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  • Articles  (642)
  • 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.99. General or miscellaneous
  • viscosity
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for identification of irradiated food
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, 35 (1990), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1359-0197
    Keywords: DNA ; ESR ; Food irradiation ; detection ; identification ; impedence ; luminescence ; o-tyrosine ; radiation induced changes ; viscosity ; volatiles
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1359-0197(90)90106-R
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physico-chemical aspects of sewage ionizing radiation treatment
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Radiation Applications & Instrumentation. Part C, 28 (1986), S. 581-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1359-0197
    Keywords: Ionizing radiation ; gelatin solutions ; redundant activated sludge ; sewage ; specific resistance to filtration ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1359-0197(86)90194-3
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The incorporation of a fluorinated ether functionality into a polymer or surfactant to enhance C0"2-solubility
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    The @Journal of Supercritical Fluids 5 (1992), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0896-8446
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; perfluoroalkylpolyethers ; polymers ; solubility ; surfactants ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-8446(92)90013-A
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new experimental system to study the temperature and pressure dependence of viscosity, density, and phase behavior of pure fluids and solutions
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    The @Journal of Supercritical Fluids 3 (1990), S. 91-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0896-8446
    Keywords: density ; high pressure-high temperature ; polymer solutions ; supercritical fluids ; viscometer ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-8446(90)90013-C
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscosity and mixing behavior of the system ethylene-polyisobutylene
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    The @Journal of Supercritical Fluids 7 (1994), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 0896-8446
    Keywords: activation energy ; activation volume ; density ; fractionation ; miscibility ; polyisobutylene ; supercritical ethylene ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0896-8446(94)90021-3
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Highly protective alkalinization by ammonia vapor diffusion in viscosimetric DNA damage assessment
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 168 (1988), S. 387-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Keywords: DNA damage ; gaseous diffusion ; protective alkalinization ; single-strand events ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(88)90334-X
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of membrane viscosity on the lateral and transverse mobility of carboxylic ionophores
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 31 (1982), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-3084
    Keywords: ionophores ; liposomes ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0009-3084(82)90058-5
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical behaviour of some salt + solvent bridging systems, density, molar volume, thermal expansion and viscosity changes of (Ag, Tl)NO"3 + dimethylsulfoxide systems at several temperatures
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 39 (1994), S. 2517-2523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Keywords: dimethylsulfoxide solutions ; molten salt ; nitrate ; thermal expansion ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0013-4686(94)00236-3
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical conductance and viscosity of solutions of water in a ternary nitrate melt containing cadmium ions at high concentration
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Electrochimica Acta 37 (1992), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0013-4686
    Keywords: aqueous solution. ; electrical conductance ; molten salt ; nitrate ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0013-4686(92)85022-D
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of sea-urchin sperm deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNP) extracted with glycine
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biochemistry 4 (1973), S. 16-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0020-711X
    Keywords: Deoxyribonucleoproteins ; clectron microscopy ; denaturation ; deoxyribonudeoprotein fractions ; electrophoresis ; glycine extraction ; seaurchin sperm ; solubility ; ultracentrifugation ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0020-711X(73)90016-5
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and chemical properties of the mucin secreted by Drosera capensis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Phytochemistry 16 (1977), S. 1365-1368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: D. binata ; Drosera capensis ; Droseraceae ; acid polysaccharide ; carbohydrate and sulphate composition ; gas-liqui ; molecular weight ; mucin ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031-9422(00)88783-X
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical properties of tallow ester and diesel fuel blends
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Bioresource Technology 47 (1994), S. 131-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0960-8524
    Keywords: API gravity ; Transesterification ; cetane number ; coking ; density ; diesel fuel ; distillation ; micro-emulsion ; pyrolysis ; tallow ; tallow ester ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)90110-4
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of aqueous dispersions of dextran and Concanavalin A for glucose sensing in different variants of the affinity sensor
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biosensors and Bioelectronics 9 (1994), S. 557-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0956-5663
    Keywords: Concanavalin A ; Sephadex ; affinity sensor ; dextran ; glucose ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0956-5663(94)80048-0
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flagellar wave reversal in the kinetoplastid flagellate Crithidia oncopelti
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biology of the Cell 63 (1988), S. 127-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0248-4900
    Keywords: calcium ; flagella ; frequency ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0248-4900(88)90051-2
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On adaption of biomembranes to temperature: membrane dynamic and membrane functions
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 8 (1983), S. 416-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Vertebrates ; membrane ; poikilothermic animals ; temperature ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4565(83)90038-4
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the fatty acid desaturation in rough and smooth membranes from liver: Effects of temperature and diet
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Thermal Biology 8 (1983), S. 421-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    Keywords: Vertebrates ; adaptation ; fatty acids ; fish ; liver ; membrane ; temperature ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4565(83)90039-6
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermophysical properties of stainless steels
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Thermochimica Acta 218 (1993), S. 373-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0040-6031
    Keywords: austenitic steels ; electrical resistivity ; ferritic steels ; martensitic steels ; precipitation-hardened steels ; specific heat ; stainless steels ; thermal conductivity ; thermal diffiisivity ; thermal expansion ; thermoradiative properties ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0040-6031(93)80437-F
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Change of water structure by solvents and polymers (1982)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 37-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: viscosity ; waterstructure ; acetone ; pyridine ; dioxane ; dimethylformamide ; dimethylsulfoxide ; urea ; glucose ; ribose ; dextrane ; polyvinylplyrrolidone ; polyacrylamide ; polyacrylicacid ; polyethyleneglycole ; polyacrylamide ; gelatine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Viscosity measurements have been made of water-solvent and water-polymer solutions in a temperature range of 20–60 centigrades. A medium structure temperatureT 0 was calculated from the Vogel-equation. Water has a structure temperature of 140–150 K, its decrease indicates structure breakage, an increase structure promotion. Pyridine, dioxane, dimethylformamide and urea are structure breakers. This is explained by a shift of the equilibrium — bonded water molecules — nonbonded — to the right. Acetone shows hydrophobic bonding in the same concentration range of 0–10 mole % as the normal alcohols. They are quasifree liquids-structure temperature zero-in the pure state. This is explained by hydrogen bridged dimer formation with the exception of tert-butanol. Its 3 methylgroups sterically prevent dimer formation and cause structuring. Adding urea to methanol-water solutions breaks water structure according to urea concentration but extends the hydrophobic bonding maximum over the whole diagram. Glucose-water solutions have a minimum in the structure temperature diagram. Its left side indicates waterstructure breakage, its right side formation of a new structure forced upon water by the sugar. The equilibrium can be formulated: Waterlike bonded-nonbonded-hetero (solvent)-like bonded, Ribose also shows this minimum but after a short range of heterobondedness the structure is completely broken to nonbondedness. The polymers dextrane and polyvinylpyrrolidone are strong waterstructure breakers. Dextrane much stronger than PVP, it breaks to nonbondedness while PVP maintains a certain structuring, perhaps indicating heterobonding at higher concentrations. Polyacrylamide is a strong structurebreaker. It resembles urea in this sense. Perhaps the solvationwater structure of the NH2 groups is very different from pure waterstructure. Polyacrylicacid breaks waterstructure completely, if sodiumchloride is added waterstructure is rebuilt again. The only waterstructure promoting polymer is natural gelatine. Perhaps this structure is different from pure water or the watermolecule equilibrium is shifted towards bondedness. The structure temperatures of pure polyethyleneglycoles show a minimum with increasing molecular weight. The high structure temperature of the small chains is explained by long chain assoziates formation through hydrogen bridging. This liquid of long assoziate chains is structured and has a high structure temperature. With increasing molecular weight ringformation instead of linear assoziation becomes possible. These neutral rings form a free liquid. Long chains again have a linear structure and the structure temperature increases at higher molecular weights. Existence of linear chain assoziation of low molecular PEGs is proved with their breakage by adding the chain terminating methanol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01447674
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of 5-fluorouracil with sodium poly-α,L-glutamate (1985)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 682-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: 5-trifluorouracial ; sodium poly-α ; L-glutamate ; interaction ; viscosity ; 5-trifluoromethyluracil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of our research is to obtain an understanding of the binding mechanism and its correlations in terms of chemical structure and the potentiactive drug activity. The interaction of 5-fluorouracil (5-fluorouracil is used as an anticancer drug) with sodium poly-α,L-glutamate in aqueous solution was studied with a spectral method and viscosity measurement. From the binding data, the molar change in enthalpy, entropy and the number of binding sites on the polymer were calculated. It is very interesting that the value ofΔH0 of the binding of 5-fluorouracil with sodium poly-α,L-glutamate is smaller than that of 5-trifluoromethyluracil (although 5-trifluoromethyluracil is not used as an anticancer drug, the compound has a similar structure to 5-fluorouracil).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01419893
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Systemes eau/surfactant ionique/alcool/hydrocarbure Influence de la nature de l'alcool sur la configuration du domaine de microémulsion et les propriétés de transport des microémulsions (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 754-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: water ; sodium dodecylsulfate ; n-dodecane ; butanol-1 ; pentanol-1 ; hexanol-1 ; heptanol-1 ; microemulsions ; electrical conductivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The realms-of existence of water/sodium dodecylsulfate/C4 to C7 n-alkanols/n- dodecane monophasic, stable, fluid, transparent and isotropic media, (so-called microemulsions), were determined, atT=25
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01451548
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheology of water-in-water suspensions formed with lightly sulfonated ionomers (1985)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Water-in-water suspension ; sulfonate ionomer ; viscosity ; gelled membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The formation and rheological properties of water-in-water suspensions formed by mixing a dilute nonaqueous solution containing a lightly sulfonated ionomer with an aqueous solution are described. The spheres formed via this process are composed of a very thin (approximately 2000 Å), ionically crosslinked gel membrane which separates the continuous aqueous phase from the encapsulated aqueous phase. The membrane itself is composed of the lightly sulfonated ionomer (i. e., sulfonated polystyrene) swollen with the nonaqueous solvent. Interestingly, surface tension measurements indicate that the sulfonated ionomer in this nonaqueous solvent has no significant interfacial activity. Viscometric measurements confirm that aqueous solvents containing these spheres have considerably enhanced viscosity even in the presence of high concentrations of a salt or acid. Thixotropic behavior is observed at low shear rates, whereas Newtonian behavior is observed at higher rates of shear (〉 40 sec−1). Cessation of stress reverts the viscosity to its initial value. Dilution studies show that the streamlines in the flowing exterior aqueous phase cause circulation of the aqueous fluid within the sphere. These results point to the fluid-like characteristics of the gel membrane, since transmission of the stress across the membrane is not dramatically inhibited. Comparison of the low shear rate data with the Mooney equation support these conclusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412793
