ALBERT

Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegenüber den Ansichten vonCharles Richet (dass es in der Natur überhaupt keine identische Gebilde geben könne), sowie auch die gegensätzliche, die von E.Meyerson (dass unseres Denkvermögen und methodologische Schlussziehung eben nur einen einzig möglichen Prozess der ständigen Identifizierung, die vom Komplexen und Heterogenen zum Elementaren und Homogenen in den Strukturen der immer mehr und mehr sich verkleinernden Partikeln fortschreitet, darstellen sollen), bei Seite lassend, hebt der Verfasser hervor, dass gerade auf dem Gebiete der Biologie vollständig identische Gebilde, Merkmale oder Erscheinungen, so zu sagen mit mathematischer Notwendigkeit, auftreten müssen, falls die Verterbung der Merkmale, die sich auf dem Wege der geschlechtlichen Fortpflanzung abspielt und derMendel-Gesetzen unterworfen ist, auf das Verfahren desNewton'schen Binoms zurückzuführen ist. Die entwickelte Reihe dieses letzteren — in deren Gliedern vertreten — stellt dann ein zusammengesetztes Beispiel einer eigenartigen biologischen Multiplizierung dar, die die Entstehung der natürlichen homogenen Gruppen von sogenannten Binomionen (— der Begriff in früheren Arbeiten des Verfassers, 1942 a, eingeführt —) verursacht. Jede einzelne derselben setz sich bekanntlich aus vollständig identischen Individuen zusammen, die in durch die binomische Regel festgesetzten, genau bestimmten Häufigkeiten auftreten und lauter aus dem Verfahren der Multiplizierung der teilnehmenden Elementen (als Factoren oder Multiplikatoren gedeutet) in allen gegebenen Gliedern jeder beliebigen Reihe herrühren können. Die eventuelle Entstehung etwaiger kleinsten individuellen Differenzen (Variationen) in auf solche Weise entstandenen vollständig identischen Gebilden ist als Folge der allmählichen Vertiefung unseres Erkenntnissverfahrens, bzw. diagnostischer Analyse zu deuten, in welcher mit immer kleiner und kleiner werdenden — materiellen oder energetischen — Einheiten gearbeitet wird. Zum Schluss, sich auf wenige hauptsächlich beiläufig ausgewählte Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Astronomie, der Chemie, der Embryologie, der Anthropologie, der Soziologie, der Logik und der Philosophie stützend, sucht der Verfasser zu beweisen, dass in der modernen Wissenschaft überhaupt eine allgemeine Tendenz herrscht die Schlüsse auf die Wechselwirkung der Factoren, bzw. auf den Prinzip der Komplexität (lautMalfitano undHonnelaitre), als einer grundsetzlichen Eigenschaft jeder wissenschaftlichen Methode, zurückzuführen.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der vonHaitinger ausgearbeiteten fluoreszenz-mikroskopischen Untersuchungsmethode gelang es einen deutlichen und konstanten Unterschied im mikroskopischen Bild zwischen lokalem und all-gemeinem Amyloid aufzuzeigen, der chemische Verschiedenheit der beiden Eiweißkörper wahrscheinlich macht und differente Störungen des Stoffwechsels vermuten läßt: Lokales Amyloid zeigt nach Vorbehandlung mit Thioflavin-Euchrysin eine blaue Fluoreszenz. Wir glauben in dem sogenannten lokalen Amyloid auf Grund der erhobenen Befunde einen der sogenannten fibrinoiden Degenerationen des Bindegewebes an die Seite zu stellende Veränderung sehen zu können, möglicherweise im Rahmen allergischen Geschehens entstanden.

Notes: Summary The activity of a zincoprotein, carbonic anhydrase, adsorbed on different mineral precipitates has been determined. No difference in activity could generally be detected between adsorbed and non-adsorbed enzyme. However, when the anion of the precipitate is a strong inhibitor, the adsorbed enzyme sometimes becomes completely inactive. In conclusion, the author has attempted to define the conditions under which the adsorption of a metallic enzyme on a mineral precipitate is influenced by the enzyme's metallic ion.

