ALBERT

Description: The Italian Present-day Stress Indicators (IPSI) database is a freely available Italian georeferenced repository of information regarding the crustal stress field. It consists of horizontal stress orientations that have been analysed, compiled in a standardised format and quality-ranked for reliability and comparability on a global scale. The database contains a collection of information regarding contemporary stress within the shallow crust from the following main stress-indicator categories: borehole breakouts; earthquake focal mechanisms; seismic sequences and active fault-slip data. The present database (IPSI 1.4) released in January 2020 is accessible through a web interface which facilitates findability, accessibility, interoperability and reusability of the dataset. Moreover, it contains 928 records updated up until December 2019 with an increase of 10% with respect to the first one, and improved metadata information. The uniform spread of stress data over a given territory is relevant for earth crustal modelling or as starting point in many applied studies. It is therefore necessary to continue collecting new data and update present-day stress maps to obtain more reliable evaluations.

Description: Published

Description: id 298

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This paper presents the results of the geological and geomorphological investigation carried out during the first level seismic microzonation project in the Isernia Province territory. The study area falls in one of the most seismically active areas of the Apennine chain and it has been struck, in historical times, by destructive earthquakes that caused several causalities and diffuse damages to the buildings. The analysis points out the occurrence of geological features that can determine possible site amplification phenomena related to areas with extensive outcrops of thick continental deposits or to unstable areas (both covering about 48% of the investigated areas). The latter are sometimes combined with geomorphological features such as scarps, isolated peaks, and ridges that are also responsible for possible site amplification. In addition, a susceptibility to local seismic amplification index has been introduced which highlights that more than 64% of the investigated area, along with a significant percentage of buildings, fall within the highest categories of susceptibility to local seismic amplification.

Description: Published

Description: 118

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Small landslides to large debris flows and debris avalanches affected the Neapolitan territory surrounding the active volcanoes of the area: Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia. Their variable intensity explosive eruptions produced significant quantities of loose pyroclastic material on the slopes of the volcanoes and of the surrounding reliefs. Remobilization processes of this material occurred during and soon after large explosive eruptions, although their intensity and frequency decreased during inter-eruptive periods. The intensity of these processes varies with the different eruptions and is strongly dependent on availability of fine ash in proximal and distal areas. The areas involved varies from hundreds to millions square meters. The syn-eruptive debris flows of the Vesuvius 472 AD eruption are described in detail. Huge ground uplift of the central part of the Ischia resurgent caldera generated debris/rock avalanches, which likely caused tsunamis. Archaeological sites affected by syn-eruptive debris flows have been selected to show the effects of their deposition. Hydraulic risk and risk mitigation actions, emergency management and preparedness measures will be discussed in one of the areas mostly affected by recent debris flows. At Ischia the characteristics of debris/rock avalanches and lahars related to the resurgence and to the reactivation of volcanism will be discussed.

Description: Published

Description: 1-53

Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: In supervised classification, we search criteria allowing us to decide whether a sample belongs to a certain class of patterns. The identification of such decision functions is based on examples where we know a priori to which class they belong. The distinction of seismic signals, produced from earthquakes and nuclear explosions, is a classical problem of discrimination using classification with supervision. We move on from observed data—signals originating from known earthquakes and nuclear tests—and search for criteria on how to assign a class to a signal of unknown origin. We begin with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fisher's Linear Discriminant Analysis (FLDA), identifying a linear element separating groups at best. PCA, FLDA, and likelihood-based approaches make use of statistical properties of the groups. Considering only the number of misclassified samples as a cost, we may prefer alternatives, such as the Multilayer Perceptrons (MLPs). The Support Vector Machines (SVMs) use a modified cost function, combining the criterion of the minimum number of misclassified samples with a request of separating the hulls of the groups with a margin as wide as possible. Both SVMs and MLPs overcome the limits of linear discrimination. A famous example for the advantages of the two techniques is the eXclusive OR (XOR) problem, where we wish to form classes of objects having the same parity—even, e.g., (0,0), (1,1) or odd, e.g., (0,1), (1,0). MLPs and SVMs offer effective methods for the identification of nonlinear decision functions, allowing us to resolve classification problems of any complexity provided the data set used during earning is sufficiently large. In Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), we consider observations where their meaning depends on their context. Observations form a causal chain generated by a hidden process. In Bayesian Networks (BNs) we represent conditional (in)dependencies between a set of random variables by a graphical model. In both HMMs and BNs, we aim at identifying models and parameters that explain observations with a highest possible degree of probability.

Description: Published

Description: 33-85

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: Patterns and objects are described by a variety of characteristics, namely features and feature vectors. Features can be numerical, ordinal, and categorical. Patterns can be made up of a number of objects, such as in speech processing. In geophysics, numerical features are the most common ones and we focus on those. The choice of appropriate features requires a priori reasoning about the physical relation between patterns and features. We present strategies for feature identification and procedures suitable for pattern recognition. In time series analysis and image processing, the direct use of raw data is not feasible. Procedures of feature extraction, based on locally encountered characteristics of the data, are applied. Here we present the problem of delineating segments of interest in time series and textures in image processing. In transformations, we “translate” our raw data to a form suitable for learning. In Principal Component Analysis, we rotate the original features to a system of uncorrelated variables, limiting redundancy. Independent Component Analysis follows a similar strategy, transforming our data into variables independent of each other. Fourier transform and wavelet transform are based on the representation of the original data as a series of basis functions—sines and cosines or finite-length wavelets. Redundancy reduction is achieved considering the contributions of the single basis functions. Even though a large number of features help to solve a classification problem, feature vectors with high dimensions pose severe problems. Besides the computational burden, we encounter problems known under the term “curse of dimensionality.” The curse of dimensionality entails the necessity of feature selection and reduction, which includes a priori considerations as well as redundancy reduction. The significance of features may be evaluated with tests, such as Student’s t or Hotelling's T2, and, in more complex problems, with cross-validation methods.

Description: Published

Description: 3-13

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall are critical for regional socioeconomic development, but are difficult to simulate accurately1 and reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because regional hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial-interglacial cycles2,3 with different orbital geometries, global ice volume and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change and their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over the past 1.36 million years, wet winters in the northcentral Mediterranean tend to occur with high contrasts in local, seasonal insolation and a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid on the Balkan Peninsula, together with a 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest that increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development and refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems that enter the Mediterranean during phases of low continental ice volume and high concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. A comparison with modern reanalysis data shows that current drivers of the amount of rainfall in the Mediterranean share some similarities to those that drive the reconstructed increases in precipitation. Our data cover multiple insolation maxima and are therefore an important benchmark for testing climate model performance.

Description: Published

Description: 256–260

Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Poland is considered the most prospective country for shale gas production in Europe. Hydrocarbon generation/expulsion scenarios, drawn in the latest intensive exploration phases, tend to overestimate maturation levels when compared with brand new data acquired after recent drillings. We tested an integrated workflow to correlate published and original thermal maturity datasets for the Paleozoic to Jurassic successions cropping out in the Holy Cross Mountains. These successions, when preserved in subsurface, host the major source rocks in the area. The application of the workflow allowed us to highlight the burial and thermal evolutionary scenarios of the two tectono-stratigraphic blocks of the Holy Cross Mountains (Łysog ory and Kielce blocks) and to propose this approach as a tool for reducing levels of uncertainty in thermal maturity assessment of Paleozoic successions worldwide. In particular, published datasets including colour alteration indexes of Paleozoic microfossils (conodont, acritarchs) and vitrinite and graptolite reflectance data, show differences in levels of thermal maturity for the Łysog ory (mid mature to overmature) and Kielce (immature to late mature) blocks. Original data, derived from optical analysis, pyrolysis, and Raman spectroscopy on kerogen, and X-Ray diffraction on finegrained sediments, mostly confirm and integrate published data distribution. 1D thermal models, constrained by these data, show burial and exhumation events of different magnitude, during the Late Cretaceous, for the Łysog ory (maximum burial depths of 9 km) and Kielce (burial depths of 6 km) blocks that have been related to the Holy Cross Fault polyphase activity. In the end, Palynomorph Darkness Index and Raman spectroscopy on kerogen, for Llandoverian and Cambrian rocks, turned out to be promising tools for assessing thermal maturity of Paleozoic organic facies devoid of vitrinite macerals.

Description: Published

Description: 112-132

Description: 1TR. Studi per le Georisorse

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Radon monitoring represents an important investigation tool for environmental changes assessment and geochemical hazard surveillance. Despite anomalous radon emissions are commonly observed prior to earthquakes or volcanic eruptions, radon monitoring alone is not yet successful in correctly predicting these catastrophic events because contrasting radon signals are unexpectedly measured by lithologically distinct areas. This contribution aims to summarize and integrate natural and laboratory studies pertaining to the transport behavior of radon in different rock types experiencing variable stress and thermal regimes at subvolcanic conditions. The final purpose is to ignite novel and pioneer experimental researches exploring the causes and consequences of radon anomalous emissions, in order to elucidate in full the relationship between the physicochemical changes in substrate rocks and the radon signal.

Description: Published

Description: 309-328

Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Description: This book gathers the peer-reviewed proceedings of the 1st congress on Geoethics & Groundwater Management (GEOETH&GWM'20), held in Porto, Portugal, in an online format on 18-22 May 2020. Hosted in School of Engineering (ISEP), Polytechnic of Porto based on Porto city (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), the international conference focused on what has now been dubbed “hydrogeoethics”, a novel transdisciplinary, scientific field integrating all dimensions of geoethics in groundwater science and practice. Given its scope, the book is of interest to all researchers and practitioners in the geosciences, hydrology, water resources, hydrogeology, natural resources management, environment, engineering, law, sociology, education, philosophy, culture, among others. This joint congress is the result of a collaborative agreement between the IAH (International Association of Hydrogeologists) and IAPG (International Association for Promoting Geoethics) and reflects the need for concerted actions to achieve sustainable development. The diversity, scale, significance and increasing magnitude of anthropogenic interactions with aquifers and groundwater, which often involve conflicting values or interests, call for analysis, discussions and decisions on the part of the agents involved, e.g. groundwater scientists, policymakers, managers, organisations, professionals and citizens. This approach calls for a responsible, sustainable and human approach to groundwater use and management. The groundwater community involved in the exploration and exploitation, use and management of this increasingly vital natural resource is becoming more and more aware that ethical issues pervade all our attitudes from concept to action and need to be addressed. Diverse values and cultures, science and education, law and policies, human and natural environments and the public and the economic sectors view groundwater and its value and/or role differently. The authors believe that in a globalised and interconnected world, common ground must be found in the interest of peace, human development and sustainability. The main topics covered here include: 1. Fundamentals of hydrogeoethics: cultures, principles and geoethical values on groundwater science and engineering. 2. Lessons for a resilient and sustainable future with hydrogeoethics: case studies of geoethics in groundwater science-engineering, profession, and management. 3. Scientific and humanistic components of hydrogeoethics in groundwater education and professional training. 4. Socio-hydrogeology and ethical groundwater management. 5. Geoethics of decision making under uncertainty and ethical issues in neglecting groundwater functioning. 6. Groundwater: geological, legal, social, and ethical challenges of a unique natural resource.

Description: Published

Description: 1TR. Georisorse

Description: The most severe biotic crisis on Earth history occurred during the Permian–Triassic (PT) transition around 252 Ma. Whereas in the marine realm such extinction event is well-constrained, in terrestrial settings it is still poorly known, mainly due to the lack of suitable complete sections. This is utterly the case along the Western Tethys region, located at Pangaea's equator, where terrestrial successions are typically build-up of red beds often characterised by a significant erosive gap at the base of the Triassic strata. Henceforth, documenting potentially complete terrestrial successions along the PT transition becomes fundamental. Here, we document the exceptional Coll de Terrers area from the Catalan Pyrenees (NE Iberian Peninsula), for which a multidisciplinary research is conducted along the PT transition. The red-bed succession, located in a long E-W extended narrow rift system known as Pyrenean Basin, resulted from a continuous sedimentary deposition evolving from meandering (lower Upper Red Unit) to playa-lake/ephemeral lacustrine (upper Upper Red Unit) and again to meandering settings (Buntsandstein facies). Sedimentary continuity is suggested by preliminary cyclostratigraphic analysis that warrants further analysis. Our combined sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical data infer a humid-semiarid-humid climatic trend across the studied succession. The uppermost Permian strata, deposited under an orbitally controlled monsoonal regime, yields a relatively diverse ichnoassemblage mainly composed of tetrapod footprints and arthropod trace fossils. Such fossils indicate appropriate life conditions and water presence in levels that also display desiccation structures. These levels alternate with barren intervals formed under dry conditions, being thus indicative of strong seasonality. All these features are correlated with those reported elsewhere in Gondwana and Laurasia, and suggest that the Permian–Triassic boundary might be recorded somewhere around the Buntsandstein base. Consequently, Coll de Terrers and the whole Catalan Pyrenees become key regions to investigate in detail the Permian extinction event and the Triassic ecosystems recovery.

Description: Published

Description: 46–60

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Mapping and luminescence aging of raised marine terraces and aeolian ridges along an ∼90 km coastal stretch in southwestern Sicily provide the first quantitative assessment of vertical tectonic deformation in this region, which spans the frontal part of an active thrust belt. We recognized a staircase of eleven terraces and nine related aeolian ridges. The elevation profile of terraces parallel to the coast shows a 〉90 km long bell-shaped pattern, onto which shorter-wavelength (∼10 km long) undulations are superimposed. Luminescence ages from terraced beach deposits and aeolian sediments constrain the position of paleoshorelines formed during MIS 5e, 7a and 7c, with a maximum uplift rate of ∼0.75 mm/a, and indicate a late Middle-Late Pleistocene (80–400 ka) age for the sequence of terraces. The elevation of Lower Pleistocene morpho-depositional markers points that uplift may have occurred at similar rates at the beginning of the Early Pleistocene, but almost zeroed between ∼1.5 and 0.4 Ma before the recent renewal. The uneven elevation of Middle-Upper Pleistocene paleoshorelines observed moving along the coast documents that uplift embeds both a regional and a local component. The regional, symmetric bell-shaped uplift is related to involvement in the thrust belt of thicker crustal portions of the northern African continental margin. The short-wavelength undulations represent the local component and correspond to actively growing bedrock folds. The present study contributes to unravel the different spatial and temporal scales of deformation processes at a collisional margin.

Description: Published

Description: 106812

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Monitoring of the water column in the vicinity of offshore Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) sites is needed to ensure site integrity and to protect the surrounding marine ecosystem. In this regard, the use of continuous, autonomous systems is considered greatly advantageous due to the costs and limitations of periodic, ship-based sampling campaigns. While various geochemical monitoring tools have been developed their elevated costs and complexities mean that typically only one unit can be deployed at a time, yielding single point temporal data but no spatial data. To address this the authors have developed low-cost pCO2 sensors (GasPro-pCO2) that are small, robust, stable, and which have a low power consumption, characteristics which allow for the deployment of numerous units to monitor the spatial-temporal distribution of pCO2, temperature, and water pressure in surface water environments. The present article details the results of three field deployments at the natural, CO2-leaking site near Panarea, Island. While the first consisted of 6 probes placed on the sea floor for a 2.5 month period, the other two involved the deployment of 20 GasPro units along a transect through the water column in the vicinity of active CO2 seeps over 2 – 4 days. Results show both transport and mixing processes and highlight the dynamic nature of the leakage-induced marine geochemical anomalies. Implications for monitoring programs as well as potential impacts are discussed.

