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  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
  • Correlation
  • Inversion
  • Springer  (95)
  • Wiley  (9)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Different procedures were used to analyze a comprehensive time series of nighttime thermal infrared images acquired from October 2006 to June 2013 by a permanent station at Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, Italy). The methodologies were aimed at the detection and quantification of possible spatiotemporal changes in the ground-surface thermal features of an area affected by diffuse degassing. Long-term infrared time series images were processed without taking into account atmospheric conditions and emissivity estimations. The data obtained were compared with the trends of independent geophysical and geochemical parameters, which suggested that long-term temporal variations of the surface maximum temperatures were governed by the dynamics of the deeper hydrothermal system. Analogously, the dynamics of the shallow hydrothermal system are likely to control the short-period thermal oscillations that overlie the long-term thermal signals. The map of the yearly rates of temperature change shows temperature increases clustered in the thermal anomalous area of the infrared images, without evidence of modifications to the extension of the anomaly or of growth of new areas with significant thermal emission. This suggests that in the present state, the heat transfer is mainly due to hot gas emission through preexisting fractures and vents. Our data indicate that the comprehensive picture of the spatiotemporal evolution of the thermal features of the hydrothermal sites obtained by long-term infrared monitoring can provide useful information toward refining physical and conceptual models, as well as improving surveillance of active volcanoes.
    Description: The TIR monitoring system was partially funded by the 2000–2006 National Operating Programme and by the Italian Civil Protection Department in the framework of the 2004–2006 agreement with the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 812–826
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Thermal Infrared Monitoring ; Campi Flegrei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Abstract In this study, we describe two experiments of seismic noise measurements carried out in Naples, Italy. The site allowed measurements to be obtained both at the surface and in a tunnel that is 120-m-deep. The main goal was to compare the seismic response evaluated at the surface to the in-tunnel response, through spectral, polarization, and resonance directivity analyses. In the 1 to 20 Hz frequency band, the noise level was up to 15 dB higher at the surface than in the tunnel. The polarization properties and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios appear not to be influenced by the tunnel geometry or by the topography. Some preferential alignments were observed in the polarization azimuths computed at the surface, which are likely to be due to local sources, rather than morphological features. The absence of directivity effects and the low noise levels in the tunnel make this site suitable for installing seismic stations. We also studied how the subsoil structure affects the seismic motion at the surface. The dispersive properties of the Rayleigh waves were investigated using the spatial autocorrelation method. A joint inversion of the dispersion data and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios provided the subsurface Vs profile. The derived model has a low velocity contrast at depth, such as to generate moderate and broad H/V spectral ratio peak amplitude. The normalized spectral ratio appears more appropriate to identify the soil-resonance frequencies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 385 - 400
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic noise ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present the first application of a time reverse location method in a volcanic setting, for a family of long-period (LP) events recorded on Mt Etna. Results are compared with locations determined using a full moment tensor grid search inversion and cross-correlation method. From 2008 June 18 to July 3, 50 broad-band seismic stations were deployed on Mt Etna, Italy, in close proximity to the summit. Two families of LP events were detected with dominant spectral peaks around 0.9 Hz. The large number of stations close to the summit allowed us to locate all events in both families using a time reversal location method. The method involves taking the seismic signal, reversing it in time, and using it as a seismic source in a numerical seismic wave simulator where the reversed signals propagate through the numerical model, interfere constructively and destructively, and focus on the original source location. The source location is the computational cell with the largest displacement magnitude at the time of maximum energy current density inside the grid. Before we located the two LP families we first applied the method to two synthetic data sets and found a good fit between the time reverse location and true synthetic location for a known velocity model. The time reverse location results of the two families show a shallow seismic region close to the summit in agreement with the locations using a moment tensor full waveform inversion method and a cross-correlation location method.
