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  • Articles  (4,456)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (4,337)
  • Annual Reviews  (89)
  • AOSIS Publishing  (30)
  • 2005-2009  (119)
  • 1990-1994  (2,924)
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  • Technology  (4,456)
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  • Articles  (4,456)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RETINAL PROSTHESIS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 361-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Retinal prostheses represent the best near-term hope for individuals with incurable, blinding diseases of the outer retina. On the basis of the electrical activation of nerves, prototype retinal prostheses have been tested in blind humans and have demonstrated the capability to elicit the sensation of light and to give test subjects the ability to detect motion. To improve the visual function in implant recipients, a more sophisticated device is required. Simulations suggest that 600Đ??1000 pixels will be required to provide visual function such as face recognition and reading. State-of-the-art implantable stimulator technology cannot produce such a device, which mandates the advancement of the state of the art in areas such as analog microelectronics, wireless power and data transfer, packaging, and stimulating electrodes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100435
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WERNER GOLDSMITH: Life and Work (1924Đ??2003) (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 1-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Werner Goldsmith, one of the foremost authorities on the mechanics of impact and the biomechanics of head and neck injuries, died peacefully at home in Oakland, California, on August 23, 2003, at age 79 after a short, courageous battle with leukemia, ending a long and very distinguished career in mechanics, dynamics, and biomechanics, and an almost six-decades-long association with the University of California, Berkeley. He was one of the pioneering, eminent solid and fluid mechanicians who made an early transition to biomechanics, and in rising to equal distinction in their new fields, added great credibility to biomechanics as a discipline in its own right. He was also a distinguished and influential figure in bioengineering education at his own institution, and, more broadly, in the United States and abroad. An emeritus professor for over a decade, he continued to be active in research and teaching until the very last days of his life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100348
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    QUANTUM DOTS AS CELLULAR PROBES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 55-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Robust and bright light emitters, semiconductor nanocrystals [quantum dots (QDs)] have been adopted as a new class of fluorescent labels. Six years after the first experiments of their uses in biological applications, there have been dramatic improvements in understanding surface chemistry, biocompatibility, and targeting specificity. Many studies have shown the great potential of using quantum dots as new probes in vitro and in vivo. This review summarizes the recent advances of quantum dot usage at the cellular level, including immunolabeling, cell tracking, in situ hybridization, FRET, in vivo imaging, and other related technologies. Limitations and potential future uses of quantum dot probes are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100432
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INSTRUMENTATION ASPECTS OF ANIMAL PET (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 255-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Biological research has been accelerated by the development of noninvasive imaging techniques and by use of genetically engineered mice to model human diseases and normal development. Because these mice can be expensive, noninvasive imaging techniques, such as high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET), that permit longitudinal studies of the same animals are very attractive. Such studies reduce the number of animals used, reduce intersubject variability, and improve the accuracy of biological models. PET provides quantitative measurements of the spatiotemporal distribution of radiotracers and is an extremely powerful tool in using molecular imaging to study biology, to monitor disease intervention, and to establish pharmacokinetics for new drugs. The design of animal PET scanners has improved significantly in the past decade and can provide adequate image resolution and sensitivity to study transgenic mice. This article reviews the fundamental and technical challenges of small-animal PET imaging, with a particular focus on the latest developments and future directions of detector technologies and system design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140021
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DETERMINISTIC AND STOCHASTIC ELEMENTS OF AXONAL GUIDANCE (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 187-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: An enormous literature has been developed on investigations of the growth and guidance of axons during development and after injury. In this review, we provide a guide to this literature as a resource for biomedical investigators. We first review briefly the molecular biology that is known to regulate migration of the growth cone and branching of axonal arbors. We then outline some important fundamental considerations that are important to the modeling of the phenomenology of these guidance effects and of what is known of their underlying internal mechanisms. We conclude by providing some thoughts on the outlook for future biomedical modeling in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100446
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOMECHANICS OF CELL MOTILITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 105-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Cell motility is an essential cellular process for a variety of biological events. The process of cell migration requires the integration and coordination of complex biochemical and biomechanical signals. The protrusion force at the leading edge of a cell is generated by the cytoskeleton, and this force generation is controlled by multiple signaling cascades. The formation of new adhesions at the front and the release of adhesions at the rear involve the outside-in and inside-out signaling mediated by integrins and other adhesion receptors. The traction force generated by the cell on the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulates cell-ECM adhesions, and the counter force exerted by ECM on the cell drives the migration. The polarity of cell migration can be amplified and maintained by the feedback loop between the cytoskeleton and cell-ECM adhesions. Cell migration in three-dimensional ECM has characteristics distinct from that on two-dimensional ECM. The migration of cells is initiated and modulated by external chemical and mechanical factors, such as chemoattractants and the mechanical forces acting on the cells and ECM, as well as the surface density, distribution, topography, and rigidity of the ECM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100340
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR NEUROMUSCULAR APPLICATIONS * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 327-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Paralyzed or paretic muscles can be made to contract by applying electrical currents to the intact peripheral motor nerves innervating them. When electrically elicited muscle contractions are coordinated in a manner that provides function, the technique is termed functional electrical stimulation (FES). In more than 40 years of FES research, principles for safe stimulation of neuromuscular tissue have been established, and methods for modulating the strength of electrically induced muscle contractions have been discovered. FES systems have been developed for restoring function in the upper extremity, lower extremity, bladder and bowel, and respiratory system. Some of these neuroprostheses have become commercialized products, and others are available in clinical research settings. Technological developments are expected to produce new systems that have no external components, are expandable to multiple applications, are upgradable to new advances, and are controlled by a combination of signals, including biopotential signals from nerve, muscle, and the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BLOOD-ON-A-CHIP (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 77-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Accurate, fast, and affordable analysis of the cellular component of blood is of prime interest for medicine and research. Yet, most often sample preparation procedures for blood analysis involve handling steps prone to introducing artifacts, whereas analysis methods commonly require skilled technicians and well-equipped, expensive laboratories. Developing more gentle protocols and affordable instruments for specific blood analysis tasks is becoming possible through the recent progress in the area of microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip-type devices. Precise control over the cell microenvironment during separation procedures and the ability to scale down the analysis to very small volumes of blood are among the most attractive capabilities of the new approaches. Here we review some of the emerging principles for manipulating blood cells at microscale and promising high-throughput approaches to blood cell separation using microdevices. Examples of specific single-purpose devices are described together with integration strategies for blood cell separation and analysis modules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.011205.135108
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRUCTURE AND MECHANICS OF HEALING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 223-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Therapies for myocardial infarction have historically been developed by trial and error, rather than from an understanding of the structure and function of the healing infarct. With exciting new bioengineering therapies for myocardial infarction on the horizon, we have reviewed the time course of structural and mechanical changes in the healing infarct in an attempt to identify key structural determinants of mechanics at several stages of healing. Based on temporal correlation, we hypothesize that normal passive material properties dominate the mechanics during acute ischemia, edema during the subsequent necrotic phase, large collagen fiber structure during the fibrotic phase, and cross-linking of collagen during the long-term remodeling phase. We hope these hypotheses will stimulate further research on infarct mechanics, particularly studies that integrate material testing, in vivo mechanics, and quantitative structural analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100453
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA MECHANICS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 21-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: We review the history of DNA mechanics and its analysis. We evaluate several methods to analyze the structures of superhelical DNA molecules, each predicated on the assumption that DNA can be modeled with reasonable accuracy as an extended, linearly elastic polymer. Three main approaches are considered: mechanical equilibrium methods, which seek to compute minimum energy conformations of topologically constrained molecules; statistical mechanical methods, which seek to compute the Boltzmann distribution of equilibrium conformations that arise in a finite temperature environment; and dynamic methods, which seek to compute deterministic trajectories of the helix axis by solving equations of motion. When these methods include forces of self-contact, which prevent strand passage and preserve the topological constraint, each predicts plectonemically interwound structures. On the other hand, the extent to which these mechanical methods reliably predict energetic and thermodynamic properties of superhelical molecules is limited, in part because of their inability to account explicitly for interactions involving solvent. Monte Carlo methods predict the entropy associated with supercoiling to be negative, in conflict with a body of experimental evidence that finds it is large and positive, as would be the case if superhelical deformations significantly disrupt the ordering of ambient solvent molecules. This suggests that the large-scale conformational properties predicted by elastomechanical models are not the only ones determining the energetics and thermodynamics of supercoiling. Moreover, because all such models that preserve the topological constraint correctly predict plectonemic interwinding, despite these and other limitations, this constraint evidently dominates energetic and thermodynamic factors in determining supercoil geometry. Therefore, agreement between predicted structures and structures obtained experimentally, for example, by electron microscopy, does not in itself provide evidence for the correctness or completeness of any given model of DNA mechanics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.132016