Description: Published

Description: 3840 – 3847

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: In this paper we present and discuss data concerning the morphostructural evolution at Ustica Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) during Late Quaternary. New insights on the relative sea-level changes of Ustica are coming from data collected during a geomorphological field survey around the island, together with the bathymetric analysis of the surrounding seabed and 14C datings on samples of speleothems, flowstones and marine shells found inside three selected sea caves. The survey was mainly accomplished on June 2015 through the first complete snorkel investigation off the about 18 km-long volcanic coast of the island, which allowed to precisely define location, relationship and morphometric features of coastal landforms associated with modern sea level. This study highlights the occurrence, for the first time in the Mediterranean, of tidal notches in correspondence of carbonate inclusions in volcanic rocks. The elevation of the modern tidal notch suggests that no significant vertical deformations occurred in the southeastern and eastern sectors of Ustica in the last 100 years. However, the presence of pillow lavas along the coast demonstrates that Ustica was affected by a regional uplift since the Late Quaternary, as also confirmed by MIS5.5 deposits located at about 30 m a.s.l., which suggests an average uplift rate of 0.23 mm/y. Radiocarbon dating of fossil barnacles collected inside the Grotta Segreta cave indicate an age of 1823 ± 104 cal. BP. The difference in height with respect to living barnacles in the same site suggests that their present elevation could be related to stick-slip coseismic deformations caused by the four earthquake sequences (two of which with Mw = 4.63 ± 0.46) that strongly struck the island between 1906 and 1924.

Description: Published

Description: 94–106

Description: 1VV. Altro

Description: JCR Journal

Description: To better define the seismic velocities of the shallow crust in central Italy, in the area affected by the 1997 Colfiorito, 2009 L’Aquila and 2016–2018 Amatrice–Norcia seismic sequences, we selected all deep wells with available sonic logs from the Apennine belt to the related Adriatic foredeep. Sonic logs are among the most important in situ measurements of rock properties and provide a reliable image of physical conditions at depth. By analysing the wave train transit times, we inferred the P-wave velocity within depth intervals displaying homogeneous sonic log properties, and estimated the rock density by applying an empirical relationship between the sonic velocity and density in sedimentary rocks. We compared these results with the main litho-stratigraphic units in stratigraphic profiles of the wells. From the density estimates, we inferred the trends of the vertical stress magnitude in the belt, eastern front and foredeep geodynamic domains. This work is a contribution to better interpretation of physical conditions at depth and provides data that can be applied to define more complete seismological, gravity and magnetic models. We provide data uncertainties that must be considered to ensure proper use of data and to evaluate the spatial resolution of the models derived from those data.

Description: Published

Description: id 3834

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This paper presents a detailed geological map at the 1:20,000 scale of the Tocomar basin in the Central Puna (north-western Argentina), which extends over an area of about 80 km2 and displays the spatial distribution of the Quaternary deposits and the structures that cover the Ordovician basement and the Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic units. The new dataset includes litho-facies descriptions, stratigraphic and structural data and new 234U/230Th ages for travertine rocks. The new reconstructed stratigraphic framework, along with the structural analysis, has revealed the complex evolution of a small extensional basin including a period of prolonged volcanic activity with different eruptive centres and styles. The geological map improves the knowledge of the geology of the Tocomar basin and the local interplay between orogen-parallel thrusts and orogen-oblique fault systems. This contribution represents a fundamental support for in depth research and also for encouraging geothermal exploration and exploitation in the Puna Plateau region.

Description: Published

Description: id 5492

Description: 1TR. Georisorse

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Final report illustrating the site characterization for seismic station IV.INTR

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Description: Unpublished

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: In this report we present the geological setting and the geophysical measurements and results obtained in the framework of the 2019-2021 agreement between INGV and DPC, called Allegato B2: Obiettivo 1 - TASK 2: Caratterizzazione siti accelerometrici (Responsabili: G. Cultrera, F. Pacor) for the site characterization of station IV.LNSS (Leonessa).

Description: Convenzione DPC-INGV 2019-21, All.B2- OB1, Task B: “Caratterizzazione siti accelerometrici” (Coord.: G.Cultrera, F. Pacor) Working group INGV "Agreement DPC-INGV 2019-21, All.B2- OB1, Task B”, ( 2020 ).

Description: Unpublished

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: The Calabrian Arc subduction, southern Italy, is a critical structural element in the geodynamic evolution of the central Mediterranean basin. It is a narrow, northwestdipping slab bordered to the southwest by the Alfeo Fault System (AFS) and to the northeast by a gradual transition to a collision. We used a dense set of two-dimensional high-penetration (up to 12 s) multichannel seismic reflection profiles to build a threedimensional model that spans the AFS for over 180 km of its length. We find that the AFS is made up of four deep-seated major blind segments that cut through the lower plate, offset the subduction interface, and only partially propagate upward across the accretionary wedge in the upper plate. These faults evolve with a scissor-like mechanism (mode III of rupture propagation). The shallow part of the accretionary wedge is affected by secondary deformation features well aligned with the AFS at depth but also mechanically decoupled from it. Despite the decoupling, the syn-tectonic Pliocene-Holocene deposits that fill in the accommodation space generated by the AFS activity at depth, constrain the age of inception of the AFS and allows us to estimate its throw and propagation rates. The maximum throw value is 6,000 m in the NW sector and decreases to the SE. Considering the age of faulting, the fault throw rate decreases accordingly from 2.31 mm/yr to 1 mm/yr. The propagation rate decreases from 62 mm/yr to 15 mm/yr during the Pliocene-Pleistocene, suggesting that also the Calabrian subduction process should have slowed down accordingly. The detailed spatial and temporal reconstruction of this type of faults can reveal necessary information about the evolution of subduction systems.

Description: Published

Description: id 107

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Earthquake Environmental Effects (EEEs) are a common occurrence following moderate to strong seismic events. EEEs are described in literary sources even for earthquakes that occurred hundreds of years ago, but their potential for hazard assessment is not fully exploited. Here we analyze five earthquakes occurred in the Southern Apennines (Italy) between 1688 and 1980, to assess if EEEs are reliable indicators of the effects caused by past earthquakes. We investigate the spatial distribution of EEEs and their ability to repeatedly occur at the same place, and we quantitatively compare the macroseismic fields expressed in terms of damage-based intensity (MCS: Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg) to the Environmental Scale Intensity (ESI) macroseismic field, derived from an intensity attenuation relation. We computed the field “ESI-MCS”, showing that results are consistent when comparing different seismic events and that ESI values are higher in the first ca. 10 km from the epicenter, while at distances greater than 20 km MCS values are higher than ESI. Our research demonstrates that (i) EEEs offer a detailed picture of earthquake effects in the near field and (ii) the reappraisal of literary sources under a modern perspective may provide improved input parameters that are useful for seismic hazard assessment.

Description: Published

Description: 332

Description: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Speleoseismological research carried out in the Central Apennines (Italy) contributed to understanding the behavior of active normal faults that are potentially able to generate Mw 6.5–7 earthquakes documented by paleoseismology and by historical and instrumental seismology. Radiometric (U‐Th, AMS‐14C, and bulk‐14C) dating of predeformation and postdeformation layers from collapsed speleothems found in Cola Cave indicates that at least three speleoseismic events occurred in the cave during the last ~12.5 ka and were ostensibly caused by seismic slip on one or more of the active faults located in the region surrounding the cave. We modeled the collapse of a tall (173 cm high) stalagmite to find a causative association of this event with one among the potential seismogenic sources. We defined the uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) for each seismogenic source at the site, and we used the calculated spectra in a deterministic approach to study the behavior of the speleothem, through a numerical finite element modeling (FEM). Although our analysis suggests the “Liri” fault as the most likely source responsible for the ground shaking recorded in the cave, the “Fucino” fault system, responsible for a Mw 7 earthquake in 1915, cannot be excluded as a potential source of speleoseismic damage. Results of this work provide new constraints on the seismotectonic history of this sector of Central Apennines and highlight the performance of integrated speleoseismological, seismic hazard, and numerical studies.

Description: Published

Description: e2020TC006289

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: National Italian funding has recently been allocated for the construction of a 350 MWe coal-fired power plant / CCS demonstration plant in the Sulcis area of SW Sardinia, Italy. In addition, the recently approved EC-funded ENOS project (ENabling Onshore CO2 Storage in Europe) will use the Sulcis site as one of its main field research laboratories. Site characterization is already ongoing, and work has begun to design gas injection experiments at 100-200 m depth in a fault. This article gives an overview of results to date and plans for the future from the Sapienza University of Rome research group.

Description: Published

Description: 2742 – 2747

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Continuous monitoring has been carried out at a fluvial flood-plain site near Rome for over a year. There is a mix of biogenic CO2 and deep geogenic CO2 at the site at relatively low concentrations and fluxes compared with other natural CO2 seepage sites studied previously. Factors such as temperature and soil moisture clearly affect the CO2 concentration and flux and seasonal and diurnal influences are apparent. Statistical approaches are being used to try to define these relationships and separate out the two gas components, which would be necessary in any quantification of leakage from CO2 storage.

Description: Published

Description: 3824 – 3831

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Sulcis Basin is an area situated in SW Sardinia (Italy) and is a potential site for the development of CCS in Italy. This paper illustrates the preliminary results of geological characterization of fractured carbonate reservoir (Miliolitico Fm.) and the sealing sequence, composed by clay, marl, and volcanic rocks, with a total thickness of more than 900 m. To characterize the reservoir-caprock system an extensive structural-geological survey at the outcrop was conducted. It was also performed a study of the geochemical monitoring, to define the baseline conditions, measuring CO2 concentrations and flux in the study site.

Description: Published

Description: 549–555

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: 3D geological models from multi-source data (cross-sections, geological maps, borehole logs and outcrops) are a critical tool to improve the interpretation of the spatial organization of subsurface structures that are not directly accessible. In this paper, we reconstruct the main geological structures and surfaces in three dimensions through the interpolation of closely and regularly spaced 2D seismic sections, constrained by wells data and surface geology. The methodology was applied in the Marche–Abruzzi sector of the Periadriatic basin, where the more external part of the Apennines fold-and-thrust belt is mostly buried under a syn- and post-orogenic, Plio–Pleistocene, siliciclastic sequence. The 3D model allowed us to correlate the main thrust fronts and related anticlines along strike, revealing a general ramp – flat – ramp trajectory characterizing the main structural trends. This geometric organization influences the sequence of thrust-system propagation and characterizes the evolution of syntectonic basins. The obtained 3D model points out several variation occurring along strike: i) main trends geometric relationships; ii) deformation chronology and iii) displacement distribution. In the northern sector, higher displacement and structural elevation are reached out by the Nereto–Bellante structure, whereas in the southern sector the Villadegna–Costiera Structure is the prevalent. All structures show a diachronic thrusts activity along strike, younger toward the north.

Description: Published

Description: 107-121

Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The occurrence of high volumes of methane during tunneling operations is a critical safety factor that can influence the choice of different technical approaches for tunnel design and construction. Moreover, gas accumulation can be influenced by fluid migration along spatially focused preferential pathways (i.e. points along faults and fracture zones) that can result in highly variable gas concentrations along the tunnel trace. This paper proposes a methodological approach to minimize the risks, and costs, related to tunnel construction in rocks with potentially high methane concentrations. This approach combines soil gas geochemistry and structural geology surveys along and across the main faults and fracture systems that occur in the study area. The procedure is based on near-surface sampling and consists of a two-pronged approach: the measurement of fault zone gas emissions and their classification as barrier or conduit zones. Moreover, it is illustrated the importance of measuring a wide spectrum of different gas species, not just methane, for a more accurate interpretation of the geological, geochemical, and structural systems. This is due to the potential for multiple gas origins, different gas associations, and various alteration and oxidation processes (e.g., CH4 oxidation into CO2) that can modify the geochemical signal along the flow path as gas migrates towards the surface.

Description: Published

Description: 1035-1038

Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche

Description: Although CO2 capture and storage in deep, offshore reservoirs is a proven technology, as illustrated by over 15 years of operation of the Sleipner site in the Norwegian North Sea, potential leakage from such sites into the overlying water column remains a concern for some stakeholders. Therefore, we are obliged to carefully assess our ability to predict and monitor the migration, fate, and potential ecosystem impact of any leaked CO2. The release of bubbles from the sea floor, their upward movement, and their dissolution into the surrounding water controls the initial boundary conditions, and thus an understanding of the behavior of CO2 bubbles is critical to address such issues related to monitoring and risk assessment. The present study describes results from an in situ experiment conducted in 12 m deep marine water near the extinct volcanic island of Panarea (Italy). Bubbles of a controlled size were created using natural CO2 released from the sea floor, and their evolution during ascent in the water column was monitored via both video and chemical measurements. The obtained results were modelled and a good fit was obtained, showing the potential of the model as a predictive tool. These preliminary results and an assessment of the difficulties encountered are examined and will be used to improve experimental design for the subsequent phase of this research.

Description: Published

Description: 397–403

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The focus of this study is Anthemountas basin in northern Greece, where land subsidence phenomena had been previously identified. The basin has a NNW-SSE orientation, which is optimal to the currently acting ~ N-S extension field in the back-arc Aegean area and is bordered to its north and south edge by two, well-pronounced faults. The region of study is located close to the greater metropolitan city of Thessaloniki and comprises a number of critical facilities including the city’s international airport. The research object is the monitoring of the evolution of the displacement at Anthemountas graben, using InSAR time-series and the investigation of the dominant driving mechanism. We show new surface displacement results from the ENVISAR satellite, and overall, an enhanced dataset of SAR time-series is presented, spanning the period 1992 to 2010, by using the satellites ERS1, ERS2 and ENVISAT. Results indicate a continuously deforming environment in both decades, with an increasing magnitude. The detailed study of the deformation pattern together with the analysis of in situ data defines aquifer overpumping as the main cause of the detected displacement of both decades. Critical regions are examined in detail, as for example: an area close to Thermi, the town of Perea and the Thessaloniki’s international airport, a major hub of the Balkans. The latter was subjected to an increasing deforming velocity during the monitoring period. Overall, we conclude that a water management plan should be of high priority for the area.

Description: Published

Description: 518

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Argnani (2020) raised concerns about our interpretation of the Alfeo Fault System (AFS) as a lithospheric tear bounding the Calabrian Arc (Maesano et al., 2020). Some of these concerns arise from elements overlooked by Argnani (2020); others are marginally related to our work; none of them implies possible changes in our results in the absence of newer data. We briefly discuss these issues in the following.

Description: Published

Description: 644544

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: At Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 317 Site U1352, east of the South Island New Zealand, we continuously cored a 1927-m-thick Holocene-to-Eocene section where we can uniquely document downhole changes in induration and lithification in siliciclastic to calcareous fine-grained sediment using a wide range of petrological, physical-property, and geochemical data sets. Porosity decreases from around 50% at the surface to 5–10% at the base of the deepest hole, with a corresponding increase in density from ∼ 2 to ∼ 2.5 g cm3. There are progressive bulk mineral changes with depth, including an increase in carbonate and decrease in quartz and clay content. Grain compaction is first seen in thin section at 347 m below sea floor and intensifies downhole. Pressure solution (chemical compaction) begins at 380 m and is common below 1440 m, with stylolite development below 1600 m, and sediment injection features below 1680 m. Porewater geochemistry and petrographic observations document two active zones of cementation, one shallow (eogenetic) down to ∼ 50 m, as evidenced by micritic nodules and pore-water geochemistry driven by methane oxidation by sulfate, and another burial-related cementation zone (mesogenetic) starting at ∼ 300 m. A transitional zone occurs between 50 and 300 m. Our results quantify downhole diagenetic changes and verify depth estimates for these processes inferred from outcrop studies, and provide an actualistic example of cementation and compaction trends in a slope setting.