    Description: Published
    Description: 452-462
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcano seismology ; Computational seismology ; Wave propagation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this work, we investigate the site amplification effects observed in the Norcia plain, Central Italy. Data from 30 selected local earthquakes (2 ≤ Ml ≤ 4.1) recorded by a temporary seismic network composed by 15 stations, are analyzed to determine the spa- tial variability of site effects. Both the Horizontal-to-Vertical spectral ratio and the Standard Spectral Ratio techniques are applied to estimate the site amplification effects. The results show that most of the sites in the valley are affected by strong amplifications (up to a factor of 20) in the frequency range 0.5–5 Hz. The value of the fundamental frequency of resonance is strictly dependent on the location within the basin and on the sediment thickness. Strong amplifications also affect the vertical components. The time-frequency analysis performed on a station located inside the basin shows the presence of a large spectral amplitudes after the S-wave phase, not observed on a station located on the bedrock, suggesting the pres- ence of locally generated wave trains. Then, in agreement with earlier observations for other alluvial basins in Central Italy, 2D–3D effects play an important role in determining the site amplification effects in Norcia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1941-1959
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: site effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On 27 February 2007, a new eruption occurred on Stromboli which lasted until 2 April. It was characterized by effusive activity on the Sciara del Fuoco and by a paroxysmal event (15 March). This crisis represented an opportunity for us to refine the model that had been developed previously (2002–2003 eruption) and to improve our understanding of the relationship between the magmatic dynamics of the volcano and the geochemical variations in the fluids. In particular, the evaluation of the dynamic equilibrium between the volatiles (CO2 and SO2) released from the magma and the corresponding fluids discharged from the summit area allowed us to evaluate the level of criticality of the volcanic activity. One of the major accomplishments of this study is a 4-year database of summit soil CO2 flux on the basis of which we define the thresholds (low–medium–high) for this parameter that are empirically based on the natural volcanological evolution of Stromboli. The SO2 fluxes of the degassing plume and the CO2 fluxes emitted from the soil at Pizzo Sopra la Fossa are also presented. It is noteworthy that geochemical signals of volcanic unrest have been clearly identified before, during and after the effusive activity. These signals were found almost simultaneously in the degassing plume (SO2 flux) and in soil degassing (CO2 flux) at the summit, although the two degassing processes are shown to be clearly different. The interpretation of the results will be useful for future volcanic surveillance at Stromboli.
    Description: Published
    Description: 443-456
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli volcano ; CO2 soil flux ; Geochemical monitoring ; 2007 eruption ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this study the attenuation mechanism of seismic wave energy in north central Italy is estimated using low-magnitude earthquake local data recorded at six stations managed by INGV. Most of the analysed events are located along the Alpine chain in the zone of Iseo and Garda lakes, while a minor part in the Po valley. The zone investigated is characterized by the occurrence of significantly intense earthquakes (magnitude up to 6.6) the most recent occurred in 2004 close to the city of Sal`o on the coast of the Garda lake (Mw = 5.0). Due to the high population density and presence of industrial activity the investigated area is characterized by a high seismic risk. First, the ordinary Multiple Lapse Time Window Analysis (MLTWA) method is applied in the assumption of uniformvelocity and scattering and the couple of B0, the seismic albedo and Le−1, the extinction length inverse (corresponding to the total attenuation coefficient) is calculated in the frequency bands of 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 Hz. To retrieve more realistic estimates, the obtained values of B0 and Le−1 are corrected taking into account the effects of a depth-dependent earth model, consisting of an earth structure characterized by a transparent upper mantle and a heterogeneous crust. We find that the corrected intrinsic and scattering attenuation parameters (which are proportional to the inverse of the intrinsic/scattering quality factors, QI−1 and Qs−1) are strongly frequency dependent, with a prevalence of scattering attenuation over the intrinsic dissipation. The corrected and uncorrected values of total Q are in agreement with the total Q values obtained with different approaches for the same area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic Attenuation ; Coda Waves ; Wave Scattering and Diffraction ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present the first application of a time reverse location method in a volcanic setting, for a family of long-period (LP) events recorded on Mt Etna. Results are compared with locations determined using a full moment tensor grid search inversion and cross-correlation method. From 2008 June 18 to July 3, 50 broad-band seismic stations were deployed on Mt Etna, Italy, in close proximity to the summit. Two families of LP events were detected with dominant spectral peaks around 0.9 Hz. The large number of stations close to the summit allowed us to locate all events in both families using a time reversal location method. The method involves taking the seismic signal, reversing it in time, and using it as a seismic source in a numerical seismic wave simulator where the reversed signals propagate through the numerical model, interfere constructively and destructively, and focus on the original source location. The source location is the computational cell with the largest displacement magnitude at the time of maximum energy current density inside the grid. Before we located the two LP families we first applied the method to two synthetic data sets and found a good fit between the time reverse location and true synthetic location for a known velocity model. The time reverse location results of the two families show a shallow seismic region close to the summit in agreement with the locations using a moment tensor full waveform inversion method and a cross-correlation location method.
