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  • Nature Publishing Group  (48,461)
  • 2000-2004  (15,140)
  • 1980-1984  (17,607)
  • 1950-1954  (15,714)
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  • 1
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    Tropical climate changes at millennial and orbital timescales on the Bolivian Altiplano (2001)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 409 (6821). pp. 698-701.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: Tropical South America is one of the three main centres of the global, zonal overturning circulation of the equatorial atmosphere (generally termed the 'Walker' circulation1). Although this area plays a key role in global climate cycles, little is known about South American climate history. Here we describe sediment cores and down-hole logging results of deep drilling in the Salar de Uyuni, on the Bolivian Altiplano, located in the tropical Andes. We demonstrate that during the past 50,000 years the Altiplano underwent important changes in effective moisture at both orbital (20,000-year) and millennial timescales. Long-duration wet periods, such as the Last Glacial Maximum—marked in the drill core by continuous deposition of lacustrine sediments—appear to have occurred in phase with summer insolation maxima produced by the Earth's precessional cycle. Short-duration, millennial events correlate well with North Atlantic cold events, including Heinrich events 1 and 2, as well as the Younger Dryas episode. At both millennial and orbital timescales, cold sea surface temperatures in the high-latitude North Atlantic were coeval with wet conditions in tropical South America, suggesting a common forcing.
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  • 2
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    A new phylum of Archaea represented by a nanosized hyperthermophilic symbiont (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 417 (6884). pp. 63-67.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-07
    Description: According to small subunit ribosomal RNA (ss rRNA) sequence comparisons all known Archaea belong to the phyla Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and—indicated only by environmental DNA sequences—to the 'Korarchaeota'1, 2. Here we report the cultivation of a new nanosized hyperthermophilic archaeon from a submarine hot vent. This archaeon cannot be attached to one of these groups and therefore must represent an unknown phylum which we name 'Nanoarchaeota' and species, which we name 'Nanoarchaeum equitans'. Cells of 'N. equitans' are spherical, and only about 400 nm in diameter. They grow attached to the surface of a specific archaeal host, a new member of the genus Ignicoccus3. The distribution of the 'Nanoarchaeota' is so far unknown. Owing to their unusual ss rRNA sequence, members remained undetectable by commonly used ecological studies based on the polymerase chain reaction4. 'N. equitans' harbours the smallest archaeal genome; it is only 0.5 megabases in size. This organism will provide insight into the evolution of thermophily, of tiny genomes and of interspecies communication.
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  • 3
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    Termination of global warmth at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary through productivity feedback (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 (6801). pp. 171-174.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: The onset of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum (about 55 Myr ago) was marked by global surface temperatures warming by 5–7 °C over approximately 30,000 yr (ref. 1), probably because of enhanced mantle outgassing2, 3 and the pulsed release of approx1,500 gigatonnes of methane carbon from decomposing gas-hydrate reservoirs4, 5, 6, 7. The aftermath of this rapid, intense and global warming event may be the best example in the geological record of the response of the Earth to high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and high temperatures. This response has been suggested to include an intensified flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the deep ocean and its subsequent burial through biogeochemical feedback mechanisms8. Here we present firm evidence for this view from two ocean drilling cores, which record the largest accumulation rates of biogenic barium—indicative of export palaeoproductivity—at times of maximum global temperatures and peak excursion values of delta13C. The unusually rapid return of delta13C to values similar to those before the methane release7 and the apparent coupling of the accumulation rates of biogenic barium to temperature, suggests that the enhanced deposition of organic matter to the deep sea may have efficiently cooled this greenhouse climate by the rapid removal of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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  • 4
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    Conservation: Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 403 (6765). p. 38.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: Living coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) are normally found only in the western Indian Ocean, where they inhabit submarine caves in the Comores Islands. Two specimens have since been caught off the island of Manado Tua, north Sulawesi, Indonesia, some 10,000 kilometres away. We sought to determine the ecological and geographic distribution of Indonesian coelacanth populations with a view to drawing up conservation measures for this extremely rare fish. During our explorations, we discovered two living Indonesian coelacanths 360 km southwest of Manado Tua.
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  • 5
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    The effects of surfactants on spilling breaking waves (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 421 (6922). pp. 520-523.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-10
    Description: Breaking waves markedly increase the rates of air–sea transfer of momentum, energy and mass. In light to moderate wind conditions, spilling breakers with short wavelengths are observed frequently. Theory and laboratory experiments have shown that, as these waves approach breaking in clean water, a ripple pattern that is dominated by surface tension forms at the crest. Under laboratory conditions and in theory, the transition to turbulent flow is triggered by flow separation under the ripples, typically without leading to overturning of the free surface15. Water surfaces in nature, however, are typically contaminated by surfactant films that alter the surface tension and produce surface elasticity and viscosity16, 17. Here we present the results of laboratory experiments in which spilling breaking waves were generated mechanically in water with a range of surfactant concentrations. We find significant changes in the breaking process owing to surfactants. At the highest concentration of surfactants, a small plunging jet issues from the front face of the wave at a point below the wave crest and entraps a pocket of air on impact with the front face of the wave. The bubbles and turbulence created during this process are likely to increase air–sea transfer.
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  • 6
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    Relative departures in July temperatures in northern Canada for the past 6,000 yr (1981)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 289 (5794). pp. 164-167.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-11
    Description: There has been concern about recent temperature trends and the future effects of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere1,2; but instrumental records only cover a few decades to a few centuries and it is essential that proxy data sources, such as pollen spectra from peats and lake sediments, be carefully interpreted as climate records. Several workers have shown statistically significant associations between the modern pollen rain and climatic parameters, an approach that by-passes the recognition of pollen/vegetation units. Statistically defined equations that associate abiotic and biotic elements are called transfer functions. We report here on the application of transfer function equations to nine middle and late Holocene peat and lake sediment sequences from northern Canada (Fig. 1).
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  • 7
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    Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans-surface productivity and oxygen utilization (1980)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 288 (5788). pp. 260-263.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: Organic detritus passing from the sea surface through the water column to the sea floor controls nutrient regeneration, fuels benthic life and affects burial of organic carbon in the sediment record. Particle trap systems have enabled the first quantification of this important process. The results suggest that the dominant mechanism of vertical transport is by rapid settling of rare large particles, most likely of faecal pellets or marine snow of the order of 〉200 μm in diameter, whereas the more frequent small particles have an insignificant role in vertical mass flux4–6. The ultimate source of organic detritus is biological production in surface waters of the oceans. I determine here an empirical relationship that predicts organic carbon flux at any depth in the oceans below the base of the euphotic zone as a function of the mean net primary production rate at the surface and depth-dependent consumption. Such a relationship aids in estimating rates of decay of organic matter in the water column, benthic and water column respiration of oxygen in the deep sea and burial of organic carbon in the sediment record.