Description: Published

Description: 272–287

Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari

Description: JCR Journal

Description: In this chapter, we deal with a posterior analysis of supervised and unsupervised learning techniques. Concerning supervised learning, we discuss methods of cross-validation and assessment of uncertainty of tests by means of the “Receiver Operation Curve” and the “Kappa-Statistics.” We show the importance of appropriate target information. Furthermore, features are critical; when they are not properly chosen, they fail to describe objects in a unique way. A critical attitude is mandatory to validate the success of an application. A high score of success does not automatically mean that a method is truly effective. At the same time, users should not despair when the desired success is not achieved. A posteriori analysis on the reasons for an apparent failure may provide useful insights into the problem. Targets may not be appropriately defined, features can be inadequate, etc. Problems can be often fixed by adjusting a few choices; sometimes a change of strategy may be necessary to improve results. In unsupervised learning, we ask whether the structures revealed in the data are meaningful. Cluster analysis offers rules giving formal answers to this question; however, such rules are not generally applicable. In some cases, a heuristic approach may be necessary.

Description: Published

Description: 237-259

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: Unsupervised learning is based on the definition of an appropriate metrics defining the similarity of patterns. On the basis of the metrics, we form groups or clusters of patterns following various strategies. In partitioning cluster analysis, we form disjoint clusters. Being faced with data, where clusters still exhibit heterogeneities or subclusters, we may adopt the strategy of hierarchical clustering, which leads to the generation of the so-called dendrograms. In the partitioning strategy, we choose a priori the number of clusters we wish to form, whereas in the hierarchical strategy, the number of clusters depends on the resolution we want to have. Density-based clustering considers local structures of a data set. We consider a unit volume in our data space and derive the density of samples within this volume. Moving toward neighboring volumes, we verify whether the number of samples has dropped below a threshold. If this is the case, we identify a heterogeneity, otherwise we join the neighboring volumes to a common cluster. Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) provide a way of representing multidimensional data in much lower dimensional spaces than the original data set. The process of reducing the dimensionality of vectors is essentially a data compression technique known as vector quantization. The SOM technique creates a network that stores information in a way that it maintains the topological relationships within the patterns of the data set. Each node of the network represents a number of patterns. Assigning a color code to the nodes, the representation of pattern characteristics with high-dimensional feature vectors becomes extremely effective.

Description: Published

Description: 87-124

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: This chapter demonstrates how Unsupervised Learning can be applied in Geophysics. It starts with an example of clustering seismic spectra obtained on Stromboli volcano. K-means clustering as well as clustering using the Adaptive Criterion are applied. The latter criterion is preferred as it better matches the statistical characteristics of the data. Clusters show close relation to the state of volcanic activity. Density based clustering reveals groups whose hulls can be of irregular shape. This makes the method attractive, among others, for the identification of structural elements in geology, which often do not have a simple geometry. An example application is discussed considering the distribution of earthquake locations on Mt Etna, which clearly evidence structures already identified by other, independent evidences. Using SOM we aim at data reduction and effective graphical visualization. In an example for climate data we demonstrate the application of SOM for zoning purposes. Besides, the temporal evolution of spectral seismic data recorded on Mt Etna can be effectively monitored using SOM. We further illustrate the use of SOM for directional data, which can be handled best using a toroidal sheet geometry. We discuss this using a data set of seismic moment tensors of Mediterranean earthquakes.

Description: Published

Description: 189-234

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: In this chapter, we present scripts and programs that accompany this book. Five MATLAB scripts regard simple examples related to supervised learning, that is, linear discrimination, the perceptron, support vector machines, and hidden Markov models. Seven scripts are devoted to unsupervised learning, such as K-means and fuzzy clustering, agglomerative clustering, density-based clustering, and clustering of patterns where features are correlated. These scripts provide a starting point for the reader, who can adjust and modify the codes with respect to proper needs. Besides, we provide sources and executables of programs that can be readily applied to larger and more complex datasets. These programs regard supervised learning using multilayerperceptron and support vector machines. KKAnalysis is a toolbox for unsupervised learning and offers various options of clustering and the use of self-organizing maps. The programs offer graphical user interfaces (GUI) to facilitate their use and create both graphical and alphanumeric output that can be used in further processing steps. The programs come along with real-world datasets that are also discussed in the example applications presented in various chapters of the book. Other propaedeutic material can be found in a folder called “miscellaneous.”

Description: Published

Description: 261-313

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: In this paper we reply to the criticisms advanced by Narkiewicz (2017) on the paper by Schito et al. (2017). We clarify the issues related to the stratigraphic and thermal maturity constraints used for reconstructing burial and thermal models of the two blocks of the Holy Cross Mountains. We also show how geological evidences brought by Narkiewicz (2017) as a proof of elevated Variscan heat flow are not conclusive or at least suggest the occurence of a localized thermal anomaly only along the area of the Holy Cross Fault. In the end, we performed new burial and thermal models in the Kielce region demonstrating that stratigraphic thickness variations between Schito et al. (2017) and Narkiewicz et al. (2010) produce only negligible differences in levels of thermal maturity of Paleozoic rocks. In addition, we outline that levels of thermal maturity for Silurian rocks can be matched only by using constant heat flow values through the Paleozoic and point to a decisive role for the absence of regional high Variscan heat flow in the area.

Description: Published

Description: 1114-1122

Description: 1TR. Studi per le Georisorse

Description: JCR Journal

Description: An Mw 6.1, devastating earthquake, on April 6, 2009, struck the Middle Aterno Valley (Abruzzi Apennines, Italy) due to the activation of a poorly known normal fault system. Structural analysis of the fault population and investigation of the relationships with the Quaternary continental deposits through integrated field and laboratory techniques were conducted in order to reconstruct the long-term, tectono-sedimentary evolution of the basin and hypothesize the size of the fault segment. A polyphasic evolution of the Middle Aterno Valley is characterized by a conjugate, ∼E-W and ∼NS-striking fault system, during the early stage of basin development, and by a dip-slip, NW-striking fault system in a later phase. The old conjugate fault system controlled the generation of the largest sedimentary traps in the area and is responsible for the horst and graben structures within the basin. During the Early Pleistocene the E-W and NS system reactivated with dip-slip kinematics. This gave rise to intra-basin bedrock highs and a significant syn-tectonic deposition, causing variable thickness and hiatuses of the continental infill. Subsequently, since the end of the Early Pleistocene, with the inception of the NW-striking fault system, several NW-strands linked into longer splays and their activity migrated toward a leading segment affecting the Paganica-San Demetrio basin: the Paganica-San Demetrio fault alignment. The findings from this work constrain and are consistent with the subsurface basin geometry inferred from previous geophysical investigations. Notably, two major elements of the ∼E-W and ∼NS-striking faults likely act as transfer to the nearby stepping active fault systems or form the boundaries, as geometric complexities, that limit the Paganica-San Demetrio fault segment overall length to 19 ± 3 km. The resulting size of the leading fault segment is coherent with the extent of the 6 April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake causative fault. The positive match between the geologic long-term and coseismic images of the 2009 seismogenic fault highlights that the comprehensive reconstruction of the deformation history offers a unique contribution to the understanding faults seismic potential.

Description: MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) project “FIRB Abruzzo - High-resolution analyses for assessing the seismic hazard and risk of the areas affected by the 6 April 2009 earthquake”, ref. RBAP10ZC8K_005 and RBAP10ZC8K_007, and by Agreement INGV-DPC 2012–2021

Description: Published

Description: 30-66

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: A multidisciplinary methodology, integrating stratigraphic, geomorphological and structural data, combined with GIS-aided analysis and PS-InSAR interferometric data,was applied to characterize the relationships between ground deformations and the stratigraphic and themorphostructural setting of the Venafro intermontane basin. This basin is a morphostructural depression related to NW-SE and NE-SW oriented high angle normal faults bordering and crossing it. In particular, a well-known active fault crossing the plain is the Aquae Juliae Fault, whose recent activity is evidenced by archeoseismological data. The approach applied here reveals newevidence of possible faulting, acting during the Lower to Upper Pleistocene, which has driven the morphotectonic and the environmental evolution of the basin. In particular, the tectonic setting emerging from this study highlights the influence of theNW-SE oriented extensional phase during the late Lower Pleistocene – earlyMiddle Pleistocene, in the generation of NE-SWtrending, SE dipping, high-angle faults andNW-SE trending, high-angle transtensive faults. This phase has been followed by a NE-SW extensional one, responsible for the formation of NW-SE trending, both NWand SE dipping, high-angle normal faults, and the reactivation of the oldest NE-SWoriented structures. These NW-SE trending normal faults include the Aquae Juliae Fault and a new one, unknown until now, crossing the plain between the Venafro village and the Colle Cupone Mt. (hereinafter named the Venafro-Colle Cupone Fault, VCCF). This fault has controlled deposition of the youngest sedimentary units (late Middle Pleistocene to late Upper Pleistocene) suggesting its recent activity and it is well constrained by PSInSAR data, as testified by the increase of the subsidence rate in the hanging wall block.

Description: Published

Description: 80-101

Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: A new method merges conventional and quantitative biostratigraphic approaches, supported by magnetic polarity data, to develop a chronological framework for sediment core MD03-2595 retrieved on the continental rise off Wilkes Land, East Antarctica before proceeding to paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic analysis. This combined method helped to identify climatic cycles, highlight stratigraphic discontinuities and reworking, and assess regional sedimentological and diatom biostratigraphic evolution. Core MD03-2595 spans the last 0.8 Ma, from the Mid Pleistocene Transition (MPT) to the Early Holocene. A hiatus including Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 19, 18 and 17 was identified, and a decreasing trend in sediment accumulation rates from MIS 16 to the Holocene was observed. This quantitative diatom biostratigraphic dataset, placed in its own sedimentological and paleomagnetic context, provides new information regarding the paleobiogeographic distribution and ecological responses of biostratigraphically significant diatom species, such as Thalassiosira elliptipora and T. fasciculata, for the Matuyama–Brunhes (M–B) transition, and Actinocyclus ingens, Hemidiscus karstenii and Rouxia spp. for the middle and late Pleistocene diatom biozonation.

Description: Published

Description: 81-96

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: Fault displacement hazard assessment is based on empirical relationships that are established using historic earthquake fault ruptures. These relationships evaluate the likelihood of coseismic surface slip considering on-fault and off-fault ruptures, for given earthquake magnitude and distance to fault. Moreover, they allow predicting the amount of fault slip at and close to the active fault of concern. Applications of this approach include land use planning, structural design of infrastructure, and critical facilities located on or close to an active fault. To date, the current equations are based on sparsely populated datasets, including a limited number of pre-2000 events. In 2015, an international effort started to constitute a worldwide and unified fault displacement database (SUrface Ruptures due to Earthquakes [SURE]) to improve further hazard estimations. After two workshops, it was decided to unify the existing datasets (field-based slip measurements) to incorporate recent and future cases, and to include new parameters relevant to properly describe the rupture. This contribution presents the status of the SURE database and delineates some perspectives to improve the surface-faulting assessment. Original data have been compiled and adapted to the structure. The database encompasses 45 earthquakes from magnitude 5–7.9, with more than 15,000 coseismic surface deformation observations (including slip measurements) and 56,000 of rupture segments. Twenty earthquake cases are from Japan, 15 from United States, two from Mexico, Italy, and New Zealand, one from Kyrgystan, Ecuador, Turkey, and Argentina. Twenty-four earthquakes are strike-slip faulting events, 11 are normal or normal oblique, and 10 are reverse faulting.

Description: Published

Description: 499–520

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Tsunami deposits present an important archive for understanding tsunami histories and dynamics. Most research in this field has focused on onshore preserved remains, while the offshore deposits have received less attention. In 2009, during a coring campaign with theItalian Navy Magnaghi, four 1 m long gravity cores (MG cores) were sampled from the northern part of Augusta Bay, along a transect in 60 to 110 m water depth. These cores were taken in the same area where a core (MS06) was collected in 2007 about 2.3 km offshore Augusta at a water depth of 72 m below sea level. Core MS06 consisted of a 6.7 m long sequence that included 12 anomalous intervals interpreted as the primary effect of tsunami backwash waves in the last 4500 years. In this study, tsunami deposits were identified, based on sedimentology and displaced benthic foraminifera (as for core MS06) reinforced by X-ray fluorescence data. Two erosional surfaces (L1 and L2) were recognized coupled with grain size increase, abundant Posidonia oceanica seagrass remains and a significant amount of Nubecularia lucifuga, an epiphytic sessile benthic foraminifera considered to be transported from the inner shelf. The occurrence of Ti/Ca and Ti/Sr increments, coinciding with peaks in organic matter (Mo inc/coh) suggests terrestrial run-off coupled with an input of organic matter. The L1 and L2 horizons were attributed to two distinct historical tsunamis (AD 1542 and AD 1693) by indirect age-estimation methods using 210Pb profiles and the comparison of Volume Magnetic Susceptibility data between MG cores and MS06 cores. One most recent bioturbated horizon (Bh), despite not matching the above listed interpretative features, recorded an important palaeoenvironmental change that may correspond to the AD 1908 tsunami. These findings reinforce the value of offshore sediment records as an underutilized resource for the identification of past tsunamis.

Description: Published

Description: 1553-1576

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We present a structural study on the tectonic windows of Giffoni and Campagna, located in the western sector of the southern Apennines (Italy). We analyzed thrusts, folds, and related minor deformation structures. Here, a major in-sequence E-verging thrust fault juxtaposes Meso-Cenozoic successions of the Apennine Platform (Picentini Mts unit) and the Lagonegro-Molise Basin (Frigento unit). However, out-of-sequence thrusts duplicated the tectonic pile with the interposition of the upper Miocene wedge-top basin deposits of the Castelvetere Group. We reconstructed the orogenic evolution of these two tectonic windows, including five deformation phases. The first (D1) was related to the in-sequence thrusting with minor thrusts and folds, widespread both in the footwall and the hanging wall. A subsequent extension (D2) has formed normal faults crosscutting the D1 thrusts and folds. All structures were subsequently affected by two shortening stages (D3 and D4), which also deformed the upper Miocene wedge top basin deposits of the Castelvetere Group. We interpreted the D3–D4 structures as related to an out-of-sequence thrust system defined by a main frontal E-verging thrust and lateral ramps characterized by N and S vergences. Low-angle normal faults were formed in the hanging wall of the major thrusts. Out-of-sequence thrusts are observed in the whole southern Apennines, recording a crustal shortening event that occurred in the late Messinian–early Pliocene. Finally, we suggest that the two tectonic windows are the result of the formation of an E–W trending regional antiform, associated with a late S-verging back-thrust, that has been eroded and crosscut by normal faults (D5) in the Early Pleistocene. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Description: Published

Description: 405

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This chapter presents applications of supervised learning in various geophysical disciplines, being them seismology, geodesy, magnetism, and others. For all examples, we provide a brief introduction to the geophysical background. Practical aspects, such as normalization issues and feature selection, are discussed. A posteriori considerations shed light on the geophysical problem, such as the importance of model parameters in regression, the possible nonuniqueness in inversion, and flaws in the definition of targets. We demonstrate multilayer perceptrons (MLPs) as classifiers of seismic waveforms. Besides, we show how the use of MLP is straightforward in the context of inversion of various kinds of data, for example, seismic, geodetic, and magnetic. Regression with MLP is applied to magnetotelluric and seismic data. Multiclass classification with support vector machine (SVM) is discussed for infrasound waveforms and volcanic rocks using geochemical characteristics. We introduce the use of SVM in the context of regression, which is formally less immediate than for MLP, but yields good results. An example deals with empirical ground motion estimation during earthquakes. In hidden Markov models and Bayesian networks one considers the interrelation between observations rather than single patterns. We show their benefits in various applications, from seismic waveform classification aimed at the forecast of volcanic unrest up to their use in tsunami early-warning systems.