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aqueous polymerization of methacrylamide initiated by potassiumpersulfate-L-cystein hydrochloride redox system (1984)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 262 (1984), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Kinetics ; methacrylamide ; reaction scheme ; viscosity ; additives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The aqueous polymerization of methacrylamide initiated by potassiumpersulfate-L-cystein hydrochloride redox system has been studied at 35±0.01
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01451538
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water/ionic surfactant/alkanol/hydrocarbon systems. Realms-of-existence and transport properties of microemulsion type media (1985)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 263 (1985), S. 767-770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Microemulsion(s) ; phase diagram(s) ; viscosity ; electrical conductivity ; water ; sodium dodecylsulfate ; straight alkanol(s) ; branched alkanol(s) ; aliphatic hydrocarbon(s) ; aromatic hydrocarbon(s)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract From a thorough study of many systems incorporating water, the ionic surfactant sodium dodecylsulfate, straighter or branched alkanols and aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, it clearly appears that the molecular structure of the alkanol used as the cosurfactant is the composition factor that primarily determines the configuration of the microemulsion domain and, correlatively, the type of the microemulsion electroconductive and viscous behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01422860
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The yield stress myth? (1985)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 24 (1985), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Yield stress ; viscosity ; Cross model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract New experimental data obtained from constant stress rheometers are used to show that the yield stress concept is an idealization, and that, given accurate measurements, no yield stress exists. The simple Cross model is shown to be a useful empiricism for many non-Newtonian fluids, including those which have hitherto been thought to possess a yield stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01333960
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure influences on the viscosity of polymer solutions (1982)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 21 (1982), S. 505-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polystyrene solution ; viscosity ; pressure influence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01534331
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical equation of the relative viscosity of polymer melts filled with various inorganic fillers (1981)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 20 (1981), S. 207-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Fiber ; suspension ; viscosity ; polymer ; melt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Summary Based on Maron-Pierce's equation, an empirical equation was suggested, which relates the relative viscosity (η r ) of the polymer melt filled with various inorganic filler, such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, talc, precipitated- and natural-calcium carbonate powder, and glassy small sphere, to the volume fraction (φ) of the filler. The equation isη r = (1 −φ/A)−2, whereA is a parameter relating to the packing geometry of the filler, which is similar to the parameterφ 0 in Maron-Pierce's equation. In the equationη r is defined as the ratio of the viscosity of the filledsystem to that of the medium at the same shear stress not the shear rate. The applicability of the equation is above the shear stress about 104 dyne/cm2. The equation has a simple form and is considered to have a practical utility for filled-polymer melt systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01513064
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Solidification behavior of the theta system 2-propanol/poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (1995)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 34 (1995), S. 172-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Thermoreversible gelation ; glass transition ; viscosity ; storage modulus ; loss modulus ; activation energies of flow ; entanglement molecular weights ; poly(n-butyl methacrylate) ; 2-propanol ; concentration and temperature influences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermoreversible gelation of the system 2-propanol/poly (n-butyl methacrylate) — as detected by D'SC or dielectric experiments — does not manifest itself in a straightforward manner in the dynamic-mechanical properties. Its occurrence can, however, be seen in many ways: i) For constant composition of the system and a reference temperature lower than T gel, the storage modulus G′ is larger than the loss modulus G″ in the glass transition zone of the master curve and both vary in an almost parallel manner with the angular frequency ω over almost two decades (whereas this feature is normally found for other gelling systems within the rubber plateau or the flow region). ii) The entanglement molecular weight obtained from G″max is markedly less max than the entanglement molecular weight in the melt divided by ϕ2, the volume fraction of the polymer. iii) The temperature influences change from WLF like to Arrhenius-like behavior as T is lowered in the case of highly concentrated polymer solutions; analogous considerations hold true as ϕ2 is increased at constant T. iv) For sufficiently low temperatures, the activation energy of flow exhibits a maximum in the concentration range where the gelation is — according to DSC experiments — most pronounced. Like with ordinary non-gelling systems it is possible to construct master curves. On the basis of Graessley's theory identical dependencies are obtained for the variation of the entanglement parts of the stationary viscosity with shear rate and for the dependence of the entanglement part of the complex viscosity on the frequency ω of oscillation. Zero shear viscosity and limiting value of the complex viscosity for vanishing ω as a function of ϕ2 match smoothly and exhibit two points of inflection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398437
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    Flow behaviour of molten 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) between concentric cylinders (1990)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 29 (1990), S. 462-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Flow curve ; coaxial cylinderviscometer ; trinitrotoluene melt ; turbulence ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The flow behaviour of pure and commercial molten TNT when subjected to very high rates of shear in a rotational viscometer over the temperature range 82.0 to 95.4°C is presented. All data obtained suggest that the behaviour of molten TNT is Newtonian, contrary to the conclusions of some published work, and the temperature dependence of the viscosity of pure TNT is adequately described by an Arrhenius-type relationship of the formη = A e B/T whereA = 0.000 541,B = 3 570 andT is the Kelvin temperature. A similar relationship is obtained for commercial TNT. Under some instrumental conditions discontinuities are seen in the shear stress—shear rate flow curves. An analysis of these discontinuities shows them to be caused by the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Possible implications for processibility and initiation of explosives are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01376797
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    The relaxation of concentrated polymer solutions (1996)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 35 (1996), S. 168-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Polymer solution ; relaxation ; viscosity ; scaling ; polystyrene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The focus of this paper is on the viscoelastic properties of concentrated polymer solutions and polymer melts. Dynamic mechanical measurements were performed on various polystyrene/ethylbenzene solutions with polymer concentrations ranging from 40% up to 100% and temperatures from Tg+30°C up to 70°C (230°C for polymer melts). The basis polymers are two commerical grade polystyrenes (BASF) with M W = 247 kg/mol and 374 kg/mol, respectively. To avoid solvent loss due to evaporating during the measurements, a special sealing technique was used. A phenomenological model which describes quantitatively the relaxation spectrum of concentrated polymer solutions from the flow regime up to the glass transition regime is developed. The relaxation data of the respective polymer melt and the glass transition temperature of the solution are the only input parameters needed. The temperature dependence is described by a universal, concentration invariant WLF-equation. The relaxation spectra are divided into two parts accounting for the entanglement and the segmental relaxation modes, respectively. The relaxation strength related to the flow and entanglement regime scale with c 2.3, whereas the segmental relaxation strength does not alter with concentration. All relaxation times change with concentration proportional to c 3.5. Flow curves can be calculated from these relaxation spectra and thus, our results are useful for engineering applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00396044
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    Foam Concentrates: Viscosity and Flow Characteristics (1997)
    Springer
    Fire technology 33 (1997), S. 336-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8099
    Keywords: foam concentrate ; proportioning equipment ; viscosity ; non-Newtonian ; rheology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract A method to describe and measure the flow characteristics of non-Newtonian foam concentrates is presented. Comparative test with the cone and plate viscometer and flow tests in pipes show that it is possible to determine the so-called rheological constants that fit an empirical model, called the Herschel-Bulkley model, in order to define the viscosity characteristics. The correlation between pressure drop calculations based on viscosity data from cone and plate measurements and actual measured pressure drops in the pipes was very good. Flow tests through orifices showed that test results with non-Newtonian liquids differ from tests with water, especially by a lower loss coefficient. Similar flow tests through various components showed a difference between non-Newtonian liquids and water but, in this case, the loss coefficient was higher. Pressure drop calculations for practical applications based on data obtained from the cone and plate viscometer indicate the need for viscosity and flow characteristics for foam concentrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015388210489
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    Rheology of Lyocell Solutions from Different Cellulose Sources (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 8 (2000), S. 151-154 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Lyocell ; cellulose ; rheology ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Rheological measurements were used to characterize the behavior of lyocell solutions, i.e., cellulose dissolved in N-methymorpholine-N-oxide. Cellulose sources included dissolving pulp, kraft pulp, sugar cane fibers, and kenaf fibers. The dominance of viscous behavior, G′ values, over elastic behavior, G″ values, is affected by cellulose concentration and molecular weight. At lower concentrations and degrees of polymerization (DP), dissolving pulp solutions show viscous, inelastic behavior at low frequencies. At higher concentration and DP, dissolving pulp solutions are more elastic at higher frequencies. Solutions prepared with kenaf and sugar cane fibers show similar properties to those using pure dissolving pulp, and comparisons suggest the molecular weight and/or the presence of other substances such as lignin in the cellulose from these alternative sources affect the rheology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014881901010
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    Viscosities of solutions of electrolytes and non-electrolytes in ethylene carbonate at 40°C (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 11 (1982), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Ethylene carbonate ; viscosity ; Jones-Dole equation ; nonaqueous solvent ; solvation ; tetraalkylammonium ions ; alkali metal halides ; electrolytes ; non-electrolytes ; partial molal volumes ; high dielectric constant solvents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The viscosities of dilute solutions of a number of tetraalkylammonium and alkali metal halides, tetraphenylarsonium chloride, sodium tetraphenylborate, tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylborate, water, and 3,3-diethylpentane have been measured in the high-dielectric constant solvent, ethylene carbonate (EC) at 40°C. Crude values of the apparent molar volumes of these solutes have also been obtained. Relative viscosities were fitted to the extended Jones-Dole equation, ηr=17#x002B;A η c 1/2+B η C+D η c 2.The pattern of the Bη coefficients is strikingly similar to that previously observed in the high dielectric constant, linear-chain hydrogen-bonded solvent, N-methylacetamide (NMA). Ionic values for φv and Bη have been obtained using a variety of splitting techniques. Alkali metal ions have large Bη coefficients indicating strong cation solvation with the ‘normal’ order Li〉Na〉K〉Cs. Small anions have positive but much smaller Bη values than in NMA. The observed order does suggest, however, a small degree of anion solvation. Large organic ions do not display the sharp crossing of the Einstein law,D η=2.5φv, uniquely characteristic in H2O of hydrophobic interaction. The two non-electrolytes have negative Bη coefficients showing that the Einstein law is not valid at the molecular level and that hydrocarbons are not good models for their isoelectronic tetraalkylammonium ion counterparts. An empirical modification of the Einstein law to account for the finite size of the solvent molecules is discussed. As in NMA the Dη coefficients are roughly linear in the square of Bη suggesting that they arise from hydrodynamic origins.