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  • 8
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    The ‘zero charge’ partitioning behaviour of noble gases during mantle melting (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 423 (6941). pp. 738-741.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: Noble-gas geochemistry is an important tool for understanding planetary processes from accretion to mantle dynamics and atmospheric formation. Central to much of the modelling of such processes is the crystal–melt partitioning of noble gases during mantle melting, magma ascent and near-surface degassing5. Geochemists have traditionally considered the 'inert' noble gases to be extremely incompatible elements, with almost 100 per cent extraction efficiency from the solid phase during melting processes. Previously published experimental data on partitioning between crystalline silicates and melts has, however, suggested that noble gases approach compatible behaviour, and a significant proportion should therefore remain in the mantle during melt extraction. Here we present experimental data to show that noble gases are more incompatible than previously demonstrated, but not necessarily to the extent assumed or required by geochemical models. Independent atomistic computer simulations indicate that noble gases can be considered as species of 'zero charge' incorporated at crystal lattice sites. Together with the lattice strain model9, 10, this provides a theoretical framework with which to model noble-gas geochemistry as a function of residual mantle mineralogy.
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  • 9
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    Genomic islands in pathogenic and environmental microorganisms (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2 (5). pp. 414-424.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-23
    Description: Horizontal gene transfer is an important mechanism for the evolution of microbial genomes. Pathogenicity islands — mobile genetic elements that contribute to rapid changes in virulence potential — are known to have contributed to genome evolution by horizontal gene transfer in many bacterial pathogens. Increasing evidence indicates that equivalent elements in non-pathogenic species — genomic islands — are important in the evolution of these bacteria, influencing traits such as antibiotic resistance, symbiosis and fitness, and adaptation in general. This review discusses the recent lessons that have been learned from pathogenicity islands in pathogenic microorganisms and how they apply to the role of genomic islands in commensal, symbiotic and environmental bacteria.
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  • 10
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    Consumer versus resource control of species diversity and ecosystem functioning (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Geoscience, 417 . pp. 848-851.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: A key question in ecology is which factors control species diversity in a community1, 2, 3. Two largely separate groups of ecologists have emphasized the importance of productivity or resource supply, and consumers or physical disturbance, respectively. These variables show unimodal relationships with diversity when manipulated in isolation4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Recent multivariate models9, 10, however, predict that these factors interact, such that the disturbance–diversity relationship depends on productivity, and vice versa. We tested these models in marine food webs, using field manipulations of nutrient resources and consumer pressure on rocky shores of contrasting productivity. Here we show that the effects of consumers and nutrients on diversity consistently depend on each other, and that the direction of their effects and peak diversity shift between sites of low and high productivity. Factorial meta-analysis of published experiments confirms these results across widely varying aquatic communities. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate that these patterns extend to important ecosystem functions such as carbon storage and nitrogen retention. This suggests that human impacts on nutrient supply11 and food-web structure12, 13 have strong and interdependent effects on species diversity and ecosystem functioning, and must therefore be managed together.
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  • 11
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    When the Earth moved: How Earth scientists developed the theory of plate tectonics (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 417 . pp. 487-488.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: BOOK REVIEWED: Plate Tectonics: An Insider's History of the Modern Theory of the Earth / edited by Naomi Oreskes Westview Press: 2001. 448 pp.
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  • 12
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    Break-up of the Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current into eddies at 8°S (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 432 . pp. 1018-1020.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-09
    Description: The existence in the ocean of deep western boundary currents, which connect the high-latitude regions where deep water is formed with upwelling regions as part of the global ocean circulation, was postulated more than 40 years ago1. These ocean currents have been found adjacent to the continental slopes of all ocean basins, and have core depths between 1,500 and 4,000 m. In the Atlantic Ocean, the deep western boundary current is estimated to carry (10–40) times 106 m3 s-1 of water2, 3, 4, 5, transporting North Atlantic Deep Water—from the overflow regions between Greenland and Scotland and from the Labrador Sea—into the South Atlantic and the Antarctic circumpolar current. Here we present direct velocity and water mass observations obtained in the period 2000 to 2003, as well as results from a numerical ocean circulation model, showing that the Atlantic deep western boundary current breaks up at 8° S. Southward of this latitude, the transport of North Atlantic Deep Water into the South Atlantic Ocean is accomplished by migrating eddies, rather than by a continuous flow. Our model simulation indicates that the deep western boundary current breaks up into eddies at the present intensity of meridional overturning circulation. For weaker overturning, continuation as a stable, laminar boundary flow seems possible.
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  • 13
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    In situ experimental evidence of the fate of a phytodetritus pulse at the abyssal sea floor (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 424 . pp. 763-765.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: More than 50% of the Earth' s surface is sea floor below 3,000 m of water. Most of this major reservoir in the global carbon cycle and final repository for anthropogenic wastes is characterized by severe food limitation. Phytodetritus is the major food source for abyssal benthic communities, and a large fraction of the annual food load can arrive in pulses within a few days1, 2. Owing to logistical constraints, the available data concerning the fate of such a pulse are scattered3, 4 and often contradictory5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, hampering global carbon modelling and anthropogenic impact assessments. We quantified (over a period of 2.5 to 23 days) the response of an abyssal benthic community to a phytodetritus pulse, on the basis of 11 in situ experiments. Here we report that, in contrast to previous hypotheses5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, the sediment community oxygen consumption doubled immediately, and that macrofauna were very important for initial carbon degradation. The retarded response of bacteria and Foraminifera, the restriction of microbial carbon degradation to the sediment surface, and the low total carbon turnover distinguish abyssal from continental-slope ‘deep-sea’ sediments.
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  • 14
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    Paleoceanographic implications of genetic variation in living North Atlantic Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 424 (6946). pp. 299-302.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The shells of the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina pachyderma have become a classical tool for reconstructing glacial–interglacial climate conditions in the North Atlantic Ocean1, 2, 3. Palaeoceanographers utilize its left- and right-coiling variants, which exhibit a distinctive reciprocal temperature and water mass related shift in faunal abundance both at present and in late Quaternary sediments1, 2, 4, 5. Recently discovered cryptic genetic diversity in planktonic foraminifers6, 7, 8 now poses significant questions for these studies. Here we report genetic evidence demonstrating that the apparent ‘single species’ shell-based records of right-coiling N. pachyderma used in palaeoceanographic reconstructions contain an alternation in species as environmental factors change. This is reflected in a species-dependent incremental shift in right-coiling N. pachyderma shell calcite δ18O between the Last Glacial Maximum and full Holocene conditions. Guided by the percentage dextral coiling ratio, our findings enhance the use of δ18O records of right-coiling N. pachyderma for future study. They also highlight the need to genetically investigate other important morphospecies to refine their accuracy and reliability as palaeoceanographic proxies.
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  • 15
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    Palaeoceanography: Antarctic stratification and glacial CO2 (2001)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 412 . pp. 605-606.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: One way of accounting for lowered atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during Pleistocene glacial periods is by invoking the Antarctic stratification hypothesis, which links the reduction in CO2 to greater stratification of ocean surface waters around Antarctica1, 2. As discussed by Sigman and Boyle3, this hypothesis assumes that increased stratification in the Antarctic zone (Fig. 1) was associated with reduced upwelling of deep waters around Antarctica, thereby allowing CO2 outgassing to be suppressed by biological production while also allowing biological production to decline, which is consistent with Antarctic sediment records4. We point out here, however, that the response of ocean eddies to increased Antarctic stratification can be expected to increase, rather than reduce, the upwelling rate of deep waters around Antarctica. The stratification hypothesis may have difficulty in accommodating eddy feedbacks on upwelling within the constraints imposed by reconstructions of winds and Antarctic-zone productivity in glacial periods.