Description: Published

Description: 127-187

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: Radon isotopes (222Rn, 220Rn) are noble, naturally occurring radioactive gases. They originate from the alpha decay of radium isotopes (226Ra, 224Ra), which occur in most materials in the environment, i.e. soil, rocks, raw and building materials. Radon is also found in ground and tap water. The two radon isotopes are chemically identical, but they have very different halflives: 3.82 days for radon (222Rn) and 56 seconds for thoron (220Rn). Thus, they behave very differently in the environment. Both isotopes are alpha-emitters; their decay products are polonium, bismuth and lead isotopes. The main source of radon in air (indoor or outdoor) is soil, where radon concentrations are very high and reach tens of Bq/m3. Radon release from soil into the atmosphere depends on radium (226Ra) concentration in soil, soil parameters (porosity, density, humidity) and weather conditions (e.g. air temperature and pressure, wind, precipitation). Outdoor radon concentrations are relatively low and change daily and seasonally. These changes may be used to study the movement of air masses and other climatic conditions. Radon gas enters buildings (homes, workplaces) through cracks, crevices and leaks that occur in foundations and connections between different materials in the building. This is due to temperature and pressure differences between indoors and outdoors. Indoor radon is the most important source of radiation exposure to the public, especially on ground floor. Radon and its decay products represent the main contributor to the effective dose of ionising radiation that people receive. Radon is generally considered as the second cause of increased risk of lung cancer (after smoking). The only way to assess indoor radon concentration is to make measurements. Different methods exist, but the most common one is to use track-etched detectors. Such detectors may be used to perform longterm (e.g. annual) measurements in buildings. The exposure time is important because indoor radon levels change daily and seasonally. Moreover, radon concentration shows a high spatial variation on a local scale, and is strongly connected with geological structure, building characteristics and ventilation habits of occupants. A European map of indoor radon concentration has been prepared and is displayed. It is derived from survey data received from 35 countries participating on a voluntary basis.

Description: Published

Description: 108-137

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: The monitoring of the integrity of onshore geological carbon capture and storage projects will require an approach that integrates various methods with different spatial and temporal resolutions. One method proven to be quite effective for site assessment, leakage monitoring, and leakage verification is near-surface gas geochemistry, which includes soil gas concentration and gas flux measurements. Anomalous concentrations or fluxes, relative to the natural background values, can indicate the potential occurrence of a leak. However, the natural background can be quite variable, especially for CO2, due to biological production and accumulation in the soil that changes as a function of soil type, land use, geology, temperature, water content, and various other parameters. To better understand how these parameters influence natural, near-surface background values, and to examine the potential of different sampling strategies as a function of the survey goals, this paper reports results from two highly different case studies, one from northern Europe (Volund, Denmark) and one from southern Europe (Sulcis, Sardinia, Italy). The small Voulund site, with its homogeneous soil, climate, and topography, was surveyed twice (in fall and in spring) within the EU-funded SiteChar project to examine the effects of different land-use practices and seasons on baseline values. Forested land was found to have lower CO2 concentrations during both campaigns compared to cultivated and heathland, and higher CH4 values during the spring sampling campaign. Continuous monitoring probes showed much more detail, highlighting seasonal changes in soil gas CO2 concentrations linked primarily to temperature variations. The much larger Sulcis site, studied within an ENEA-funded project on potential CO2-ECBM (Enhanced Coal Bed Methane) deployment, was surveyed at the regional scale and on detailed grids and transects for site assessment purposes. Despite the completely different soil and climate conditions, the statistical distribution of the Sulcis data was similar to that of Volund. Much higher soil gas CO2 anomalies were found at this site, however, due to the less permeable sediments (i.e., better water retention and greater gas accumulation) and the warmer temperatures. Detailed surveys at this site highlighted various significant anomalies, some of which can be explained by near-surface biological processes, whereas others, especially helium anomalies, were more difficult to explain. These results show the utility of baseline surveys and highlight the need for follow-up studies to clarify any unexplained anomalies before any CO2 storage.

Description: Published

Description: 615-633

Description: 1TR. Georisorse

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We present a study on the mylonites exposed in the Cirella area along the Tyrrhenian coast of northern Calabria(southern Italy), in order to understand the role of ductile and brittle deformation on the exhumation process ofthese rocks. The analyzed shear zone is located in the footwall of a regional tectonic contact between metao-phiolites (Ligurian Complex) on the top, and the continental Lungro-Verbicaro Unit (Adria plate) at the bottom.The latter consists of a metasedimentary succession with Triassic shallow-water carbonates at the base of it,evolving upward to Jurassic-lower Miocene slope to deep basin carbonates and foredeep siliciclastic rocks. Bothoceanic and continental successions are characterized by high-pressure and low-temperature (HP-LT) meta-morphism. The analyzed mylonites show different degrees of strain, ranging from protomylonites to ultra-mylonites, the latter characterized by well-marked foliation and stretching lineations. Several micro- and me-soscale progressive deformation structures, including two fold sets, S-C’structures are present in these rocks, anda late oblique foliation, indicating a NW sense of shear. A successive shortening stage produced thrust faults andrelated folds, indicating a tectonic transport toward SE. We associate the mylonitic deformation with the activityof the overlying detachment fault, which is responsible for the synorogenic exhumation of the Lungro-VerbicaroUnit during the Miocene time. However, the ductile strain, recorded by the studied mylonites, accounted for asmall displacement during the exhumation of this tectonic slice. In fact, the calculated displacement achieved bythe Lungro-Verbicaro Unit, during exhumation, is much larger than the one estimated considering only theductile zones activity. This evidence suggests that, synchronously with ductile strain, brittle deformation oc-curred along the detachment fault located at the top of the thrust sheet. In addition, a severe erosion due to thetectonic exhumation of the HP-LT rocks (in the late Miocene) produced a large amount of clastic sediment thatfilled the extensional basins widespread in northern Calabria.

Description: Published

Description: 101719

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We present a structural study on late Miocene-early Pliocene out-of-sequence thrusts affecting the southern Apennine orogenic belt. The analyzed structures are exposed in the Campania region (southern Italy). Here, thrusts bound the N-NE side of the carbonate ridges that form the regional mountain backbone. In several outcrops, the Mesozoic carbonates are superposed onto the unconformable wedge-top basin deposits of the upper Miocene Castelvetere Group, providing constraints to the age of the activity of this thrusting event. Moreover, a 4-km-long N-S oriented electrical resistivity tomography profile, carried out along the Caserta mountains, sheds light on the structure of this thrust system in an area where it is not exposed. Further information was carried out from a tunnel excavation that allowed us to study some secondary fault splays. The kinematic analysis of out-of-sequence major and minor structures hosted both in the hanging wall (Apennine Platform carbonates) and footwall (Castelvetere Group deposits and Lagonegro-Molise Basin units) indicates the occurrence of two superposed shortening directions, about E-W and N-S, respectively. We associated these compressive structures to an out-of-sequence thrusting event defined by frontal thrusts verging to the east and lateral ramp thrusts verging to the north and south. We related the out-of-sequence thrusting episode to the positive inversion of inherited normal faults located in the Paleozoic basement. These envelopments thrust upward to crosscut the allochthonous wedge, including, in the western zone of the chain, the upper Miocene wedge-top basin deposits.

Description: Published

Description: 301

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: When sedimentation rates overtake tectonic rates, the detection of ongoing tectonic deformation signatures becomes particularly challenging. The Northern Apennines orogen is one such case where a thick Plio-Pleistocene foredeep sedimentary cover blankets the fold-and-thrust belt, straddling from onshore (Po Plain) to offshore (Adriatic Sea), leading to subtle or null topo-bathymetric expression of the buried structures. The seismic activity historically recorded in the region is moderate; nonetheless, seismic sequences nearing magnitude 6 punctuated the last century, and even some small tsunamis were reported in the coastal locations following the occurrence of offshore earthquakes. In this work, we tackled the problem of assessing the potential activity of buried thrusts by analyzing a rich dataset of 2D seismic reflection profiles and wells in a sector of the Northern Apennines chain located in the near-offshore of the Adriatic Sea. This analysis enabled us to reconstruct the 3D geometry of eleven buried thrusts. We then documented the last 4 Myr slip history of four of such thrusts intersected by two high-quality regional cross-sections that were depth converted and restored. Based on eight stratigraphic horizons with well-constrained age determinations (Zanclean to Middle Pleistocene), we determined the slip and slip rates necessary to recover the observed horizon deformation. The slip rates are presented through probability density functions that consider the uncertainties derived from the horizon ages and the restoration process. Our results show that the thrust activation proceeds from the inner to the outer position in the chain. The slip history reveals an exponential reduction over time, implying decelerating slip-rates spanning three orders of magnitudes (from a few millimeters to a few hundredths of millimeters per year) with a major slip-rate change around 1.5 Ma. In agreement with previous works, these findings confirm the slip rate deceleration as a widespread behavior of the Northern Apennines thrust faults.

Description: Published

Description: 664288

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: In order to geometrically characterize the liquefaction features observed in the epicentral sector of the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence and to evaluate the potential for recording palaeoseismic features of the area, we performed two electric resistivity tomographic sections and 4 shallow corings, coupled with 14C datings and archaeological age estimates in selected sites. Preliminary results show that there is a good agreement between ERT sections and core-logs; moreover a major role in determining the scalar relationships of the liquefaction features is played by the local geomorphological and topographic setting. The high sedimentation rates obtained through core datings (4 – 20 mm/yr) suggest that the described methodological approach can cover time windows of only a few centuries, thus hardly encompassing, in this tectonic setting, a significant period for paleoseismological purposes.

Description: Published

Description: 206-209

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: The monitoring of ELF and VLF radio spectrums (between 0.8 and 12 kHz) during the process of the breaking of rock for uniaxial compression has drawn attention to the presence of electromagnetic impulses with two characteristic modalities in a dynamic, which develops before, during and immediately after the breaking, culminating in a paroxysmal, concomitant episode at the point of breaking. The occurrence of this phenomenon appears to be independent from the lithology, which nevertheless conditions it, the evidence in function of the mechanical and structural characteristics of the material. The presence of saturation liquids has significantly influenced this phenomenon. The emission appears to be directly tied to the process of micro and macro fracturing that precedes and determines the breaking of the sample. An analogue emission process has been verified also in conditions of relaxed stress in the settlement process of the lithoid sides after the knocking down of open pits. Finally, a monitoring system of the natural radiation in the atmosphere, followed by a few sensors over the course of two years, found only three signals compatible with the models observed in the laboratory. However for each of these a quake of greater or equal 4.5 magnitude was identified, manifesting itself on national territory with an average delay of 3.6 days.

Description: Published

Description: 144-155

Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori sismici

Description: The response of continental forelands to subduction and oblique collision is a widely investigated topic in geodynamics. The deformation occurring within a foreland shared by two opposite-verging chains, however, is not very common and poorly understood. The Apulia block, at the southern end of the Adria microplate, Central Mediterranean, represents one of these latter cases, being the common foreland of the Dinarides and Apennines orogens. In its southern part, the Apulian foreland has preserved the Mesozoic paleomargin at the transition with the old oceanic Ionian crust that conversely underwent subduction under the Calabrian and Hellenic arcs. For these reasons, Apulia represents an interesting and rare case of study where double orogens and subduction have interacted with the foreland block. As described by various authors, the almost symmetrical bending of the Apulia foreland due the opposite load of the adjacent chains, produced a system of NW-SE trending normal faults. The precise age and the role of these faults have not been yet determined due to the lack of available information. In this contribution we investigated the internal deformation of the Apulia foreland using geophysical data at various resolutions and scales over a wide area. We used multichannel seismic profiles, part of which are provided in the collaborative framework between Spectrum Geo and INGV, recorded up to 12 s and provide a consistent imaging of the upper crustal setting of the Apulia foreland. High-resolution multichannel seismic profiles, multibeam high-resolution bathymetry and CHIRP profiles recently acquired by R/V OGS Explora provide constraints on the recent activity of the major fault systems identified. The analysis of this multiscale dataset highlights the presence and the role of a major NW-SE oriented active fault system which obliquely cuts the Apulia foreland. The presence of this fault system has already been hypothesized based on sparse seismic profiles, but its lateral continuity has never been documented. From the seismic viewpoint, this structure lies in a relatively silent area. Nonetheless, it hosts the 1743 Southern Apulia Mw 6.8 earthquake which widely damaged the Salento (S-Italy) and Ionian Islands (Greece) regions and whose source is still a matter of debate. This new geophysical dataset allowed us to reconstruct the 3D geometry of this fault system, whose architecture suggests a transtensive kinematics, and to analyse the syn-tectonic basins associated with the major faults which recorded the Late Quaternary to Holocene deformation. This work is being developed in the frame of the project “FASTMIT”, funded by the Italian Ministry of University and Research.

Description: Unpublished

Description: La Valletta, Malta

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: Radon concentration in soil gas can be employed to trace the presence of gasoline contamination because it is very soluble in hydrocarbons. Radon available in the soil pores accumulates in the contaminated volume, producing a local deficit at shallow depth that can be easily mapped. The suitability of this method is here checked by field simulation of a gasoline spill and by laboratory experiments where known amounts of a volcanic tuff contaminated with increasing gasoline show proportional drops of radon exhalation rates.

Description: Published

Description: 104-107

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e vulcanologia

Description: Published

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: We provide a database of the surface ruptures produced by the 26 December 2018 Mw 4.9 earthquake that struck the eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano in Sicily (southern Italy). Despite its relatively small magnitude, this shallow earthquake caused about 8 km of surface faulting, along the trace of the NNW-trending active Fiandaca Fault. Detailed field surveys have been performed in the epicentral area to map the ruptures and to characterize their kinematics. The surface ruptures show a dominant right-oblique sense of displacement with an average slip of about 0.09 m and a maximum value of 0.35 m. We have parsed and organized all observations in a concise database, with 932 homogeneous georeferenced records. The Fiandaca Fault is part of the complex active Timpe faults system affecting the eastern flank of Etna, and its seismic history indicates a prominent surface-faulting potential. Therefore, this database is essential for unravelling the seismotectonics of shallow earthquakes in volcanic areas, and contributes updating empirical scaling regressions that relate magnitude and extent of surface faulting.