    Description: In press
    Description: (11)
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcano seismology ; Computational seismology ; Wave propagation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Destructive volcaniclastic flows are among the most recurrent and dangerous natural phenomena in volcanic areas. They can originate not only during or shortly after an eruption (syn-eruptive) but also during a period of volcanic quiescence (inter-eruptive), when heavy and/or persistent rains remobilize loose pyroclastic deposits. The area in Italy most prone to such flows is that of the Apennine Mountains bordering the southern Campania Plain. These steep slopes are covered by pyroclastic material of variable thickness (a few cm to several m) derived from the explosive activity of the Somma-Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei volcanoes a few tens of kilometers to the west. The largest and most recent devastating event occurred on May 5, 1998, causing the death of more than 150 people and considerable damage to villages at the foot of the Apennine Mountains. This tragic event was only the most recent of a number of volcaniclastic flows affecting the area in both historical and prehistoric times. Historical accounts report that more than 500 events have occurred in the last five centuries and that more than half of these occurred in the last 100 years, causing hundreds of deaths. In order to improve volcaniclastic flow hazard zonation and risk mitigation in the study area, we produced a zonation map that identifies the drainage basins potentially prone to disruption. This map was obtained by combining morphological characteristics (concavity and basin shape factor) and the mean slope distribution of drainage basins derived from a digital elevation model with a 10-m resolution. These parameters allowed for the classification of 1,069 drainage basins, which have been grouped into four different classes of proneness to disruption: low, moderate, high and very high. The map compiled in a GIS environment, as well as the linked database, can be rapidly queried.
    Description: Published
    Description: 371-387
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcaniclastic flow hazard ; GIS ; Vesuvian area ; Southern Campania Plain ; Slope instability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe analytical details and uncertainty evaluation of a simple technique for the measurement of the carbon isotopic composition of CO2 in volcanic plumes. Data collected at Solfatara and Vulcano, where plumes are fed by fumaroles which are accessible for direct sampling, were first used to validate the technique. For both volcanoes, the plume-derived carbon isotopic compositions are in good agreement with the fumarolic compositions, thus providing confidence on the method, and allowing its application at volcanoes where the volcanic component is inaccessible to direct sampling. As a notable example, we applied the same method to Mount Etna where we derived a δ13C of volcanic CO2 between −0.9 ± 0.27‰ and −1.41 ± 0.27‰ (Bocca Nuova and Voragine craters). The comparison of our measurements to data reported in previous work highlights a temporal trend of systematic increase of δ13C values of Etna CO2 from ~ −4‰, in the 1970’s and the 1980’s, to ~ −1‰ at the present time (2009). This shift toward more positive δ13C values matches a concurrent change in magma composition and an increase in the eruption frequency and energy. We discuss such variations in terms of two possible processes: magma carbonate assimilation and carbon isotopic fractionation due to magma degassing along the Etna plumbing system. Finally, our results highlight potential of systematic measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of the CO2 emitted by volcanic plumes for a better understanding of volcanic processes and for improved surveillance of volcanic activity.