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    IN VIVO MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY IN CANCER (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 287-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has been used for more than two decades to interrogate metabolite distributions in living cells and tissues. Techniques have been developed that allow multiple spectra to be obtained simultaneously with individual volume elements as small as 1 uL of tissue (i.e., 1 ?? 1 ?? 1 mm3). The most common modern applications of in vivo MRS use endogenous signals from 1H, 31P, or 23Na. Important contributions have also been made using exogenous compounds containing 19F, 13C, or 17O. MRS has been used to investigate cardiac and skeletal muscle energetics, neurobiology, and cancer. This review focuses on the latter applications, with specific reference to the measurement of tissue choline, which has proven to be a tumor biomarker that is significantly affected by anticancer therapies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100411
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR MECHANICS AND DYNAMICS OF LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT DURING INFLAMMATION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 7 (2005), S. 151-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Discovery of new genes and proteins directly supporting leukocyte adhesion is waning, whereas there is heightened interest in the cell mechanics and receptor dynamics that lead from transient tethering via selectins to affinity shifts and adhesion strengthening through integrins. New optical tools enable real-time imaging of leukocyte rolling and arrest in parallel plate flow channels (PPFCs), and detection of single-molecule force spectroscopy provides an inner view of the intercellular adhesive contact region. Leukocyte recruitment during acute inflammation is triggered by ligation of G proteinĐ??coupled chemotactic receptors (GPCRs) and clustering of selectins. This, in turn, activates ?‚2-integrin (CD18), which facilitates cell capture and arrest in shear flow. This review provides a conceptual model for the molecular events supporting leukocyte recruitment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.7.060804.100423
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 2 (1991) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770020401
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 2 (1991), S. 215-215 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770020311
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement. 2nd international scientific workshop on biodegradable polymers and plastics (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 2 (1991), S. 217-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770020312
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pyrolytic carbon prosthetic heart valve occluder wear: In Vivo vs. In Vitro results for the Bjork-Shiley prosthesis (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 267-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Pyrolytic carbon (Pyrolite® carbon) valve occluders from 18 clinical Bjork-Shiley prostheses recovered at necropsy were examined for wear. In situ durations extended to 12 years. Results were combined with data from 17 recovered valves in the literature to produce a data base of 35 Bjork-Shiley valves. Cumulative in vivo results were compared to in vitro, Shiley type, accelerated life-cycle tester results for Bjork-Shiley prostheses. Comparative results were then interpreted using Hertzian impact wear theory. The theory provided a rational basis for the difference in wear observed in terms of applied dynamic load levels. Furthermore, Hertzian impact wear theory yielded an estimate of in vivo total dynamic loads on the order of 1 to 22 Newtons (0.2-5 lbf.) acting on the occluder of the heart valve prosthesis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010402
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The attachment of hydroxylapatite coated polysulfone to bone (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two types of hydroxylapatite (HA) surface coatings were tested as a means for bone attachment to polysulfone implants. The first coating was a roughened surface that was created by imbedding particulate HA in a polysulfone (PS) rod. The second surface was a smooth surface where HA particles were imbedded in the PS rod and the surface of the composite machined smooth. The smooth surface permitted only bonding of bone to exposed HA: whereas, the rough surface permittted mechanical interdigitation and bone bonding to HA. Specimens were implanted transcortically in the distal femurs of 12 rabbits, and groups of 4 were sacrificed at 4, 12, and 26 weeks. The attachment strength between bone and the HA/PS implants was determined via a push-out test. The results showed a statistically significant increase in push-out force for the rough surfaced implant when compared to the smooth surfaced implant at each time period. Histological analysis of samples from the in vivo study showed what appeared to be direct bone attachment on both the rough and smooth HA/PS implants.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010405
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anodic polarization measurements of orthopaedic implant alloys in bovine serum albumin (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Anodic polarization measurements of several orthopaedic implant alloys - AISI 316L stainless steel, Co—Cr—Mo alloy (ASTM F-75), nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy, commercial pure titanium, and Ti—6Al—4V - were carried out in Ringer's solution containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and in simple Ringer's solution. Constituent metals in the medium were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry after measurements. Pitting potentials and total anodic current of former two alloys were constant in the two mediums and not affected by the addition of bovine serum albumin. However, the amount of dissolved metals from pure nickel and AISI 316L stainless steel were increased by the addition of BSA; dissolved metals from Co—Cr—Mo alloy were decreased by it.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010406
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of the diameter and tensile strength of nylon sutures to the USP specification and the effect of preconditioningNo benefit of any kind will be received either directly or indirectly by the authors. (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 315-320 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Nylon monofilament sutures were tested in a straight pull as well as a conventional knot pull tensile test. In each test, sutures were evaluated following storage under prevailing atmospheric conditions or saturation in whole human blood. Blood saturation decreased the ultimate tensile strength by as much as 20%. The present investigation of sutures that were stored under prevailing atmospheric conditions substantiated the proposal previously made for polypropylene monofilaments-that 60% of the ultimate tensile strength could be established as a fundamental USP criterion for Class I monofilament sutures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010407
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A poly-HEMA based aqueous humor draining device (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 321-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An aqueous humor draining device, with size comparable to that of the Krupin tube, was constructed by using poly-HEMA material. Deposits were found on the surface of poly-HEMA when contacted in vitro with the aqueous humor of the rabbit's eye. A fibrous structure, probably composed of proteins and other macromolecules, developed on poly-HEMA surface in 15 days after the draining device was implanted into the rabbit's eye. The draining device was still in function 250 days after its implantation. SEM analysis of the retrieved poly-HEMA draining device indicated that the poly-HEMA tube opening was not blocked by any substance. These results suggest that poly-HEMA could be used as a biomaterial for construction of the aqueous humor draining device to relieve the intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients. Its long-term application awaits further investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010408
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The editor's corner: New (and improved?) vs. tried and true - A biomedical dilemma (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 329-329 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010409
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FDA - Medical device news corner: The export dilemma facing the U.S. medical device industry (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 333-333 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010411
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collagen-immobilized hydrogel as material for lamellar keratoplasty (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 2 (1991), S. 261-267 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A transparent poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel disc covalently immobilized with Type I collagen, fibronectin, and an adhesive oligopeptide and preseeded with corneal epithelial cells was implanted in rabbit cornea using a technique of lamellar keratoplasty, and the tissue response was studied by light and electron microscopy. Covalent immobilization of type I colagen on the surfaceof hydrogel was found to support growth and adhesion of the corneal epithelium in vitro. the in vivo experiment showed that cell seeding could prevant infection of the hydrogel. However, the implanted disc was rejected from the host cornea by epithelial downgrowth and the exchange between the seeded cells and host corneal epithelia was not observed until 14 days after surgery. The rejection might have occurred because of unsatisfactory fixation of the hydrogel to the host cornea.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770020407
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technical note. Comparison of the deformation response of synthetic and cadaveric femora during simulated one-legged stance (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 2 (1991), S. 277-280 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770020410
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibroblast shape conformation to surface micromorphology (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 2 (1991), S. 273-276 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Fibroblasts in culture and in vitro have been shown to interact with certain surface morphological phenomena. It was the aim of the present study to determine cellular morphological interactions with surface grooves of subcellular dimensions. The silicon oxide layer of a wafer was photoetched, which resulted in a regular micromorphology with linear rectangular shaped microbars and microgrooves 1, 1.5, and 2 μm in diameter and distance from each other. Human fibroblasts were seeded on the sterile specimen and incubated for 48 h. Fluorescence microscopy of the plates revealed that all the cells were aligned parallel to the etched grooves on the test specimen, whereas on the controls the cells were randomly orientated. It could be demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy that single cels were flattened over the surface and conformed to the silicon microgrooves. This indicates that fibroblasts are orienting during adhesion and conform to the surface microtexture to gain a maximum contact area on the presented surface.
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    PATENT NEWS (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 2 (1991), S. 281-283 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The patent literature can be a morass of confusion. It is complicated by legalese, often uncommunicative titles, and difficult, as well as cryptic, categorization. To kiip current with the broad arena of patents on biomaterials and medical devices is much more difficult than keeping current with the scientific literature of the international journals.It is the goal of my column to provide readers with techniques and tools to better utilize this rich source of scientific information. Also, I intend to provide focused surveys of recent patents in specific areas relating to biomaterials and medical devices. Finally, I will try to include discussion of what constitures patentable material and educate those of us who are new to patent literature and new to the requirements of applying for patents for our discoveries.I appeal to the readership to submit requests for specific areas to be addressed in this column. The interaction will enrich us all.