Description: Published

Description: id 42

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The 10Be/9Be ratio is commonly employed as a tool for establishing the stratigraphic position of paleomagnetic excursions and reversals whenever the traditional paleomagnetic approach fails to provide conclusive results. In particular, it is held that 10Be production rates in the atmosphere depend on the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field, and the fallout and deposition of cosmogenic beryllium at the surface happen on a very short time scale. However, investigations performed on terrestrial and marine successions demonstrate that the 10Be record and the paleomagnetic signal are often asynchronous. Mechanisms that control the conveyance and deposition of cosmogenic 10Be to the seafloor are still ambiguous and poorly documented. Here, we discuss the dynamics of 10Be in a central Mediterranean marginal marine depositional scenario characterized by a pervasive terrigenous influx. Our data show that a very close correlation exists between 10Be concentrations and the local proxy of rainfall rates and regimes (pollen), indicating that a considerable 10Be transport from the mainland may occur in response to the remobilization of terrestrial reservoirs during periods of increased runoff. Superimposed is a dynamic oceanographic setting that further controls the preservation potential of 10Be at the bottom, in terms of changing water chemistry and/or composition of the sedimentary flux to the seafloor. Results of our investigation suggest that, in particular environmental and depositional settings, the interplay between climate, terrigenous yield and oceanography may jeopardize the sedimentary depiction of the meteoric 10Be contribution, thus challenging the use of 10Be for tracking the stratigraphic position of geomagnetic reversals.

Description: Published

Description: 106039

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The analysis of multibeam bathymetry, seismic profiles, ROV dive and seafloor sampling, integrated with stratigraphic and geological data derived from subaerial field studies, provides information on the multi-stage formation and evolution of La Fossa Caldera at the active volcanic system of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands). The caldera is mostly subaerial and delimited by well-defined rims associated to three different collapse events occurred at about 80, 48–24, and 13–8 ka, respectively. The NE part of the caldera presently lies below the sea-level and is delimited by two partially degraded rim segments, encompassing a depressed and eroded area of approximately 2 km2. We present here further morphological and petrochemical evidence linking the subaerial caldera rims to its submarine counterparts. Particularly, one of the submarine rims can be directly correlated with the subaerial eastern caldera border related to the intermediate (48–24 ka) collapse event. The other submarine rim cannot be directly linked to any subaerial caldera rim, because of the emplacement of the Vulcanello lava platform during the last 2 millennia that interrupts the caldera border. However, morphological interpretation and the trachyte composition of dredged lavas allow us to associate this submarine rim with the younger (13–8 ka) caldera collapse event that truncated the trachyte-rhyolite Monte Lentia dome complex in the NW sector of Vulcano. The diachronicity of the different collapse events forming the La Fossa Caldera can also explain the morpho-structural mismatch of some hundreds of meters between the two submarine caldera rims. A small part of this offset could be also accounted by tectonic displacement along NE–SW trending lineaments breaching and dismantling the submarine portion of the caldera. A network of active erosive gullies, whose headwall arrive up to the coast, is in fact responsible of the marked marine retrogressive erosion affecting the NE part of the caldera, where remnants of intra-caldera volcanic activity are still evident. Submarine morphological features associated to the entrance of subaerial lava flow units into the sea are presented, particularly related to the construction of the La Fossa Cone and Vulcanello. More generally, this study demonstrates the utility of integrated marine and subaerial studies to unravel the volcano-tectonic evolution of active insular volcanoes.

Description: Published

Description: 479–492

Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The response of continental forelands to subduction and collision is a widely investigated topic in geodynamics. The deformation occurring within a foreland shared by two opposite‐verging chains, however, is uncommon and poorly understood. The Apulia Swell in the southern end of the Adria microplate (Africa‐Europe plate boundary, central Mediterranean Sea) represents one of these cases, as it is the common foreland of the SW verging Albanides‐Hellenides and the NE verging Southern Apennines merging into the SSE verging Calabrian Arc. We investigated the internal deformation of the Apulia Swell using multiscale geophysical data: multichannel seismic profiles recording up to 12‐s two‐way time (TWT) for a consistent image of the upper crust; high‐resolution multichannel seismic profiles, high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry, and CHIRP profiles acquired by R/V OGS Explora to constrain the Quaternary geological record. The results of our analyses characterize the geometry of the South Apulia Fault System (SAFS), a 100‐km‐long and 12‐km‐wide structure attesting an extensional (and possibly transtensional) response of the foreland to the two contractional fronts. The SAFS consists of two NW‐SE right‐stepping master faults and several secondary structures. The SAFS activity spans from the Early Pleistocene through the Holocene, as testified by the bathymetric and high‐resolution seismic data, with long‐term slip rates in the range of 0.2–0.4 mm/yr. Considering the position within an area with few or none other active faults in the surroundings, the dimension, and the activity rates, the SAFS can be a candidate causative fault of the 20 February 1743, M 6.7, earthquake.

Description: Italian Ministry for Education, University, and Research (MIUR), Premiale 2014 D. M. 291 03/05/2016.

Description: Published

Description: e2020TC006116

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: L’Italia, da sempre esposta a eventi naturali dagli effetti disastrosi, descritta storicamente come un territorio inquieto e fragile e definita uno “sfasciume” di terra in bilico sul mare, nell’immaginario collettivo è divenuta l’emblema del vivere esposti al rischio, quasi inevitabilmente condannata a subire ogni ennesima catastrofe “naturale”. Ma le cose stanno ancora così?

Description: Published

Description: 16-20

Description: 1SR. TERREMOTI - Servizi e ricerca per la Società

Description: 2SR. VULCANI - Servizi e ricerca per la Società

Description: 3SR. AMBIENTE - Servizi e ricerca per la Società

Description: 1TM. Formazione

Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Description: 3TM. Comunicazione

Description: 1VV. Altro

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: In line with the concept proposed by Aristotle (384–322 BC), ethics reflects on the conduct of humans and the criteria with which to evaluate behaviors and choices in order to identify “true good” including the means to achieve this goal. It also addresses the moral duties of humans towards themselves and others, and what is the right thing to do when facing a decision. Regarding the practice of a profession, ethics is the identification of duties and rights that regulate the professional activity (deontology) by members of a social group, who are characterized by the possession of specific technical scientific knowledge, methods and tools for its application. There are values that the human community accepts as universally representative of individual and social good, because of the universal character of the human species itself, such as honesty, justice, responsibility, respect for life, and the environment. However, depending on the cultural context, and considering time and place, the ways in which values are applied can change. In the end, ethics concerns all humans, without distinction, and especially those who have major scientific, political, and social roles, and who certainly have to face issues of great ethical value.

Description: Published

Description: 1-5

Description: 1TM. Formazione

Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Description: 3TM. Comunicazione

Description: 1VV. Altro

Description: This contribution proposes a cautious way of constructing the susceptibility classes obtained from favourability modeling of landslide occurrences. It is based on the ranks of the numerical values obtained by the modelling. Such ranks can be displayed in the form of histograms, cumulative curves, and prediction patterns resembling maps. A number of models have been proposed and in this contribution the following will be compared in terms of their respective rankings for equal area classes: fuzzy set function, empirical likelihood ratio, linear and logistic regression, and Bayesian prediction function. The analyses performed and contrasted exemplify a generalized methodology for comparing predictions that should allow evaluating prediction patterns from any model. Unfortunately, many applications in the scientific literature use methods of characterizing prediction quality that make comparison hard or impossible. A database from a study area in the Mountain Community of Tirano in Valtellina, Lombardy Region, northern Italy, is used to illustrate how the results of the different models and strategies of analysis show the relevance of the properties of the database over those of the models.

Description: Published

Description: 1135-1144

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: The Santonian-Campanian boundary interval close to the village of Göynük in northwestern Turkey (Bolu province) was recorded and examined with respect to nannofossil and foraminiferal biostratigraphy, magnetic polarity and magnetic susceptibility. During the Late Cretaceous, the Mudurnu-Göynük Basin was located on the Sakarya continent situated in the northwestern Tethyan Realm, north of the Neo-Tethys.The sections assessed for the present study comprise hemipelagic to pelagic deposits. Five localities were examined and a composite record spanning the Santonian-Campanian boundary was established. The stratigraphically older parts are characterised by uniform reddish limestone, while we frequently recorded shaly marls and marly limestones with recurrent tuff intercalations in the younger subsections.A biostratigraphic investigation of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton assemblages, together with magnetostratigraphy, provides a stratigraphic framework that allows to home in on the Santonian-Campanian boundary. Thus, biostratigraphic data suggest an age that ranges from the late Santonian Dicarinella asymetrica to the early Campanian Globotruncanita elevata planktonic foraminifera biozones, and calcareous nannofossil zones UC12-UC14 and CC16-CC18. The magnetostratigraphic assessment finds a palaeomagnetic reversal that can be recognised as the basal Campanian reversal C33r above polarity chron 34n, the Long Cretaceous Normal.Field magnetic susceptibility (MS) data show a distinct cyclic pattern in the lower Campanian. Sinusoidal patterns in the MS signature curve can presumably be interpreted as the 400 kyr orbital eccentricity cycle, and subsequent smaller-scale cycles of obliquity and precession can be identified even though volcanic activity impacted sedimentation. A sediment accumulation rate of 12 mm/kyr can be inferred for one of the sections.

Description: Published

Description: 296-311

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The article deals with the results of extensive surveys conducted in the town of Avellino, in southern Italy, with the aim of studying the site seismic response. Avellino is a town located in the Apennine Chain in Irpinia, which is a region characterized by a high seismic hazard. Several strong earthquakes hit the town in the past, the last of which occurred on 23 November 1980 (Mw = 6.8). In the last decades since that event, background low magnitude seismicity persists, including few moderate earthquakes. In order to analyse the site seismic response, our data set was made up by borehole and downhole records, ambient noise measurements both in free-field and inside buildings, and macroseismic data related to the 1980 Irpinia-Basilicata earthquake. With the intention of ascertaining the occurrence of resonance effects influencing the distribution of the earthquake damage, we performed a correlated analysis of all the data acquired. HVSR free-field peak frequencies, joined with the data obtained from previous surveys [22], agree with the computed 1D resonance frequencies and are in the range between 1.6 and 13.0 Hz. The resonance frequencies for fifteen typical buildings in Avellino, which were partly estimated from ambient noise measurements and partly by applying the Italian regulation code, are in the range between 1.2 and 4.6 Hz, so showing that soil-structure resonance effects can be generated in a wide area of the town. Finally, we drew up a detailed damage map, related to the 1980 earthquake, which affected Avellino seriously. From our research two aspects come to light. The first regards the fact that soil-structure resonance effects can be generated in the town and were possibly associated to some buildings damaged by the 1980 earthquake. The second concerns the circumstance that the amplitudes of HVSR peaks correlate well with the rock/soil velocity contrast at depth, but do not show a relationship with the earthquake damage pattern. The results of this study will be useful in view of putting into the field suitable risk mitigation countermeasures.

Description: University Fund for Research – Ministry of Education, University and Research, MIUR-FRA, 2015–2016

Description: Published

Description: 211-222

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Seismotectonics in Italy: data and models

Description: Published

Description: 139-147

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: Rapid and permanent granulometric changes within the clastic sedimentary deposits of the Tiber River are directly linked to changes in sediment transport capacity and give insight on climate fluctuations and related sea-level oscillations during Late Pleistocene–Holocene times. In this work, we investigate the stratigraphic features of the sedimentary fill of the Tiber River channel as far as 30 km from the coast, and of one tributary, the Grottaperfetta stream. Through direct observation and core sampling of ten, 30 to 80 m deep boreholes, and the analysis of a large number of stratigraphic log data, we reconstruct a series of transverse sections and correlate them along a longitudinal profile of the Tiber River course. We provide geochronologic constraints to the deposition of distinct lithostratigraphic units by means of 8 newly acquired 14C ages and 21 previously reported ages of intercalated peat layers and wood fragments. Moreover, we review and select 28 radiocarbon ages fromliterature on the deposits of the Tiber River in the coastal plain, in order to reconstruct the aggradational history throughout the distal portion of the basin. Finally, we provide curves of sediment aggradation vs. time during the last 19,000 yr for the different investigated portions of the Tiber River course. We compare them to sea-level curves from the literature. To perform this comparison, we use a rigorous geotechnical approach to estimate the subsidence due to sediment compaction, andwe apply a correction to the Present-day elevation of the dated samples of organic material interbedded with the sedimentary deposits. Two significant sedimentary events at around 13,800 yr BP and 7500 yr BP, marked by sharp stratigraphic and granulometric changes, are recognized and correlate to important variations in the rate of sea-level rise. Moreover, we show evidence of an erosional event coupled to a reversal of the granulometry (increase in gain size of sediments) affecting the whole investigated tract of the Tiber River channel between 5500 and 3500 yr BP and discuss its possible causes. In particular, we discuss whether besides the change in capacity of transport due to a climatic change, also a drop in sea level, in the order of 2–3 meters, may have occurred in this time span, either in response to an increase in global ice volume, glacial isostatic adjustment, or local tectonic uplift.

Description: Published

Description: 157–176

Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The analysis of all the experimental data acquired during this study has provided an essential contribution to the characterization of the caprock-reservoir system respectively made up of the continental terrigenous Cixerri Fm. and carbonate Miliolitico Fm. in the Sulcis coal basin (SW Sardinia).

Description: In this work we present a methodology suitable to identify a caprock-reservoir system for the CO2 storage in the Sulcis Coal Basin (SW Sardinia – Italy). The petrophysical and geophysical characterizations indicate that the potential carbonate reservoir (“Miliolitico” Fm. Auct.) located at the base of the Eocene stratigraphic sequence in the mining district of the Sulcis Coal Basin, southwestern Sardinia, is heterogeneous but presents suitable reservoir zones for the storage of the CO2. The GPS data analysis indicates that the study area is stable, since it is characterized by a surface crustal deformation smaller than 1 mm/y.