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    Search for a structural change in concentrated sodium sulfate solutions around the transition point temperature using the charge transfer to solvent spectrum of lodide ion as a probe (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 12 (1983), S. 347-353 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Charge-transfer-to-solvent ; Sodium sulfate ; solvent spectrum ; sound velocity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Claims have been made that aqueous sodium sulfate solutions exhibit an anomalous temperature dependence close to the transition point of the solid decahydrate (Na2SO4·10H2O), viz., 32.38°C. In studies of dilute solutions these claims have been queried. Concentrated solutions, where this effect might be more readily detected, have not been investigated. A very accurate analysis of the shift of the charge transfer to solvent spectrum of iodide, a sensitive probe of its environment, (6×10−5 M) in concentrated (1 and 2 M) sodium sulfate solutions, as a function of temperature has not evinced any support for a structural change in solution on traversing the transition point temperature.
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    Thermodynamic properties of the ethylammonium nitrate + water system: Partial molar volumes, heat capacities, and expansivities (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 14 (1985), S. 549-560 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Ethylammonium nitrate ; density ; heat capacity ; partial molar volume ; partial molar heat capacity ; expansivity ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partial molar volumes at 15, 25, and 45°C and partial molar heat capacities and expansivities at 25°C for ethylammonium nitrate + water mixtures are reported. The results are compared with those for other aqueous cosolvents, particularly hydrazine and ammonium nitrate.
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    Diffusion of polyols in aqueous solution (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 15 (1986), S. 1041-1049 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Aqueous solutions ; nonelectrolyte ; polyols ; transport properties ; diffusion ; Gouy interferometry ; viscosity ; Solute-solute interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The diffusion coefficients of aqueous solutions of the polyols CH2OH-(CHOH)4-CH2OH (dulcitol, sorbitol, and myo-inositol) have been determinated using the Gouy interferometric method. Viscosity and density measurements have been carried out at the same temperature and concentration range for these and for mannitol. The concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficients are discussed in terms of solute-solute interactions with the help of thermodynamic literature data. Among the studied polyols, only dulcitol and myo-inositol exhibit a strong evidence for solute-solute interaction, whereas the other shows a preferential interaction with the solvent.
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    Diffusion properties of cyclodextrins in aqueous solution at 25°C (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 31-39 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Diffusion ; density ; viscosity ; cyclodextrins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diffusion, density, and viscosity data are collected for the systems α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin in water. Frictional coefficients were computed with the help of literature activity data and a qualitative discussion of their concentration dependence was attempted.
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    Dimethylpropyleneurea-water mixtures: 1. Physical properties (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 743-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: DMPU ; HMPT ; density ; refractive index ; viscosity ; static dielectric constant ; donor and acceptor numbers ; E T(30) parameter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Densities, refractive indices, viscosities, dielectric constants and the absorptions of several solvatochromic indicators have been determined at 25°C for mixtures of N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-propyleneurea (DMPU) and water in the complete mole fraction scale. the results are compared with the properties of hexamethylphosphotriamide (HMPT) and its mixtures with water which show a striking similarity to DMPU and its mixtures with water. Since HMPT was found to be carcinogenic in animal tests, DMPU offers a suitable substitute since it may be regarded as safe under laboratory conditions.
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    The eutectic system for (NH4NO3 + LiNO3 + NH4Cl) - dimethylsulfoxide from infinite dilution to fused salt (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 839-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Molar volume ; refractivity ; viscosity ; solubility ; lithium nitrate ; ammonium nitrate ; mixture ; water ; dimethylsulfoxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solubility, density, refractive index and viscosity of the title system in water and dimethylsulfoxide have been measured in the composition range from the pure solvent to the pure liquid salt. Molar volumes, apparent molar volumes and other volumetric quantities have been calculated and their concentration dependences are discussed. The molar refractivities of the solvent and salt were estimated and used for a discussion of ion-ion and ion-solvent interactions. The viscosity vs. concentration plot exhibits a maximum at the salt mole fraction x3=0.8 which cannot be described by any currently known equation.
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    Viscosities ofn-alkylamines from 15 to 80°C (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 1293-1300 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: n-alkylamines ; viscosity ; molar volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The viscosities of seven n-alkylamines from n-butylamine to n-decylamine were determined from 15 to 80°C at 5°C intervals. The intrinsic volumes were determined by extrapolation of the plot of fluidity against molar volume to zero fluidity and found to be a linear function of the number of carbon atoms. Plots of the logarithm of viscosity vs. reciprocal absolute temperature were almost linear. The energies of activation for viscous flow for the n-alkylamines were calculated and found to increase with increase in the carbon number. The B values, based on Hildebrand's equation and representing a measure of a molecules resistance to transport of momentum, were calculated for each of the n-alkylamines. A modified form of the equation describing the change fluidity with temperature was then formulated. It is suggested that the activation energy for viscous flow consists of the sum of the energy required for the expansion of the void volume and the energy required to overcome intermolecular interactions. These energies were calculated and discussed.
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    Interactions between octyl-β-D-glucoside and α-amino acids or small peptides (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 1331-1346 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Octyl-β-D-glucoside ; micelles ; surface tension ; glycine ; amino acids ; viscosity ; density
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between octyl-β-D-glucoside and glycine in water have been investigated by surface tension, viscosity, and density measurements. The results show that the α-amino acid causes an unexpected lowering of the critical micellar concentration of octyl-β-D-glucoside. Such a finding has been interpreted in temss of dipole-dipole interactions between the hydrophilic site of the surfactant and the peptidic cosluttes. From three to seven amino acid molecules have been estimated to be coordinated with each glucoside unity in the micellar state. The research has been extended to glycine oligopeptides and L-lysine. The latter compound has effects similar to those observed with glycine whereas diglycine and triglycine show weaker effects on the micellization process.
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    Effect of microheterogeneity on bulk and surface properties of binary mixtures of polyoxyethene glycol monobutyl ethers with water (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 23 (1994), S. 207-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Alkoxyalcohols ; surface tension ; viscosity ; excess property ; 13C NMR ; thermodynamic properties ; microheterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solution properties of aqueous mixtures of the homologous series of polyoxyethene glycol mono-n-butyl ethers C4H9O(CH2CH2O) m H (where m=1 to 3) have been investigated using surface tension, density, viscosity and13C NMR techniques. From the experimental data, excess volume and deviation of viscosity and free energy of activation of flow were evaluated and discussed in terms of the molecular interactions between the components. Surface activity of polyoxyethene glycol mono ethers in aqueous dilute solutions was evident from surface tension measurements. Thermodynamic properties of adsorption and apparent micellization or critical aggregation concentration (CAC) in these systems were evaluated and discussed. The CAC values and the aggregation numbers obtained from13C NMR chemical shift data indicate an increase in hydrophobicity with an increase in the value of m, in the polyoxyethene glycol mono-n-butyl ethers, and also agrees with the results obtained from surface tension measurements.
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    Viscosities of NaI in water-formamide and water-N,N-dimethylformamide mixtures from 5 to 45°C (1983)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 12 (1983), S. 717-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Water-N,N-dimethylformamide ; water-formamide ; sodium iodide ; viscosity ; temperature coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Water-N,N-dimethylformamide mixtures show viscosity maxima near 30 mole percent DMF at all temperatures studied, whereas the viscosity of water-formamide mixtures is an increasing monotonic function of the mole percent formamide in the mixtures. This fundamental difference in their viscosity behavior must be attributed mainly to differences in the hydrogen bonding characteristics of the two amides. In spite of this difference, the effect on the viscosity of added NaI to these two aqueous mixtures is surprisingly similar over the temperature range studied.