Notes: Summary The general morphological and the fissural character ofDubois' andKoenigswalds Pithecanthropi andBlack's Sinanthropus (E) strongly suggest that thePithecanthropus brain had more anthropoid features than theSinanthropus brain.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Einwirkung von N-bromierten Amiden auf Äthylenketone wurde erforscht. Im Fall vonα-Äthylenketonen wurden Substitutionsprodukte erhalten, die zu einem bisher kaum beachteten Substanzenbereich gehören. Der Mechanismus der Bromierung von Äthylenaldehyden wurde diskutiert.

Notes: Résumé L'hétérotrophie deC. Reukaufii est confirmée. Cette espèce requiert dans des conditions données: la biotine, remplaçable par la désthiobiotine, l'aneurine, remplaçable par la pyrimidine. L'action au miel est étudiée.

Notes: Summary The lithium chloride and the substances, which are capable of producing a similar effect on the embryo development, increase the viscosity of proteins from the Amphibian embryo. The sodium thiocyanate, the sodium iodide and the pyocyanine lower it. The proteins fractions which can appear in elongated particles are those which feel the action of the thiocyanate and of the pyocyanine.

Notes: Summary Complexes of bivalent tin with polyoxybenzene-polysulfonic acids have a diuretic effect, when injected subcutaneously in dogs or rabbits. The same compounds also sensibilize the cardiotonic effect of digitalis-substances on the isolated heart or on fragments of the isolated heart as usually employed for testing digitalis-substances. In a small number of patients suffering from heart disease, a rapid increase of their till then lowered diuresis was induced through subcutaneous injections of a solution of the above mentioned tin complex.

Notes: Summary The α-amylase of hog pancreas has been purified and the degree of purity controled by electrophoresis. The active substance is a protein which can dissociate in an unstable high molecular component and a thermostable component of low molecular weight.

Notes: Summary After a discussion of the 11-year solar-cycle as regarded from the standpoint of the “eruption-hypothesis,” which offers a possibility to predict the solar activity for several years and after a review of the magnetic properties of the sun and the sunspots, the paper deals with the new theories of the spots and the solar-cycle as suggested byAlfvén andWalén. The terrestrial effects of the phenomena associated with the solar cycle are classified into 4 groups: effects produced by a) a wave radiationW k emitted continuously by the sun, b) a wave radiationW e emitted from the chromospheric eruptions, c) a particle radiationP k emitted by the so-called M-regions, and d) a particle radiationP e ejected from the eruptions. The connection between the solar eruptions and the radiationsP e ,W e is a well established fact; on the other hand the radiationsW k ,P k could be connected by the author with the solar corona and the stationary solar prominences respectively. To account for the intensity of theW k -radiation a temperature of the solar corona of one million degree is required in agreement with the observed temperature. The heating of the corona occurs in the electric field around an increasing sunspot. As in the corona the mean free path amounts to several kilometers, particles may be accelerated up to 1000 eV, so far the conditionh=0 is fulfilled. Generally speaking acceleration is possible only in such regions whereh andh are not perpendicular to each other.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Veränderungen im Ca- und Mg-Gehalt der Eier vonArbacia pust. während der ersten Stunde nach der Befruchtung untersucht. Es wird ein Ca- und Mg-Verlust mit Höhepunkt eine halbe Stunde nach der Befruchtung festgestellt.

Notes: Résumé Culex molestus n'a pas de chromosomes sexuels. Le caractère «œil blanc» est récessif, mais ce phénotype apparaît avec des fréquences très différentes chez les ♂♂ et les ♀♀ issus d'un père hétérozygote. La masculinité est due à un gène dominant situé dans le même chromosome que «œil blanc», et à six unités de celui-ci, environ.