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  • 16
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    Strong hemispheric coupling of glacial climate through continental freshwater discharge and ocean circulation (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 430 . pp. 851-856.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The climate of the last glacial period was extremely variable, characterized by abrupt warming events in the Northern Hemisphere, accompanied by slower temperature changes in Antarctica and variations of global sea level. It is generally accepted that this millennial-scale climate variability was caused by abrupt changes in the ocean thermohaline circulation. Here we use a coupled ocean–atmosphere–sea ice model to show that freshwater discharge into the North Atlantic Ocean, in addition to a reduction of the thermohaline circulation, has a direct effect on Southern Ocean temperature. The related anomalous oceanic southward heat transport arises from a zonal density gradient in the subtropical North Atlantic caused by a fast wave-adjustment process. We present an extended and quantitative bipolar seesaw concept that explains the timing and amplitude of Greenland and Antarctic temperature changes, the slow changes in Antarctic temperature and its similarity to sea level, as well as a possible time lag of sea level with respect to Antarctic temperature during Marine Isotope Stage 3.
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  • 17
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    Oceanic respite for wandering albatrosses (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 406 . pp. 955-956.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: Birds taking time off from breeding head for their favourite long-haul destinations. What oceanic seabirds do outside their breeding periods is something of a mystery, although altogether these "sabbaticals' add up to more than half of their lifetime and are probably a key feature of their life history. Here we use geolocation systems based on light-intensity measurements to show that during these periods wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) leave the foraging grounds that they frequent while breeding for specific, individual oceanic sectors and spend the rest of the year there — each bird probably returns to the same area throughout its life. This discovery of individual home-range preferences outside the breeding season has important implications for the conservation of albatrosses threatened by the development of longline fisheries.
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  • 18
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    Iron and phosphorus co-limit nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 429 . pp. 292-294.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-10
    Description: The role of iron in enhancing phytoplankton productivity in high nutrient, low chlorophyll oceanic regions was demonstrated first through iron-addition bioassay experiments1 and subsequently confirmed by large-scale iron fertilization experiments2. Iron supply has been hypothesized to limit nitrogen fixation and hence oceanic primary productivity on geological timescales3, providing an alternative to phosphorus as the ultimate limiting nutrient4. Oceanographic observations have been interpreted both to confirm and refute this hypothesis5, 6, but direct experimental evidence is lacking7. We conducted experiments to test this hypothesis during the Meteor 55 cruise to the tropical North Atlantic. This region is rich in diazotrophs8 and strongly impacted by Saharan dust input9. Here we show that community primary productivity was nitrogen-limited, and that nitrogen fixation was co-limited by iron and phosphorus. Saharan dust addition stimulated nitrogen fixation, presumably by supplying both iron and phosphorus10, 11. Our results support the hypothesis that aeolian mineral dust deposition promotes nitrogen fixation in the eastern tropical North Atlantic.
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  • 19
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    Deep Roots of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 422 . pp. 602-606.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The Messinian salinity crisis—the desiccation of the Mediterranean Sea between 5.96 and 5.33 million years (Myr) ago1—was one of the most dramatic events on Earth during the Cenozoic era2. It resulted from the closure of marine gateways between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the causes of which remain enigmatic. Here we use the age and composition of volcanic rocks to reconstruct the geodynamic evolution of the westernmost Mediterranean from the Middle Miocene epoch to the Pleistocene epoch (about 12.1–0.65 Myr ago). Our data show that a marked shift in the geochemistry of mantle-derived volcanic rocks, reflecting a change from subduction-related to intraplate-type volcanism, occurred between 6.3 and 4.8 Myr ago, largely synchronous with the Messinian salinity crisis. Using a thermomechanical model, we show that westward roll back of subducted Tethys oceanic lithosphere and associated asthenospheric upwelling provides a plausible mechanism for producing the shift in magma chemistry and the necessary uplift (approx1 km) along the African and Iberian continental margins to close the Miocene marine gateways, thereby causing the Messinian salinity crisis.
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  • 20
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    Managing fisheries in a changing climate (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 429 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-10
    Description: No need to wait for more information: industrialized fishing is already wiping out stocks.
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  • 21
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    Polysaccharide aggregation as a potential sink of marine dissolved organic carbon (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 428 . pp. 929-932.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The formation and sinking of biogenic particles mediate vertical mass fluxes and drive elemental cycling in the ocean1. Whereas marine sciences have focused primarily on particle production by phytoplankton growth, particle formation by the assembly of organic macromolecules has almost been neglected2, 3. Here we show, by means of a combined experimental and modelling study, that the formation of polysaccharide particles is an important pathway to convert dissolved into particulate organic carbon during phytoplankton blooms, and can be described in terms of aggregation kinetics. Our findings suggest that aggregation processes in the ocean cascade from the molecular scale up to the size of fast-settling particles, and give new insights into the cycling and export of biogeochemical key elements such as carbon, iron and thorium.
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  • 22
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    Effect of trace metal availability on coccolithophorid calcification (2004)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 430 . pp. 673-676.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The deposition of atmospheric dust into the ocean has varied considerably over geological time1, 2. Because some of the trace metals contained in dust are essential plant nutrients which can limit phytoplankton growth in parts of the ocean, it has been suggested that variations in dust supply to the surface ocean might influence primary production3, 4. Whereas the role of trace metal availability in photosynthetic carbon fixation has received considerable attention, its effect on biogenic calcification is virtually unknown. The production of both particulate organic carbon and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) drives the ocean's biological carbon pump. The ratio of particulate organic carbon to CaCO3 export, the so-called rain ratio, is one of the factors determining CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean. Here we investigate the influence of the essential trace metals iron and zinc on the prominent CaCO3-producing microalga Emiliania huxleyi. We show that whereas at low iron concentrations growth and calcification are equally reduced, low zinc concentrations result in a de-coupling of the two processes. Despite the reduced growth rate of zinc-limited cells, CaCO3 production rates per cell remain unaffected, thus leading to highly calcified cells. These results suggest that changes in dust deposition can affect biogenic calcification in oceanic regions characterized by trace metal limitation, with possible consequences for CO2 partitioning between the atmosphere and the ocean.
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  • 23
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    Directly measured mid-depth circulation in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 419 . pp. 603-607.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The circulation of water masses in the northeastern North Atlantic Ocean has a strong influence on global climate owing to the northward transport of warm subtropical water to high latitudes1. But the ocean circulation at depths below the reach of satellite observations is difficult to measure, and only recently have comprehensive, direct observations of whole ocean basins been possible2, 3, 4. Here we present quantitative maps of the absolute velocities at two levels in the northeastern North Atlantic as obtained from acoustically tracked floats. We find that most of the mean flow transported northward by the Gulf Stream system at the thermocline level (about 600 m depth) remains within the subpolar region, and only relatively little enters the Rockall trough or the Nordic seas. Contrary to previous work5, 6, our data indicate that warm, saline water from the Mediterranean Sea reaches the high latitudes through a combination of narrow slope currents and mixing processes. At both depths under investigation, currents cross the Mid-Atlantic Ridge preferentially over deep gaps in the ridge, demonstrating that sea-floor topography can constrain even upper-ocean circulation patterns.