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    Effect of Starch Granule Size on Viscosity of Starch-Filled Poly(hydroxy ester ether) Composites (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 8 (2000), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Starch ; particle size ; composite ; viscosity ; polyester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of starch granule size on the viscosity of starch-filled poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE) composites was characterized using size-fractionated potato starch, as well as unfractionated starches (rice, corn, wheat, and potato). Potato starch was separated using an air classifier into four particle size fractions: 〈18 μm, 18-24 μm, 24-30 μm, and 〉30 μm. The starch was dried to a moisture content of 0.5% to minimize moisture effects on composite rheology. PHEE and potato starch were extruded with starch volume fractions of 0.46 and 0.66. Stress relaxation, frequency and strain sweep, and temperature-dependence measurements were carried out. Although small variations in viscosity were seen with the different potato starch fractions, differences were not significant at a volume fraction of 0.46. Viscosity differences between the different particle size fractions were more pronounced at a volume fraction of 0.66. The temperature dependence could be described by an Arrhenius relation, with an apparent activation energy of 84 kJ/mole. At a volume fraction of 0.46, the starch/PHEE viscosities increased in the order potato starch 〈 wheat starch ≃ corn starch 〈 rice starch.
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    Physical properties of the solvent mixtures triethylphosphate+hexamethylphosphoric triamide at 25°C (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 7 (1978), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Organophosphorus compounds ; viscosity ; density ; dielectric constant ; solvent-solvent interactions ; hexamethylphosphoric triamide ; triethylphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Densities and viscosities have been determined, from 25 to 45°C, as well as the refractive indices and dielectric constants at 25°C, for mixtures of triethylphosphate (TEP) and hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPT), in the complete mole fraction interval. As far as steric considerations are concerned, comparison has been made with the properties of the two intermediate organophosphorus compounds, ethoxytetramethylphosphorodiamide (EtO)(Me2N)2PO and diethoxydimethylphosphoramide (EtO)2(Me2N)PO.
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    Thermodynamic properties and viscosities of aqueous 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride solutions at 25°C (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 1 (1972), S. 537-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Heat of dilution ; heat capacity ; density ; apparent molal volume ; viscosity ; 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride ; Paraquat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The densities, heat capacities, heats of dilution, and viscosities of aqueous 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride were measured below 1 m at 25°C. From the standard partial molal volumes and heat capacities and the Bη viscosity coefficients, this salt is shown to be a strong structure breaker. The excess enthalpies, entropies, volumes, and heat capacities all show negative deviations from the limiting Debye-Hückel law for 2:1 electrolytes. These excess functions cannot be explained through association or structural interactions and suggest that, at higher concentrations, this rigid bolaform electrolyte may behave more like a 1:1 electrolyte than a 2:1 electrolyte.
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    Intradiffusion coefficients of all species in aqueous gallium perchlorate solutions and solution viscosities at 25°C (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 873-882 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Intradiffusion coefficients ; gallium perchlorate ; hydration ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Intradiffusion coefficients of all species (cation, anion and solvent) and viscosities have been measured for aqueous solutions of gallium perchlorate in the concentration range 0–2.3 mol-kg−1 at 25°C. The perchlorate ion intradiffusion measurements were made using36ClO 4 − as the tracer species in diaphragm cell experiments. The development of a method to synthesize36ClO 4 − from36Cl− by electrolysis is described. The perchlorate intradiffusion coefficients results show a concentration dependence that is very similar to that for D(Cl−) in corresponding trivalent metal chloride solutions. A simple hydration analysis based on all the transport results estimates a total (effective) cation hydration for gallium within a 0–2 mol-kg−1 range of 10 (±1.5).
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    Ion mobilities in DMF-water mixtures at 25°C (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 17 (1988), S. 1043-1057 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Density ; viscosity ; conductance ; dimethylformamide ; aqueous solution ; mixed solvents ; transference number ; ionic conductance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Densities and viscosities of mixtures of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with water at 25°C have been determined. Limiting equivalent conductances of cesium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium bromide and potassium thiocyanate in these solvent mixtures at 25°C are presented together with corresponding values of ion association constants and distance of closest approach parameters. The transference number of the potassium ion has been determined in solvent mixtures ranging from 0 to 0.75 mol fraction in DMF in water at 25°C. The conductimetric Hittorf method has been used for both potassium bromide and potassium chloride in solutions of up to 0.496 mole fraction of DMF. For solutions of potassium thiocyanate in 0.5 and 0.75 mole fraction in DMF the cationic transference number has been determined using the moving boundary method. Stokes radii have been evaluated. Transport properties are examined in relation to-solvent properties such as composition, dielectric constant, excess volume of mixing and free volume.
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    Molecular association ofn-alcohols in nonpolar solvents. excess volumes and viscosities ofn-pentanol+n-octane mixtures at 0, 5, 25, 35 and 45°C (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 711-720 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Density ; viscosity ; hydrogen bond ; n-pentanol +n-octane ; mixtures at different temperatures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Densities and viscosities of n-pentanol +n-octane mixtures in the temperature range 0 to 45°C are reported. The data are discussed in terms of molar excess volumes, molar excess fluidities and molar excess activation energies of viscous flow in order to obtain structural information of the mixtures. It is shown that the structural modifications of n-pentanol and n-octane upon mixing, significantly contribute to the parameters governing the viscous flow and the volume of the mixtures.
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    Viscosities and apparent molar volumes of some amino acids in water and in 6M guanidine hydrochloride at 25°C (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 19 (1990), S. 867-882 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Apparent molar volume ; viscosity ; viscosity B-coeffient ; guanidine hydrochloride ; amino acids ; denaturation of proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Apparent molar volumes and viscosity B- and D- coefficients of amino acids glycine, valine, proline, serine and arginine have been determined in water and in aqueous 6M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) solution at 25°C. Transfer volumes and transfer viscosity B-coefficients were evaluated for the amino acids studied in going from water to 6M GuHCl. These transfer properties which were all positive were interpreted in terms of strong interactions of GuHCl molecules with the charged centers of amino acid molecules. A comparison of results obtained in this work for GuHCl and those obtained from literature for urea has shown that GuHCl has stronger interactions than urea with amino acids. This finding explained the previous experimental observations on GuHCl being a stronger denaturing agent than urea for proteins.
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    Viscosities of long chainn-alcohols from 15 to 80°C (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 1033-1040 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: n-Alcohols ; viscosity ; intrinsic molar volume ; energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Viscosities of five n-alcohols from 1-hexanol to 1-tetradecanol were determined from 15 to 80°C at 5°C intervals. Plot of the logarithm of viscosity vs. reciprocal absolute temperature were almost linear. The energies of activation for viscous flow were determined for each of the alcohols and found to increase with increase in chain length. The intrinsic molar volumes Vo were determined by extrapolation to zero fluidities. The fluidities ϕ of the alcohols were found to obey the equation $$\phi = B[(V - V_{\text{o}} )/V_{\text{o}} ]exp{\text{( - }}E_{\text{B}} /RT{\text{)}}$$ where B is a constant, V is the molar volume and E B is an energy term corresponding to the energy required for disrupting the association of the molecules. The values of E B were of the magnitude of the energy of hydrogen bond. These values decrease marginally as the chain length increase.
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    Measurement of mutual diffusion coefficients, densities, viscosities, and osmotic coefficients for the system KSCN-H2O at 25°C (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 1115-1129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Mutual ; diffusion ; coefficients ; density ; viscosity ; isopiestic ; osmotic ; conductance ; potassium ; thiocyanate ; aqueous solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mutual diffusion coefficients measured on the volume-fixed frame of reference are reported for KSCN-H2O at 25°C over the concentration range 0.0 to 10.26 mol-dm−3. The diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution was obtained from limiting ionic equivalent conductances of K+ and SCN−. Low concentration conductances of KSCN-H2O at 25°C used to obtain the limiting ionic equivalent conductance of SCN− are reported. Values of density and viscosity for this system are reported from 0.0 to 10.30 mol-dm−3. Osmotic coefficienss of KSCN-H2O at 25°C were measured by the isopiestic method. These are reported over the concentration range of 0.30 to 24.94 molal (saturation). Values of thermodynamic diffusion coefficients for the concentration range 0.0 to 10.26 mol-dm−3 are tabulated. Results are compared to other potassium salts with monovalent anions at 25°C.
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    Volumetric and transport properties of aerosol-OT reversed micelles containing light and heavy water (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 21 (1992), S. 323-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Reversed AOT micelles ; density ; viscosity ; water deuterium oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Densities and viscosities of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT in-heptane system containing light and heavy water, as a function of the molar ratio R (R=[H2O or D2O]/[AOT]) were measured at 0, 5, 25 and 40°C. At low R values, the apparent molar volume of deuterium oxide is smaller than that of light water. The difference is related to the strength of the hydrogen bonding H2O and D2O. The viscosities of both H2O-AOT-n-heptane and D2O-AOT-n-heptane systems were explained in terms of intermicellar interactions mainly governed by hydration of the head groups of AOT.