Notes: Summary Experiments were carried out to test the effects of relative humidity on prepupae and pupae of the Silkworm,Bombyx mori L., at 250 C. It was found that: (1) duration of prepupal + pupal stages is the same at all relative humidities between 7 and 100%; (2) mortality seems unaffected in all these humidity conditions; (3) moths obtained in percentages between 55 and 100% R. H. have the same average wet weight; moths obtained under dryer conditions have a lower average weight (expressed in percentage of initial weights of prepupae); (4) pupae extracted from their cocoons develop as quickly and as well as pupae in their cocoons.

Notes: Summary The cytoplasm consists of the cortex and the endoplasm. The rather thin cortex is built up by protein-leaflets and lipoid lamellae. The endoplasm is a structure of fibrils forming a dense network. The fibrils, composed of chromidia and interchromidia must be considered as a bundel of polypeptide chains. They are about of the same size as the elementary fibrils in the tail of the spermatozoa. The chromidia show all the main properties of what has been called theoretically “biogenmolecule.” They are centers of growth and metabolism of the cytoplasm. The different functions of the various components of the plasm are considered.

Notes: Summary The constitution of the different wood-substances is discussed. The total amount of the polysaccharides, called holocellulose, can be obtained if the separation is effected carefully. The holocellulose consists of submicroscopic crystalline cellulose and wood-polyoses which differ also from cellulose by their degree of polymerisation. Less progress has been made in the elucidation of the lignin-structure but owing to work recently undertaken the author has been able to give further information about these questions. Work on model substances obtained synthetically has been very promising. An exact definition of the different constituents is necessary and the author has tried to give such a definition which corresponds to the present development of ligninchemistry. It is possible that the different wood-compounds are connected in some still unknown manner so that we might speak of a uniform “wood-substance.” This definition nevertheless is quite different from the term “wood-substance” which was used at the beginning of research on wood-constituents.

Notes: Summary By means of a technic published in this journal (2, 66 [1946]), it has been observed that the activity of the pseudo-choline esterase of the serum is highest in presence of high concentrations of acetylcholine. The true choline esterase of the red corpuscules has her optimal activity at concentrations of 200 mg % acetylcholine. This high activity of these choline esterase is only going on during 3 to 5 minutes; after this period an inhibition occurs. At lower substrate concentrations (50 mg % acetylcholine) the difference in activity in the first and second phase is becoming less pronounced and the curve of the choline esterase activity becomes a straight line. At the small substrate concentration (4 mg % acetylcholine) again a primary higher choline esterase activity has been observed. Choline inhibitsin vitro the activity of the choline esterase. Prostigmine inhibits alsoin vivo andin vitro, the choline esterase of serum and globules.

Notes: Résumé L'auteur a étudié aux rayons X la transition du titanate de barium autour de 120° C. Dans un intervalle de quelques degrés, il y a coexistence des deux formes cristallines (tétragonale et cubique). Il semble probable qu'il y a une nouvelle transition près de — 183° C. Il est intéressant de noter que ces pointsλ ne peuvent pas être attribués à une mise en rotation de molécules.

Notes: Summary Radioactive 2-bromo-3-hydroxy-1:4-naphtoquinone has been used for the exploration of the metabolism of substances which influence the course of blood-clotting. It has been found that this substance diffuses very rapidly into the blood, and that the liver is not characterized by any elective fixation-power.

Notes: Zusammenfassung In der Berührungsfläche einer an verschiedenen Metallen geriebenen polierten Glas- oder Quarzplatte werden helle, punktförmige Lichtblitze schon bei verhältnismäßig schwachen Reibungseffekten beobachtet. Die lokale Temperatur muß mindestens 550°C betragen. Die Beobachtung deutet auf kleinste Kontaktflächen und ist von Bedeutung für die Kenntnis der Reibungsvorgänge.

Notes: Summary The action of desoxycorticosteronglucoside was tested on the isolated frog-heart. In concentrations of 10−6 to 10−4 a small negative inotropic effect is prevailing. Acting together with acetylcholine, the substance diminishes or abolishes the negative inotropic and chronotropic action of acetylcholine. Eserin has no influence and the inhibition is also observed with cholinchloride and the carbaminoyl ester of choline. This inhibitory action bears a close resemblance to the inhibitory action of thiamin. In both cases a complex mechanism seems to be involved.