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  • 24
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    Meandering of the subtropical front south-east of the Azores (1982)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 300 (5889). pp. 245-246.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-08
    Description: A subtropical front was observed in the area south and southeast of the Azores during cruises of FS Meteor and FS Poseidon in early 1982. The front has a basically west–east extension, with considerable meandering observed. Meso-scale eddies are found on both sides. The overall flow pattern corresponds to earlier results on geopotential differences in the upper northeast Atlantic, but the baroclinic transport of the order of 107 m3 s−1 is found to be concentrated in a 60-km wide jet. We suggest here that the current band is part of the gyre circulation, resulting from a branching of the North Atlantic Current.
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  • 25
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    Fluxes of biogenic components from sediment trap deployment in circumpolar waters of the Drake Passage (1982)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 299 (5879). pp. 145-147.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Circumpolar surface waters dominate the circulation of the Southern Ocean and sustain one of the ocean's largest standing stocks of biomass thereby producing a significant output of biogenic components, mainly diatoms, to the bottom sediments. Generally transit of biogenic matter from the sea surface to the sea floor affects nutrient regeneration fuels benthic life and transfers signals to the sediment record1–5. Reliable quantification of the relationship between biological production, fractionation of skeletal and tissue components and bottom sediment accumulation depends on direct vertical flux measurements from sediment trap deployments6–9, which have proved to be most scientifically productive10–13. We now present data on vertical mass fluxes from the Southern Ocean and evidence for strong biogeochemical fractionation between organic carbon-, nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds, siliceous and calcareous skeletal remains, and refractory aluminosilicates.
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    Glacial and interglacial wind regimes over the eastern subtropical Atlantic and North-West Africa (1981)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 293 (5829). pp. 193-196.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-02
    Description: Analysis of aeolo-marine dust deposits in the subtropical eastern Atlantic enables the strength of the major wind patterns during the late Quaternary to be evaluated and gives an insight into the climate of North Africa.
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    Global change: Monsoon linkages (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 421 (6921). pp. 324-325.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Description: An excellent sediment record from the Arabian Sea traces recent patterns in the activity of the Asian monsoon. It reveals both variability in monsoon strength and links with climatic events elsewhere. The monsoon is the main determinant of environmental conditions over much of Asia, and so affects the most densely populated region on Earth. Differential heating of the north Indian Ocean and the northwest Pacific, and of the Asian land-mass, cause the seasonal reversal of monsoon winds. In summer, these winds blow northwards over the northern Indian Ocean, carrying huge amounts of moisture over the neighbouring land. The ensuing heavy rainfall can have devastating consequences for human life and livelihood. Conversely, agriculture in Asia depends on monsoon rains; and the seasonal upwelling of nutrient-laden subsurface waters, driven by monsoon winds, is essential to the success of coastal fisheries.
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  • 28
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    Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 423 (6943). pp. 956-961.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Description: A high-resolution mapping and sampling study of the Gakkel ridge was accomplished during an international ice-breaker expedition to the high Arctic and North Pole in summer 2001. For this slowest-spreading endmember of the global mid-ocean-ridge system, predictions were that magmatism should progressively diminish as the spreading rate decreases along the ridge, and that hydrothermal activity should be rare. Instead, it was found that magmatic variations are irregular, and that hydrothermal activity is abundant. A 300-kilometre-long central amagmatic zone, where mantle peridotites are emplaced directly in the ridge axis, lies between abundant, continuous volcanism in the west, and large, widely spaced volcanic centres in the east. These observations demonstrate that the extent of mantle melting is not a simple function of spreading rate: mantle temperatures at depth or mantle chemistry (or both) must vary significantly along-axis. Highly punctuated volcanism in the absence of ridge offsets suggests that first-order ridge segmentation is controlled by mantle processes of melting and melt segregation. The strong focusing of magmatic activity coupled with faulting may account for the unexpectedly high levels of hydrothermal activity observed.
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    Power from the deep (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Biotechnology, 20 (8). pp. 788-789.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-22
    Description: normous amounts of potential energy lie buried in marine sediments in the form of reduced carbon compounds. The most familiar form of this vast energy reserve is petroleum, which drives the lion's share of today's energy economy. The next most obvious submarine energy reserve, even more abundant than petroleum, is methane. At deep-sea conditions of low temperature and high pressure, large amounts of this natural gas are found in sub-seafloor reservoirs of frozen methane hydrates [1]. Yet there is another abundant, but less obvious, marine energy reserve: sediment-associated organic carbon, which represents about 2% of the dry weight of marine sediments along continental margins. Is it possible to tap into this vast, dispersed form of submarine energy? If so, how? The answer, in part, is that microbes already have tapped into this large energy reserve. Now, in two papers, one in this issue [2] and the other in a previous issue of Science [3], researchers harness microbially generated power by constructing a fuel cell that can exploit the naturally occurring voltage gradient created by microbial activity in marine sediments.
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  • 30
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    Mantle thermal pulses below the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and temporal variations in the formation of oceanic lithosphere (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 423 (6939). pp. 499-505.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-26
    Description: A 20-Myr record of creation of oceanic lithosphere is exposed along a segment of the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge on an uplifted sliver of lithosphere. The degree of melting of the mantle that is upwelling below the ridge, estimated from the chemistry of the exposed mantle rocks, as well as crustal thickness inferred from gravity measurements, show oscillations of ∼3–4 Myr superimposed on a longer-term steady increase with time. The time lag between oscillations of mantle melting and crustal thickness indicates that the mantle is upwelling at an average rate of ∼25 mm yr-1, but this appears to vary through time. Slow-spreading lithosphere seems to form through dynamic pulses of mantle upwelling and melting, leading not only to along-axis segmentation but also to across-axis structural variability. Also, the central Mid-Atlantic Ridge appears to have become steadily hotter over the past 20 Myr, possibly owing to north–south mantle flow.
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    Harnessing microbially generated power on the seafloor (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Biotechnology, 20 (8). pp. 821-825.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-22
    Description: In many marine environments, a voltage gradient exists across the water sediment interface resulting from sedimentary microbial activity. Here we show that a fuel cell consisting of an anode embedded in marine sediment and a cathode in overlying seawater can use this voltage gradient to generate electrical power in situ. Fuel cells of this design generated sustained power in a boat basin carved into a salt marsh near Tuckerton, New Jersey, and in the Yaquina Bay Estuary near Newport, Oregon. Retrieval and analysis of the Tuckerton fuel cell indicates that power generation results from at least two anode reactions: oxidation of sediment sulfide (a by-product of microbial oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon) and oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon catalyzed by microorganisms colonizing the anode. These results demonstrate in real marine environments a new form of power generation that uses an immense, renewable energy reservoir (sedimentary organic carbon) and has near-immediate application.