Description: Published

Description: 503-511

Description: 7T. Struttura della Terra e geodinamica

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: Responsible mining concerns the principles and ethics of sustainable development applied to the exploration for and exploitation and use of economic mineral resources, including the entire value chain, from studies, exploration, and extraction to processing, refining, waste management, mine closure and rehabilitation

Description: IAPG - International Association for Promoting Geoethics

Description: Published

Description: 1TR. Studi per le Georisorse

Description: 3SR. AMBIENTE - Servizi e ricerca per la Società

Description: 3TM. Comunicazione

Description: 1VV. Altro

Description: Le informazioni che derivano dagli studi di sismologia storica, spesso sinteticamente espresse e omogenizzate in termini di intensità macrosismica, sono in realtà molto più articolate e sono presentate da diversi studi con modalità, quantità e formati molto differenti. Ad esempio si passa dal database CFTI (Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti Italiani; Guidoboni et al., 2007), che fornisce parametri, dati macrosismici, bibliografie e commenti testuali su alcuni forti terremoti, alle semplici tabelle delle intensità dei terremoti recenti (1980-2005) raccolte nel Bollettino Macrosismico dell’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica (ING), poi INGV, passando per raccolte di studi (ad es. Molin et al., 2008; Camassi et al., 2011), articoli scientifici su singoli terremoti e/o aree, volumi monografici su singoli terremoti, etc. Di conseguenza, ai fini della compilazione di un catalogo di terremoti il più possibile completo e affidabile, quale il Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani CPTI e il relativo Database Macrosismico Italiano DBMI, per ogni terremoto considerato è necessario un set di dati di riferimento tra i molteplici che possono esistere per uno stesso evento. Questa selezione deve essere il frutto di un rigoroso e approfondito confronto dei diversi set di dati disponibili e del relativo background informativo, che parte prima di tutto dalla loro identificazione e comporta successivamente la loro analisi. Per rispondere soprattutto a queste esigenze, nel corso degli anni gli autori di CPTI e DBMI hanno individuato, raccolto, inventariato e archiviato diversi studi storico macrosismici, sia quelli utilizzati nelle successive versioni del catalogo e del database, sia quelli a loro alternativi. La Convenzione B2-2016 tra INGV e il Dipartimento di Protezione Civile ha fornito l’occasione e le risorse per la creazione e la pubblicazione di un portale web adatto alla consultazione organica da parte della comunità sismologica di tutto il materiale raccolto, organizzato in una nuova banca dati denominata ASMI (Archivio Storico Macrosismico Italiano), e oggi liberamente accessibile all’indirizzo http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/ASMI/. La struttura di ASMI e il suo portale web si rifanno a quelli del portale europeo AHEAD (Archive of Historical Earthquake Data; http://emidius.eu/AHEAD; Locati et al., 2014; Rovida e Locati, 2015), che considera i terremoti di area europea nel periodo 1000-1899 e costituisce oggi il nodo europeo dedicato ai terremoti storici nell’ambito di EPOS (Locati et al., 2013). ASMI è lo strumento che permette l’accesso ai diversi studi macrosismici e dati parametrici alternativi esistenti per ciascun terremoto e costituisce lo strumento di base per la raccolta, l’omogeneizzazione, il confronto e la validazione dei dati per la compilazione del Database Macrosismico Italiano (DBMI) e del Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani (CPTI), come mostrato in Fig. 1. La differenza sostanziale tra ASMI e CPTI/DBMI è che per ogni evento considerato ASMI contiene e rende disponibili uno o più studi, che forniscono una panoramica sulla molteplicità delle informazioni disponibili, mentre DBMI e CPTI contengono il frutto dell’analisi, della selezione e dell’elaborazione di tale molteplicità attraverso un unico record per terremoto. Un’altra fondamentale differenza è che CPTI e DBMI vengono aggiornati con scadenze pluriennali, mentre ASMI è aggiornato continuamente, ogniqualvolta viene pubblicato un nuovo studio. La versione attuale di ASMI consente l’accesso diretto e integrato alle informazioni relative a 5784 terremoti nella finestra temporale dal 461 a.C. al 2014 nell’area italiana, e comprende tutti i 4584 terremoti (tra il 1000 e il 2014) contenuti in CPTI15 (Rovida et al., 2016), 909 terremoti al di sotto delle soglie energetiche di CPTI15 (intensità 5 e/o magnitudo 4.0), oltre alle tracce di 88 terremoti avvenuti prima dell’anno 1000 e 202 record di terremoti considerati falsi. ASMI rende disponibili i dati e le informazioni contenute in 340 fra singoli studi macrosismici o raccolte di studi, bollettini e rilievi macrosismici diretti, database macrosismici, cataloghi parametrici e strumentali. ASMI contiene un totale di 5757 set di dati di intensità riferiti a 3996 terremoti, 3212 dei quali costituiscono DBMI15 (Locati et al., 2016), per un totale di circa 512’972 dati di intensità, 122’701 dei quali contenuti in DBMI15. ASMI può essere consultato per terremoto o per studio. L’accesso per terremoto permette di selezionare il singolo terremoto di interesse da un elenco, che può essere filtrato per anno o intervallo temporale, per numero di dati di intensità (se presenti) o per soglia di magnitudo, oppure da una mappa, sia interrogando direttamente il simbolo di un epicentro, sia definendo un’area circolare o poligonale di interesse. In questo modo si accede a tutte le informazioni derivate da tutti gli studi censiti e disponibili: i parametri definiti da CPTI15 (se contiene il terremoto selezionato) e da vari altri cataloghi alternativi e/o precedenti, gli studi archiviati che trattano il terremoto selezionato, compreso quello utilizzato in DBMI15, e i loro eventuali dati studi macrosismici. Il contenuto di ciascuno studio è inoltre presentato e reso disponibile a seconda delle caratteristiche dello studio stesso. L’accesso per studio avviene invece attraverso l’elenco bibliografico degli studi considerati. Selezionando uno studio è possibile vederne i dettagli e scaricare lo studio stesso o accedervi tramite link alla risorsa originaria e visualizzare, sia in mappa sia in elenco, i terremoti provenienti dallo studio considerati in ASMI. Al fine di rendere più facilmente fruibile il background informativo di ASMI relativo a ciascun terremoto agli utilizzatori di CPTI15 e DBMI15, è presente un link per passare da un sito all’altro, da CPTI15-DBMI15 ad ASMI e anche viceversa. Il portale di ASMI rende oggi disponibile il 70% degli studi considerati (Fig. 2), il 66% come studio originale in formato PDF, il 4% come risorsa web esterna, come ad esempio nel caso di CFTI4med (Guidoboni et al., 2007) e SisFrance (BRGM-EDF- IRSN/SisFrance, 2014). Il 25% degli studi non può essere reso accessibile direttamente, poiché consiste in articoli pubblicati su riviste scientifiche o in volumi o parti di essi protetti da copyright. Per questi 50 casi, come per tutti gli altri, sono forniti i riferimenti bibliografici completi compreso, se disponibile, il link alla risorsa web che rende disponibile lo studio. Per il 2% dei casi, nonostante sia stato reperito lo studio originale, questo è risultato mancante di alcune parti, generalmente riguardanti pochi terremoti; non è stato al momento possibile recuperare 5 rapporti inediti molto datati, che corrispondono a un altro 2% dei casi. Poiché le tipologie e i formati degli studi che forniscono dati sui terremoti del passato sono molto diversificate e difficilmente classificabili in modo univoco, le modalità con cui è stato possibile rendere disponibili gli studi attraverso il portale sono varie (Fig. 3). Il contenuto di 7 studi recenti (Albini et al., 2003; Molin et al., 2008; Caracciolo et al., 2009; Camassi et al., 2011b, 2012, 2015; Castelli et al., 2016) che complessivamente trattano 1075 terremoti presenti in DBMI15, pari al 33% del totale, e 1370 (20%) in ASMI, e che sono organizzati come schede descrittive sui singoli terremoti, è stato reso consultabile direttamente dall’interfaccia di ASMI, vale a dire senza la necessità di scaricare i file PDF (comunque disponibili). Questo passaggio delle informazioni da una struttura testuale tradizionale a una strutturazione delle informazioni in un database relazionale ha permesso l’individuazione, e quindi una maggiore fruibilità, di informazioni aggiuntive rispetto ai soli dati di intensità, come dettagliato nel seguito. Una grande quantità di terremoti (1992 in ASMI, di cui 677 in DBMI15) deriva da database e cataloghi disponibili sul web, mentre la quantità di terremoti derivati da articoli e volumi con copyright è piuttosto limitato (1084 in ASMI, solo 154 in DBMI15). Infine, gli studi incompleti riguardano 144 terremoti in DBMI15, 259 in ASMI e quelli mancanti del tutto solo 7 e 11, rispettivamente. Per numerosi casi uno studio vero e proprio non è disponibile, e le conoscenze sul terremoto consistono unicamente nel record derivato da un catalogo parametrico o da uno strumentale, come nel caso di 1372 terremoti (prevalentemente molto recenti) contenuti in CPTI15. ASMI contiene anche 26’892 record derivati da cataloghi parametrici e strumentali, per il 44% dei quali viene fornito un link al dato originale quando questo è disponibile sul web. Per 3289 casi i record parametrici in ASMI sono invece estratti da articoli scientifici, il cui testo è liberamente consultabile per il 18% dei terremoti, mentre per il 27% i testi sono protetti da copyright. Il 3% delle sorgenti di dati parametrici non è al momento disponibile. Il contenuto complessivo di ASMI in termini di dati e studi costituisce un notevole patrimonio informativo sulla sismicità italiana, che va ben al di là del semplice dato di intensità e costituisce la traccia dell’evoluzione della ricerca e dell’approfondimento della conoscenza su ciascun terremoto, spesso accompagnato da descrizioni puntuali degli effetti in ciascuna località interessata dall’evento e dalla raccolta e valutazione critica delle relative fonti storiche.

Description: Dipartimento della Protezione Civile

Description: Published

Description: Trieste, Italia

Description: 3T. Storia Sismica

Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: The Italian Parametric Earthquake Catalogue (CPTI) represents the most extensive and reliable source of parameters for earthquakes in Italy and surrounding areas. Since its first introduction in 1999, CPTI benefits from the results of the 30-years-long Italian tradition in historical earthquake research that, still today, keeps on providing a wealth of studies and macroseismic data. Such data have been collected, homogenized and made available through several releases of the related macroseismic database (DBMI). In 2016, the fourth release of CPTI and DBMI, has been finalized. They provide the most advanced and updated sets of macroseismic and instrumental data and parameters, and cover the time-span 1000-2014 with earthquakes with maximum intensity I ≥ 5 or magnitude Mw ≥ 4.0. The catalogue lists 4574 events, 70% of which accompa- nied by intensity data points (about 125’000 as a whole). Macroseismic data derive from 185 studies, 54 of them are new with respect to the previous version CPTI11. Parameters related to historical earthquakes are completely re-assessed, and magnitudes from macroseismic data are derived with new intensity-to-Mw relationships. Such relationships are based on the same dataset that contributes updated instrumental magnitudes to the catalogue. Either Mw from moment tensor solutions or proxies calculated with new published conversion relationship are considered. If available, both macroseismic and instrumental parameters are provided, together with a set of “preferred ones”, which consist of a selection between the macroseismic and the instrumental epicentres, and the weighted average of the macroseismic and instrumental magnitudes.

Description: Published

Description: Trieste, Italy

Description: 3T. Storia Sismica

Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: Geometric complexities of subduction interfaces can be crucial for seismic and tsunami hazard studies because they may reveal important elements for constraining the dimension of future potential ruptures and even the location of asperities. Here we present the results of a recent work focused on the subduction interface of the Calabrian Arc where a remnant of the oldest oceanic crust in the world (280 Myr) forms a very narrow slab (~150 km). Historical and instrumental earthquake catalogues show no events that can be unequivocally assigned to the Calabrian subduction interface, nonetheless a significant in-slab seismicity below 40 km depth and a convergence rate of 1-5 mm/yr between the two involved plates (Africa and Europe) warn about the current activity of the subduction system and its possible seismogenic behaviour. Our 3D reconstruction of the Calabrian subduction interface (figure 1) merges a shallow part (〈20 km) based on the interpretation of ca. 9000 km of seismic reflection profiles (data provided by Spectrum Geo, collaborative framework with INGV CA-60), and a deeper part (20-350 km) reconstructed by analysing the seismicity distribution and the available tomographic data. The resulting model images several peculiar features that characterize the Calabrian subduction interface, such as an external shallow flat, a central ramp with lateral dip variations, and a deeper flat. The lateral terminations are characterized by the thrusting over the Apulian continental margin in the northern part and a Subduction Transform Edge Propagator fault system in the southern part. At 100-150 km depth the subduction is characterized by a slab breakoff. Geometric parameters that can be derived from the 3D model, such as the size and curvature of the interface, are often related to the seismogenic potential of subduction zones through empirical or model–driven scaling laws. In the case of the Calabrian subduction interface such fault scaling relations yield estimates of the maximum moment magnitude in the order of 8, if fully coupled.

Description: TSUMAPS-NEAM, RITMARE, Porto Empedocle e PON MASSIMO Projects

Description: Published

Description: Lenzburg, Switzerland

Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 2T. Sorgente Sismica

Description: 7T. Struttura della Terra e geodinamica

Description: The subduction of the Ionian oceanic crust under the Calabrian Arc is one of the major structural elements in the evolution of the central Mediterranean basin. The Calabrian subduction zone is characterized by a narrow slab that, in its south-western part, terminates on the Tindari-Alfeo Fault System (TAFS). This fault system represents a major NNW-SSE trending subduction-transform edge propagator (STEP) that plays an important role in the recent evolution of the Calabrian Arc. Thanks to a dense set of multichannel seismic reflection profiles with high penetration (up to 12 s), that allowed for a 3D reconstruction of the geological structures in the area, the TAFS results to presently be one of the best documented STEP systems in the world. We were able to characterize the geometrical arrangement, the timing of the deformation and the interplay between the Ionian lower plate and the upper-plate accretionary prism during the Plio-Quaternary. Our study highlights the presence of a mechanical decoupling between the lower plate and the upper plate. The Ionian oceanic (and/or transitional) crust in the lower plate hosts the master faults of the TAFS which do not propagate across the thick accretionary prism in the upper plate. This latter is affected by secondary deformation (bending-moment faulting, localized subsidence, stepovers, and restraining/releasing bends) associated to the activity of the TAFS at depth. The analysis of the secondary deformation in the upper plate, and in particular of the syn-tectonic Plio-Holocene basins, associated to the activity of the TAFS at depth, allow us to constrain the age of inception of the TAFS in the study area and to calculate the vertical component and the propagation rate of the deformation. Our findings highlight the mechanical behaviour that can be expected along major lithospheric boundaries that interact with previously formed structures and provide key elements to understand the significance of shallow geological structures with respect to the master faults at depth.

Description: Published

Description: La Valletta, Malta

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: The Carboniferous–Permian terrestrial successions record a global climatic shift from icehouse to hothouse conditions. Our multidisciplinary study documents an aridification trend throughout the ~ 1000 m thick composite terrestrial succession of the western Catalan Pyrenees (NE Iberian Peninsula), representing this time period. The detailed stratigraphic framework integrates sedimentology, paleopedology, biochronology (plant fossils and tetrapod footprints) and geochronology (paleomagnetism). Additional absolute age correlation is also carried out. The new and reviewed data show that the late Carboniferous wet environments (with short drought periods) progressively changed to a strong seasonal semi-arid and arid climate (with short humid periods) through the early Permian. This paleoclimatic trend supports the previously suggested aridification of the Pangean pan-tropical belt, and supports the hypothesis of the influence of the recurrent climatic fluctuations in Central Pangea, being tentatively correlated to the Southern Gondwanan glaciation-deglaciation periods. Therefore, the Carboniferous–Permian terrestrial succession from the Catalan Pyrenees emerges as a continuous record that can help to constrain late Paleozoic paleoenvironmental events.

Description: Published

Description: 48-68

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The geosciences need practitioners who possess an ethical conscience and the desire to act responsibly. Ethically responsible geoscientists will achieve success and satisfaction by carrying out excellent research and professional activities, and by maintaining honest and open collaborations with colleagues. Such individuals will be able to contribute to building a resilient society, be better prepared to face global economic and environmental challenges and be willing to take concrete actions for the conservation of the geo‐environment. Geoethics provides ethical, social, and cultural values for the scientific community and for society as a whole. Geoethics represents a new vision of a world in which it is possible to maintain a more balanced relationship between humans and nature, considering modern economic and social development expectations. This chapter illustrates some aspects of geoethics, provides an overview of its basic values and themes, and highlights prominent global issues that involve geoethics, including climate change, geo‐risks, land management, exploitation of geo‐resources, and sustainability. The International Association for Promoting Geoethics (IAPG) provides a multidisciplinary platform for discussion, a place where multidisciplinary collaboration can strengthen the development of geoethics from a scientific and philosophical perspective, in order to better introduce geoethical values into society.