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    A new method for measuring permeability of bio-impregnated textile grafts (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 127-136 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Traditional water permeability evaluation procedures developed for measurement of gross leakage rates of textile prostheses are not adequate for testing the permeability of low-porosity bio-impregnated vascular prostheses. Obtaining reliable water permeability data for these low porosity grafts requires a technique that can accurately assess minor water leakage under the applied pressure. This study proposes an automated method for graft permeability assessment which measures the pressure change inside the graft sample as a function of water loss. The new unit of water permeability defines the pressure gradient at the given initial conditions. The proposed method for evaluating the water permeability of bio-impregnated vascular prostheses provides highly reliable data, is accurate, and excludes human error.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010205
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    Use of carbon dioxide laser in improving knot security in polyester suturesPresented in part at the 13th Annual Meeting of The Society for Biomaterials, New York, New York, June 3-7, 1987. (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 121-125 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Knot slippage continues to be a serious concern in surgery. This study explored the possibility of improving knot performance by exposing it to radiation from a CO2 laser. The specimens were mounted in a special device and exposed in a predetermined position for precisely controlled lengths of time. In the first set of experiments, the welding of ends was examined in nylon and polyester sutures. Although the welding was easily achieved, the joint was found brittle and its strength lower than that of a surgical knot. In the next set of experiments, the work was performed at a more fundamental level using oriented, high density, polyester films. The results showed that up to a certain level of exposure the tensile properties did not change, but beyond it a rapid decay took place. Shear tests on polyester sutures twisted together and then exposed to various levels of energy indicated that a bond of maximum strength developed at this exposure. Mersilene sutures of size 3/0 containing a two throw square knot when exposed to energy of this level produced optimal results. The knot strength increased by about 16% (from 13.4 N unexposed to 15.6 N exposed) and the slippage often known to occur in a two-throw knot was completely absent. This work performed under standard atmospheric conditions provided a direction for greatly enhancing the performance of a two-throw knot in terms of both the security and the strength. The investigation, however, must now be extended to other suture materials and sizes and to in vivo environments to realize the gain in actual surgery.
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    Pore volume distribution of artificial skin by liquid extrusion analysis (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 137-141 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Liquid extrusion pore volume analysis was used to characterize the pore structure of the collagen-based artificial skin material developed by Yannas and Burke.1 This technique is based on following the liquid loss from a saturated porous material as the pressure gradient across the material is increased. From the measured increments of volume of liquid drained at successively increasing pressures, each of which corresponds to a given pore radius, one obtains a cumulative pore volume curve as a function of pore radius from which pore volume distributions can be calculated. Using a nonswelling liquid (hexadecane) and a swelling liquid (aqueous surfactant solution), the effects of crosslinking and the method of drying were examined. In hexadecane, the median pore size of the uncrosslinked material is 25 μm, while for the crosslinked material, it is 115 μm. In water, the free volume of the crosslinked material is 36 mm3/mg, while for the uncrosslinked material it is an order of magnitude less. Sublimative drying provides a material with a total free volume of 55 mm3/mg, while evaporative drying collapses the porous structure to give a material with a total free volume of 8 mm3/mg. The liquid extrusion technique is relatively simple and allows pores to be measured in swollen materials in terms of their accessibility to skin cells. This method of pore characterization is considered more relevant for artificial skin than is a purely geometric characterization of pore dimensions.
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    Development and application of modern devices in vascular surgery including comment on modern antithrombotic and lytic drug therapy (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 143-151 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Since modern vascular surgery started with the discovery of heparin and the development of modern vascular grafts including autogenous saphenous vein, the speciality has been technologically driven. At the outset, vascular surgery depended almost entirely on the development of specialized clamps, instruments, and tools to permit decisive attack on the problems of occlusion.No less important was the development of insight into the basis of atherosclerosis, the discovery that atherogenesis with thrombosis is electrochemically identical to corrosion in pipes and therefore subject to chemical forces, which have not yet been delineated, as well as mechanical forces which have been delineated and permit one to attack the atheroma directly.Thus, classic replumbing techniques including bypass and endarterectomy have long been a part of the fundamental firmament of vascular surgery.Most recently, modern techniques in cleaning out blood vessels, removing occlusive processes, and modern thrombus-dissolving enzymes have all come to the forefront. Frequently multiple techniques are used simultaneously. This article is an attempt to summarize various aspects of this activity and describe several of the patents which have been seminal in the ultimate application of the techniques in both experimental animals and man. This should be the first of a series of efforts to summarize this area. The process of change has never been more kinetic than now.
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    Patent literature as a source of information for research and development: An investigation on calcium phosphate-containing biomaterials, Part II (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 153-165 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: After the first approach to patent literature in a scientific library (Part I), we have completed the patent retrieval on the mentioned subject with the facilities of patent collections. This work describes the various methods: the direct access to original documents with classification codes, the consultation of the secondary literature of official gazettes and private services, and the use of indexes. The application of all these methods concerning calcium phosphate-containing biomaterials is presented and discussed. The retrieval resulted in 363 applications during the period 1975-1985 and 134 in 1986. Forty-nine percent and 63%, respectively, of these applications were basic patents, the rest were equivalents. The technical information which 80% of all these documents contain has already been indexed in Chemical Abstracts. The remaining documents are only available in patent collections. They deal with more technical problems and concentrate in specific IPC groups. Because of the language barrier, the access to Japanese patents is often only possible by means of equivalent patents applied in the United States, Great Britain, the Federal Republik of Germany or international authorities (EPO, WIPO). These are filed up in patent collections.
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    Response to hum et al (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 195-195 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010214
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    Letter to the editor (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 193-194 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010213
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    Applied biomaterials standards report (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 191-192 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of my column is to provide readers with current information on biomaterials-related standards produced by both private groups and government agencies, and standards-related activities. Standards are descriptive documents given official status by their producers, and in the case of biomaterials, they are generally intended to provide formalized descriptions of (a) materials used in the construction of medical devices, (b) materials used directly in surgical repairs, (c) test methods to evaluate materials for such applications, and (d) methods for handling or processing such materials.Please consider this column not only a place to obtain biomaterials standards information but also a place to submit news of biomaterials standards developments in order to get the information before the public. This invitation extends to members of all professional organizations and government agencies in the United States and abroad who are active in standards development and would like specific activities or standards publicized. I will present the information in this column to the extent that allotted space allows.And last, a caveat - since this is a column, it contains both factual information and opinions. I will make every effort to make it clear which is which. Also, as a frame of reference, please note that this column was written and submitted in March 1990.
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    Masthead (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990) 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    A method for preparation of etched collagen fibers that support neurite outgrowth (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 225-232 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Use of collagenous substrates for growth of attachment-dependent and attachment-independent cells have been reported in the literature. Growth of fibroblasts and epithelial cells on collagen sponges and fibers has been previously studied in our laboratory. This article reports the result of studies of neurite outgrowth on etched collagen fibers in cell culture. Collagen fibers with a mean diameter of about 134 μm were etched on glass coverslips using a collagenase solution until individual fibrils of 1 μm in diameter were observed. The kinetics of etching were optimized at a calcium chloride concentration of 5 mM and a collagenase activity of 300 unit/mL. At room temperature an etching time of 10 h maximized the number of fibrils exposed per fiber. Cell culture studies on etched collagen fibers indicate that neurites from rat fetal cortical neurons elongate along the longitudinal axes of collagen fibrils. In some instances the cell body observed was not on top of the collagen fibrils but situated between two parallel fibrils. Results of these experiments indicate that growth of neurites along collagen fibrils in cell culture may be a useful model to evaluate neurite extension in the presence of neurotrophic factors as well as to study optimization of substrates for nerve regeneration.
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    A device to cool the dental pulp (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 249-251 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010308
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    Long-term delivery of testosterone by ALCAP ceramic implants in rats (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 233-240 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The capability of ALCAP ceramic drug-delivery implantable devices to release testosterone for 12 months was investigated. A total of 120 Sprague-Dawley male albino rats were distributed equally into three groups. Two ALCAP capsules, one nonimpregnated and the other impregnated with polylactic acid (PLA) were implanted into each rat in Groups I and II. Capsules implanted into Group I rats were loaded with 40 mg testosterone (T) each. Group II rats were implanted with two empty capsules (sham group), and Group III animals served as unimplanted controls. Eight rats from each group were euthanized at the end of 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months following the implantation of the ceramics. No significant changes in the weights of vital organs of rats were observed between any of the three different groups. Vas deferens and epididymal fluid were devoid of normal spermatozoa within 3 months of implanting the steroid-containing ceramics. Testes and epididymis weights decreased significantly in the rats implanted with ALCAP ceramics containing steroid, and the seminiferous tubules became oligospermic after 1 month and azoospermic after 3 months. Circulating levels of both LH and FSH hormones were suppressed in experimental rats. Serum T level was lower than the control but showed no significant difference in comparison to control rats. The data collected in this study suggest that: (a) ALCAP ceramic capsules are capable of delivering T in a sustained manner for 12 months; (b) T delivered by ALCAP capsules can be used effectively to regulate spermatogenesis in rats.