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    The conductance of electrolytes in acetone-2-propanol and acetone-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol mixtures at 25°C1 (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 4 (1975), S. 413-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Conductance ; density ; viscosity ; dielectric constants ; tetrabutylammonium chloride, bromide, iodide, and perchlorate ; LiCl ; acetone ; 2-propanol ; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol ; ionic association ; solvent structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Precise conductance measurements are reported for tetrabutylammonium chloride, bromide, iodie, and perchlorate and lithium chloride in acetone-2-propanol (2-PrOH) and acetone-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFP) mixtures at 25°C. Densities, viscosities and dielectric constants of the mixtures were determined. The dielectric constant vs mole % acetone curve for the acetone (ε=19.4)-2-propanol (ε=20.5) goes through a minimum at 40% acetone (ε=17.4), while that for acetone-HFP (ε=16.8) goes through a maximum at 50% acetone (ε=26.87). The variations ofK A with ε in acetone-HFP are in accord with the predictions of electrostatic theory, while those for acetone-2-PrOH show more complex behavior. Ionic association in these mixtures is discussed in terms of an interplay between solvent structure and a multiple-step association process.
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    Tracer diffusion and viscosity study at 25°C in benzene-N,N′-dimethylformamide mixtures (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 6 (1977), S. 635-639 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Tracer diffusion ; viscosity ; benzene ; N,N′-dimethylformamide ; aprotic solvent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tracer diffusion and viscosity data are reported for the system benzene-N,N′-dimethylformamide at 25°C. These data are applied to an equation that had previously been shown to relate tracer diffusion coefficients to viscosity for nonpolar solvent mixtures. Good agreement was found in this case which involved an aprotic polar component.
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    1H-NMR Relaxation of Water Molecules in the Aqueous Microcrystalline Cellulose Suspension Systems and Their Viscosity (1998)
    Springer
    Cellulose 5 (1998), S. 231-247 
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    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: microcrystalline cellulose ; water ; bound water ; particle ; suspension ; spin-spin relaxation time ; NMR ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract An intensive study for aqueous microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) suspensions was carried out in view of the relationship between a viscosity and a 1H spin-spin relaxation time (T2) of water. An investigation was carried out for four suspension systems with the different particle size distributions. The proton mole ratio (α) of bound water against MCC particles and T2 of bound water (T2,b) were evaluated from the T2 values obtained by Carr-Purcell- Meiboom-Gill (C.P.M.G) method and those by solid echo method, respectively. As a result of these analyses, the T2,b value for the aqueous MCC suspension was evaluated as 5 × 10−3 s and it was found that the system having a larger α tended to show a higher viscosity. By relating the above results to the observation of the suspensions by an optical microscope, it was concluded that a network formed by MCC particles plays an important role in generating a high viscosity of MCC suspension, and that an averaged mobility of water molecules is sensitively affected by the network structure.
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    Competition Among Conventions (1999)
    Springer
    Computational & mathematical organization theory 5 (1999), S. 31-44 
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    ISSN: 1572-9346
    Keywords: evolutionary game theory ; viscosity ; efficiency ; endogenous interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A convention can be seen as a way of resolving a coordination problem. If different conventions exist in various geographical, social or other entities (called &201C;groups&201D;) and if there is some mobility between these groups, which conventions, if any, will emerge as the successful ones? A simple evolutionary process is suggested and it is shown that the process converges to a Nash equilibrium for all games satisfying weak acyclity. Further, if the process converges, it converges to an efficient convention for all games in which the Pareto optimal symmetric equilibria are strict. Hence, the paper presents an explanation for the endogenous evolution of efficiency. In contrast to most recent studies in evolutionary game theory, the conclusions do not rely on random &201C;mutations&201D;. Instead, the driving force is the tendency of players to have increased interaction with member of their own group (viscosity).
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    TheL 2 squeezing property for nonlinear bipolar viscous fluids (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 6 (1994), S. 513-542 
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    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Bipolar fluid ; viscosity ; global attractor ; squeezing property ; 76 ; 35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A squeezing property inL 2(Ω) is established for orbits of the semigroup associated with the equations of motion of a nonlinear incompressible bipolar viscous fluid; it is assumed thatΩ=[0,L] n ,n=2 or 3,L〉0, and that the velocity vector satisfies a spatial periodicity condition. The proof depends, in an essential manner, on key estimates for both the nonlinear operator generated by the nonlinear viscosity term in the model and the time integral of theH 3(Ω) norm of the velocity.
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    Hydrogen Bonding of Carboxylic Acids in Aqueous Solutions—UV Spectroscopy, Viscosity, and Molecular Simulation of Acetic Acid (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 935-948 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Hydrogen bonding ; carboxylic acids ; acetic acid ; UV spectroscopy ; viscosity ; molecular simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The UV spectra of aqueous acetic acid solutions up to 2M were investigated. At these wavelengths, the carboxylic acids exhibit an absorption peak, attributed to the C=O group, which shifts when hydrogen bonds are formed.. The measured spectra were best fitted to several bands, either of Gaussian or Lorentzian shape, which can be explained as several types of structural units formed by hydrogen bonds established between acetic acid and water molecules and between acetic acid molecules themselves. Molecular dynamics simulation of these mixtures was also performed, confirming the occurrence of several types of hydrogen bonds and showing the presence of dimers at higher concentrations. The viscosity and density of these solutions were also measured at different concentrations and temperatures. These results give a more complete picture of the hydrogen bond network of the system.
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    Solvent Effects on the Electrochemical Behavior of Iron(III) Schiff Base Complex (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 979-991 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Electrochemistry ; iron(III) ; Schiff base complex ; solvents effects ; acceptor–donor interactions ; dielectric constant ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrochemical reduction of FeIIILCl where L is a Schiff base has been investigated in various aprotic solvents. From a plot of the half wave potential E 1/2 for the reduction of these complexes vs. E 1/2 for the oxidation of ferrocene, the solvent–solute interactions were studied: the E 1/2 variation is found to be a function of Lewis-type acceptor–donor interactions. The diffusion coefficients D in the different solvents were also been determined by linear sweep voltammetry. The variation of D is discussed in terms of viscosity and dielectric constant.
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    A Viscometric and Conductometric Investigation of the Micellar and Solution Properties of Two-Headed Surfactant Systems, the Disodium 4-Alkyl-3-sulfonatosuccinates (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 217-233 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Two-Headed surfactants ; critical micelle concentration ; degree of counterion dissociation ; aggregation number ; conductance ; viscosity ; B-coefficients ; thermodynamic parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A family of two-headed surfactants, the disodium 4-alkyl-3-sulfonatosuccinates, has been prepared by reacting maleic anhydride with the appropriate chain-length alcohol and subsequent addition of sodium bisulfite to the corresponding monoester. The properties of the micelles formed by these compounds in aqueous solution (aggregation numbers, degrees of counterion binding, and the cmc values) have been investigated as a function of temperature and surfactant chain length using viscosity, density, and conductance measurements. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) and the aggregation numbers appear to indicate that, in agreement with the earlier literature on other two-headed surfactants systems, these amphiphiles have higher cmc and lower aggregation numbers when compared to single-headed surfactants of comparable chain length. In addition, viscosity B coefficients and the thermodynamic parameters of activation of viscous flow have been determined. These results are interpreted in terms of the structure-making or -breaking properties of the surfactant amphiphiles below the cmc region. Finally, the thermodynamic properties of micelle formation have been estimated from the dependence of the cmc on the absolute temperature according to the charged pseudo-phase separation model of micelle formation. All these results are discussed in terms of how the addition of the second charged surfactant headgroup alters the micellar and solution properties of two-headed surfactants vs. their single-headed counterparts.
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    Measurement and Correlation of Viscosities, Densities, and Water Activities for the System Poly(propylene glycol) + MgSO4 + H2O at 25°C (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 663-673 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Poly(propylene glycol) ; magnesium sulfate ; viscosity ; density ; water activity ; aqueous solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Viscosities, densities, and water activities for binary and ternary systems of poly(propylene glycol) 425 + H2O and poly(propylene glycol) 425 + MgSO4 + H2O have been measured at 25°C. From density and viscosity measurements, excess volumes and excess viscosities of the binary poly(propylene glycol) 425 + H2O, over the entire composition range, were obtained and correlated by means of a Redlich–Kister type equation. Viscosity, density. and water activity data for ternary system of poly(propylene glycol) 425 + MgSO4 + H2O were correlated by using a semiempirical equation.
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    Viscosities of n-Alkyl Chlorides from 15 to 80°C (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 761-770 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: n-Alkyl chlorides ; viscosity ; molar volume ; energy ; Hildebrand's equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The viscosities of n-alkyl chlorides from pentyl to hexadecyl chloride were determined at temperatures between 15 to 80°C at 5°C intervals. The intrinsic volumes of the n-alkyl chlorides were determined by extrapolation of the plot of fluidity against molar volume to zero fluidity. Plots of the logarithm of viscosity vs. reciprocal absolute temperature were almost linear. The energies of activation for viscous flow for the n-alkyl chlorides were calculated and found to increase with increase in chain length. The fluidities, Φ, of the n-alkyl chlorides were found to obey the modified form of Hildebrand's equation.Φ = D[(V-Vo/Vo]\exp(-EB/RT) where D is a constant, V and V o are the molar volume and the intrinsic molar volume, respectively, and E B is an energy term corresponding to the energy required for disrupting the association of the molecules. The activation energy for viscous flow consists of the sum of the energy required for the expansion of the void volume and the energy required to overcome intermolecular interactions. These energies were calculated and discussed.