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcanic plume ; Carbon isotope ; Etna ; Magmatic degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Etna’s 2001 basaltic lava flow provided a good example of the distal flow segment between the flow front and stable channel, across which the flow evolves from channel-contained to dispersed. This zone was mapped with meter precision using LIDAR data collected during 2004 and 2005. These data, supported by field mapping, show that the flow front comprised eight lobes each 10 to 20 m high. The flow front appears to have advanced not as a single unit, but as a series of lobes moving forward one lobe at a time. Primary lobes were centered on the channel axis and marginal lobes were off-axis. The lobes advanced as breakouts of low-yield-strength lava from the flow core of the stalled flow front. Marginal lobes were abandoned and contributed to marginal levees flanking the transitional channel. For Etna’s 2001 flow, the transitional channel is 140 m wide, 700 m long and fed a 240-m-long zone of dispersed flow; the change from stable to transitional channel occurred at a major reduction in slope. Above this, the stable channel is 5.2 km long, 55 to 105 m wide and bounded by 15- to 25-m-high levees, and the stable channel is located over a previous channel. In a final stage of activity, lava ponding at the break-in-slope that marks the terminus of the stable channel put pressure on the eastern levee, causing it to fail. Liberated lava then fed a final break-out to the east. Similar flow front-features occur at other volcanoes, indicating that similar processes are characteristic of dispersed flow zones.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119-127
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Basalt lava ; Channelised lava flow ; Flow front ; Zone of dispersed flow ; Flow dynamics ; LIDAR ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A series of computer microtomography experiments are reported which were performed by using a third-generation synchrotron radiation source on volcanic rocks from various active hazardous volcanoes in Italy and other volcanic areas in the world. The applied technique allowed the internal structure of the investigated material to be accurately imaged at the micrometer scale and three-dimensional views of the investigated samples to be produced as well as three-dimensional quantitative measurements of textural features. Thegeometryof thevesicle (gas-filledvoid) network in volcanic products of both basaltic and trachytic compositions were particularly focused on, as vesicle textures are directly linked to the dynamics of volcano degassing. This investigation provided novel insights into modes of gas exsolution, transport and loss in magmas that were not recognized in previous studies using solely conventional two- dimensional imaging techniques. The results of this study are important to understanding the behaviour of volcanoes and can be combined with other geosciences disciplines to forecast their future activity.
    Description: In press
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: high-resolution three-dimensional imaging ; X-ray computed microtomography ; volcanic eruptions ; volcanic rock textures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Active volcanoes characterized by open conduit conditions generate sonic and infrasonic signals, whose investigation provides useful information for both monitoring purposes and studying the dynamics of explosive processes. In this work, we discuss the automatic procedures implemented for a real-time application to the data acquired by a permanent network of five infrasound stations running at Mt. Etna volcano. The infrasound signals at Mt. Etna consist in amplitude transients, called infrasound events. The adopted procedure uses a multi-algorithm approach for event detection, counting, characterization and location. It is designed for an efficient and accurate processing of infrasound records provided by single-site and array stations. Moreover, the source mechanism of these events can be investigated off-line or in near real-time by using three different models: (1) Strombolian bubble; (2) resonating conduit and (3) Helmholtz resonator. The infrasound waveforms allow us to choose the most suitable model, to get quantitative information about the source and to follow the time evolution of the source parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1215–1231
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Infrasound ; monitoring system ; Mt. Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Experimental data and numerical modelling were used to study the effect of local geology on the seismic response of the Catania area. The town extends on a marly clays bedrock and terraced deposits made up by coastal sands and alluvial conglomerates. This sedimentary substratum is deeply entrenched by paleo-valleys filled by lava flows and pyroclastics. Available borehole data and elastic parameters were used to reconstruct a geotechnical model in order to perfome 1D numerical modeling. Seismic urban scenarios were simulated considering destructive (Mw = 7.0), strong (Mw = 6.2) and moderate (Mw = 5.7) earthquakes to assess the shaking level of the different outcropping formations. For each scenario seven real accelerograms were selected from the European Strong Motion Database to assess the expected seismic input at the bedrock. PGA and spectral acceleration at different periods were obtained in the urban area through the equivalent linear numerical code EERA, and contour maps of different levels of shaking were drawn. Standard and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios were achieved making use of a dataset of 172 seismic events recorded at ten sites located on the main outcropping lithotypes. Spectral ratios inferred from earthquake data were compared with theoretical transfer functions. Both experimental and numerical results confirm the role of the geological and morphologic setting of Catania. Amplification of seismic motion mainly occurs in three different stratigraphic conditions: (a) sedimentary deposits mainly diffused in the south of the study area; (b) spots of soft sediments surrounded by lava flows; (c) intensely fractured and scoriaceous basaltic lavas.