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  • 32
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    Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 403 (6765). p. 38.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-11
    Description: Living coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) are normally found only in the western Indian Ocean, where they inhabit submarine caves in the Comores Islands1. Two specimens have since been caught off the island of Manado Tua, north Sulawesi, Indonesia, some 10,000 kilometres away2. We sought to determine the ecological and geographic distribution of Indonesian coelacanth populations with a view to drawing up conservation measures for this extremely rare fish2,3. During our explorations, we discovered two living Indonesian coelacanths 360 km southwest of Manado Tua.
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  • 33
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    The first fossil cephalopod statoliths to be described from Europe (1980)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 287 (5783). pp. 628-630.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-15
    Description: Statoliths of cephalopods are small, hard calcareous stones which lie within the cartilaginous skulls of octopods, sepioids and teuthoids1. Fossil statoliths, clearly belonging to genera which are alive today, have previously been described from 11 Cenozoic deposits spanning from the Eocene to the Pleistocene in North America2–5. Such statoliths are of particular interest because they provide a means of studying the evolution of living cephalopod groups which have no calcareous shells, including the cosmopolitan and numerous teuthoids and octopods. Here, the first cephalopod statoliths to be recognized in European deposits are described and identified as Loligo sp. They are compared with the North American fossil Loligo species and statoliths removed from the two living Loligo species of Europe.
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  • 34
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    Mantle plume noble gas component in glassy basalts from Reykjanes Ridge (1983)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 305 (5933). pp. 403-407.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-23
    Description: Basalts from the Reykjanes Ridge contain noble gases delivered from the non-degassed lower mantle by the Iceland plume. These lower mantle gases are thought to be a mixture of planetary and solar components, as would be expected if the Earth accreted from fine silicate particles.
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    Turned out nice again (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 404 (6780). p. 814.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: Book review of: The Change in the Weather: People, Weather, and the Science of Climate by William K. Stevens Delacorte: 2000. 432 pp. $24.95
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    Earth science: The ultraslow difference (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 426 (6965). p. 401.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: The speed at which mid-ocean ridges grind out new ocean floor varies considerably. The slowest-spreading ridges are especially tough to study — but the latest data show that they are especially intriguing.
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  • 37
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    Bacterial growth and primary production along a north-south transect of the Atlantic Ocean (2002)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 416 . pp. 168-171.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: The oceanic carbon cycle is mainly determined by the combined activities of bacteria and phytoplankton, but the interdependence of climate, the carbon cycle and the microbes is not well understood. To elucidate this interdependence, we performed high-frequency sampling of sea water along a north-south transect of the Atlantic Ocean. Here we report that the interaction of bacteria and phytoplankton is closely related to the meridional profile of water temperature, a variable directly dependent on climate. Water temperature was positively correlated with the ratio of bacterial production to primary production, and, more strongly, with the ratio of bacterial carbon demand to primary production. In warm latitudes (25 degrees N to 30 degrees S), we observed alternating patches of predominantly heterotrophic and autotrophic community metabolism. The calculated regression lines (for data north and south of the Equator) between temperature and the ratio of bacterial production to primary production give a maximum value for this ratio of 40% in the oligotrophic equatorial regions. Taking into account a bacterial growth efficiency of 30%, the resulting area of net heterotrophy (where the bacterial carbon demand for growth plus respiration exceeds phytoplankton carbon fixation) expands from 8 degrees N (27 degrees C) to 20 degrees S (23 degrees C). This suggests an output of CO2 from parts of the ocean to the atmosphere.
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    A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 695-702.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: Changes in iron supply to oceanic plankton are thought to have a significant effect on concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide by altering rates of carbon sequestration, a theory known as the 'iron hypothesis'. For this reason, it is important to understand the response of pelagic biota to increased iron supply. Here we report the results of a mesoscale iron fertilization experiment in the polar Southern Ocean, where the potential to sequester iron-elevated algal carbon is probably greatest. Increased iron supply led to elevated phytoplankton biomass and rates of photosynthesis in surface waters, causing a large drawdown of carbon dioxide and macronutrients, and elevated dimethyl sulphide levels after 13 days. This drawdown was mostly due to the proliferation of diatom stocks. But downward export of biogenic carbon was not increased. Moreover, satellite observations of this massive bloom 30 days later, suggest that a sufficient proportion of the added iron was retained in surface waters. Our findings demonstrate that iron supply controls phytoplankton growth and community composition during summer in these polar Southern Ocean waters, but the fate of algal carbon remains unknown and depends on the interplay between the processes controlling export, remineralisation and timescales of water mass subduction.
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    A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating abaerobic oxidation of methane (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 623-626.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: A large fraction of globally produced methane is converted to CO2 by anaerobic oxidation in marine sediments. Strong geochemical evidence for net methane consumption in anoxic sediments is based on methane profiles, radiotracer experiments and stable carbon isotope data. But the elusive microorganisms mediating this reaction have not yet been isolated, and the pathway of anaerobic oxidation of methane is insufficiently understood. Recent data suggest that certain archaea reverse the process of methanogenesis by interaction with sulphate-reducing bacteria. Here we provide microscopic evidence for a structured consortium of archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria, which we identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization using specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. In this example of a structured archaeal-bacterial symbiosis, the archaea grow in dense aggregates of about 100 cells and are surrounded by sulphate-reducing bacteria. These aggregates were abundant in gas-hydrate-rich sediments with extremely high rates of methane-based sulphate reduction, and apparently mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane.
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    Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature (423). pp. 280-283.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-07
    Description: Serious concerns have been raised about the ecological effects of industrialized fishing1, 2, 3, spurring a United Nations resolution on restoring fisheries and marine ecosystems to healthy levels4. However, a prerequisite for restoration is a general understanding of the composition and abundance of unexploited fish communities, relative to contemporary ones. We constructed trajectories of community biomass and composition of large predatory fishes in four continental shelf and nine oceanic systems, using all available data from the beginning of exploitation. Industrialized fisheries typically reduced community biomass by 80% within 15 years of exploitation. Compensatory increases in fast-growing species were observed, but often reversed within a decade. Using a meta-analytic approach, we estimate that large predatory fish biomass today is only about 10% of pre-industrial levels. We conclude that declines of large predators in coastal regions5 have extended throughout the global ocean, with potentially serious consequences for ecosystems5, 6, 7. Our analysis suggests that management based on recent data alone may be misleading, and provides minimum estimates for unexploited communities, which could serve as the 'missing baseline'8 needed for future restoration efforts.