Notes: Summary After a historical survey on the discovery of the small planets and the international organization of the calculation of orbits the importance of the divergences from the ordinary orbits between Mars and Jupiter is discussed. On the one side those small planets which approach Mars, Jupiter, even Earth and Saturn, in strongly excentric orbits offer new methods for the mass determination of the large planets; e.g. the perigee of Eros made possible a new determination of the parallax of the sun (8″,79). On the other side the group of the Trojans e.g. gives new aspects for the problem of the three bodies. In the breaches of commensurability the statistical distribution of the orbits of the small planets hints to the problem of the stability of the planetary system.

Notes: Summary It is shown that the intensity of the red coronal line 6374 Á is diminished in the regions of the stationary solar prominences.

Notes: Summary Herpes corneæ simplex (febrilis) is a virus disease. In 1942 the author found out that the purely epithelial forms of Herpes corneæ are cured on an average within four days, if the patients took 4–5 milligrams of «Gynergen Sandoz» (Ergotamin-tartrate Stoll) a day. According to the newest observations fresh Herpes corneæ can also be cured through rinsing with a solution of 0.5 mg of Gynergen (2 cm3 a day). The development of the Herpes disease and its cure is a chemical process of the cells, which, according to the author, is influenced by Gynergen. — Ergotamin is won out ofsecale cornutum, which owes its origin to the fungusClaviceps purpurea. This fungus together with thePenicillium notatum belongs to theAscomycetes group. Both are biologically related and their substance has chemical points of contact. — With respect to bacteria, Penicillin is antibiotic, the author presumes antibiotical properties against Herpes in Ergotamin (Gynergen Sandoz), the study of which he suggests should be gone into more thoroughly. With two different viruses Gynergen Sandoz has been known to bring about a cure in many cases: namely Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, and Herpes corneæ simplex (febrilis).

Notes: Summary The males of two species of Palestine,Saga ephippigera Fisch. andS. gracilipes Uvar have respectively 33 and 31 chromosomes in the diploid state.S. pedo Pallas, a parthenogenetic thelytoc species largely distributed in Europe, has 68 chromosomes and probably represents a tetraploid. The cells of the three species have identical dimensions and the polyploidS. pedo is even the smallest in size.

Notes: Summary A new simple method for the production of experimental hypertension has been developed. Anoxæmia of the kidney has been produced by encapsulating the organ in tubes of acetyl cellulose. Development and degree of hypertension is directly depending on the ratio between size of kidney and tube, so that standard size tubes for definite animal weight may be used with high percentage of success.

Notes: Summary The temperature effective period for the formation of double antennæ and palpi in the gene-combinationsc ec ct; Dfd r-L ends with the second half of the third larval stage. The t.e.p. of the mutantsaristopedia andproboscipedia ends with puparium formation. Thus we have another proof that the imaginal discs ofDrosophila are not definitely determined in the last larval stage.

Notes: Summary The humanity of the Upper Palæolithic is represented exclusively byHomo sapiens; already at that time a remarkable diversity in human species was evident. Only by an intensive study of present and future discoveries of skeletons the question can be solved whether the remarkable variety is an individual variability of a homogeneous population or whether it corresponds to different races (up to six).

Notes: Summary The authors have recently introduced a new reaction, which allows to estimate the lability of the Serum Proteins. It is measured by the turbidity caused by a solution of CdSO4. It is shown by electrophoresis before and after the CdSO4-reaction has taken place, that the turbidity is not originating from any single protein fraction, but from all of them, though to a different degree.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Fluoride beschleunigen die Autoxydation von Zystein zu Zystin in saure Lösung (p H 1,8). Zusatz von Fe-Salzen hat keinen Einfluß auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit.

Notes: Summary The authors describe the results of a quantum mechanical treatment of aromatic hydrocarbons enabling the determination of the electronic charge at each point of the molecule. They give the interpretation of the chemical reactivity of these substances by means of “molecular diagramms”.