    Description: In press
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Scenario earthquake ; 1D modelling ; PGA values ; Earthquake records ; spectral ratios ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We show the magnetic model of the Selli-Vavilov region. The Selli Line is known as the northwestern edge of the southern Tyrrhenian basin. The tectonic evolution of the Tyrrhenian basin is dominated by a Tortonian - Quaternary extension through the eastward movement of the Apennine subduction system. This migration has generated a diffuse stretching of the continental crust with the emplacement of new oceanic material. This latter occurred in several localized zones where the eastward retreating of the Ionian subduction system produced a strong depletion of the crust with formation of basins and correlated spreading. Nowadays the presence of oceanic crust is confirmed through direct drilling investigation but a complete mapping of the oceanic crustal distribution is still lacking. The Selli-Vavilov region shows a differentiated crustal setting where seamount structures, the oceanic basement portions and continental crust blocks are superimposed. To this aim, a 2D inversion of the magnetic data of this region was conducted to define buried structures. The magnetic susceptibility pattern was computed by solving the least squares problem of the misfit between the predicted and real data for separated wavebands. This method produced two 2D models of the high and low frequency fields of the Selli-Vavilov region. The two apparent susceptibility maps provide different information for distinct ranges of depth. The results of the inversions were also combined with seismic data of the Selli region highlighting the position of the highly-magnetized buried bodies. The results confirm a role for the Selli Line as a deep crustal boundary dividing the Sardinian passive domain from the easternmost active region where different oceanic structures are located. The Selli Line has worked as a detachment fault system which has moved eastward. Finally, the Selli-Vavilov region may be interpreted as a tectonic result due to a passive asymmetrical rift occurred between the Tortonian and Pliocene.
    Description: Published
    Description: 251-266
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geomagnetism ; Tectonics ; Geodynamics ; Inversion ; Oceanic crust ; Volcanic structure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: Unstructured hexahedral mesh generation is a critical part of the model- ing process in the Spectral-Element Method (SEM). We present some ex- amples of seismic wave propagation in complex geological models, automati- cally meshed on a parallel machine based upon CUBIT (Sandia Laboratory, cubit.sandia.gov), an advanced 3D unstructured hexahedral mesh genera- tor that offers new opportunities for seismologist to design, assess, and improve the quality of a mesh in terms of both geometrical and numerical accuracy. The main goal is to provide useful tools for understanding seismic phenomena due to surface topography and subsurface structures such as low wave-speed sedimentary basins. Our examples cover several typical geophysical problems: 1) “layer-cake” volumes with high-resolution topography and complex solid- solid interfaces (such as the Campi Flegrei Caldera Area in Italy), and 2) models with an embedded sedimentary basin (such as the Taipei basin in Taiwan or the Grenoble Valley in France).
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: meshing ; seismic wave propagation ; spectral element methond ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In August 2000 and July 2001 two seismic sequences, characterized by mainshocks with Ml (local magnitude) respectively 5.1 and 4.8, occurred in the Monferrato region (Italy). The regional seismic network of North-western Italy (RSNI) recorded more than 250 foreshocks and aftershocks. The routine locations, obtained from the Hypoellipse code, show a seismic activity concentrated in a circular area, of a radius of about 15 km, located near Acqui Terme, and randomly distributed in depth. Location errors, due to an uneven azimuthal station distribution of the regional seismic network, prevent recognition of the geometry of the active zone. Waveform analysis revealed the presence of several multiplets. In order to discriminate and successively relocate them, an automatic cross-correlation procedure was applied. Normalized cross-correlation matrixes, for the RSNI stations which recorded almost 90% of considered events, on the basis of a signal to noise ratio analysis, were computed using only S wave time windows. The use of a relocation procedure, based on the double-difference method which incorporates ordinary absolute travel-time measurements and/or cross-correlation differential travel-times, allowed us to overcome the constraints of the uneven distribution of stations giving a quite different frame of seismicity. The improved locations showed that the seismic activity is mainly arranged along a NE-SW oriented volume, at a depth range of 8–20 km, involving the basement crystalline units. This orientation is confirmed by the analysis of the focal mechanisms: most focal solutions show a strike slip component with one of the nodal planes consistent with the main orientation of the seismic events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-22