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    A biomechanical study of tendon adhesion reduction using a biodegradable barrier in a rabbit model (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 13-19 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Adhesion formation associated with tendon surgery is a widespread problem in which a healing tendon becomes adherent via scar tissue to surrounding structures such as bone, muscle, skin, tendon sheath, or other tendons. A model is described in which adhesions were generated reproducibly between the plantaris and Achilles tendons of the rabbit using a partial tenotomy, a Bunnel suture, and immobilization. Using this model, the effect of an absorbable barrier, INTERCEED (TC7),INTERCEED (TC7) Absorbable Adhesion Barrier is a trademark of Johnson & Johnson Patient Care Inc. on adhesion formation was investigated. This material, which is a fabric comprised of oxidized regenerated cellulose, was found to diminish significantly the extent and severity of intertendinous adhesions, assessed both mechanically and histologically. No evidence of a foreign body reaction was observed.
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    Conference report ethical issues at the interface between engineering and medicine, March 30, 1990, Clemson, South Carolina (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 253-253 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010309
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    Communication: Comment on “A biomechanical study of tendon adhesion reduction using a biodegradable barrier in a rabbit model” (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 255-255 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010310
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    FDA - Medical device news corner: Outline for the premarket approval (PMA) application (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 259-261 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770010312
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    Applied biomaterials standards report (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 257-258 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of my column is to provide readers with current information on biomaterials-related standards produced by both private groups and government agencies, and standards-related activities. Standards are descriptive documents given official status by their producers, and in the case of biomaterials, they are generally intended to provide formalized descriptions of (a) materials used in the construction of medical devices, (b) materials used directly in surgical repairs, (c) test methods to evaluate materials for such applications and (d) methods for handling or processing such materials.Please consider this column not only a place to obtain biomaterials standards information but also a place to submit news of biomaterials standards developments in order to get the information before the public. This invitation extends to members of all professional organizations and government agencies in the United States and abroad who are active in standards development and would like specific activities or standards publicized. I will present the information in this column to the extent that allotted space allows.And last, a caveat - since this is a column, it contains both factual information and opinions. I will make every effort to make it clear which is which. Also, as a frame of reference, please note that this column was written and submitted in June 1990.
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    Masthead (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990) 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Morphologic assessment of ePTFE graft wall damage following hemodialysis needle punctures (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 279-287 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Repeated needle trauma to grafts used for chronic hemodialysis may result in loss of graft integrity and aneurysmal formation. The gross and scanning electron microscope observations of the virgin expanded polytetrafluorethylene graft (ePTFE) material following repeated needle punctures are presented. Understanding how the normal structure of the ePTFE graft can be affected, particularly by larger diameter needles, underlines the effect and importance of needle puncture technique. In assuming that aneurysm related to needle punctures is the only evolutive complication of the vascular access, this analysis showed that the half life of an ePTFE prosthesis which was 6 mm in diameter and 25 cm in length was reached after about 1512 punctures using the 1.8-mm diameter hemodialysis needle, 1111 punctures with the 2.1-mm diameter needle or 784 punctures with the 2.5-mm diameter needle.
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    A nondenaturing solid phase pharmaceutical carrier comprised of surface-modified nanocrystalline materials (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 1 (1990), S. 289-294 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Numerous carrier systems have been developed for the controlled delivery of biologically active molecules such as drugs and diagnostic agents. The biophysical interactions between the biologically active molecules and their carriers, however, may denature the former and lead to reduced biological activity. In this study, a model nondenaturing carrier comprised of a nanocrystalline (10-7 m) tin oxide core and a surface-charge-reducing organic bonding layer (GF292) was synthesized. A subsequently bound protein (human transferrin) showed significant retained conformation by immunoelectron microscopy. In the synthesis of targeted drug systems and vaccines, nanocrystalline cores treated with appropriate surface-modifying agents may be suitable carriers.
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    Announcements (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 279-279 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770040313
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993) 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Assessment of olefin-based IUD tail strings (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 289-301 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The „tail string“ that extends from a contraceptive intrauterine device (IUD) into the vagina is an illustrative case in materials engineering design. The strings must satisfy certain criteria for strength and other properties in order to fulfill the function of providing a means of insuring that the IUD has not been ejected, and eventually of helping remove the IUD. This must be done without contributing to an additional risk of unwanted medical side effects beyond those that may be inherent in any such device. Oriented monofilament olefins appear to satisfy these criteria, and have been used successfully in several IUD designs. This article describes a study of two such monofilaments taken from new IUDs, showing how the material's processing, structure, and properties lead to effective performance as tail strings. Several types of used IUDs were also studied, to insure that nothing occurred during use that would alter the conclusions drawn from the study of new strings. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Surface dependent antigens identified by high binding avidity of serum antibodies in a subpopulation of patients with breast prostheses (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There is growing concern in the medical community that silicones, ubiquitous in health care, may exhibit antigenic, immunogenic, and/or adjuvant activity. Sera from women with silicone breast prostheses were assayed by ELISA for humoral immunoreactivity to a variety of common interstitial and cellular components. In decreasing order of frequency, significant IgG avidities were found against silicone surfaces treated with fibronectin-laminin, phospholipids, no treatment, and fibrinogen when compared with sera obtained from healthy, age-matched, nonimplanted women and a population of nonimplanted women with previously diagnosed autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the sera from approximately 15% of the positive responders were found to react to matrix proteins independent of the siloxane polymer. The data show human antibody production to native macromolecules with antibody avidity being related to molecular conformation. Silicone may function as an adjuvant by inducing changes in the conformation of native molecules. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Electrochemical behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in static biosimulating solutions (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The static general corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens in three lactated Ringer's-based solutions was investigated using d.c. potentiodynamic, d.c. linear polarization resistance, and a.c. impedance techniques. A critical appraisal of the use of these techniques for the estimation of the corrosion rate of the material is presented. Whence it was shown that the presence of bovine serum in or decreasing the pH level of (to about 1) lactated Ringer's solution leads to an increase in the corrosion rate of the alloy (relative to that in lactated Ringer's solution, pH 6.25). © 1993 John Wiley ' Sons, Inc.
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    Effect of thermal treatment on heating characteristics of Ni—Cu alloy for hyperthermia: Preliminary studies (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 55-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ferromagnetic Ni—Cu alloy wires were characterized in order to obtain well-defined thermoseeds for application in interstitial hyperthermia of prostate cancer. Thermoseeds have been produced which possess Curie points in the therapeutic hyperthermia range, approximately 40 to 50 °C. The effect of thermal treatment and composition on the heating characteristics of the thermoseeds were investigated. The preliminary study shows that the recrystallization is crucial for altering thermoseeds' heating characteristics. Obtaining thermoseeds which behave as desired depends on changes in annealing times and temperatures. One may increase the maximum heating temperature (similar to Curie temperature) by increasing the annealing time and cooling time. Decreasing the lower annealing plateau temperature also increases the maximum seed heating temperature. Higher nickel content compositions did not affect rise time but increased the maximum heating temperature. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Handling characteristics of braided suture materials for tight tying (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The establish criteria for characterizing synthetic sutures, the handling characteristics of silk suture were analyzed. The characteristics that distinguish silk suture from other braided suture materials are its good “knot security” and relatively low “tiedown resistance.” Analytic consideration of knot security suggests that not only superficial friction but also resistance force produced by cross-sectional deformity of braided threads plays an important role in silk's superior performance. Results of a “pullout friction test,” developed to quantitatively evaluate resistance produced by surface friction and cross-sectional deformity suggest that the superiority of silk thread can be explained in terms of high static withdrawal resistance under low loads and relatively low dynamic withdrawal resistance under high loads. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    On the use of primary reference grade polydimethylsiloxane (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 73-75 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: There has been an increase in the use of primary reference material as a standard for identifying the cellular response to biomaterials. One such material is NHLBI-DTB polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The PDMS was developed for blood contacting studies and is composed of PDMS backed on one side with mylar. The results of implantation studies of two different publications are discussed in light of the different materials and different surface topographies of each of the materials. The appropriateness of in vivo studies using this reference material is questioned. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    A study of the geometrical and mechanical properties of a self-expanding metallic stent - theory and experiment (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 77-85 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Stents are tubular devices that are used in cylindrical passages of the body following trauma or disease in order to keep the cross section of these passages open. A mathematical model of a self-expanding metallic stent has been developed with the aim of predicting various geometrical and mechanical properties of the stent. The model was developed with the main assumptions that the stent acts as a combination of a number of independent open-coiled helical springs with ends fixed against rotation, and that the springs undergo elastic deformations only. A series of experiments has been carried out in order to assess the validity of the model. The experimental results show good agreement with theory for the tests involving stent diameter and longitudinal force as a function of stent length and fair agreement, limited by frictional effects, for the tests involving radial pressure as a function of stent diameter. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Diffusion of fibroblast growth factor from a plaster of paris carrier (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 67-72 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a polypeptide that has been shown to have a stimulatory effect on osseous tissues in vitro. This study characterized the release of FGF from plaster of Paris (PLP) and measured the dissolution of PLP in various solutions with the aim of developing a reliable carrier system for the release of FGF in vivo. The study consisted of five experiments: (I) FGF diffusion from PLP pellets, (II) FGF diffusion from PLP discs, (III) PLP dissolution in saline, (IV) PLP dissolution in serum, and (V) FGF adsorption by commercially pure titanium. FGF was observed to be released at a rate directly proportional to the rate of dissolution of the PLP carrier, suggesting that either the FGF binds to the PLP; or, alternatively, the FGF may be entrapped by the PLP. Dissolution rate, and thus release rate, could be varied by varying the mass of the carrier. Greater diffusion of FGF was observed in larger, more slowly dissolving PLP carriers. Dissolution of PLP was observed to be slower in serum than in saline, apparently due to stabilization by factors in the serum but not due to a concentration gradient effect. Titanium coupons did not adsorb significant amounts of FGF. These results indicate that PLP, which has been shown in the past neither to FGF. These results indicate that PLP, which has been shown in the past neither to aggravate inflammatory response nor to interfere with bone ingrowth, may serve as delivery vehicle for FGF to osseous tissues in vivo. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    World Biomaterials Congresses 1980-1992 (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 103-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Biomechanical performance of new vascular sutures and needles for use in polytetrafluoroethylene grafts (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Two new cardiovascular monofilament sutures attached to taper point needles have been developed for use in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. One monofilament suture made of PTFE has a microporous structure that allows it to be channel swaged to a needle that closely approximates its suture diameter. The other suture is a monofilament polypropylene suture that has been extruded to produce a tapered swage end, which was significantly smaller than that of the remainder of the suture in order to be channel swaged to smaller diameter needles. On the basis of comprehensive biomechanical performances, the performance of the new needle suture products with needle/suture diameter ratios approaching 1:1 was superior to needle suture products with 2:1 needle/suture diameter ratios for use in PTFE vascular grafts, regardless of the suture material. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    The effect of the addition of methylene blue on the fatigue strength of simplex P bone-cementSupported by the William H. Harris Foundation, Boston, MA 02114. (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To aid in cement removal during revision arthroplasty, it has been proposed to add methylene blue to bone cement to provide contrast between the cement and bone. However, it is essential that the fatigue strength of the cement not be reduced by the addition of the methylene blue. The effect of adding 1 mL of an aqueous 1% solution of methylene blue to one pack of Simplex P prepared in the standard fashion (uncentrifuged) was studied. We also measured the fatigue properties of centrifuged Simplex P with three different methylene blue preparations. We studied adding 1 mL of an aqueous 1% solution of methylene blue, 0.5 g of methylene blue powder, and 0.1 mL of a 10% solution of methylene blue per pack of Simplex P bone cement. Adding 1 mL of a 1% methylene blue solution to 40 g of Simplex P without centrifuging the cement after mixing produced a cement with a mean fatigue life comparable to the uncentrifuged Simplex P without the methylene blue. However, the fatigue data scatter was higher for the uncentrifuged methylene blue preparation. The optimum methylene blue impregnated cement preparation was produced by adding 1 mL of a 1% methylene blue solution to 40 g of Simplex P powder, mixing with chilled monomer, and centrifuging for 60 s. Sterile 1 mL vials of 1% methylene blue solution are available in the operating room. Thus the experienced surgeon can use a cement containing color to facilitate distinguishing cement from bone in cases needing revisions without weakening the cement.
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    In vitro analysis of the effects of biomaterial adherence on a Staphylococcus epidermidis strain's sensitivity to cephaloridine (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 95-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study examined the effects biomaterial adherence had on Staphylococcus epidermidis-46 morphology and sensitivity to the antibiotic cephaloridine. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) discs served as the biomaterial substratum in this study. Suspension cultures of SE-46 at 108 CFU/mL were allowed to adhere to PMMA discs for 2, 6, or 12 h prior to exposure to cephaloridine at 250 μg/mL, which is 500 times greater than the MIC of 0.5 μg/mL. After a 24-h exposure to the antibiotic viable bacteria adherent to the disc were removed and counted. Those data revealed that at shorter adherence times a larger percentage of the adherent organism were erradicated by antibiotic exposure, 83.6%versus 15.6%for 2-h and 12-h adherencetimes, respectively. Although a significant percent of the organisms were killed with short adherence times, the organism still persisted in the face of high concentrations of cephaloridine. Scanning electron micrographs of organism adherent for 2 and 12 h revealed distinct morphological changes in the extracellular matrix indicating increased matrix production with longer adherence. Thus, these data reveal that adherence to biomaterials provides a protected environment for the bacteria and the time an organism is adherent to a biomaterial surface prior to antibiotic exposure can also increase the organism's resistance to antibiotics.
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    Announcement (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 115-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770040119
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    Masthead (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770040201
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    Histologic identification of polyethylene wear debris using Oil Red O stain (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 119-125 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles are frequently implicated in causing failure of total joint arthroplasties by eliciting a foreign body reaction. The majority of these particles are subcellular and many are submicron in size. Identification of these small particles of UHMWPE by conventional histologic techniques is difficult. We have therefore investigated the utility of Oil Red O (ORO) stain to identify UHMWPE on histologic sections.A wide variety of specimens was studied including an experimental rabbit model with subcutaneous implantation of polyethylene particles as well as specimens from clinical cases with joint arthroplasties. The sensitivity and specificity of ORO stain was compared to conventional polarized light microscopy for the identification of particulate UHMWPE debris. The ORO stain was found to be as sensitive in identifying particulate UHMWPE debris as polarized light microscopy. However, ORO stain was less specific: two specimens that did not contain any UHMWPE also stained with ORO. Careful examination of standard hematoxylin and eosin stained sections with polarized light was therefore more specific for the identification of particulate UHMWPE. As a single test, the ORO stain does not appear to offer any clear advantage specifically for the identification of UHMWPE. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the foreign body response to particulate debris in a rabbit model (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 127-134 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on the foreign body response to particulate debris, similar in morphology and quantity to wear debris present in the tissues around loose total joint prostheses, was investigated using a rabbit model. Cobalt chrome pins were inserted into the femurs along with particulate debris consisting of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and cobalt chrome (CC). The particles induced a significant cellular response compared to the control animals that did not receive any debris. The application of PEMFs did not increase this foreign body response, nor did it have an effect on the number of resorption cavities, cortical area, or cortical thickness. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    A new bioactive bone cement consisting of BIS-GMA resin and bioactive glass powder (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have developed a bioactive bone cement consisting of silane-treated CaO—SiO2—P2O5—CaF2 glass powder as the filling particles and bisphenol-a-glycidyl methacrylate (BIS-GMA) diluted with triethylene-glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) as the organic matrix. Histological examination demonstrated direct bonding between the cement and bone along the circumference of the cement at 4 weeks after implantation in rat tibia. The compressive strength and toughness of the cement were two and four times greater than those of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement, respectively. The inflammatory reaction of the skin caused by the new cement was not as intense as that for PMMA 3 days after subcutaneous implantation. This new cement may be applicable as a bioactive bone cement with high mechanical strength. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    A synthetic membrane for testing needle penetration (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 4 (1993), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Needle performance is primarily judged by its penetration through tissue. For detailed studies of needle performance, tissue is too heterogeneous and unstable and difficult to obtain. A homogeneous, stable, and readily available polyurethane substrate has been evaluated as a suitable alternative to biological tissue for evaluation of needle penetration. The needle penetration profiles through the synthetic substrate correlated very well with those through natural tissue. In addition, the synthetic substrate was sensitive enough to easily detect a 20% increase in the force necessary to penetrate natural tissue. This polyurethane substrate offers a valid alternative to biological tissue for the testing of needle penetration performance. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    A new technique for quantitation of metal particulates and metal reaction products in tissues near implants (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 191-193 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Tissue specimens retrieved from four regions adjacent to hip implants during revision surgery were subjected to a novel treatment to make possible the quantitative separation of residual metal particulates and metal reaction products (metal ions and metal-protein complexes). The tissues were exposed to sodium hypochlorite solution that degraded and solubilized them, liberating metal reaction products and leaving behind metal wear particles, which were separated by centrifugation. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to analyze the concentrations of the separated metal ions and wear particles. Co ion concentrations were 0.05 to 0.9 mM, Cr ion concentrations were 0.04 to 2.1 mM, and Ti ion concentrations were 0.30 to 0.60 mM. The weight of Co metal particles was 0.1 to 4.9 mg/100 mg tissue, of Cr metal particles 0.07 to 2.2 mg/100 mg tissue, and of Ti particles 0.09 to 5.2 mg/100 mg tissue; one black tissue sample contained 3333 mg Ti/100 mg tissue. No correlation was found between the concentrations of these two entities in the samples examined, probably due to the complex and varied processes creating them. The procedures discussed here will result in data that can help elucidate the separate contributions of metal reaction products and metal particulates to implant loosening. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Processing and characterization of absorbable polylactide polymers for use in surgical implants (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Absorbable fibers of linear poly-α-hydroxy acids have been used successfully in providing temporary scaffolds for tissue regeneration. In some surgical applications, degradation rates for poly(glycolide) (PGA) are too high, but implants of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) fibers may degrade too slowly for optimal function. Polymers produced by copolymerization of L-lactide with varying amounts of D-lactide may offer an alternative choice for absorbable fiber based implants. Poly(L/D-lactide) stereocopolymers with L/D lactide molar ratios of 95/5, 90/10, and 85/15 were considered. Melt-spun/hot-drawn fibers with L/D molar ratios of 90/10 and 85/15 and draw ratios ranging from 3.0 to 8.9 were further evaluated by mechanical testing, differential scanning calorimetry, birefringence, x-ray diffraction, and in vitro exposure to pH 7.4 phosphate buffered saline at 37°C. Fabrication was reproducible and results indicated that tensile strength, modulus, and birefringence all increased with increasing draw ratio up to a draw ratio of 6.7 and declined thereafter; elongation to failure decreased for the entire range studied. For fibers with a draw ratio of 6.7, there was a 10% relative difference in crystallinity between the 90/10 and 85/15 lactide fibers (90/10 was higher). Wet strength retention after 12 weeks in vitro exposure was approximately 10% for the 90/10 fibers and 30% for the 85/15 fibers. The intermediate wet strength retention of lactide stereocopolymer fibers when compared to reported values for PGA and PLLA fibers, suggests these materials may be useful in absorbable surgical implants for tissue repair and regeneration. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Stability of a cyclically loaded hydroxyapatite coating: Effect of substrate material, surface preparation, and testing environment (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 211-215 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cyclic loaing of Ti-6-4 and Co-Cr-Mo (cast) test samples with grit-blasted or waffle-textured surfaces coated with a plasma-sprayed 50-μm HA layer was performed in air, Ringer's solution (5% dextrose), 0.9% NaCl (Tris buffer, pH 7.40), and balanced Hank's solution. Maximum interfacial stresses in bending of 40 ksi (280 MPa) and 20 ksi (140 MPa) were utilized, and the speciments tested to 106 cycles at 5 Hz with a MTS servohydraulic machine. Tested samples were examined by optical microscopy to determine coating integrity and thickness and by scanning electron microscopy (electron backscatter mode and EDAX) to determine surface morphology and chemical changes.The following observations were made: (1) Samples cyclically tested in solutions showed a general thinning of the coating, accentuated in the higher-stressed regions. (2) Samples tested with an equivalent static load in the solutions did not show this centralization. (3) Bare metal interface surfaces were noted on most of the edges of highly stressed central specimen regions, in several entire central regions, and on the upper surfaces of some of the waffled samples. (4) The specimens tested in Ringer's solution (pH 4.70 initially) demonstrated the most dramatic coating deterioration. (5) The coatings on titanium appeared more stable than these on Co-Cr as tested in all solution environments for both surface types.The HA coating evaluated in this experiment demonstrated increased instability when cyclically loaded in in vitro solutions of lowered pH and depleted cations (Ca2+) at stress levels of 280 MPa. The more physiological solution (Hank's) did not show this increased dissolution at the lower stress level. It is suggested that this type of testing be performed on other HA coatings due to the possible implications for long-term in vivo coating integrity.
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    Creep behavior of hand-mixed simplex P bone cement under cyclic tensile loading (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Acrylic cement, used for the fixation of total hip replacements and other orthopedic implants, is a subject of renewed scientific interest as a result of recent hypotheses about dynamic, longterm mechanical failure mechanisms suspected to play a role in prosthetic loosening. Little is known, however, about the long-term mechanical behavior of cement. In this study, the dynamic creep deformation of hand mixed acrylic cement was examined in laboratory tests. Strain patterns found represented the familiar creep process consisting of a primary, a secondary, and a tertiary creep phase. Specimens dynamically loaded with a maximum stress of 3 MPa from 0 were subject to creep of about 50% of the elastic strain after 250 000 loading cycles. A linear relationship between the logarithmic values of the creep-strain and the number of loading cycles was found. Specimens exposed to higher loads showed significantly higher creep-strains. No relationship could be established between the strain levels and the porosity of the specimens. Specimens dynamically loaded with a maximal stress of 7 or 11 MPa from 0 failed during the tests. The number of loading cycles to failure was similar to fatigue strength data reported in earlier literature. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Letters to the editor (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 271-272 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050314
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    Biomechanical aspects on rehydrated freeze-dried human allograft dura mater tissues (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biomechanical properties of rehydrated freeze-dried human dura mater tissues were studied. Scanning electron and polarized light analysis indicated a multilayered distribution of collagen fibers in the dura mater tissue. Uniaxial tensile testing of 95 test strips permitted determination of average values for failure stress (6.65 ± 0.14 MPa), failure strain (0.15 ± 0.003), tangent modulus (69.50 ± 1.29 MPa), elongation (0.56 ± 0.01), and tangent stiffness (12.53 ± 0.24 kN/m) of the dura mater tissue. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Erratum (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 273-273 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050315
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    Announcement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 275-275 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050316
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    Mixed mode fracture characterization of hydroxylapatite-titanium alloy interface (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 285-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cantilever beam and four-point bend specimen geometries were used to experimentally determine the critical energy release rates for a plasma sprayed hydroxylapatite-titanium alloy (HA-Ti alloy) interface. A locus of energy release rates as a function of crack tip phase angle was determined where a 0° phase angle represented tensile opening (mode I) loading and a 90° phase angle represented in-plane shear (mode II) loading. Energy release rates were found to increase substantially with an increase in phase angle. An energy release rate of 0.108 N/mm was determined for a phase angle of 0° (mode I). Energy release rates of 0.221, 0.686, and 1.212 N/mm were determined for phase angles of 66°, 69°, and 72°, respectively. The experimental data was matched to a phenomenological model for which crack propagation depended on mode I loading alone indicating that crack propagation at the Ha-Ti alloy interface is dominated by the mode I loading alone indicating that crack propagation at the Ha-Ti alloy interface is dominated by the mode I loading component. Therefore, regions of HA coated implants that experience compressive or shear loading across the HA-Ti alloy interface may be much less likely to debond than regions that experience tensile loading. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 76
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    Load transfer through a hydroxyapatite-coated canine hip implant (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 293-306 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Strain transfer near hydroxyapatite (HA) coated canine hip implants was examined using simulated anatomical loading based on in vivo strain measurements. Strain changes near implants relative to intact control values were in excess of 100% for transverse and principal strains for zero time period (immediate postimplant) specimens. They were generally smaller (100% or less) for axial, transverse, and principal minimums in the same locations for 4 months postimplantation specimens.Cortical bone loss occurred in all implanted femora. The most extensive loss, up to 47%, occurred adjacent to the proximal section of the implant. Extensive trabecular bone formation, over 300% in some regions of each femur, was noted in all implanted femora.Backscattered electron imaging along the HA-coated sections of the implants showed extensive bone bonded to the coating. Normal light and UV light micrographs showed direct bone apposition to the implant surfaces and extensive bone formation in all test animals. Microscopy revealed no evidence of any soft tissue layer between the implant and bone. Bone was typically found in direct contact with the implant surface.Histomorphometry indicated that bone formation rates in the implanted femora were elevated, up to 850%, relative to controls. Fewer formation sites were noted on the posterior and lateral (in two cases zero sites). Mineral apposition rates (MAR) from two of the dogs were slightly elevated (from 110-113%) in the implanted femora relative to controls and depressed (to about 83% of controls) in a third. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Compressive stress relaxation behavior of irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene at 37°C (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 333-338 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The preconditioned stress relaxation behavior of irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), a commonly used bearing surface in total joint replacements (TJR), was modelled in uniaxial compression at 37°C. Twenty cylindrical specimens (10 mm dia. × 27 mm length) were machined from a compression molded plate of medical grade UHMWPE and γ-irradiated to a minimum dose of 2.5 Mrad. At an initial strain rate 1000%/s, five specimens were each tested at constant strains of 1, 2, 5 and 10%. The modified superposition principle provided a good agreement of the nonlinear viscoelastic (stress relaxation) behavior of UHMWPE (standard error of 0.0753 MPa). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 78