Notes: Summary Rabbit as well as Mollusks myosin solutions are composed of three electrochemical distinct components:α, β andγ myosins, moving with the same speed in both species at definitep H and ionic strength. Turbidity of myosin solutions is connected with theα boundary. After the muscle has been stimulated till exhaustion, theγ component disappears and theα component is very markedly decreased or absent.

Notes: Summary In this article we hope to have proved that there are as arace no pygmies in Melanesia but only peoples of small stature, resembling very much the peoples of normal stature. This makes it very probable that the so-called pygmies in other parts of the world arenot real pygmies but merely modifications of the people of normal stature caused by the influence of the mode of life and of nutrition. This theory is by the fact, that the “Pygmies” have nowhere their own language and that in their culture there is nothing separating them from other “parasitic-living” peoples of normal stature.

Notes: Summary According to recent geological and paleontological investigations thePithecanthropus-beds of Java are pleistocene in age. The examinations of the fossil mammalian faunæ of the island are of utmost importance for this age-determination and the following faunæ can be recognized:Tji Djolang-fauna: Middle Pliocene.Kali Glagah-fauna: Upper Pliocene.Djetis-fauna withPithecanthropus: Lower Pleistocene.Trinil-fauna withPithecanthropus: Middle Pleistocene.Ngandong-fauna withHomo neanderthalensis soloensis: Upper Pleistocene.Sampoeng-fauna with a primitive type of the Wedda-Dravida-Australoid group: Subrecent. — Micropaleontological examinations of smallerForaminifera from marine equivalents of thePithecanthropus-beds confirm the age-determinations based on mammalia. — Recent field investigations prove that the lower and middle pleistocenePithecanthropus-beds are distinctlyfolded by a post-middle-pleistocene movement; the upper pleistocene Ngandong-terraces are not folded at all.

Notes: Summary Mr.Breuil reports on his last inspection of the finding places of anthropoids with human features on the high plateau of South Africa. He suggests an international exploitation and evaluation of the findings of anthropoids.

Notes: Summary It is found that chondroitinsulfuric acid is composed of unbranched chain-molecules containing rests of glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate combined in one of the following manners (a) or (b):

Notes: Summary A general survey of the actual knowledges on the bone phosphatase is given. The enzyme plays an important rôle in the calcification of bone and teeth, this process being unable to proceed at a physiological speed without the participation of a phosphatase. The biological function of the enzyme is thus to accelerate and not to promote the calcification. The knowledge of the mechanism of phosphatase activity in the skeletal organs and of the chemical composition of the bone salt cannot lead to a full understanding of the physiology of ossification. A prominent function in this field is devoted to the proteins of the ground substance of bone and to their evolution. The study of the protein matrix of bone is now the most important subject of work for the biochemistry of ossification.

Notes: Summary A consideration of symmetry in any object or process entails essentially a correlation between parts of a unit or between unit and unit. Enquiry must be made as to what is geometrically distinguishable or indistinguishable and an attempt undertaken to discover the pattern underlying apparent disorder. Crystallography has been the science in which the principles of symmetry have been most extensively applied and received their fullest development. Naturally enough, the system evolved for formulating the symmetry inherent in crystals has been adapted to the specific problems the crystallographer sets out to solve. Such researches, however, go far beyond the bounds of ordinary geometric crystallography and are, in particular, an essential requisite for mastering the problems of stereochemistry. It is, therefore, obviously desirable to find a method of formulation which can be applied to any or all the problems in which the question of symmetry arises, such as the systematic ambiguities or the possible deformations of objects or processes endowed with symmetry. To this end the Element of Symmetry, traditional starting point of investigations into symmetry, must be replaced by the covering operations as such. Symmetry formulæ can be deduced, which beyond merely describing the features involved, permit the detailed numerical calculation of their development and variation. In this respect they must prove of value not only to the chemist in his investigation of isomers etc., but can usefully be adopted also by the crystallographer. A short introduction into this new method of formulation is given in the preceding pages.