Description: Published

Description: 175-212

Description: 4SR TERREMOTI - Preparazione alla comunicazione in emergenza

Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 1TM. Formazione

Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica

Description: 3TM. Comunicazione

Description: The architecture of foreland basins and the resulting distribution of clastic sediments are related to the constant interplay between tectonics and sedimentation. Specifically, basin floor modifications strongly influence dimensions, continuity and connections of sand‐size and fine‐grained deposits. Given the increasing need to identify deep potential reservoir deposits, the large‐scale definition of clastic porous targets and their seals is a matter of interest for oil and gas industry. Here, we present the reconstruction of the Po Plain and Northern Adriatic Foreland Basin (with an extent of ca. 40,000 km2) and its Pliocene–Pleistocene evolution, as an example of a sedimentary clastic system controlled by strongly non‐cylindrical foreland geometry. The study is based on the basin‐scale mapping of six unconformity‐bounded sequences, performed by interpreting a dense network of seismic lines and correlating well‐log data. This provides a three‐dimensional model of the step‐by‐step evolution of the basin and a description of the sediment dispersal pattern. We found that the basin records the change from a continuous (cylindrical) to highly fragmented (non‐cylindrical) foredeep geometry during Late Pliocene. In the Northern Apennines case, the main factors driving the development of a non‐cylindrical geometry are mainly related to inherited inhomogeneity in the downgoing block linked to its Mesozoic extensional faulting, and the relative orientation of these lineaments with respect to the direction of orogen migration. During the late Pliocene–Pleistocene the two directions progressively became close to parallel, and the Northern Apennines system reacted changing from a cylindrical to a non‐cylindrical state.

Description: Published

Description: 991-1015

Description: 1TR. Georisorse

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The dip angle is one of the fault parameters that mostly affects seismic hazard analyses because it not only influences the inference of other fault parameters (e.g. down-dip width, earthquake maximum magnitude based on fault scaling laws) but also, and most importantly, controls the fault-to-site distance values of ground motion estimates. We present the results of a global survey of earthquake-fault dip angles (G-DIP) and analyze their empirical distribution for various faulting categories. These new empirical statistics are derived from an extended and homogeneous dataset, thereby improving previous fault dip-angle distributions. Subduction interface sources are considered separately from other thrust faults. In agreement with other studies, important deviations from the classical Anderson’s predictions are found for all faulting categories (Fig. 1). Our results can effectively be used as distribution priors for characterizing the geometry of poorly known seismogenic faults in seismic hazard analyses and earthquake-fault modeling experiments.

Description: This work was supported by the INGV projects “Abruzzo” (code: RBAP10ZC8K_003). MMT was supported by the INGV-DPC-CPS Agreement.

Description: Published

Description: Lenzburg, Switzerland

Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 5T. Modelli di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Description: Published

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: We present a paleomagnetic and rock magnetic data set from two long sediment cores collected from Bellsund and Isfjorden contourite drifts located on the eastern side of the Fram Strait (western Spitsbergen margin). The data set gave the opportunity to define the behavior of the past geomagnetic field at high latitude and to constrain the palaeoclimatic events that occurred in a time framework spanning marine isotope stage 3 to the Holocene. A high‐resolution age model was reconstructed by coupling 26 radiocarbon ages and high‐resolution relative paleointensity and paleosecular variation of the geomagnetic field records for the last 60 kyr. We show the variation of the geomagnetic field at high latitudes, pointing out variability during periods of regular paleosecular variation (normal polarity) as well as during the most recent geomagnetic excursions, and we provide a high‐resolution record of the Laschamps excursion. Cross‐cores correlation allowed us to outline major, climate‐related, sedimentary changes in the analyzed stratigraphic sequence that includes the meltwater events MWP‐1a and MWP‐19ky, and the Heinrich‐like events H1, H2, H4, and H6. This contribution confirms that rock magnetic and paleomagnetic analysis can be successfully used as a correlation and dating tool for sedimentary successions at high latitudes, where accelerator mass spectrometry dates and oxygen isotope analyses are often difficult to obtain for the scarcity of calcareous microfossils and the uncertainties related to data calibration may be significant, as well as the complexity of water mass characteristics and dynamics through climate changes.

Description: Published

Description: 2355–2377

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: JCR Journal

Description: High-resolution quantitative analyses of the planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossil content have been carried out on IODP Leg 342, Hole U1406A (Northwest Atlantic Ocean) in the core interval 10H2–2H4, plotting the abundance distributions of the biostratigraphically and quantitatively most significant species. Qualitative analyses have been used to identify the precise depth of marker bioevents. For almost the whole succession, relevant magnetostratigraphic data were provided by previous studies. All chrons and subchrons in the interval C6Cn–C6AAr were recognised in core interval 10H2–4H1 and calibrated to the GPTS 2012, but no magnetostratigraphic data are available for the highest portion (above 35 m). The investigated succession falls between Sphenolithus delphix FO (First Occurrence)—uppermost Chattian bioevent—in core 10H2 and the Sphenolithus belemnos LO (Last Occurrence)–Burdigalian bioevent – in core 2H5, embracing the Zone O7 (uppermost part)–M3 foraminiferal zone interval and the Zone CNO6– CNM5 calcareous nannofossil zone interval. A calcareous plankton biochronological framework has been produced integrating calcareous plankton and magnetostratigraphic data. Calculated ages for the most significant recognised bioevents are S. delphix FO 23.35 Ma, S. delphix LO 23.02 Ma, Paragloborotalia kugleri FO 23.00 Ma, Globoquadrina dehiscens FO 22.59 Ma, Sphenolitus disbelemnos FO 22.56 Ma, Helicosphaera carteri FCO (First Common Occurrence) 22.18 Ma, P. kugleri LO 21.23 Ma. Two hiatuses have been recognised within core 4H, whereas only one was recognised in previous studies. The first one in core 4H5 spans the interval 21.17–19.01 Ma and coincides with a phosphate-rich layer; the second in core 4H2 spans the interval from 18.87 to 18.21 Ma and corresponds to a glauconite-rich layer. The results obtained from Hole U1406A allow some considerations about potential reference bioevents concerning the still open issue of Burdigalian GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point).

Description: Published

Description: 259-276

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The term “Dimension Stone” refers to natural stone that has been quarried, selected and processed into specific sizes or shapes, with or without one or more mechanically dressed or finished surfaces, for use as building facing, curbing, paving stone, monuments and memorials, and various industrial products. The dimension stone industry is currently increasing the volume of its activities: based on a prudent medium-term development forecast, the net product could reach one hundred million tons in 2020. For this reason, geoscientists and stakeholders need to reason about methods and technologies in the dimension stone sector and how to operate responsibly and sustainably in accordance with the following geoethical values. After a definition of geoethics and an overview of the dimension stone industry, the paper focuses on fundamental values of geoethics as stated in the Cape Town Statement on Geoethics. More precisely, geoethical values have been referred to real and practical cases of dimension stone subsectors, by presenting some examples recorded in Sardinia (Italy). This region has a long history of production of ornamental stones. Finally, tips and suggestions on how geoscientists (in particular geologists and mining engineers) can help the dimension stone sector in a geoethical way, i.e., responsibly and sustainably are herein offered.

Description: Published

Description: 101468

Description: 1TR. Georisorse

Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 1TM. Formazione

Description: 3TM. Comunicazione

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Contessa Section is a reference section for the early Miocene in the Mediterranean. Along this 36 m thick section 115 samples were collected and analysed for an integrated bio-magnetostratigraphic study through the Scaglia Cinerea and Bisciaro formations. Planktonic foraminifera were analysed semi-quantitatively, while calcareous nannofossils were examined using the standard quantitative method. A reliable biozonation for both fossil groups was then accomplished. The paleomagnetic analyses identified a sequence of magnetozones, then correlated with the ATNTS using the calcareous plankton bioevents. The investigated interval extends from foraminiferal Zone P22 (Chattian) to MMi2c (Burdigalian) and from calcareous nannofossils Zone MNP25a to MNN3a, thus from Chron C7An to C5En. Therefore, the section chronologically spans from 24.80 Ma to 18.10 Ma. Three hiatuses were recognised along the section: H1 at 0.63 m from the base (comprising a minimum time interval from 24.36 Ma to 23.38 Ma), H2 at 12.33 m (between 21.80 Ma and 21.35 Ma) and H3 at 34.03 (between 19.21 Ma and 18.40 Ma). All three hiatuses were correlated with regional megahiatuses identified in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Paratethys area. Furthermore, the First Occurrence of the calcareous nannofossil Helicosphera ampliaperta is recognised within Chron C6An.2n at 19.77 m from the base (6 m above the volcaniclastic Raffaello Level). This event provisionally defines the Aquitanian/Burdigalian boundary according to the literature. Thus, the Contessa Section is a possible candidate for the definition of the Burdigalian Global Stratigraphic Section and Point. Finally, the age of the Raffaello Level (a regional marker horizon for the early Miocene) is discussed in this new integrated stratigraphic framework, falling in Chron C6AAn and dated between 21.09 Ma and 21.08 Ma.

Description: Published

Description: 274-295

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: JCR Journal

Description: we bring together and analyze new coseismic data from field survey and historical pictures, critically revise the deformation pattern from literature, and review the seismological insights from archaeological excavations. Khirbet al-Mafjar also preserves evidence of surface faulting, a rare and exceptional feature in archaeological sites. The collected data and results allow us to (1) identify the earthquake responsible for the damage at Hisham palace, (2) recognize the possible seismogenic structure and its kinematics, (3) contribute to the reconstruction of the past historical seismicity affecting the area during the palace occupation, and (4) improve the knowledge of the seismotectonic setting of the Jordan Valley. GEOLOGICAL SETTING The Dead Sea Transform zone (Fig. 1) is about 1100 km long, a north–south striking, left-lateral fault system representing the active boundary between the Arabian and African plates (Garfunkel et al., 1981). The north–south striking Jericho fault belongs to this system and runs along about half the length of the Dead Sea Basin in its middle part. On land, the fault affects the central sector of the Jordan Valley (Gardosh et al., 1990). The Jericho fault, which cuts Holocene terrains, is characterized by prevailing strike-slip movements with minor extensional and compressive components (Reches and Hoexter, 1981). In the Jordan Valley, Global Positioning ! Figure 1. Geodynamic setting (inset) and schematic map of the Dead Sea fault system in the Jericho Valley. Macroseismic intensity of the 1033 A.D. earthquake occurred in the Khirbet area (data from Guidoboni and Comastri, 2005). Location of the archaeological site and of main fault traces is reported. The white square delimits the area shown in Figure 6. doi: 10.1785/0220130060 Seismological Research

Description: Published

Description: 997-1003

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Framed in the current geodynamics of the central Mediterranean, the Aeolian-Tindari-Letojanni fault system is part of a wider NW-SE oriented right-lateral wrench zone which accommodates diverging motion between regional-scale blocks located at the southern edge of the Calabrian Arc. In order to investigate the structural architecture and the active deformation pattern of the northern sector of this tectonic feature, structural observations on-land, high and very-high resolution seismic reflection profiles, swath bathymetry and seismological and geodetic data were merged from the Lipari-Vulcano volcanic complex (central sector of the Aeolian Islands) to the Peloritani Mountains across the Gulf of Patti. Our interpretation shows that the active deformation pattern of the study area is currently expressed by NW-SE trending, right-transtensional én-echelon fault segments whose overlapping gives rise to releasing stepover and pull-apart structures. This structural architecture has favored magma and fluid ascent and the shaping of the Lipari-Vulcano volcanic complex. Similarly, the Gulf of Patti is interpreted as an extensional relay zone between two overlapping, right-lateral NW-SE trending master faults. The structural configuration we reconstruct is also supported by seismological and geodetic data which are consistent with kinematics of the mapped faults. Notably, most of the low-magnitude instrumental seismicity occurs within the relay zones, whilst the largest historical earthquakes (1786, Mw=6.2; 1978, Mw=6.1) are located along the major fault segments.

Description: Published

Description: 399-417

Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: During the past few decades, palaeomagnetism has been used as a powerful tool for constraining kinematic models of curved orogenic systems, because of its great potential in quantifying vertical axis rotations and in discriminating between primary and secondary (orocline s.l.) arcs. The Mediterranean area has represented an attractive region to apply palaeomagnetic analysis, as it shows a large number of narrow arcs, defining an irregular and rather diffuse plate boundary. This paper is intended to be an updated review on the contribution of palaeomagnetism to the reconstruction of the Neogene geodynamic evolution of the arc-shaped orogenic belts in the Western and Central Mediterranean Basin. The Gibraltar Arc, the Northern Apennines and the Calabria Arc are here described, underlining the common and the different features that characterize these arcuate mountain chains. In particular, the mechanisms that lead to the present-day shape of these arcs (the subduction process) will be discussed, in the general framework of the geometry and space–time evolution of the Mediterranean subduction system.

Description: Published

Description: 37–63

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: This study presents the experimental and modeling results of CO 2 injection and transport in the vadose zone performed in PISCO2 facilities at the ES.CO2 center in Ponferrada (North Spain). During 46 days of experiments, 62.10 kg of CO 2 were injected through 16 micro-injectors in a 35 m 3 experimental unit fi lled with sandy material. Monitoring and mapping of surface CO 2 fl ux were performed periodically to assess the evolution of CO 2 migration through the soil and to the atmosphere. Numerical simulations were run using TOUGH2 code with EOS7CA research module considering two phases (gas and liquid) and three components (H 2 O, CO 2 , air). Two layers (sand, gravel) and atmosphere boundary were implemented taking into account heterogeneous soils, homogeneous soil, rainfall, temperature, and liquid saturation to allow a better understanding of CO 2 behavior in the vadose zone. This combined experimental and modeling approach shows that CO 2 leakage in the vadose zone quickly comes out through preferential migration pathways and spots with the ranges of fl uxes in the ground/surface interface from 2.5 to 600 g·m −2 ·day −1 . This gas channeling is mainly related to soil compaction and climatic perturbation. This has signifi cant implications for designadapted detection and monitoring strategies of early leakage in commercial CO 2 storage.

Description: Published

Description: 732-755

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Shale gas is envisaged to contribute in the next future to the European energy mix in the prospective of lowering CO2 emissions. Poland is by far one of the most perspective countries in Europe. In the “Golden Belt”, potential productive levels are Early Paleozoic in age and the reliable assessment of their thermal maturity is crucial for evaluating hydrocarbon generation/expulsion scenarios. When exploring Lower Paleozoic targets that are devoid of vitrinite macerals, uncertainties in thermal maturity evaluation can occur according to commonly adopted parameters (e.g., vitrinite reflectance). These uncertainties can negatively influence targets assessment. We adopted a multi-method approach to assess thermal maturity of the Silurian sections encountered in three wells deep between 2.9 and 3.3 km, recently drilled in the Polish Baltic Basin. The methodological strategy consists of: (i) measurement of organoclasts (mainly graptolites) reflectance; (ii) FT-IR spectroscopy on bulk dispersed organic matter; (iii) X-ray diffraction on 〈2 μm grain-size fraction of sedimentary core samples. Organoclasts reflectance is between 0.6 and 1.4% indicating a large range of thermal maturity spanning from early to late mature stages of hydrocarbon generation. Mixed layers illite-smectite and FT-IR indexes (e.g. CH2/CH3, A and C) allowed us to improve the definition of thermal maturity of Lower Paleozoic rocks (Roeq between 0.8 and 1.1%). This original dataset indicates lower levels of thermal maturity than those predicted in pre-existing thermal maturity maps, suggesting that the Silurian sections experienced thermal maturity conditions equivalent to the oil window more than the gas window.