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    Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2 (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 634-637.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: The formation of calcareous skeletons by marine planktonic organisms and their subsequent sinking to depth generates a continuous rain of calcium carbonate to the deep ocean and underlying sediments1. This is important in regulating marine carbon cycling and ocean–atmosphere CO2 exchange2. The present rise in atmospheric CO2 levels3 causes significant changes in surface ocean pH and carbonate chemistry4. Such changes have been shown to slow down calcification in corals and coralline macroalgae5,6, but the majority of marine calcification occurs in planktonic organisms. Here we report reduced calcite production at increased CO2 concentrations in monospecific cultures of two dominant marine calcifying phytoplankton species, the coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica . This was accompanied by an increased proportion of malformed coccoliths and incomplete coccospheres. Diminished calcification led to a reduction in the ratio of calcite precipitation to organic matter production. Similar results were obtained in incubations of natural plankton assemblages from the north Pacific ocean when exposed to experimentally elevated CO2 levels. We suggest that the progressive increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may therefore slow down the production of calcium carbonate in the surface ocean. As the process of calcification releases CO2 to the atmosphere, the response observed here could potentially act as a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2 levels.
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  • 42
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    Giant squids may die when exposed to warm water currents (1983)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 303 (5916). pp. 422-423.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-04-16
    Description: Strandings of the giant squid, Architeuthis monachus (Steen-strup), have always stirred attention because of the rarity and enormous size of these cephalopods. These animals have never been observed in their natural habitat and little is known about their physiology and ecology. Stranding of giant squids in Newfoundland waters has been correlated with the inflow of warm water, suggesting that increased temperature may be causing their death1. Squids have also been carried to the Norwegian coast with the warm North Atlantic current2 and on 23 August 1982 a live specimen was caught off Radöy near Bergen, Norway (Fig. 1). This catch gave an unprecedented opportunity to study the effects of temperature on the oxygen binding properties of blood from the giant squid. The present finding of an excess of a fourfold decrease in O2 affinity when temperature is increased from 6.4 to 15°C strongly suggests that giant squids may suffocate from arterial desaturation when increased ambient temperatures are experierced.
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    Glaciology: Enigmatic Arctic ice sheets (2001)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 410 (6827). pp. 427-428.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: To what extent was the Arctic Ocean glaciated in the past? Heavily, according to data, gathered by a submarine, which show considerable ice-scouring of topography in parts of the ocean basin
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    Bending-related faulting and mantle serpentinization at the Middle America Trench (2003)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-26
    Description: The dehydration of subducting oceanic crust and upper mantle has been inferred both to promote the partial melting leading to arc magmatism and to induce intraslab intermediate-depth earthquakes, at depths of 50–300 km. Yet there is still no consensus about how slab hydration occurs or where and how much chemically bound water is stored within the crust and mantle of the incoming plate. Here we document that bending-related faulting of the incoming plate at the Middle America trench creates a pervasive tectonic fabric that cuts across the crust, penetrating deep into the mantle. Faulting is active across the entire ocean trench slope, promoting hydration of the cold crust and upper mantle surrounding these deep active faults. The along-strike length and depth of penetration of these faults are also similar to the dimensions of the rupture area of intermediate-depth earthquakes.
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarized Ultra-Violet Absorption of Anthracene (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 566-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Finding the polarization of observed band systems to check the calculations is more difficult than finding the wave-length and intensity, and has not often been attempted in aromatic hydrocarbons except in the weakest band systems, for which quite thick crystals give measurable optical ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/171566a0
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Centrifugation Potentials in Sols of Silver Iodide (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 568-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Here m'n a DL, 6i2 67ryf 2f (1) Here m'n is the apparent mass of dispersed substance per cm.3, cr the electrical conductivity, T) the viscosity, D the dielectric constant of the sol, co the angular speed of rotation, and JR2, Itl9 the distances from the axis of the two points between which the ...
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overseas Development and Man-Power Problems (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 405-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE Volta River aluminium scheme set forth in a White Paper issued in November 1952 is of exceptional interest, quite apart from its possible contribution to the supply to the industry of the United Kingdom of aluminium from within the 'sterling area' at competitive prices. Under the scheme the ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/171405a0
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wave Mechanics for Beginners (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 409-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ALTHOUGH the principles of wave mechanics IX have been well established for almost a quarter of a century, there is, at present, no unanimity of view regarding the most satisfactory way of presenting the subject to the beginner. A glance at the introductory chapters of the numerous books on wave ...
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prof. W. H. Hobbs (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 416-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] WILLIAM HERBERT HOBBS was born at Worcester, Massachusetts, on July 2, 1864, and died at Ann Arbor, Michigan, early in January 1953. He was educated at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute, where he made a special study of industrial design. Upon graduation in June 1883 he taught for a year at a ...
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochrome Oxidase and the ‘Pasteur Enzyme’ (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 413-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IT was shown in 1925 that the multibanded absorption spectrum of cytochrome belongs to three hsemochromogen-like components, denoted as cyto-chromes a, b and c, the oxidation and reduction of which that is, their catalytic activity in respiration can easily be observed in living intact cells1. ...
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Porphobilinogen: X-Ray Crystallographic Determination of Molecular Weight (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 876-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A PORPHYBIN precursor, porphobilinogen, was recently isolated by R. G. Westall in the form of the pure crystalline base1 from the urine of patients suffering from acute porphyria. Chemical evidence by Westall1 and by G. H. Cookson and C. Rimington (accompanying communication) suggests an empirical ...
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    A Variant of Bacterium coli (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 879-880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Electron micrographs of J5. coli shadowed with 80 A. of chromium metal. l(a) normal type fixed in 2 per cent osmic acid vapour (x 13,600); 1(6) normal type fixed in 5 per cent formalin (x 11,200). (2) Variant fixed in 2 per cent osmic acid vapour (x 8,800) 880 In the normal type of this ...
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum Proteins in Africans (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 880-881 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] This work has now been repeated, and in the main confirmed, using a micro-electrophoresis (Antweiler) method for estimating the serum protein fractions. The proteins were measured in the ascending limb in barbitone buffer of pH 8-6, ionic strength 0-12. By this method serum protein-levels of normal ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/171880a0
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    A Possible New Principle in Taxonomy, and its Evolutionary Implications (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 883-883 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The implication of the non-congruence principle seems to be that differences of the sort used by taxonomists normally evolve one at a time. If any general statement can be made about taxonomic characters, it is probably that they exhibit more-or-less marked discontinuities but do not segregate like ...
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    A Predator on Creontiades pallidus , Ramb. (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 886-886 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] For a number of years C. pallidus has been thought to be a pest of cotton grown in the Tokar Delta; Tokar is about a hundred miles south of Port Sudan and about thirty miles inland from the Red Sea coast. The insect occurs all along the coastal cultivations, which stretch from the northern border ...
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    Tertiary Ocean Bottom Temperatures (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 887-888 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] This method is based on the fact that the relative rates of deposition of the oxygen isotopes in the calcium carbonate are a function of temperature. The temperature of deposition is thus determinable from a suitably accurate measurement of the relative abundances of the oxygen isotopes in a shell. ...
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    The New Classical Electrodynamics (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 890-892 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] (a) Differentiability of the 4-velocity field va = dya/ds under the Lorentz law of motion, that is, AapvP = kdva/ds = kva,pv&. (L) (b) The requirement that Aa kva be orthogonal to vat that is, Aava = k. (D) Here s is the proper time (in light-velocity units) along the world-line ya of any ...