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    Water—Trifluoroethanol Mixtures: Some Physicochemical Properties (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 29 (2000), S. 1159-1172 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: fluoro-alcohol ; mixtures ; density ; viscosity ; relative permittivity ; surface tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The-physicochemical properties of water—2,2,2 trifluoroethanol mixtures havebeen investigated, at 25°C, by density, viscosity, surface tension, and relativepermittivity. An analysis based on the Kirkwood theory for the dielectric polarizationof mixtures has been performed and the gκ correlation factor has been relatedto the occurrence of hydrogen bonding networks. Data on the above systemhave been analyzed and compared to data on water—ethanol mixtures, to obtaininformation on the role that partial fluorination plays in the interactions of alcoholswith water molecules. As inferred from excess properties, nonideality contributionsare smaller than in the corresponding water—ethanol solutions. Accordingly,the extension of hydrogen bond networks and/or van der Waals contributions tothe overall system stability are less significant than in simple alcohols.
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    Temperature and composition dependence of the viscosity of highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 8 (1979), S. 801-808 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Concentrated aqueous solutions ; viscosity ; glass-transition temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isoviscosity lines have been calculated from the equation proposed for description of the temperature-composition dependence of viscosity of highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte solutions and compared with the phase diagram andT g values. Applicability of the equation is discussed for several inorganic salt systems.
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    The phase diagram and supercooling conditions for the Ca(NO3)2−CaCl2−H2O system (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 8 (1979), S. 529-537 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Concentrated aqueous solutions ; induction period ; glasstransition temperature ; viscosity ; liquidus temperature ; calcium chloride ; calcium nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The liquidus temperature and induction periods were measured for crystallization in a system of calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, and water over a concentration range of 5–20 mole% Ca(II), i.e., R=4–18 [R=moles H2O/moles Ca(II)] and ycl=0–1 [ycl=moles Cl−/moles (NO 3 − +Cl−)]. A ternary phase diagram was constructed, and qualitative dependences of the supercooling at which the solution began to crystallize on the system composition were found. A wide range of stability toward crystallization was found for solutions withR=4–10 and ycl=0–0.7 The relationships between the system stability toward crystallization and the viscosity, glass-transition temperature, and the liquidus temperature are discussed.
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    Hartley–Crank Equations for Coupled Diffusion in Concentrated Mixed Electrolyte Solutions. The CaCl2 + HCl + H2O System (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 28 (1999), S. 341-366 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Activity coefficients ; aqueous CaCl2 + HCl solutions ; coupled diffusion ; Hartley–Crank theory ; hydration ; ionic mobilities ; mixed electrolyte diffusion ; Nernst—Planck equations ; Pitzer equations ; ternary diffusion ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nernst—Planck equations and ionic conductivities are used to calculate accurate limiting interdiffusion coefficients D ik o for mixed electrolyte solutions. The electrostatic mechanism for coupled electrolyte diffusion is investigated by calculating the electrostatic contribution to each D ik o coefficient to give the flux of each electrolyte driven by the electric field, which is generated by the migration of ions of different mobilities. Ternary diffusion coefficients are measured for dilute aqueous K2SO4 + KOH and Li2SO4 + LiOH solutions. Because of the different mobilities of K+ and Li+ ions relative to SO 4 2− ions, diffusing K2SO4 drives cocurrent flows of KOH, but diffusing Li2SO4 drives counterflows of LiOH. To describe coupled diffusion in concentrated mixed electrolyte solutions, the Hartley–Crank theory is used to correct the limiting D ik o coefficients for nonideal solution behavior, viscosity changes, ionic hydration, and the zero-volume flow constraint. Diffusion coefficients predicted for concentrated aqueous CaCl2 + HCl solutions are compared with recently reported data. The large amount of HCl cotransported by the diffusing CaCl2 is attributed to the “salting out” of HCl by CaCl2 and to the migration of H+ ions in the diffusion-induced electric field, which slows down the Cl− ions and speeds up the less-mobile Ca2+ ions to maintain electroneutrality along the CaCl2 gradient.
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    Density, viscosity, conductance, and transference number of concentrated aqueous magnesium chloride at 25°C (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 9 (1980), S. 497-505 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Magnesium chloride ; density ; viscosity ; conductance ; transference number ; emf measurements ; apparent molar volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The density, viscosity, conductance, and transference number of aqueous magnesium chloride at 298.15°K are reported for the concentration range 0 to 5.7m. The transference numbers were determined using the emf method. It was found that the viscosity, conductance, and transference number of aqueous magnesium chloride are similar to those for aqueous nickel chloride. It was therefore tentatively concluded that incomplete dissociation and complex formation was unlikely to be of importance in nickel chloride solutions.
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    Glass-transition temperature, electrical conductance, viscosity, molar volume, refractive index, and proton magnetic resonance study of chlorozinc complexation in the system ZnCl2+LiCl+H2O (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 3 (1974), S. 807-821 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Concentrated aqueous solutions ; complex ions ; glass transition temperature ; conductivity ; proton chemical shift ; refractive index ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several physicochemical techniques have been utilized to study mixed aqueous solutions of ZnCl2 and LiCl along selected pseudobinary composition lines in the concentration range from 2.8 to 22.2m. Measurements of glasstransition temperature, electrical conductance, viscosity, molar volume, refractive index, and proton chemical shift indicate with varying sensitivity that the behavior of these electrolytes is dominated by chlorozinc complexation. The effects of complexation are most sensitively shown by the PMR spectra. In solutions containing more than 6 moles of water per mole of salt, it is probable that several complexation equilibria occur. When the water content is reduced to less than 6 moles per mole of salt, formation of tetrachlorozincate anions appears almost exclusively to be responsible for the composition variation of the physical properties of the solutions. ZnCl 4 = appears to be an even weaker base than ClO 4 − .
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    Viscosity and apparent molal volumes of aqueous triethylenediamine (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 3 (1974), S. 103-117 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Triethylenediamine ; viscosity ; density ; molal volumes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative viscositiesn r and apparent molal volumes Φv of aqueous triethylenediamine (or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2] octane) solution have been measured as a function of concentration at 15 and 25°C and at pH 5.8 and 12.1. The solute is in the hydrochloride form at pH 5.8 and in the free base form at pH 12.1. The viscosity data were treated to yield values ofB andD coefficients in the extended Jones-Dole equation,n r = 1 + Ac1/2 + Bc + Dc2. Based on the obtained sign and magnitude of (B · 0.00025V 2 ° ) anddB/dT, where V 2 ° is the partial molal volume of the solute at infinite dilution andT the temperature, the hydrochloride is found to be a weak water-structure breaker, while the free base interacts with water and enhances the structure markedly. The effect of protonation on the triethylenediamine is to cause a large decrease in the partial molal volume (by about 11.8 ml-mole−1) and a considerable disruption of water structure surrounding the organic molecule [indicated by the decrease in the value of (Bi · 0.00025V 2i ° ) by 0.138 at 25°C and by 0.179 at 15°C]. Our results are in agreement with the water-proton chemical shift measurements and the dielectric relaxation studies.
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    Model system for concentrated electrolyte solutions: Thermodynamic and transport properties of ethylammonium nitrate in acetonitrile and in water (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 22 (1993), S. 1159-1178 
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    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Ethylammonium nitrate ; acetonitrile ; water ; solid-liquid phase diagram ; volume ; heat capacity ; expansibility ; conductivity ; viscosity ; ion association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ethylammonium nitrate (ETAN), a low melting fused salt which is completely miscile in water and in many non-aqueous solvents, was used as a model system for the study of concentrated non-aqueous electrolyte solutions. Acetonitrile (AN) was chosen as a representative aprotic solvent. Some data were also obtained for water as solvent. The properties investigated over the whole mole fraction range, many as a function of temperature, were solid-liquid phase diagram, volume, heat capacity, conductivity and viscosity. Most properties in both solvents vary in a regular fashion over the whole mole fraction range and the properties at high concentration rapidly tend to those of the molten salt. The apparent volumes and heat capacities vary linearly with lnX2 over a large mole fraction range. There is evidence of significant association in AN (K A =1094 l-mol−) but not in water. The low concentration thermodynamic data were fitted with an association model using the above K A to obtain the partial molar quantities of ETAN at infinite dilution and in the associated state. These latter values are of the same magnitude as the molar quantities of the molten electrolyte.
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    Effects of substituted ligands on the mobility of complexed anions (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 3 (1974), S. 515-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Acetonitrile ; conductivity ; ligands ; molar volume of ions ; nitrobenzene ; solvation ; Stokes' law ; viscosity ; Walden's rule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract From conductance and viscosities measurements on Pr4NCl, Et4NBr, and AgNO3 in acetonitrile and Et3NBr in nitrobenzene, the Walden products of the anion at infinite dilution were determined in presence of various concentrations of substituted benzoic acids. From these data it was possible to compute the values of the Walden products of the once complexed anions and to estimate the order of magnitude of the Walden products of twice complexed anions. Stokes' law is not obeyed, and the Walden products are not proportional to the third root of the molar volume of the complexed ions, as a consequence of their lack of sphericity. The assumption that the drag force which acts on the ions is proportional to the volume of the substituents results in a linear expression between the reciprocals of the Walden products and the molar volume of the ligands. The experimental results fit this expression within the limits of the experimental errors, and the slopes of the lines are nearly the same for all the anions and for the two solvents studied here, namely, 2.5×10−4 ohm-cm−5 mole-cP−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Density and viscosity studies of poly(ethylene-oxide) alkyl alcohols (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 25 (1996), S. 757-772 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Surfactants ; poly(ethylenoxide)alkyl alcohols ; density ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Density and viscosity of binary systems water-nonionic surfactants poly(ethylen-oxide) alkyl alcohols type, [CnH2n+1(OCH2CH2)mOH, CnEm], have been studied. The partial molar volumes in the dilute solution range and the viscosity B-coefficients were calculated. The nonionic surfactants partial molar volumes were compared with those of ethylene glycol and poly(ethylenglycol) (PEG). The comparison shows that the ethoxy unit volume, $$\bar V^O $$ (OCH2CH2), seems to be independent of the particular system. The consequences of this are discussed. A model for interpreting the experimental B values has been proposed. The model treats the macroscopic viscosity as the superimposition of different local effects. The following surfactants have been considered: C5E1, C5E2, C6E1, C6E2, C6E3, C6E4.