Notes: Summary Synthetic Na-propioguajacon-α-sulfonate looses its sulfo-group when treated with an excess of bromine. Ligninsulfonic acid looses only 50% of its sulphur, a brominated ligninsulfonic acid being probably formed as a by-product.

Notes: Summary The mechanism of action of thiouracil and thiourea was investigated on Xenopus tadpoles. Both substances are able to stop metamorphotic changes if administered early enough. Characteristic disturbances occur in the epithelium of the thyroid follicles after only 24 hours. The action of these substances over a period of several weeks may lead to goitre. In the pituitary anterior lobe, on the other hand, the same characteristic changes take place in the basophilic cells as after thyroidectomy. The thyroid structure of hypophysectomised tadpoles corresponds to that of untreated hypophysectomised animals. Thiourea and thiouracil do not inhibit the thyroxine effect on thyroidectomised and hypophysectomised tadpoles. These findings indicate that the point of attack of thiouracil and thiourea lies in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid, and thus supportAstwood's hypothesis.

Notes: Summary It has been found that in the presence of concentrated acids with aromatic or heterocyclic aldehydes, sterols can be condensed to deeply coloured compounds which have been identified as “Carbenium”-salts. These salts act in the same way as theWizinger ethylenes. The table shows the relation between colour and constitution.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vonPrelog undSzpilfogel vorgeschlagene Strychninformel kann die Eigenschaften von Pseudostrychnin (Hydroxystrychnin) nicht erklären. Für den Fall, daß sich N(b) in einem sechsgliedrigen Ring befindet, wird eine abgeänderte Strukturformel zur Diskussion vorgeschlagen.

Notes: Summary A number of the compounds which had been shown byAstwood, in experiments on the rat, to have an action on the thyroid, were investigated for their inhibitory effect on the metamorphosis of Xenopus. The same compounds which had been proved to be active in the rat, were also shown, with few exceptions (e. g. p-amino-benzoic acid), to be active in Xenopus. On the other hand several substances which were not active in the rat (e. g. ammonium thiocyanate, thioacetamide) were active in Xenopus. Several of the compounds whichAstwood had described as not especially active or even inactive, proved to be particularly active. N-allylthiourea is about 10–20 times, and N-benzoylthiourea up to 200 times more active than thiourea or thiouracil. Ammonium thiocyanate and thioacetamide, which were found byAstwood to be inactive, showed a higher activity in Xenopus than potassium thiocyanate, which is active in the rat. The possible reasons for these big differences in activity in the rat and in Xenopus are discussed.

Notes: Summary Diets with 1–2 p. ct.l-tyrosine produce characteristic symptoms in the white rat (loss of weight, conjunctivitis, transitory cloudness and vascularization of the cornea, loss of hair, cheilitis, inflammation of the toes and alkaptonuria). Additional administration of thyroxine accelerates the development of the pathological symptoms of the eyes, while simultaneous application of thiouracil has a preventive or delaying effect on the syndrome mentioned above.

Notes: Summary The effects of adrenaline on human subjects can induce a histamine-counter-regulation, which appears after physiological or therapeutical adrenaline-doses. The proved counter-regulation's effect offers a possibility for explanation of collaps-conditions after nerve block and after subcutaneous infiltration anaesthesia. This suggests the prevention of such incidences by anti-histamine-substances. The individual differences in the course of reaction may have clinical importance.

Notes: Summary Preliminary report on the synthesis of vitamin A methyl ether starting from 4-trimethylcyclohexenyl-2-methyl-butenal and 1-methoxy-3-methyl-pentenin.

Notes: Summary With the intention to clarify the mechanism of action of the antibiotic effect of some quinones the inhibition of the activity of papain by various quinones was measured. The results let it appear improbable that there is any relation between the antibacterial effect of the quinones and their inhibition power on papain. On the other hand a close parallelism was found in the strength of inhibition of the same quinones on papain, urease and catalase. The mechanism of action of the quinone inhibition of these three enzymes must be regarded as a very similar one.