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    Appointments Vacant (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 893-894 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] APPLICATIONS are invited for the following appointments on or before the dates mentioned: ASSISTANT EXPERIMENTAL OFFICER (with sound theoretical and practical knowledge of electronic and controlling instruments) IN THE PHYSICS DEPARTMENT The Secretary, National Institute for Research in Dairying, ...
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    Survey of Food Consumption and Expenditure in Great Britain (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 426-426 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN Great Britain the War-Time Food Survey was almost entirely limited to urban working-class households, and, as the National Food Survey, it continued in the same form until the end of 1949. Since then, however, an attempt has been made to obtain a more representative sample, so that all classes ...
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    A New Blood-Group Antibody, Anti- Jk b (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 431-431 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The finding of the antibody corresponding to the antigen, and gene, Jkb is here reported. It has been found in the serum of Mrs. W. Mrs. W. gave birth to full-term healthy infants in 1937 and 1940 and had miscarriages in 1944 and 1951. There is no history of haemolytic disease of the newborn. She ...
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    Function and Location of Enzymes in Cells (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 815-816 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] AT a meeting of the Royal Society on March 12 the subject of "The Function and Location of Enzymes in Cells" was discussed by a number of workers from Great Britain and abroad. Prof. J. Z. Young (Department of Anatomy, University College, London), in opening the discussion, emphasized that the ...
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    Royal Institution (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 819-819 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir Lawrence Bragg, O.B.E., F.R.S. AFTER the annual meeting of the members of the Royal Institution held on May 1, Lord Brabazon of Tara (president) announced that the managers had appointed Sir Lawrence Bragg to the office of Fullerian professor of chemistry, resident professor and director of ...
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    Bulletin of the Italian Society of Geophysics and Meteorology (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 821-821 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE formation of the Italian Society of Geophysics and Meteorology in 1952 (see Nature, 170, 144; 1952) has now been followed by the first number of the Society's Bulletin (Bol. Soc. Ital. Geof. Met., 1, No. 1; 1953. From the Society at Via Balbi 5, Genova; 3000 lire or 5 dollars a year). The ...
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    Exhibition in the Science Museum, London, of Historic Books on Machines (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 820-821 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE second of a series of special exhibitions of historic books relative to science and technology was opened at the Science Museum, London, on May 1 and will remain on view to the public, free of charge, until August 30 (weekdays, 10 a.m.-6 p.m.; Sundays, 2.30-6 p.m.). The exhibition deals with ...
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    Press Guide to British Chemicals and their Manufacturers (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 821-822 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE Association of British Chemical Manufacturers has recently published a small book entitled "Press Guide to British Chemicals and their Manufacturers'* (pp. 76; March 1953) and two thousand copies have been issued in the first instance to the national, provincial and technical press (including ...
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    Testing of Bearing Properties of Metals (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 827-827 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ENGINEERS and metallurgists have long been faced with the problem of assessing the bearing properties of any particular bearing alloy. One obvious method (and perhaps the best) has been to test the materials under practical working conditions; but, although this may be effective, it is extremely ...
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    A High-Resolution Aerial for Radio Astronomy (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 831-833 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN observations at radio wave-lengths, it is impossible to obtain an angular resolution which is comparable with that of even a small telescope. Even a relatively large object like the sun, which has been studied intensively by radio astronomers, is difficult to resolve at radio wave-lengths. It is ...
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    Tensile Strength of Liquid Nitrogen (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 835-836 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A review of the available experimental methods2 of measuring the tensile strength of a liquid suggests that the static and dynamic tensile strengths of liquids are different. Since the tensile strength of a solid is a static concept, it seems reasonable to consider the static tensile strength of a ...
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    Atmospherics with Very Low-frequency Components (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 837-838 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] An extensive programme of observations of slow tails has recently been completed at the Cavendish Laboratory. Throughout the programme, the kind co-operation of the Meteorological Office "Sferics" Organization2 has greatly enhanced the value of the work by locating the sources of individual ...
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    Use of Ion-Exchange Resins in Paper Chromatography of Sugars (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 841-841 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The effect was investigated using columns 1 cm. diameter and 2-5 cm. long of 'Amberlite IRA400' (OH form), and it was found that 2 mgm. of glucose, for example, was completely removed from solution by such a column and, with the quantity used, none or at most 10 per cent of the sugar was ...
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    Electrolytic Polishing of Lead in a Sodium Acetate–Acetic Acid Bath (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 843-843 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] For most of our experimental work, we employed cylindrical lead specimens, about 1 cm. in diameter and mounted with the exposed face vertical. The electrical connexion to the back surface, and also this surface, were coated with a thermal-setting insulating varnish. A graphite or platinum cathode ...
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    Natural Origin of Optically Active Substances and Optical Resolution by Symmetric Agents (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 843-844 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A remarkable susceptibility to nucleation was recorded by Anderson and Hill4, who showed that when optically inactive atropine sulphate was crystallized in a laboratory in which the ()-form had been racemized, the first crop was almost invariably ()-rotatory, owing to inoculation from the ...
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    Effect of Dietary Penicillin on Blood Composition and Œstrogen-induced Oviduct Growth in the Folic-Acid Deficient Chick (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 845-846 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] For the experiment eighty Light Sussex female chicks were reared for two weeks on a commercial chick mash and then placed on a purified folic-acid deficient diet similar to that of Lillie and Briggs6, with the addition of vitamin B]2 (Distivif) at a level of 5 (igm./100 gm. The chicks were ...
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    British Dependencies in the Caribbean and North Atlantic (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 380-381 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] PROF. W. M. MACMILLAJSTS "Warning from the West Indies" was published in 1936: the 'warning' of the book's title, he wrote later, was "originally an appeal, and looked to the future". How far his warnings and those of others have been heeded may be judged by a recently issued Colonial Office ...
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    Leaf-Mining Insects (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 763-764 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] PRIMARILY, this book is an investigation into the feeding patterns of leaf-mining insects and is the result of years of research by Prof. E. M. Hering on the leaf-mining habit. It is an attempt, based on the nature of the damage inflicted on the plant, which is in itself dependent upon the specific ...
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    [Book Reviews] (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 765-765 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THIS is an omnibus volume intended "to acquaint JL students and investigators with the more general methods employed in the study of the proteins, and to give a summary of the current knowledge and advances of the subject matter". Its aim is therefore nothing less than a comprehensive treatment of ...
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    [Book Reviews] (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 765-765 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IT is difficult to believe that a small book of a hundred pages on sound can cover adequately the required ground for all stages of the sixth form and up to university scholarship-level, no previous knowledge of the subject being assumed. This, however, is what is claimed for this book which, on ...
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    The Fifth Pakistan Science Conference and the Pakistan Academy of Science (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 771-772 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN February Dr. George Taylor and I, representing the British Association, were the guests of the Pakistan Association for the Advancement of Science for its Fifth Science Conference at Lahore, and for a study tour of Pakistan. The Conference was opened by the Governor of the Punjab, who spoke of ...