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    Density, viscosity, and surface tension of binary liquid systems: Ethanoic acid, propanoic acid, and butanoic acid with nitrobenzene (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 25 (1996), S. 905-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Excess molar volume ; viscosity ; activation energy ; surface tension ; ethanoic acid ; propanoic acid ; butanoic acid ; nitrobenzene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Density, viscosity, and surface tension of three binary liquid systems: ethanoic acid+nitrobenzene, propanoic acid+nitrobenzene, and butanoic acid+nitrobenzene have been determined at 25, 35, and 45°C, over the whole composition range. The excess molar volumes, viscosities, Gibbs energies for the activation of flow, and surface tension were evaluated and fitted to a Redlich-Kister type of equation. The Grunberg-Nissan parameter d was also calculated. Binary viscosity data were fitted to the models of McAllister, Heric, Krishnan, and Laddha, Auslander, and Teja and Rice. Surface tension data were fitted to the models of Zihao and Jufu, Rice, and Teja, and an empirical two-constant model.
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    Influence of kerogen type and TOC content on multiphase primary migration
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Organic Geochemistry 21 (1994), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-6380
    Keywords: cracking ; expulsion ; kerogen ; migration model ; multiphase flow ; phase equilibria ; primary migration ; source rock ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(94)90149-X
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    Creep measurements on gelatin gels
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 12 (1990), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Gelatin ; creep ; gel ; gelation ; rheology ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(90)90002-R
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    Thermally induced conformation change of xanthan: interpretation of viscosity behaviour in 0.01 m aqueous sodium chloride
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 10 (1988), S. 44-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Xanthan ; conformation ; polysaccharide ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(88)90066-9
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    Functional interactions of gastric mucus glycoprotein
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 6 (1984), S. 309-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Mucus ; entanglement ; gel ; glycoprotein ; rheology ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(84)90015-1
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    Critical helix content in gelatin gels
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 7 (1985), S. 311-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Gelatin ; gels ; optical rotation ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(85)90030-3
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    Investigation of fenaturation in gelatin gels
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 7 (1985), S. 315-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Gelatin ; gelation ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(85)90031-5
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    Structure of citrus pectins and viscometric study of their solution properties
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 11 (1989), S. 186-191 
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    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Ion-exchange chromatography ; Mark-Houwink exponent ; enzymic degradation ; gel permeation chromatography ; polymer flexibility ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(89)90066-4
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    Stability of xanthan in aqueous sodium chloride at elevated temperature
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 9 (1987), S. 346-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Polysaccharides ; viscosity ; xanthan conformation
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(87)90007-9
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    Effect of the cations sodium and potassium on the molecular weight of hyaluronate
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 7 (1985), S. 30-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Molecular weight ; hyaluronate ; light scattering ; potassium ; sodium ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(85)90062-5
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    Sulphopropylated hemicelluloses: interactions with acridine orange, poly (α-amino acids) and proteins
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 8 (1986), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Polysaccharides ; acridine orange ; binding constantl ; circular dichroism ; fluorescence ; sulphopropylated hemicelluloses ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(86)90019-X
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    Viscometric study of human, bovine, equine and ovine haemoglobin in aqueous solution
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 16 (1994), S. 31-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Huggins coefficient ; Mark-Houvink exponent ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(94)90008-6
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    Rheological study on mixtures of different molecular weight hyaluronates
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 16 (1994), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: hyaluronates ; polydispersity ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(94)90040-X
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    Viscosity and flow properties of concentrated solutions of chitosan with different degrees of deacetylation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 16 (1994), S. 149-152 
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    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: chitosan ; degree of deacetylation ; flow properties ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(94)90042-6
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    Polyanionic characteristics of purified sulphated homofucans from brown algae
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 8 (1986), S. 380-386 
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    ISSN: 0141-8130
    Keywords: Sulphated homofucans ; charge density parameter ; equivalent conductance ; fucoidans ; light-scattering ; viscosity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0141-8130(86)90060-7
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    Numerical analysis of a 2-D viscous sintering problem with non-smooth boundaries (1992)
    Springer
    Computing 49 (1992), S. 239-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65R99 ; 76D07 ; Sintering ; viscosity ; boundary element method ; moving boundaries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Viskoses Sintern ist ein Prozeß, bei dem ein Granulat auf eine Temperatur gebracht wird, bei der die Viskosität des Materials niedrig genug ist, um eine Verformung und ein Zusammenfließen der Partikel zu ermöglichen; die Materialbewegung kann dabei als viskose inkompressible Newtonsche Strömung modelliert werden. Für den hier betrachteten zweidimensionalen Fall wird zur Lösung der Stokesschen Kriechflußgleichungen eine Randelementmethode für eine beliebig geformte Anfangskonfiguration verwendet. In der Arbeit zeigen wird, daß das viskose Sinterproblem als Evolutionsproblem gut konditioniert ist. Das bei jedem Zeitschritt auftretende Randwertproblem ist dagegen während der anfänglichen Stufen des Zusammenfließens schlecht konditioniert, wenn nämlich die Kontaktflächen zwischen den Partikeln noch klein sind. Die Ursache ist die möglicherweise große Krümmung der Berandung an diesen Stellen. Diese schlechte Kondition wird an einem Beispiel, dem Zusammenfließen zweier Kreise, veranschaulicht, das die wesentlichen Entwicklungsstufen des Sinterphänomens gut zeigt. Als Folge dieser schlechten Kondition muß numerisch der Verteilung und Neuverteilung der Knotenpunkte in diesen Randabschnitten besondere Sorgfalt geschenkt werden. Es wird deshalb ein Algorithmus für diese Knotenverteilung skizziert. Mehrere numerische Beispiele bestätigen die Analyse.
    Notes: Abstract By viscous sintering it is meant the process of bringing a granular compact to a temperature at which the viscosity of the material becomes low enough for surface tension to cause the particles to deform and coalesce, whereby the material transport can be modelled as a viscous incompressible newtonian volume flow. Here a two-dimensional model is considered. A Boundary Element Method is applied to solve the governing Stokes creeping flow equations for an arbitrarily initial shaped fluid region. In this paper we show that the viscous sintering problem is well-conditioned from an evolutionary point of view. However as boundary value problem at each time step, the problem is ill-conditioned when the contact surfaces of the particles are small, i.e. in the early stages of the coalescence. This is because the curvature of the boundary at those places can be very large. This ill-conditioning is illustrated by an example: the coalescence of two equal circles. This example demonstrates the main evolutionary features of the sintering phenomenon very well. A numerical consequence of this ill-conditioning is that special care has to be taken for distributing and redistributing the nodal points at these boundary parts. Therefore an algorithm for this node redistribution is outlined. Several numerical examples sustain the analysis.
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    A collisional approach to the calculation of time correlation functions. Transport coefficients of gases (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 13 (1975), S. 283-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Diffusion ; gases ; kinetic theory ; Sutherland-Wassiljewa relations ; thermal conductivity ; time correlation functions ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method of successive approximations is proposed for the evaluation of the time-correlation functions such as those that give the thermal transport coefficients of gases. The method is based on a calculation of the changes in correlations of appropriate functions of the molecular velocity which are a result of collisions in the gas. The decaying rates of the correlations are expressed as integrals of the differential collision cross section. When the first approximation is introduced in the expressions for thermal transport coefficients, results are obtained for the coefficient of binary diffusion and the viscosity and thermal conductivity of single-component systems which are identical with those of the first Chapman-Enskog solutions of the Boltzmann and Enskog equations. For the coefficients of viscosity and thermal conductivity in multicomponent systems, it is shown that the first approximation leads to expressions of the form of the Sutherland and Wassiljewa relations, respectively.
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    Negative-viscosity lattice gases (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 56 (1989), S. 517-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Lattice gases ; cellular automata ; viscosity ; turbulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new irreversible collision rule is introduced for lattice-gas automata. The rule maximizes the flux of momentum in the direction of the local momentum gradient, yielding a negative shear viscosity. Numerical results in 2D show that the negative viscosity leads to the spontaneous ordering of the velocity field, with vorticity resolvable down to one lattice-link length. The new rule may be used in conjunction with previously proposed collision rules to yield a positive shear viscosity lower than the previous rules provide. In particular, Poiseuille flow tests demonstrate a decrease in viscosity by more than a factor of 2.
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    Discrete hydrodynamics: Numerical results for the soft-sphere viscosity (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 20 (1979), S. 641-655 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Molecular dynamics ; transport coefficients ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Numerical calculations have been done of the viscosity of the soft-sphere liquid, using a new molecular dynamics technique. It is based on a formulation of hydrodynamics which is discrete in space and time, and exactly renormalizable. The present data turn out to be sufficient to estimate the viscosity, but determination of the full equations of motion (and therefore renormalization) requires further calculations using a smaller discrete time interval; these are presently under way. The present results indicate that this method is more than 100 times more efficient than previous (Green-Kubo or nonequilibrium molecular dynamics) methods. This suggests that the discrete formulation is the most natural way to approach hydrodynamics.