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: earthquake clusters ; waveform ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Measurement of effusion rate is a primary objective for studies that model lava flow and magma system dynamics, as well as for monitoring efforts during on-going eruptions. However, its exact definition remains a source of confusion, and problems occur when comparing volume flux values that are averaged over different time periods or spatial scales, or measured using different approaches. Thus our aims are to: (1) define effusion rate terminology; and (2) assess the various measurement methods and their results. We first distinguish between instantaneous effusion rate, and time-averaged discharge rate. Eruption rate is next defined as the total volume of lava emplaced since the beginning of the eruption divided by the time since the eruption began. The ultimate extension of this is mean output rate, this being the final volume of erupted lava divided by total eruption duration. Whether these values are total values, i.e. the flux feeding all flow units across the entire flow field, or local, i.e. the flux feeding a single active unit within a flow field across which many units are active, also needs to be specified. No approach is without its problems, and all can have large error (up to ∼50%). However, good agreement between diverse approaches shows that reliable estimates can be made if each approach is applied carefully and takes into account the caveats we detail here. There are three important factors to consider and state when measuring, giving or using an effusion rate. First, the time-period over which the value was averaged; second, whether the measurement applies to the entire active flow field, or a single lava flow within that field; and third, the measurement technique and its accompanying assumptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-22
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava ; Instantaneous effusion rate ; Time-averaged discharge rate ; Eruption rate ; Monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The use of a hand-held thermal camera during the 2002–2003 Stromboli effusive eruption proved essential in tracking the development of flow field structures and in measuring related eruption parameters, such as the number of active vents and flow lengths. The steep underlying slope on which the flow field was emplaced resulted in a characteristic flow field morphology. This comprised a proximal shield, where flow stacking and inflation caused piling up of lava on the relatively flat ground of the vent zone, that fed a medial–distal lava flow field. This zone was characterized by the formation of lava tubes and tumuli forming a complex network of tumuli and flows linked by tubes. Most of the flow field was emplaced on extremely steep slopes and this had two effects. It caused flows to slide, as well as flow, and flow fronts to fail frequently, persistent flow front crumbling resulted in the production of an extensive debris field. Channel-fed flows were also characterized by development of excavated debris levees in this zone (Calvari et al. 2005). Collapse of lava flow fronts and inflation of the upper proximal lava shield made volume calculation very difficult. Comparison of the final field volume with that expecta by integrating the lava effusion rates through time suggests a loss of ~70% erupted lava by flow front crumbling and accumulation as debris flows below sea level. Derived relationships between effusion rate, flow length, and number of active vents showed systematic and correlated variations with time where spreading of volume between numerous flows caused an otherwise good correlation between effusion rate, flow length to break down. Observations collected during this eruption are useful in helping to understand lava flow processes on steep slopes, as well as in interpreting old lava–debris sequences found in other steep-sided volcanoes subject to effusive activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava flow field ; Morphology ; Tumuli ; Lava tubes ; Effusion rate ; Rheology ; Stromboli volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-06-09
    Description: Results of geological, geomechanical and seismometric investigations aiming at the analysis of the seismic response in a carbonate ridge of the Nera River valley (Central Apennines – Italy) are discussed. Geological and geomechanical surveys were aimed at defining the stratigraphic and structural setting of the outcropping formations and the jointing conditions of the rock mass. Velocimetric records of both ambient noise and small-magnitude earthquakes were analysed in order to identify amplification conditions. The analysis was carried out in the time domain, through directional energy evaluation, and in the frequency domain, through H/V spectral ratios and spectral ratios with respect to a reference station. A local amplification factor was estimated from Housner intensity. The study revealed a significant seismic amplification in a fault zone. This effect was observed in intensely jointed and mylonitic rock masses, located inside moderately jointed rock masses, and is the result of specific geometries and significant impedance contrasts. A map of fault zones prone to amplification of ground motion was constructed, taking into account the jointing conditions of the rock masses and the structural setting of the investigated ridge. The study relied on an integrated methodological approach, which combined the available data under union and intersection criteria.