Notes: Summary The author proposes to include in a new class of drugs: the “thioloprive drugs,” all those substances which react in one way or another, with the thiol functions of proteins, cysteine or glutathione. This class includes oxidizing agents, heavy metals, maleic acid and halogenated organic substances like mustard gas, lewisite or monoiodoacetic acid. The creation of this new pharmacological family is justified by the fact that these varied substances have many common toxic effects (Lundsgaard contracture, cytotoxic action, œdema), that they inhibit the same enzymes, and that a logical interpretation of many of their actions is possible on the basis of their reaction with the thiol groups.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund der Frequenzabhängigkeit des respiratorischen Effektes der afferenten Vagusreizung und des lokalisatorischen Nachweises von zwei getrennten zentralen Schaltstellen für den inspiratorischen und den exspiratorischen Effekt läßt sich ein funktionelles Schema der vagalen Atmungsreflexe aufstellen. Die afferenten Lungenfasern des Vagus treten in synaptische Verbindung mit Schaltneuronen im Nucleus tractus solitarii und in der angrenzenden Zone der Formatio reticularis lateralis. Auf einem mehr kaudalen Niveau sind diese Schaltneurone inspiratorisch wirksam; ihre Neuriten bilden erregende Synapsen an den inspiratorischen Motoneuronen. Auf einem etwas mehr kranialen Niveau sind sie exspiratorisch wirksam; es wird angenommen, daß sie über besondere Synapsen eine direkte Hemmung auf die inspiratorischen Motoneurone ausüben. Diese exspiratorischen bzw. inspiratorischhemmenden Schaltneurone haben ein geringeres «Summationsvermögen» als die inspiratorischen und werden daher erst durch höhere afferente Erregungsfrequenzen in Aktion versetzt. Ihr hemmender Einfluß ist aber imstande, die motorische Auswirkung der gleichzeitig immer vorhandenen inspiratorischen Aktivierung gänzlich zu verhindern. Dieses Prinzip des doppelten zentralen Schaltweges für Erregung und Hemmung läßt sich in verallgemeinerter Form auf spinale Reflexe anwenden, wo ein hemmender Einfluß steigender afferenter Erregungsfrequenzen ebenfalls besteht. Ein in ähnlicher Weise antagonistisch wirkendes Schaltneuron-system ist für Reflexe mit tonischem Charakter als grundlegend anzunehmen, während der direkte monosynaptische Schaltweg als sekundär vereinfachter Mechanismus für gewisse phasische Reaktionen zu betrachten ist.

Notes: Summary According to considerations put forwards byW. Kuhn andA. Rittmann some years ago, it follows that the chemical composition of the interior of the earth must be rather homogeneous; the well-known discontinuity which occurs at 2900 km with respect to the propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves should not be due to a discontinuity of the material composition (not to an iron core). It is due to a continous decrease of the viscosity and thereby of the relaxation time; transverse waves of a period of e.g. 30 seconds will no more be propagated in a material whose relaxation time for tangential stress is below 30 seconds, while the longitudinal waves will suffer a decrease of the velocity at the same time. A criticism put forward byA. Eucken consists in the argument that a material in which the time of relaxation for tangential stress becomes equal to the period of the vibration will exhibit a considerable absorption coefficient for longitudinal waves too. It is now shown that the distance on which the period of vibration and the relaxation time are approximately equal is small compared with the wave length of the seismic waves in question, from which it follows that the resulting absorption of the longitudinal waves too will only be small. A further consideration shows that a mixture of 99 atomic % hydrogen and 1 atomic % of iron is most probably supercritical at a temperature of 5000° abs. A survey of the solubilities in question shows further that the hydrogen present in a mixture of 90% hydrogen and 10% iron should on the strength of the absorption coefficient be completely absorbed by the iron at 5000° abs. and at a total pressure of 2.106 atmospheres. The main argument why the assumption of an iron core inside the earth must be dismissed remains the fact that the present state must be the result of an asymptotic processus which at least in its final phase has occurred under conditions similar to the present conditions of temperature, pressure and viscosity; these latter conditions are far from permitting the processus of sedimentation etc. which would be required.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Euler hatte in seiner Originalabhandlung über die lateinischen Quadrate vermutet, daß kein Paar wechselseitig orthogonaler 6×6 Quadrate existiert, was einige Jahre später bewiesen wurde. Man fand dann aber, daß diese 6×6 lateinischen Quadrate einige interessante orthogonale Verteilungen in einem schwächeren als demEulerschen Sinne besitzen, die zum Teil klassifiziert und aufgezählt werden konnten. Die vorliegende Note charakterisiert die erhaltenen Resultate und gibt einige interessante Symmetrieeigenschaften dieser Verteilungen an.