Description: Published

Description: 383-393

Description: 1TR. Studi per le Georisorse

Description: JCR Journal

Description: In recent years an increasing number of studies have been focused in understanding the lateral terminations of subduction zones. In the Mediterranean region, this topic is of particular interest for the presence of a “land-locked” system of subduction zones interrupted by continental collision and back-arc opening. We present a 3D reconstruction of the area surrounding the Tindari-Alfeo Fault System (TAFS) based on a dense set of deep seismic reflection profiles. This fault system represents a major NNW-SSE trending subduction-transform edge propagator (STEP) that controls the deformation zone bounding the Calabrian subduction zone (central Mediterranean Sea) to the southwest. This 3D model allowed us to characterize the mechanical and kinematic evolution of the TAFS during the Plio-Quaternary. Our study highlights the presence of a mechanical decoupling between the deformation observed in the lower plate, constituted by the Ionian oceanic crust entering the subduction zone, and the upper plate, where a thick accretionary wedge has formed. The lower plate hosts the master faults of the TAFS, whereas the upper plate is affected by secondary deformation (bending-moment faulting, localized subsidence, stepovers, and restraining/releasing bends). The analysis of the syn-tectonic sedimentary basins related to the activity of the TAFS at depth allow us to constrain the propagation rate of the deformation and of the vertical component of the slip-rate. Our findings provide a comprehensive framework of the structural setting that can be expected along a STEP boundary where contractional and transtensional features coexist at close distance from one another.

Description: Published

Description: New Orleans

Description: 1T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: I dati utilizzati dai sismologi moderni sono recuperabili su Internet mediante l’accesso a piattaforme dedicate alla pubblicazione di dati. L’accesso alle banche dati non è mai diretto, ma vengono realizzate delle interfacce visuali basate su pagine Web più o meno evolute che guidano gli utenti alla ricerca di ciò che cercano. Solitamente queste interfacce offrono limitate funzionalità rispetto alle reali necessità di flessibilità dei ricercatori, costringendo spesso alla classica soluzione di scaricare grandi moli di dati per poi procedere all’estrazione di ciò che serve sul proprio PC in locale. Anche ASMI, l’Archivio Storico Macrosismico Italiano realizzato con il supporto della convenzione B2-2016 tra INGV e il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, ha un portale Web di accesso ai dati (http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/ASMI) con un’interfaccia visuale che guida gli utenti alla navigazione dell’archivio tramite la ricerca di terremoti in tabella e su mappa, oppure tramite una ricerca per fonte del dato, detta “studio”. L’interfaccia visuale ha un certo grado di complessità nell’interazione con l’utente, offrendo la possibilità di disegnare a mano libera sulla mappa l’area di interesse per selezionare i terremoti, o di delimitarla tramite l’inserimento di coordinate geografiche, oppure ancora di applicare filtri ai dati quali l’anno del terremoto, la presenza o meno di dati di intensità macrosismica, e la magnitudo. In alternativa alle tradizionali pagine Web, negli ultimi anni si stanno diffondendo i “Web services”, ovvero servizi che avvicinano gli utenti alle banche dati, permettendo loro di inviare direttamente delle “query”, ovvero delle domande precise formulate componendo un elenco di parametri più o meno liberamente combinabili tra loro. Se da un lato la semplicità di utilizzo è inferiore, poiché queste domande vanno scritte in modo formalmente corretto per non ottenere un risultato nullo, dall’altro lato questi servizi offrono un grado di flessibilità non paragonabile alle classiche interfacce Web. Un altro fondamentale aspetto di questi servizi è che sono “Machine-actionable”, sono cioè utilizzabili a loro volta da altri servizi informatici per recuperare dati, e nei casi più evoluti, possono avere un flusso di dati bidirezionale, possono cioè sia inviare dati, sia riceverne. Anche per l’accesso ai dati di ASMI sono stati realizzati alcuni servizi, sia basati su standard consolidati, sia di carattere più sperimentale (http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/ASMI/services/). Il primo servizio realizzato è il WFS (Web Feature Service) secondo le specifiche OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) per fornire accesso al CPTI15 (Rovida et al., 2016), la versione 2015 del Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani. Lo standard WFS è ormai consolidato, supportato dai maggiori sistemi GIS (es.: QGIS), richiesto dal Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, ed è pensato per la trasmissione di dati vettoriali. Il sistema permette, oltre a selezioni spaziali, anche di chiedere la trasmissione dei dati, in origine nel sistema di coordinate WGS-84, secondo un sistema di riferimento geografico deciso dall’utente. E’ inoltre possibile decidere il formato di codifica con il quale il servizio debba restituire il risultato; il formato predefinito è basato su XML e si chiama GML (Geographic Markup Language) in versione 3.2 o 2.1, ma è possibile anche richiedere la codifica in KML, Shapefile, GeoJSON. Il servizio basato sullo standard “FDSN event web service” supportato dall’International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks (http://www.fdsn.org/webservices/) è pensato per consultare un catalogo di eventi, fornendo un elenco di parametri combinabili per una ricerca temporale, geografica e/o energetica. E’ disponibile la codifica dell’output nel formato ASCII (CSV), compatto ma che fornisce un numero ridotto di informazioni (solo localizzazione e magnitudo), o il formato GeoJSON, che ha il vantaggio di essere direttamente utilizzabile nei software GIS, o, ancora, il più flessibile e completo formato XML codificato usando QuakeML (v1.2). Scegliendo il formato ASCII, un evento può essere associato solo ed esclusivamente a una localizzazione e una stima di magnitudo, che nel caso di ASMI coincide con i parametri dell’ultima versione di CPTI15. Viceversa, il formato QuakeML può associare all’evento più localizzazioni e più stime di magnitudo oltre a quella preferita. Grazie a questo servizio la molteplicità di informazioni che ASMI ha raccolto dai vari cataloghi e che ha associato a ciascun evento può essere codificata in QuakeML, purtroppo con la limitazione della perdita delle informazioni macrosismiche relative. Lo standard FDSN è nato infatti per consultare cataloghi di terremoti generati esclusivamente a partire da dati strumentali, e quindi non prevede la codifica delle più basilari informazioni macrosismiche associate, tra le principali, il numero di osservazioni macrosismiche disponibili, e la massima intensità macrosismica osservata. Gli autori sono coinvolti anche nel progetto H2020 EPOS IP (European Plate Observing System, Implementation Phase) nell’ambito dell’iniziativa AHEAD, l’European Archive of Historical Earthquake Data (Locati et al., 2013, 2014), il nodo europeo per i dati storico- macrosismici. Come per ASMI, anche AHEAD ha il problema di fornire un valido accesso ai propri dati macrosismici e per questo si sta contribuendo allo sviluppo di QuakeML v2.0 (Locati, 2014) che introduce il concetto di moduli tematici che si vanno ad aggiungere al modulo base della v1.2. Il modulo macrosismico è da considerarsi ancora in fase di sviluppo, nel senso che alcuni parametri potrebbero variare e le informazioni potrebbero essere codificate in modo leggermente diverso; ciò nonostante è l’unico standard disponibile per la codifica completa delle informazioni in AHEAD e ASMI. Il funzionamento del servizio ricalca precisamente le specifiche del servizio FDSN per gli eventi, con l’aggiunta di alcuni parametri specifici, tra cui la possibilità di includere nell’output le informazioni relative a tutti i set di MDP (Macroseismic Data Point) provenienti dagli studi archiviati, includendo i metadati delle pubblicazioni, il numero di osservazioni disponibili e l’intensità massima osservata, ovvero di includere o meno gli MDP e le località ad essi associate, al fine di mantenere compatto il file in uscita. Come per il servizio FDSN originale, anche questo servizio permette la codifica dell’output in diversi formati, e cioè ASCII, GeoJSON e XML, con la differenza che si usa QuakeML 2.0 al posto della versione 1.2, che era privo del supporto al modulo macrosismico. In aggiunta ai due servizi dedicati agli eventi, in ASMI sono in corso di sperimentazione due servizi aggiuntivi, uno dedicato ai metadati bibliografici, e l’altro dedicato alla consultazione delle località italiane per cui sono disponibili osservazioni macrosismiche. Il servizio dedicato agli studi considerati, e chiamato per questo “bibliografico”, offre parametri per la ricerca per autore, per titolo, per anno di pubblicazione, per identificativo DOI, e altri parametri tipicamente bibliografici. In aggiunta, è possibile fare una ricerca geografica, cioè possono essere indicati i parametri per delimitare un’area rettangolare o circolare e ottenere l’elenco delle pubblicazioni archiviate in ASMI, considerando gli epicentri dei terremoti o le osservazioni in essi riportati. Il servizio funziona con la medesima logica del servizio FDSN e permette una codifica dei dati in formato XML usando lo standard Dublin Core, in formato RDF sempre con lo standard Dublin Core e in formato BibTex, molto diffuso in ambito scientifico. L’ultimo servizio in corso di sperimentazione è quello che permette la consultazione del Gazetteer di ASMI, ovvero l’elenco delle località di riferimento a cui tutte le osservazioni macrosismiche sono ricondotte e omogenizzate prima di essere archiviate. E’ purtroppo raro che studi di differenti autori (o anche degli stessi autori) associno le stesse coordinate e lo stesso toponimo a una località, e l’adozione di un Gazetteer di riferimento permette di associare a ciascuna località censita un identificativo univoco, permettendo successivamente di poter recuperare quella località indipendentemente dalle coordinate geografiche o toponimo riportate nello studio originale. Questa associazione è alla base della consultazione delle storie sismiche di DBMI15 (Locati et al., 2016), cioè la ricostruzione di tutti i risentimenti dei terremoti in una data località. Come per gli altri servizi sono disponibili diversi formati di output: ASCII, GeoJSON, e XML.

Description: Dipartimento della Protezione Civile

Description: Published

Description: Trieste, Italia

Description: 3T. Storia Sismica

Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: AHEAD, the European Archive of Historical Earthquake Data (Locati et al., 2014), is a well-established Web portal providing data on the long-term seismic history of the Euro-Mediterranean region. Long before the release of AHEAD, a similar data archive for the Italian territory was established for the com- pilation of multiple releases of the Italian parametric earthquake catalogue (CPTI), and the related macroseismic intensity database (DBMI). If CPTI and DBMI are updated on a multiannual base, the underlying archive is continuously updated with newly released data from parametric catalogues, sets of macroseismic datapoints, and seismological studies. The archive was never made public, and therefore confined to an internal use only. As AHEAD, ASMI allows the user to compare all available (published) studies and their (possibly) different interpretation. Such a comparison is of fundamental importance for the selection of the input data for the compilation of a reliable seismic catalogue. The recent release of CPTI15 and DBMI15, the latest versions of the Italian catalogue and database, benefitted from a massive update and of the content of ASMI with data and studies recently published (up to 2015) regarding a large number of Italian earthquakes. The archive contains today more than 20’000 records on about 6’000 earthquakes in the time period 1000-2014, derived from more than 400 studies. Given such a major effort in updating the archive content, the working group decided that it was worth to finalize the archive structure and prepare a Web user interface for making such a wealth of data accessible and usable by everybody. ASMI has an additional level of complexity with respect to AHEAD, due to the longer time-window covering the entire XX century, and more detailed information on localities related to MDPs. These factors lead to additional data-types, relations, and requirements, that had to be implemented in the infrastructure, together with additional functionalities in the user interface for interacting with such new features. ASMI will represent the Italian node of AHEAD, and consequently the content related to the Italian peninsula will be the same in the shared time-window 1000-1899, while the period 1900-2014 will only be accessible via the ASMI Web portal.

Description: Published

Description: Trieste, Italy

Description: 3T. Storia Sismica

Description: 4T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: A soil radon-deficit survey was carried out in a site polluted with kerosene (Rome, Italy) in winter 2016 to assess the contamination due to the NAPL residual component in the vadose zone and to investigate the role of the vapor plume. Radon is indeed more soluble in the residual NAPL than in air or water, but laboratory experiments demonstrated that it is also preferentially partitioned in the NAPL vapors that transport it and may influence soil radon distribution patterns. Specific experimental configurations were designed and applied to a 31-station grid to test this hypothesis; two RAD7 radon monitors were placed in-series and connected to the top of a hollow probe driven up to 80-cm depth; the first instrument was directly attached to the probe and received humid soil gas, which was counted and then conveyed to the second monitor through a desiccant (drierite) cylinder capturing moisture and eventually the NAPL volatile component plus the radon dissolved in vapors. The values from the two instruments were cross-calibrated through specifically designed laboratory experiments and compared. The results are in agreement within the error range, so the presence of significant NAPL vapors, eventually absorbed by drierite, was ruled out. This is in agreement with low concentrations of soil VOCs. Accordingly, the radon-deficit is ascribed to the residual NAPL in the soil pores, as shown very well also by the obtained maps. Preferential areas of radon-deficit were recognised, as in previous surveys. An average estimate of 21 L (17 Kg) of residual NAPL per cubic meter of terrain is provided on the basis of original calculations, developed from published equations. A comparison with direct determination of total hydrocarbon concentration (23 kg per cubic meter of terrain) is provided.

Description: Published

Description: 138-147

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Correlation of distinct stratigraphic sequences is often critical to characterize evolution of sedimentary basins, as well as for exploration of georesources and for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions. Stratigraphic correlation is usually based on signal match- ing between two or multiple proxies’ records. Commonly, stratigraphers have to approach the correlation issue with time-consuming meth- ods or specific software that may not be easily accessible or may not allow a full and direct control of the adopted procedure. In this work, we propose a new simple tool, which consists of a single Microsoft Excel workbook (that we named StratFit) organized in work- sheets and allows an easy correlation of different stratigraphic curves and immediate visualization of the results. The correlation pro- cess is based on the FORECAST function and linear regression between subsequent couples of selected tie-points. The program is open source, user-friendly and allows a full control of the correlation process since all the computations are accessible for user’s inspection and improvement. The StratFit workbook and the user manual are freely distributed and can be downloaded as supplementary material.

Description: Published

Description: DA341

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: 5A. Paleoclima e ricerche polari

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Matuyama–Brunhes Boundary (MBB) recorded in the lacustrine sequence in the Sulmona basin (central Apennines, Italy) raised considerable scientific interest and has been the focus of various papers (Giaccio et al. 2013; Sagnotti et al. 2014; 2016). The interest comes from evidence for a very sharp geomagnetic polarity transition, that is radioisotopically dated. A paper recently published by Evans and Muxworthy (2018) questions the reliability of the Sulmona palaeomagnetic record. With new measurements on companion samples from the same stratigraphic block studied by Evans and Muxworthy, we show that directional results obtained by different demagnetization treatments (AF, thermal and thermal + AF) are in close agreement.We here propose a different interpretation of the magnetostratigraphy, and confirm that the palaeomagnetic record of the MBB geomagnetic reversal in the Sulmona basin is properly documented

Description: Published

Description: 296–301

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: JCR Journal