    Description: Published
    Description: 416-449
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: jointed rock masses ; velocimetric records ; seismic amplification ; trapped waves ; Central Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 20
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    Geometriae dedicata 83 (2000), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1572-9168
    Keywords: Vollständiges Viereck ; Kegelschnittbüschel ; Konjugiertheitsabbildung ; Inversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The conjugacy mapping rel. to a complete quadrangle in a Pappian projective plane of characteristic ≠2 is constructed by using a bijection of the line set onto the bundle of conics through the diagonal points of the quadrangle. The inversion with center O of the inversion circle going through the point P in the Euclidean plane proves to be the product of the reflection at OP and the affine restriction of the conjugacy mapping rel. to the quadrangle having P as one of its vertices and O together with the circular points at infinity as diagonal points.
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    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 360-371 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Environmental geophysics ; Resistivity ; Inversion ; Landfill mining ; Waste ; Characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Geophysical investigations using 2-D DC resistivity were carried out on old parts of two similar landfills, with waste of different ages. The data sets, which included high data density in both vertical and horizontal directions, were interpreted with 2-D smoothness constrained inversion. The landfills were excavated after the surveying. The objective was to test the capability of the resistivity method as a pre-characterization technique. The objectives were only partially fulfilled. First, the moisture content was the parameter that appeared to exert the dominant control over the resistivity distribution of the landfill. The most important potential information that can be recovered is, therefore, an indication of the waste piles hydraulics. Second, it was neither possible to estimate the amount of recoverable soils, nor to correlate the type of waste with the resistivity models. However, discrete anomalies were identified, and if specific materials are searched for, the resistivity models indicate possible places to search.
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    Earth, moon and planets 88 (2000), S. 115-122 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Correlation ; meteor rates ; solar activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The correlation of sporadic meteor rates from radar observations in January, August, and December non-show-er periods in 1958–2000, and relevant solar activity represented by the solar relative number, R, is investigated. Similar analysis of the December sporadic period was already presented by Simek 1999, and Pecina. Complete analysis indicates high correlation of both phenomena with sporadic meteor counts curve following that of solar activity after 1.5–2 years in the mean eleven year solar cycle with the correlation index exceeding 70%. This result supports the large volume of observing material of the Ondřejov meteor radar in the above mentioned span covering almost four solar cycles.
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    In:  Berlin, 306 pp., Springer, vol. 2, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 0-387-30752-4)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; Textbook of mathematics ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Modelling ; Inversion
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    In:  New York, Springer, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-87590-533-1)
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Error analysis ; Handbook of geophysics ; Handbook of geodesy ; toolbox ; Statistical investigations ; Inversion ; Non-linear effects ; aerial ; images ; Diffraction ; Tomography ; 1214 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Geopotential ; theory ; and ; determination ; 1224 ; Photogrammetry ; remote ; sensing ; 0902 ; Exploration ; geophysics ; Computational ; methods, ; seismic ; Gruen ; Grun
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  • 25
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    Animal cognition 2 (1999), S. 123-129 
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Face recognition ; Inversion ; Expertise ¶effect ; Matching-to-sample ;  Macaca mulatta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the face inversion effect in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Face stimuli consisted of ten black-and-white examples of unfamiliar rhesus monkey faces, brown capuchin faces, and human faces. Two non-face categories included ten examples of automobiles and abstract shapes. All stimuli were presented in a sequential matching-to-sample format using an automated joystick-testing paradigm. Subjects performed significantly better on upright than on inverted presentations of automobiles, rhesus monkey and capuchin faces, but not human faces or abstract shapes. These results are inconsistent with data from humans and chimpanzees that show the inversion effect only for categories of stimuli for which subjects have developed expertise. The inversion effect in rhesus monkeys does not appear to be face-specific, and should therefore not be used as a marker of specialized face processing in this species.