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    Lorentz gas shear viscosity via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and Boltzmann's equation (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 38 (1985), S. 973-988 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Boltzmann equation ; nonequilibrium ; viscosity ; molecular dynamics ; irreversibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract When nonequilibrium molecular dynamics is used to impose isothermal shear on a two-body periodic system of hard disks or spheres, the equations of motion reduce to those describing a Lorentz gas under shear. In this shearing Lorentz gas a single particle moves, isothermally, through a spatially periodic shearing crystal of infinitely massive scatterers. The curvilinear trajectories are calculated analytically and used to measure the dilute Lorentz gas viscosity at several strain rates. Simulations and solutions of Boltzmann's equation exhibit shear thinning resembling that found inN-body nonequilibrium simulations. For the three-dimensional Lorentz gas we obtained an exact expression for the viscosity which is valid at all strain rates. In two dimensions this is not possible due to the anisotropy of the scattering.
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    Hydrodynamics and time correlation functions for cellular automata (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 58 (1990), S. 57-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Cellular automata ; lattice gases ; mode coupling theory ; staggered modes ; Green-Kubo relations ; viscosity ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Hydrodynamic excitations in lattice gas cellular automata are described in terms of equilibrium time correlation functions for the local conserved variables. For large space and time scales the linearized hydrodynamic equations are obtained to Navier-Stokes order. Exact expressions for the associated susceptibilities and transport coefficients are identified in terms of correlation functions. The general form of the time correlation functions for conserved densities in the hydrodynamic limit is given and illustrated by some examples suitable for comparison with computer simulation. The transport coefficients are related to time correlation functions for the conserved fluxes in a way analogous to the Green-Kubo expressions for continuous fluids. The general results are applied for a one-component fluid and several types of binary diffusion. Also discussed are the effects of unphysical slow modes such as staggered particle or momentum densities.
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    Phenomenological equations for multicomponent fluids (1972)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 5 (1972), S. 113-125 
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    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Nonequilibrium thermodynamics ; electrolyte solution ; high-temperature plasma ; state variable ; forces and fluxes ; nonlocal linear relation ; Onsager reciprocity ; hydrodynamic equation of motion for component ; Navier-Stokes equation ; diffusion ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ahydrodynamic equation of motion for each component of a multicomponent fluid is derived on the basis of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Special care has been directed to the choice of state variables. In some limiting cases, this equation leads to customary phenomenological equations, such as the equation for diffusion and the Navier-Stokes equation. The viscosity is a consequence of nonlocal coupling of forces and fluxes. The reciprocity between the linear coefficients is examined closely.
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    Reflection and transmission ofSH waves in an initially stressed medium consisting of a sandy layer lying over a fluid-saturated porous solid (1993)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 140 (1993), S. 613-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Propagation ; poroelastic ; viscosity ; anelasticity, dissipation, interstitial fluid, energy, parfition ; initial stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Biot's theory is employed to study the reflection and transmission ofSH waves in a sandy layer lying over a fluid-saturated porous solid half-space. The entire medium is considered under constant initial stress. Effects of sandiness, initial stress, anelasticity and viscosity of the interstitial fluid on the partitioning of energy are studied. In the presence of initial stress the incident wave starts attenuating when incider beyond a certain angle (depending upon the amount of initial stress), even if the medium is perfectly clastic. Anelasticity of the solid layer results in the dissipation of energy during transmission. The direction of attenuation vector of incident wave affects the dissipation energy to a large extent. Effect on partitioning of energy reverse at incidence after the critical angle. A complete account of energy returmed back to the underlying half-space and that which is dissipated in the overlying layer has been discussed analytically as well as numerically.
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    Theoretical Demonstration of a Newly Designed Micro-Rotator Driven by Optical Pressure on a Light Incident Surface (1997)
    Springer
    Optical review 4 (1997), S. 447-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: optical micro-rotator ; cylindrical rotator ; optical torque ; optical tweezers ; ray-tracing ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A newly designed cylindrical optical micro-rotator which has slopes for trapping and rotation on its upper surface is proposed. The cylindrical shape is effective in decreasing viscous drag force (damping factor) in the medium. A ray-tracing method considering the beam waist is employed to analyze the radiation pressure exerted on the upper surface of the rotator. We have demonstrated optical trapping and high speed rotation for various optical beam parameters such as the lens numerical aperture and the Gaussian mode profile as well as rotator shape parameters including oblique angle, height and diameter.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-997-0447-9
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    Factors controlling the lengths of channel-fed lava flows (1994)
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 56 (1994), S. 108-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Hawaii ; lava ; viscosity ; rheology ; flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Factors which control lava flow length are still not fully understood. The assumption that flow length as mainly influenced by viscosity was contested by Walker (1973) who proposed that the length of a lava flow was dependent on the mean effusion rate, and by Malin (1980) who concluded that flow length was dependent on erupted volume. Our reanalysis of Malin's data shows that, if short duration and tube-fed flows are eliminated, Malin's Hawaiian flow data are consistent with Walker's assertion. However, the length of a flow can vary, for a given effusion rate, by a factor of 7, and by up to 10 for a given volume. Factors other than effusion rate and volume are therefore clearly important in controlling the lengths of lava flows. We establish the relative importance of the other factors by performing a multivariate analysis of data for recent Hawaiian lava flows. In addition to generating empirical equations relating flow length to other variables, we have developed a non-isothermal Bingham flow model. This computes the channel and levee width of a flow and hence permits the advance rates of flows and their maximum cooling-limited lengths for different gradients and effusion rates to be calculated. Changing rheological properties are taken into account using the ratio of yield strength to viscosity; available field measurements show that this varies systematically from the vent to the front of a lava flow. The model gives reasonable agreement with data from the 1983–1986 Pu'u ‘O’o eruptions and the 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa. The method has also been applied to andesitic and rhyolitic lava flows. It predicts that, while the more silicic lava flows advance at generally slower rates than basaltic flows, their maximum flow lengths, for a given effusion rate, will be greater than for basaltic lava flows.
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    The superstructure of chromatin and its condensation mechanism (1987)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 14 (1987), S. 307-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Chromatin ; synchrotron radiation ; ultracentrifugation ; viscosity ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solutions of rat liver and chicken erythrocyte chromatin at different ionic strngths were characterized by synchrotron X-ray solution scattering, ultracentrifugation, density and viscosity measurements. Previous observations on nuclei were extended to rat liver, calf thymus and yeast nuclei. It is shown that with monovalent cations condensation is independent of the nature of the cation whereas with divalent cations there are significant differences related to the preference of base binding over phosphate binding. The consistency of hydrodynamic and scattering results confirm the view that chromatin in solution at low ionic strength has a helix-like superstructure. A survey of X-ray and neutron scattering results in the literature shows that previous interpretations, e.g. in terms of a 10 nm filament, are incompatible with the experimental data at low resolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00254896
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Order and fluidity of lipid membranes as determined by fluorescence anisotropy decay (1987)
    Springer
    European biophysics journal 15 (1987), S. 87-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1017
    Keywords: Lipid bilayers ; fluorescence probes ; order parameters ; diffusion coefficients ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fluorescence anisotropy decay of four different probes in bilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine was measured. The probes are diphenylhexatriene, diphenyloctatetraene, trimethylaminodiphenylhexatriene, and trans-parinaric acid. The data for each probe were analyzed in terms of two orientational order parameters, the ordinary order parameter and a higher one, and two rotational diffusion coefficients. The order parameters are largely independent of probe size, but depend on the position of the probes along the membrane normal, thus reflecting the profile of lipid order. If a probe is located in the plateau region of lipid order, its order parameters are interpreted as representing the rigid-body order of lipids. According to this interpretation, the total lipid order in the plateau region originates about equally from rigid-body order and conformational order. The two order parameters obtained for each probe are used to derive approximate angular distributions of the probe molecules. The diffusion coefficient for rotation about the long molecular axis is found to be infinitely large, indicating unhindered rotation about this axis. The diffusion coefficient for rotation about the short molecular axes is evaluated for a viscosity which results as 0.2 poise. This viscosity for rotational diffusion is an order of magnitude smaller than the viscosity for lateral diffusion indicating that at least two viscosities are required to characterize the fluidity of a lipid membrane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257502
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Thermally Stimulated Processes in a Liquid Crystal Polymer (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1167-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: charge carriers ; depolarization rate ; liquid crystalline polyester ; molecular realignment ; thermal depolarization current ; viscosity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Measurement of voltage-induced thermal depolarization current and calculation of the rate of depolarization as well as the parameters of drift mobility and conductivity of charge carriers for melt-extruded neat unreinforced grade A950 VECTRA® resin - a wholly aromatic copolyester - strongly suggest that an irreversible minor transition centered around 65°C is the primary thermal process related to molecular realignment. Changes in capacitance values with temperature also show this to be the most active temperature region. A major depolarization peak at 100°C having the characteristics of a Tg cannot be justified as due to glass transition but likely to result from molecular motions involving long range intermolecular order. The interpretation for both transitions can be supported by the mechanical response of this polymer. An important outcome of this work is the assertion that contrary to current thinking, it is the number of charge carriers and not viscosity alone that will have to be considered in future development of fast response liquid crystal displays along with the development of newer liquid crystal polymer structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010165214203
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