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    Apatite coated on organic polymers by biomimetic process: Improvement in its adhesion to substrate by NaOH treatment (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 339-347 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A dense, uniform and highly biologically active bone-like apatite layer can be formed in arbitrary thickness on any kind and shape of solid substrate surface by the following biomimetic method at ordinary temperature and pressure. First, a substrate is set in contact with particles of bioactive CaO SiO2 based glass soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) with inorganic ion concentrations nearly equal to those of human blood plasma. Second, the substrate is soaked in another solution with ion concentrations 1.5 times those of SBF (1.5 SBF). In the present study, organic polymer substrates treated with 5 M NaOH solution were subjected to the above mentioned biomimetic process. The induction periods for the apatite nucleation on polyethyl-eneterephthalate (PET), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyamide 6 (PA6), and polyethersulfone (PESF) substrates were reduced from 24 to 12 h with the NaOH treatment. The adhesive strength of the formed apatite layer were increased from 3.5 to 8.6 MPa, from 1.1 to 3.4 MPa, and from 0.6 to 5.3 MPa with the NaOH treatment, for PET, PMMA, and PA 6, respectively. It was assumed that highly polar groups, such as carboxyl and sulfinyl ones formed by the hydrolysis of an ester group on PET and PMMA and of an amide group on PA 6, or of a sulfonyl group on PESF with the NaOH treatment, attached a large number of hydrated silica dissolved from the glass particles, to accelerate the apatite nucleation, and also to form a strong bond with the apatite. The apatite-organic polymer composites thus obtained are expected to be useful as bone-repairing as well as soft tissue-repairing materials. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Adsorption of collagenase to particulate titanium: A possible mechanism for collagenase localization in periprosthetic tissue (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 353-360 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Osteolysis is a central feature of aseptic loosening of orthopaedic joint prostheses. This destructive process is believed to result from phagocytosis of implant wear debris by periprosthetic and synovial macrophages and the subsequent release of proinflammatory mediators, including collagenase. Isolated murine macrophages were cultured in vitro with particulate titanium in order to explore the mechanism of macrophage activation by particulate wear debris. The results, in which the amount of secreted, soluble collagenase in culture supernatants was inversely proportional to titanium concentration, suggested that titanium strongly adsorbed secreted collagenase. This inference was confirmed by direct binding assays in which particulate titanium coated with adsorbed collagenase bound an alkaline phosphatase conjugated anticollagenase antibody, but not a conjugated anti-IgG antibody. Adsorption of collagenase was not influenced by preincubation of titanium particles with albumin. The adsorbed collagenase remained enzymatically active as indicated by its ability to hydrolyze a synthetic peptide substrate. These results demonstrate that particulate titanium stimulates collagenase production by macrophages and then strongly adsorbs the secreted proinflammatory enzyme. The process of macrophage stimulation, collagenase secretion, and adsorption may represent an important mechanism for localization and concentration of collagenase in periprosthetic and synovial tissue, a mechanism that ultimately triggers bone resorption through osteoclast activation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    The editor's corner: Substantially equivalent to what? (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 375-375 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050414
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    A new saw technique improves preparation of bone sections for light and electron microscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 369-373 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A newly developed saw technique was developed to produce sections circa 10 μm or thicker from fresh bone or dentine and from plastic embedded undecalcified bone tissue with or without implant materials. The method comprises only one step because grinding or polishing to make the sections thinner is not necessary. The bone slices can be decalcified rapidly without using aggressive solvents and used for making ultrathin sections for electron microscopy. Sections of fresh dentine of 15 to 30 μm are transparent which makes it possible to study osteoclastic resorption in vitro. Sections, 10 μm thick, with an intact interface of bone and implant material can be observed for biocompatibility studies. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Biomaterials applicability: Establishing suitable “materials' equivalency” protocols (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 377-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050415
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    Biomaterials lubricated for minimum frictional resistance (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 175-181 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To improve the frictional characteristics of a biomaterial, the mechanical performance of a lubricated surface was studied. In vitro friction tests showed that the coefficient of dynamic friction of the lubricated surface was about 0.01 against rabbit bladder and the coefficient of static friction increased with the preload period. The efficacy of a lubricated cystoscope was evaluated by an in vivo test simulating cystoscope operation. The maximal and the total resistance force on the cystoscope model were found to decrease with the surface lubrication. Histological study revealed that urethral damage caused by rubbing with the cystoscope model was reduced by this lubrication technique. Presumably, prolonged retention of water on the lubricated surface region prevented tissue adhesion to the foreign material. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Announcement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 183-183 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050212
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    Masthead (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770050301
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    Inhibition of in vitro calcium phosphate precipitation in presence of polyurethane via surface modification and drug delivery (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 245-254 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biomaterial associated calcification is the principal cause of the clinical failure of bioprosthetic implants. The present investigation describes the mineralization of polymeric substrate in an extracirculatory environment and the possible methods of prevention. Calcification was examined on various polyurethane films (and bioprosthetic tissue) incubated in metastable solutions of calcium phosphate and the role of polymer casting and precipitation was evaluated. The formulation and the in vitro efficacy of prolonged controlled-release chitosan matrices, containing the novel anticalcification agents, such as Fe+++ or protamine sulfate (PS), were also attempted. The in vitro release profiles of PS from chitosan beads was performed in a rotating shaker (100 rpm) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and was monitored spectrophotometrically. The amount and percentage of drug release were much higher initially, which was controlled with the incorporation of egg phosphatidyl choline (EPC). The PS loaded chitosan beads (coincubated in calcium phosphate solution with the calcifiable polyurethane films) significantly inhibited biomaterial calcification (about 40-50% inhibition). Surface modification of polyurethanes with Fe+++ or PS also inhibited the calcification profile of the material. These findings suggest the possibility of a combination therapy for prevention of biomaterial associated calcification via surface modifications in conjunction with long-term controlled release of the anticalcifying drugs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Torsional properties of healed canine diaphyseal defects grafted with a fibrillar collagen and hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate composite (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 277-283 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The need for alternatives to autogenous bone grafts is widely recognized. This study compared the torsional strength of canine femora 1 year after grafting with one of three forms of a collagen/hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate bone grafting material (COLLAGRAFT15), autogenous bone, or no graft. The groups were compared to each other and to the unoperated contralateral femora. Results of torsional testing were evaluated for torsional strength, torsional displacement, total energy to fracture and White fracture mode. Data analysis showed lower torsional strength of the operated vs. unoperated femora with the exception of morsellized COLLAGRAFT15 material, which had higher strength. However, the only difference in the operated groups was that the morsellized COLLAGRAFT15 had greater strength than several groups including the autogenous bone group. There was no difference found in angular displacement between any of the groups. However, there was a difference in the energy to fracture in both strip forms of the COLLAGRAFT15. The final conclusion is that in this model, grafting with COLLAGRAFT15 provided torsional properties at one year postoperatively at least equivalent to autogenous bone. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Use of a compact sandwich specimen to evaluate fracture toughness and interfacial bonding of bone (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 315-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of the present study was to develop a reliable and statistically valid test to measure the fracture toughness of small specimens of bone, and by extension, prosthetic materials, using a compact sandwich specimen. Samples of bone were sandwiched between holders of a different material and using this specimen configuration a new technique was developed to test the fracture toughness of the bone interlayer. The effects of different speciments sizes and holder materials were investigated empirically. Using finite element analysis a correction factor was determined to account for the finite thickness of the interlayer and the analytical solutions governing the test specimen were accordingly modified. Bulk compact tension specimens of bone were tested for comparison. Both wet and dry bone were evaluated and the fracture surface morphology characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate no statistically significant differences between the fracture toughness values obtained from the compact tension and sandwich specimens. The application of this technique to the testing of interfacial bonding between bone and biomaterials is discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Mechanical properties of vacuum-mixed acrylic bone cement (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 307-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The thrust of the present work was the experimental determination of the uniaxial static compressive and fully reversed tension-compression fatigue properties of CMWTM 3 acrylic bone cement whose consituents were mixed in a properietary chamber while simultaneously subjected to a vacuum. Selected indices of performance in this material are: mean static compressive strength, 81.4 MPa; mean compressive modulus of elasticity, 1.95 GPa; endurance limit, 8.1 MPa; and characteristic fatigue life (using a three-parameter Weibull fit to the fatigue test data obtained at a stress of ±10 MPa), 238 712 cycles. The difficulties in comparing results obtained using different cement formulations, preparation conditions, and test conditions are detailed. With this in mind, it is suggested that the present results are within the range of values reported by previous workers for other formulations mixed using a variety of methods. The clinical significance of the present results is discussed. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Ciprofloxacin attachment to porous-coated titanium surfaces (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 325-331 