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    Contributions of Science to Peace (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 775-775 
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    Notes: [Auszug] IN his Alexander Wood Memorial Lecture for 1953, "Contributions of Science to Peace", delivered at Friends House, London, on February 18 (pp. 28 ; from the Fellowship of Reconciliation, 38 Gordon Square, London, W.C.I ; Is. Qd.), Prof. C. A. Coulson rejects equally the view that science alone can ...
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    British Agricultural History Society: Inaugural Conference in Reading (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 775-775 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE inaugural conference of the British Agricultural History Society was held at the University of Reading on April 13 and was attended by more than a hundred people representing a very wide variety of interests and professions from all over the British Isles. Sir James Scott Watson addressed the ...
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    International Congress on Electroacoustics (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 776-776 
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    Notes: [Auszug] AN International Congress on Electroacoustics will be held in the Netherlands during June 16-24 under the auspices of the International Commission on Acoustics of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. The Congress will open in the Hague on June 16 and on the following day will move ...
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    Announcements (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 777-777 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIB ROBEBT ROBINSON, Waynflete professor of chemistry in the University of Oxford, has been awarded the Priestley Medal of the American Chemical Society, the Society's highest award. SIB JOHN LENNABD-JONES has been awarded the Hopkins Prize of'the Cambridge Philosophical Society for his work on ...
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    Scottish Branch of the Science Masters' Association: Annual Meeting in Edinburgh (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 779-780 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE Scottish Branch of the Science Masters' Association held its annual meeting during April 7-10 at the Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh, under the presidency of Dr. H. G. Nisbet, principal of the College. In his address, on "Some Applications of Physics in the Fuel and Oil Industry", Dr. Nisbet ...
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    Rothamsted Experimental Station: Report for 1951 (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 780-781 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE report of the Rothamsted Experimental Station for 1951 shows that the station has again been the venue of a number of important conferences, that overseas visitors have been even more numerous than in previous years, and that the services of members of the Rothamsted staff continue to be sought ...
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    Effect of Nervous Stimulation on the Arterio-Venous Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Differences Across the Kidney (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 784-785 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE kidney usually receives about 25 per cent of the cardiac output1 and thus probably has far more oxygen available than it can extract under ordinary metabolic conditions. This same high rate of tissue-flow greatly dilutes the carbon dioxide returning to the circulation, in relation to other ...
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    Calculation of Electron-Density Distribution in Crystals with the Help of Convolution Operations (1953)
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    Nature 171 (1953), S. 785-787 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE electron density distribution p of an infinitely large crystal is usually represented by a Fourier series, where and i and ~ £ f(bh) exp vr h /z-ii -f hzbz + Vr Vr Vr (1) (2) (3) (bjbjta) ai * a3 an-d j, 62 ar the three fundamental-vectors of lattice cells having the ...
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    Identification of 4-Methyl- D -glucuronic Acid in Eucalyptus regnans Wood (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 792-792 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] White8 and Smith9 have shown, by different methods, that the acid hydrolysate from mesquite gum (an exudate from mesquite wood) contains 4-methyl-D-glucuronic acid residues. It has now been demonstrated that the acid hydrolysate from Eucalyptus regnans F. v. M. wood also contains ...
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    National Physical Laboratory, Teddington: Annual Report for 1951 (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 337-338 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE annual report for 1951 of the executive committee of the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, was presented to the meeting of the general board held on May 23 last and has since been published*. It consists of a general survey of the activities of the Laboratory and its various ...
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    Prepupal Moult in the Blowfly ( Calliphora Erythrocephala ) (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 341-342 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE occurrence of a fourth, prepupal, moult in cyclorrhaphous dipterous larvae was first established by Snodgrass1 for Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh. This moult separates the so-called pre-pupa from the true pupa. Fraenkel2 observed a similar moult within the puparia of Calliphora, Lucilia, Phormia ...
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    Myoglobin from Carp Muscle (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 345-346 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Our experiments were carried out with the muscles of these lateral red bands from the carp (Cyprinus carpio). The muscles are removed and kept frozen at 20 C. Before extraction, they are cut into slices 40 pi thick with an automatic freezing microtome and extracted twice for 1 hr. in the cold with ...
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    Structure of the Nucleic Acids (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 346-346 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A detailed description of the structure is appearing in the February 1953 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of ...
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    Synthesis of L -Ascorbic Acid in Plants and Animals (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 348-349 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The experimental facts are as follows. The y-lactones of D-glucuronic acid and L-gulonic acid, when fed to cress seedlings or injected into rats, were found to be transformed, into L-ascorbic acid. D-Galacturonic acid methyl ester, and L-galactonic acid y-lactone behaved similarly. No other sugar ...
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    Council for the Promotion of Field Studies (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 491-492 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE annual report of the Council for the Promotion of Field Studies for 1951-52 maintains the high standard, in presentation and in interest, which we have already, within ten years, come to expect of fche Council's reports. With the director's report, and those of the wardens and the accounts, are ...
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    Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 494-494 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SHORTLY after the end of the Second World War the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe began a survey of European man-power. Yet the present cannot be understood without a knowledge of the past, and it quickly became clear that the demographic upheaval caused by the War was largely ...
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    [Book Reviews] (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 496-496 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THIS is the third compilation issued by Prof. O. K. \Buros, the last being published in 1941. It assembles in one large well-printed volume the reviews of books on statistical methodology published in English during the decade 1941-50 and contains 842 review excerpts from 112 journals covering 342 ...
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    Magnetic Properties of Rocks (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 500-502 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE significance of the natural remanent magnetism of igneous and sedimentary rocks has not yet been determined. On one hand, there is the hypothesis that the direction of magnetization can be interpreted in terms of a widely varying magnetic field and, on the other, that the adverse polarizations ...
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    Upwelling in the Benguela Current (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 497-500 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE Benguela Current is one of the major features of the circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean. Extending northwards along the African coast from the neighbourhood of Cape Town to about lat. 15 S., the current is a region of up welling of relatively cold water rich in nutrient. The resultant ...
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    Physical Chemistry in the Chester Beatty Research Institute, London: Dr. J. A. V. Butler (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 503-503 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DR. J. A. V. BTJTLER, who has just been appointed to the recently established chair of physical chemistry in the University of London tenable at the Chester Beatty Research Institute (Institute of Cancer Research, Royal Cancer Hospital), graduated in 1921 in the University of Birmingham, of which ...
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    Appointments Vacant (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 803-804 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] APPLICATIONS are invited for the following appointments on or before the dates mentioned : ASSISTANT LECTURER IN MATHEMATICS The Registrar, The University, Reading (May 9). COLVILLB FELLOWSHIP TENABLE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY The Professor of Chemistry, Royal Technical College, George ...
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    Reports and other Publications (1953)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 171 (1953), S. 804-804 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] (not included in the monthly Books Supplement Great Britain and Ireland Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. 55, Section A, No. 4 : Solar Eclipses visible in Ireland between A.D. 400 and A.D. 1000. By F. J. O'Connor. Pp. 61-72. Is. Qd. Vol. 55, Section A, No. 5 : A New Quaternion Approach ...
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