference between I and II is the absence of the pronounced plasma edge in the region of 4 000 cm-1 in the spectra of II, which may be due to high electron damping. For III the electronic reflectivity is low and no resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed. The peculiarities of the electron-vibrational spectra of I, II and III may be due to the details of the crystal structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    New BETS salts based on magnetic (CuCl3, FeCl4) and non-magnetic (GaCl4) anions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 57-60 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: BETS ; salt ; synthesis ; structure ; conductivity ; magnetoresistance oscillations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: New BETS salts (where BETS is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene) with (CuCl3)x, Cu2C6, Cu4Cl8 and Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 anions have been obtained. The crystal structures and electrical and magnetoresistance properties of Κ-BETS4Cu4Cl8, θ-BETS4Cu2Cl6 and Κ-BETS2Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 have been studied. The last two compounds have been found to exhibit Shubnikov-de Haas and angle-dependent magnetoresistance oscillations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Infrared spectra of β-Phase BEDT-TTF salts with hexacyanometalate anions (M(CN)3-6; M ≡ CoIII, FeIII, CrIII) (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 67-69 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic BEDT-TTF salts ; IR spectra ; Drude-Lorentz model ; charge transfer bands ; C = C stretching vibrations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised reflectance spectra of three charge transfer salts of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF), β(BEDT-TTF)5M(CN)6 · 10H2O (M ≡ Co, Fe, Cr), are measured in the infrared region 650-6500 cm-1 at room temperature. The reflectance is analysed in terms of the Drude-Lorentz model. Vibrational bands related to C = C stretching are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical investigations of strained InGaAs quantum wells (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 307-310 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoreflectance ; photoluminescence ; InGaAs/GaAs quantum well ; type I and II excitonic transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: InGaAs/GaAs MOCVD-grown quantum wells have been investigated. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements have shown heavy-hole-related excitonic transitions within the temperature range from 10 to 100 K for all samples. In room-temperature photoreflectance (PR), sharp heavy- and light-hole excitonic transitions in the quantum wells have been observed. The transition energies obtained have been compared with values derived from theoretical considerations using the envelope function model including lattice-mismatch-related stress. The heavy- and light-hole transitions have been identified as excitonic transitions of types I and II respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 6: Processing half-tone images and neural network architecture of excitable media (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 171-182 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The processing of half-tone images by excitable media functioning based on non-linear dynamic mechanisms was studied. The image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white images. Analogies between the architecture of neural networks and the structural features of excitable media are discussed. The basic information capabilities of excitable media proved to be close to the capabilities of shunting on-centre off-surround feedback networks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Structural investigation of four-centre photopolymerisation of bis-phthalamic bis-chalcone derivative in the crystalline state (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photopolymerisation ; electron microscopy ; molecular modeling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By combining the results obtained from an electron diffraction tilting series with solid state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction, it was possible to determine the unit cell parameters and space group of BPABC crystals grown from DMAA solution both before and after irradiation. Subsequently semi-empirical quantum mechanical and packing energy calculations led to a model structure which agreed well with all the electron diffraction data and thus provided insight into the cross-linking mechanism. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 5: Processing images with several levels of brightness and some application potentialities (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 161-170 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitable media of Belousov-Zhabotinsky type were used for processing images with several levels of brightness. In this case the image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white pictures. Excitable media seem to be useful tools for handling some practical applications such as aerial picture processing. Belousov-Zhabotinsky-type media are also simple and convenient experimental models for investigation of the information-processing capabilities of biomolecular systems with complicated non-linear dynamics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    In situ studies of epitaxial silicon growth by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: silicon ; epitaxy ; kinetics ; dynamics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The value of in situ monitoring to study growth dynamics and surface reaction kinetics in a gas source molecular beam epitaxy process is illustrated with reference to the growth of Si films on Si(001) substrates using a beam of disilane (Si2H6). By using a combination of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS), we show first how morphological (long-range order) and local electronic structure effects can be separated in the evaluation of growth dynamics. This involves the measurement of step density changes by RHEED concomitantly with the variation in domain coverage on the Si(001) (2×1)+(1×2) reconstructed surface by RAS. This approach is then extended to investigate the kinetics of hydrogen desorption, which is the rate-limiting step in Si growth from Si2H6. It is shown that over a significant temperature range, zeroth-order kinetics are obeyed and this is explained on the basis of a step-mediated desorption process. Finally we show how this influences the growth rate on substrates of differing degrees of vicinality. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The use of an adduct in improved syntheses of nanoparticulate chalcogenide semiconductors containing cadmium (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 277-279 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: semiconductor nanoparticles ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An improved organometallic route to passivated, high-quality crystalline nanodispersed semiconductors has been developed. Thermolysis of the 1:1 triethylamine adduct of dimethylcadmium and a chalcogenide source can be used to grow 3 nm diameter II-VI quantum dots capped with trioctylphosphine oxide. Samples have been characterised by absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Sensitive thermoelectric power and conductivity measurements on implanted polyparaphenylene thin films (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 281-293 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyparaphenylene ; ion implantation ; doping ; thermoelectric power ; conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A sensitive apparatus for determining the conductivity and thermoelectric power of conducting polymer films at temperatures between 150 and 450 K is described. Brittle polyparaphenylene films doped by ion implantation with either alkali (caesium, sodium) or halogen (iodine) ions are studied by this method. Analysis of the temperature dependence of both conductivity and thermopower shows that the doping process of this conjugated polymer is efficient only when low parameters of implantation are selected and appears around room temperature. At higher temperatures the thermopower exhibits an anomalous evolution that we attribute to oxygen migration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Deposition of cadmium sulphide thin films from the single-source precursor bis(diethylmonothiocarbamato)cadmium(II) by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 311-316 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: monothiocarbamate ; MOCVD ; cadmium sulphide ; precursor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of CdS were grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (LP-MOCVD, 10-2 Torr) on GaAs(100) and borosilicate glass using the novel single-source precursor bis(diethylmonothiocarbamato)cadmium(II). The deposition of CdS was observed at substrate temperatures of 300 °C and above. Uniform adherent films of CdS were grown on GaAs(100) at temperatures between 350 and 450°C. CdS films deposited on glass were generally transparent with small crystallites (∽50 nm). Films were characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and shown to be of hexagonal phase. A band gap of 2.39 eV was measured for the films of CdS. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Nitrogen Lewis base adducts of group 12 alkyls: Molecular structure of poly[1,3-bis (4-pyridyl) propane]dimethylzinc, [Me2Zn (C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)]n (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: dimethylzinc ; purification ; adduct ; non-chelating diamine ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the dimethylzinc adduct with the bidentate amine 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, [Me2Zn(C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)]n, 1, has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of 1 are monoclinic, space group P21/m, with two molecules within a unit cell of dimensions a=5.364(3) Å, b=12.839(3) Å, c=10.618(3) Å and β=92.76(3)°. The structure is polymeric, being composed of [Me2Zn(C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)] units with the nitrogens within a specific 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane ligand bonding to adjacent zinc centres. The zinc atom is four-co-ordinate, bonding to two carbon and two nitrogen atoms, with the C - Zn - C angle of 145.5(2)° intermediate between that of a linear and tetrahedral bond arrangement. As far as we know, this is the first example of a polymeric alkyl zinc/cadmium amine adduct to have been structurally characterised. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dioxo- and aminooxopyrimidotetrathiafulvalenes: π-electron donors for design of conducting materials containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds of nucleic acid base pair typePaper presented at ERPOS-7, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland, 18-22 June 1996. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: tetrathiafulvalenes ; cation radical inner salts (betaines) ; intermolecular hydrogen bonds ; uracil derivatives ; guanine analogues ; DC electrical conductivity ; organic semiconductors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dimethyl[2,4-dioxo(1 H,3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (1) and dimethyl-[2-amino-4-oxo(3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (4) form unusual inner salts by oxidation in the presence of bases. The insoluble black-green betaines 2 and 5 react with acids to form cation radical salts. Betaine 2 in the presence of acid and bis-(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene forms the unexpected double salt 8. In order to synthesise the cation radical salts of 1 and 4, it is necessary to use the ultrasonic method owing to the insolubility of the starting compounds. Electrical measurements of the betaines and cation radical salts in pressed samples show an unexpectedly low resistivity with semiconducting character: for betaine 2 ρ(RT) = 840 Ο cm, for betaine 5 ρ(RT) = 10 Ο cm, for salt 7 ρ(RT) = 40 Ο cm, but for double salt 8 ρ(RT) = 50 Ο cm. In the case of salt 8, very low values of activation energy of electrical conductivity of the order of kT were observed. The synthesis and purification of tetrathiafulvalene 4 from 5-amino-7-oxo(6 H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidineselone-2 are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photoexcitations in linear trans-quinacridone (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 83-86 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoluminescence ; time-resolved fast spectrocopy ; photoinduced absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the photophysics of linear trans-quinacridone films by applying a variety of transient and continuous wave photomodulation techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate the ultrafast formation of excimer species which are responsible for the emission. The excimer decay kinetics seems to suggest a predominantly charge transfer character of these emitting species. This is consistent with the long-lived states which we detected on the millisecond time scale. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the Fréedericksz transition in nematic liquid crystals (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation method ; nematic liquid crystal ; electric-field-induced Fréedericksz transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results of the Monte Carlo simulation of a 2D nematic liquid crystal model in the presence of an externally applied electric field. The molecular interactions were described by the Lebwohl-Lasher Hamiltonian. The boundary conditions employed in the simulations corresponded to the experimental configuration frequently used for establishing the Frank elastic constants. The results are compared with the predictions of the phenomenological Ericksen theory. Preliminary results of simulations of an experimentally important case corresponding to the nematic interacting with a spatially modulated electric fluid are presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Vapour Pressure Studies of Some Nitrogen Donor Adducts of Dimethylzinc Used in the Deposition of Materials by MOCVD (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 117-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: precursor ; MOCVD ; vapour pressure ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The vapour pressures of mixtures of dimethylzinc with triethylamine (1), 1,3,5-trimethyl- (2) and 1,3,5-triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (3) have been studied using static measurement at various mole ratios of ligand to alkyl at 0°C. The results obtained are useful in assessing the suitability of these compounds as precursors for the deposition of group-12-containing materials by MOCVD. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Polyaniline Microrods (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; synthesis ; surface tension effect ; morphology ; SEM ; ESR ; electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) prepared in water or a water-methanol (1:1) mixed solvent by anodic oxidation of aniline hydrochloride at a potential of 0.8 V (and higher) vs. Ag/AgCl appears to form microrods of almost uniform shape and dimensions: a diameter of 0.7 μm and a length of 2-3 μm or more. A surface point contact Pt or Ir electrode has been used as the working electrode to get a better ordering in the product due to the surface tension effect. The structure observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is complex: the sample is highly porous and looks like a coral reef; the average channel diameter is 1.5 and 2.5 μm for narrow and wide channels respectively. The rods appearing in great number in the sample are surprisingly uniform, particularly with respect to the diameter. The electrical conductivity is of the order of 10-1 S cm-1 for most samples examined. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra consist of a strong singlet line (g = 2.0030-2.0039, ΔH =;0.12-0.50 mT); similarly, the infrared (IR) spectra show a strong and broad absorption due to electron excitations and electron-lattice interactions, which we have observed previously for many PANI samples examined in our laboratory. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    On the application of thermoluminescence for probing the energetic disorder in amorphous molecular solids (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 99-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular solids ; poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole) ; thermoluminescence ; charge trapping ; charge transport ; energetic disorder ; dipole moments ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The low-temperature thermoluminescence (TL) technique has been applied for probing the energetic disorder in doped poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole)(PEPC) polymer films. Strong polar dopants were used for varying the degree of dipolar disorder. It was found that (1) the TL of the studied systems can be well interpreted in terms of the disorder model and (2) TL spectroscopy can provide the shape of the deepest part of the localised state distribution and the degree of energetic disorder as well. The charge trap distribution on the high-temperature side of the TL peak appears to be a Gaussian function and its halfwidth correlates well with the disorder parameter obtained from charge transport measurements. An unusual electric field effect on the TL of PEPC doped with strong polar dopants was found and is explained in terms of the contribution of the charge-dipole interaction to the energy of localised states. This effect indicates that the TL phenomenon for the studied systems cannot be explained purely by molecular γ-relaxation in the polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Chemical Processor for Computation of Skeleton of Planar Shape (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: reaction-diffusion media ; chemical processors ; parallel computing ; cellular automata ; image processing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we give a regular proof of the viability of the theory of reaction-diffusion computing. The test problem is to approximate the skeleton of a planar contour, i.e. select sites of centres of bitangent circles which lie wholly within the contour. We have designed both a cellular automaton model and a real prototype of a chemical processor that implement skeleton transformations. In the cellular automaton, segments of the discrete skeleton are computed via interactions of excitation waves, while in the chemical processor the underlying mechanism is the formation of Prussian blue in an agar gel film. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A few-monolayer organic photodiode (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular electronics ; photodiode ; rectifier ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A few-monolayer zwitterionic, non-centrosymmetric Langmuir-Blodgett film has been sandwiched between two electrodes, one of which is transparent. Curves of dark current density as a function of applied bias were observed to exhibit rectifier-like behaviour and to follow closely the dependences measured from junctions using two metallic electrodes. The transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode discussed here permitted illumination of the organic film during electrical characterisation and it was observed that the electrical behaviour was altered from the dark state. Illumination has the effect of generating a photocurrent even when no bias is applied to the electrodes; in addition, the junction conductance was increased. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Peculiarties of the electronic and electron vibrational spectra of organic conductors: BEDT-TTF salts of alpha-type structure (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; optical spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised infrared reflectivity spectra of some ET-based conducting salts of alpha-type structure are measured and compared: (ET)2I3 (I), (ET)2TIHg(XCN)4 (X≡S, Se) (II) and (ET)8[Hg4Br12(CH3C6H4Cl)2] (III). For both I and II the electronic reflectivity is greater for the polarisation perpendicular to ET stacks. However, a resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed for II in the polarisation characterised by lower electronic reflectivity in contrast with the spectra of I. Another difference between I and II is the absence of the pronounced plasma edge in the region of 4 000 cm-1 in the spectra of II, which may be due to high electron damping. For III the electronic reflectivity is low and no resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed. The peculiarities of the electron-vibrational spectra of I, II and III may be due to the details of the crystal structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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