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    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A simple and effective method for attaching ciprofloxacin HCl salt to the surface of porouscoated titanium based orthopedic materials was developed. The method utilizes the electrophoretic migration of both fine ciprofloxacin HCl particles and ciprofloxacin ions to deposit the antibiotic salt on a positively biased surface. The quantity of antibiotic deposited can be easily and effectively controlled by varying the time of deposition and applied voltage. In vitro tests have indicated that the antimicrobial activity of the treated surfaces is retained for a period of 5 days. The method allows a significant amount of antibiotic to be deposited and could theoretically be used to deliver antibiotics to the tissues surrounding prosthetic devices in order to prevent postoperative infections. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Effects of fixation technique on displacement incompatibilities at the bone-implant interface in cementless total knee replacement in a canine model (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bone-implant displacements can be caused by rigid body motion and by differences in material properties of the implant and bone. In the present study of the tibial component in total knee replacement, we tested a series of tibial component fixation designs to determine how certain design features influenced the magnitude of the tangential displacement between the component and supporting bone in a canine model. The transverse expansion of the proximal tibia under static axial loading was measured in the intact tibia and then in the same bone following implantation of tibial components with different interface characteristics: cementless flat smooth, cementless flat porous-coated, cementless flat porous-coated with screws, cementless pegged porous-coated, cementless pegged porous-coated with screws, cemented pegged, and cemented pegged with screws. In all cases, the magnitude of the transverse expansion increased with higher applied loads. When the statistical analysis was restricted to the cementless interfaces, the presence/absence of the porous coating, the presence/absence of pegs, and the use of screws had no significant influence on tibial expansion. However, in an analysis including the cemented and cementless pegged components, tibial expansion was reduced with the use of screws. The magnitude of the interface motion due to these displacement incompatibilities was approximately fivefold lower than the amount of interface motion related to rigid body motion found in a separate study with the canine model. The measured expansion was similar in the intact tibiae and the implanted tibiae, suggesting that the transverse constraint in the canine proximal tibia must be provided by the surrounding cortical ring rather than the subchondral bone. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Improved sensitivity and decreased sample size in a cytotoxicity test for biomaterials: A modified colony microassay using a microplate and crystal violet staining (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 5 (1994), S. 361-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Modified Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum was highly sensitive to cytotoxicity and formed large control colonies in the V79 colony assay. A highly sensitive cytotoxicity test was developed using 96-well microtiter plates. Test chemicals or extracts of polyurethane materials containing the same chemicals were added 24 h after inoculation of cell suspensions. The cells were fixed and stained with crystal violet after additional culture for 6 days (V79 cells) or 10 days (Balb/3T3 cells). In terms of sensitivity and rapid quantitative measurement, this modified colony microassay, using a low cell density in 96-well microplates, was superior to various cytotxicity tests such as colony, growth inhibition, cytolethality, and agar diffusion assays. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030101
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    The effect of chain extenders and stabilizers on the in-vivo stability of polyurethanes (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly(etherurethane) (PEU) and poly(etherurethaneurea) (Biomer®) films with and without antioxidant stabilizers were subcutaneously implanted into dogs and rats for up to 10 weeks. It was found that the molecular weight of the PEU films decreased over the 10-week period, while the Biomer® films increased in molecular weight. The presence of the stabilizers resulted in less severe changes in molecular weight. Surface cracking was most pronounced on both the stabilized and nonstabilized PEU films. Stress did not have to be applied to induce the surface cracking.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030104
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    An improved affinity support and immunoadsorbent with a synthetic blood group oligosaccharide and polymer coating for hemoperfusion (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An improved affinity support and an immunoadsorbent suitable for extracorporeal perfusion of whole blood (or plasma) are reported. The affinity support consists of calcined diatomite-type silica particles to which a synthetic oligosaccharide hapten, viz. Atrisaccharide representing human blood group A, with a linking spacer-arm is chemically attached. The immunoadsorbent thus obtained is surface-modified with a polymer coating. The modified immunoadsorbent is not hemolytic and shows no loss of biological activity in reducing antibody titers in vitro. An important feature of the improved immunoadsorbent is that the polymer coating providesa better surface resistance and therefore stability to the affinity support to prevent the release of potentially harmful fines. The usefulness of a physically stable support as an affinity adsorbent for the selective removal of specific antibodies or unwanted substances directly from the blood circulation by extracorporeal immunoadsorption has profound medical significance because this would provide an efficient but safe and practical alternative to therapeutic intervention using plasma exchange or plasma perfusion, both of which require plasmapheresis.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030103
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  • 96
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    Customized neonatal incubator for measurement of platelet-artificial microvascular graft interactions under controlled flow, temperature, and transmural pressure (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A neonatal incubator has been custom modified to enable measurement of initial platelet retention on biomaterials in vitro under clinically relevant hemodynamic conditions. To calibrate this device, platelet retention on several materials having microconduit geometry (0.7-1.0 mm i.d.) has been measured after perfusion with citrated whole blood (containing 111 Indium-labelled platelets) at a shear rate of 312 s-1, 37°C, and 80 cm H2O transmural pressure. The relative reactivity of these materials toward platelets was: glass 〈 Fibrinogen(Fg)-coatedglass 〈 Fg-coated polyethylene 〈 polyethylene ∼ = Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. Interindividual variation is relatively large (coefficient of variation = 35.5 ± 9.3%), but comparison to intraindividual controls reduces the variability to 14.8 ± 10.3%, a level which is suitable for economical testing of platelet retention to biomaterials in the presence or absence of drugs. This approach may have particular value in the study of the mechanism of platelet interactions with artificial microvascular grafts under perfusion conditions which are relevant to the first moments of flow, when initial platelet deposition occurs.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030102
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    Controlled release of bisphosphonate from a biodegradable implant: Evaluation of release kinetics and anticalcification effect (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The present investigation describes the formulation and the in vivo efficacy of prolonged controlled-release chitosan matrices, containing the novel anticalcification agents adipoyland suberoylbisphosphonate (AdBP and SuBP). Chitosan matrices were prepared by the solvent-cast method and the role of several factors such as polymer molecular weight (MW), crosslinking, and drug load concentration, on the release rate profile have been examined. Crosslinking of chitosan films retarded degradation rate of the polymer but not the release rate of the embedded drug. Chitosan's MW and drug load concentration did not affect drug release rate. The release kinetics of the bisacylphosphonates were characterized by initial burst-effect and pseudo zero-order kinetics in the following release phase. AdBP/chitosan matrices (co-implanted subdermally in rats with the calcifiable bioprosthetic heart valve tissue) significantly inhibited tissue calcification after 15 and 30 days implantation (66.4 and 108.6 μg/mg Ca++ in comparison to 2.7 and 3.6 μg/mg Ca++, untreated and treated groups, respectively). No side effects were noted.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030105
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    RF plasma treatment of metallic implant surfaces (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Radio-frequency air plasma treatments of Ti-6-4 and Co-Cr implants increased surface wettability but concurrently increased ionic release. In vitro tissue culture experiments demonstrated no enhancement of cell growth and enrichment. Short-term rabbit tibial implants also showed no difference between treated and untreated implants.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030107
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  • 99
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    Vibrational response analysis: Non-destructive evaluation of ingrowth into porous coated implants (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Quantitative methods of evaluating ingrowth into porous coated implants have traditionally involved destructive mechanical testing. In this study, it was hypothesized that the response to a vibrational stimulus could estimate the shear strength at the bone-implant interface as measured by pushout. A derived model predicts that the square of the frequency at resonance is linearly related to this interfacial strength. It was further hypothesized that the level of vibration required for a meaningful response would not be destructive. This study was done using nonloaded, porous coated cylindrical implants which were press fit in the distal femora of dogs. Femora were harvested at 2, 4, and 6 weeks postimplantation. The implants were sectioned into 4-mm slices and then evaluated by vibration, pushout, and light microscopy. Vibrational response analysis was conducted with broad band random excitation using Fast Fourier transform signal analysis. Pushout values were obtained using a materials testing machine. The resulting correlation was statistically significant (F = 201, r2 = 0.90, p 〈 10-6). Light microscopic evaluation of vibrated samples showed no difference at the bone-implant interface when compared to controls.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030106
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  • 100
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    Acrylic bone cements: Residuals and extractability of methacrylate monomers and aromatic amines (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Biomaterials 3 (1992), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1045-4861
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new formulation of acrylic bone cement [methylmethacrylate/n-decylmethacrylate/isobornylmethacrylate (MMA/DMA/IBMA)] developed with the purpose of reducing the biologic adverse effects of bone cements was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography for residual content of monomers and aromatic amines from the accelerator system [dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT), dihydroxypropyl-p-toluidine (DHPPT)] in the cured cement and for concentrations of these constituents in hydrophilic and lipophilic eluates. In comparison with conventional polymethyl-methacrylate acrylics a considerable reduction of both released and residual MMA was experienced, being about 10- to 15-fold. The residual content of the new DMA and IBMA monomers were 0.35% and 0.66%, respectively, in cured cement after 72 h and these could only be detected in the paraffin eluates. The residual content of aromatic amines was considerably reduced with the new cement formulation. No DMPT could be detected and the DHPPT represented a 3- to 4-fold reduction in cured cement and a 8- to 10-fold reduction in eluates. The residual DHPPT content of about 0.07% was found to be practically constant with time. It is concluded that MMA/DMA/IBMA cement cures faster and more completely.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jab.770030109
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