Notes: Summary Oxidation ofα, γ, δ, ξ-Tetraketones (I) with lead-tetraacetate yields dehydracetic acid and analogous compounds (IV). The reaction can be understood if one assumes that acylketenes (III) are formed as intermediates through the glycol-fission of the dienolic form II of the tetraketones.

Notes: Summary Solutions containing 50 and more percent of whey and additional anorganic salts represent suitable substrates for the surface culture ofPenicillia in the production of penicillin. Some other natural substances are enumerated, which, in our experiments, also enhanced the penicillin yield.

Notes: Summary The bromination ofΔ 4-3-keto-steroids with the aid of N-bromo-succinimide takes place in 6-position, that is in allyl-position and not inα-position to the keto group. By splitting off hydrogen bromide from these 6-bromo-compounds,Δ 4;6-3-keto-steroids are obtained in known manner.

Notes: Summary The amorphous carboxylic acid of the doisynolic acid type, prepared byHunter andHogg according to a new method developed by us, consists presumably of a mixture of products representing different hydrogenation stages.

Notes: Summary Oxidation of ferric sulphate in a concentration of about 0,002 mols per litre by means ofγ- andβ-radiations shows no dependence from temperature between 4 and 54 degrees Celsius. Frozen solutions are not oxidized by radiations. Therefore reaction is only possible, when water molecules have free movement. The probability of energy-conduction for the used concentration is not changed by rising temperature for 50 degrees.

Notes: Résumé Les stérones donnent par condensation avec des cystéines des spiro-stéroïdes-thiazolidines. On a mentionné l'importance possible de telles structures dans des processus biochimiques.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Analogie zwischen der bekannten Thrombininaktivierung in Serum und dem Inaktivierungsprozeß von Thrombin durch gebundenes Heparin gezeigt. Es ist möglich, daß die Thrombininaktivierungsfähigkeit des Serums dem gebundenen Heparin zu verdanken ist.

Notes: Summary It is possible to separate in a state of high electrophoretic purity and homogeneity theα andβ components of myosin solutions by fractionation with ammonium sulfate. The solutions ofα andβ myosins differ considerably by their physical properties.

Notes: Summary The author shows mathematically and experimentally, that a mechanical frequency-analysis in the cochlea is possiblewithout resonance and that the yielding and damping of the basilar membrane are determinative.

Notes: Zusammenfassung Zellulosespaltende Bakterien von der GattungCytophaga wurden in durchlüfteter Nährlösung mit Watte gezüchtet. Nach 2 Wochen Bebrütung wurden aus der Lösung Trockenpräparate der Bakterien mittels verschiedenen Methoden hergestellt. Der enzymatische Abbau von Lichenin und umgefällter Zellulose (Cellophan) wurde unter Verwendung dieser Präparate näher studiert. Es war möglich, aus den Trockenpräparaten zellfreie Enzymlösungen durch Extraktion mit Boratpuffer zu erhalten. Diese Lösungen waren sowohl gegen Lichenin als Cellophan wirksam. Mit beiden Substraten wurde ein Optimum beip H 7.0 gefunden, was mit dem Zuwachsoptimum der Bakterien übereinstimmt, jedoch von den Optimalwerten früher bekannter Zellulase- und Lichenasepräparate aus Pilzen und Evertebraten abweicht. Mg-Ionen wirkten aktivierend bei der Licheninspaltung.