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  • 26
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    Boundary layer meteorology 91 (1999), S. 495-504 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Evaporation ; Heat storage ; Marsh ; Inversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Concurrent measurements of the surface energy balance components (net radiation, heat storage, and sensible and latent heat fluxes) were made in three communities (open water, Phragmites australis, Scirpus acutus) in a wetland in north-central Nebraska, U.S.A., during May-October, 1994. The Bowen ratio – energy balance method was used to calculate latent and sensible heat fluxes. This paper presents results from the open water area. The heat stored in water (G) was found to play a major role in the energy exchange over the water surface. During daytime, G consumed 45–60% of R n , the net radiation (seasonally averaged daytime G was about 127 W m−2). At night, G was a significant source of energy (seasonally averaged nighttime G was about -135 Wm−). The diurnal pattern of latent heat flux (λ E) did not follow that of R n . On some days, λ E was near zero during midday periods with large R n . The diurnal variability in λ E seemed to be significantly affected by temperature inversions formed over the cool water surface. The daily evaporation rate (E) ranged from 2 to 8 mm during the measurement period, and was generally between 70 and 135% of the equilibrium rate.
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    Multidimensional systems and signal processing 9 (1998), S. 433-438 
    ISSN: 1573-0824
    Keywords: Correlation ; spectrum ; Wigner distribution ; frequency ; period ; pulse train
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A classical problem in signal processing is accurate estimation of fundamental frequency/periodicity of periodic signals at low SNR. Typically, researchers address the estimation problem, assuming that the signal environment is a sum of sinusoids in white Gaussian noise. If the signals and noise are pulsed, the situation is much more complex since normal FFT based methods result in spectra which are sums of harmonic structures. Sorting radar signals can be especially difficult since there may be many pulsed signals present in a low SNR impulsive noise environment. In this paper, a method equivalent to integration along a hyperbola on the Wigner distribution is presented. This transform, which is closely related to both the Fourier transform and the correlation function, has the property that a periodic signal produces an expected non-zero complex-valued bulge at only the fundamental. The phase, magnitude and position of the correlation bulge are sufficient to characterize the time-domain pulse train. Finally, a simple super-resolution method is presented which may be used to refine the fundamental frequency/period estimate.
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  • 28
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    Accreditation and quality assurance 3 (1998), S. 337-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Keywords: Key words Uncertainty ; Measurement standards ; Reference materials ; Correlation ; Traceability networks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract  If the value of a derived measurement standard is assigned by comparison with a reference standard of the same quantity, the uncertainty is increased by the additional uncertainty on the difference measurement. This basic fact has lead to the general belief that the uncertainty of derived standards is always larger than that of the reference standards. However, if the value of a derived standard is assigned by comparison with several independent reference standards using an appropriate average, the increase of uncertainty due to the uncertainty on difference measurement may be counterbalanced by the the well-known decrease of uncertainty through averaging. The gain of accuracy made possible by this mechanism is restricted to second-generation standards. Further gain through iteration is prevented by correlation between standards derived from the same set of reference standards. As a consequence, the concept of metrological hierarchy levels, relating to traceability chains, becomes questionable for traceability networks.
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  • 29
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 44 (1998), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Mate choice ; Sexual selection ; Correlation ; Mate sampling ; Decision rules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract For intersexual selection to occur, it is necessary that females choose between males. It is now well appreciated that constraints exist, which preclude females sampling all the available males in a population. These constraints are likely to have caused the evolution of sampling rules (such as the “best-of-n” rule) by which females sample males. Here we investigate the impact of female subsampling of the male population, not on the evolution of sampling behaviour, but on the population-level correlation between a male trait and currencies such as reproductive success. This study is important as it illustrates when population-level correlations can be safely used to infer the presence and strength of sexual selection in the field. We find that the correlation between a male trait and a mate choice variable rises steeply as the number of males sampled by each female increases, flattening above seven to ten males sampled. This shape is found to be remarkably robust, and little affected by, for example, the mate choice variable used, by noise in assessment, by sampling behaviour depending on female quality, or by population size. The only variable found to have a large impact is male clumping according to their “quality”. If females are sampling about four males, the maximum correlation that can be found at the population level is in the range 0.4–0.6, perhaps as little as 0.1 if males are strongly clumped. A recent review of the literature suggests that four is the average number of males that females sample. Thus, the absence of a strong correlation cannot by itself be used to infer that sexual selection is weak, as it may be due to females sampling few males.
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    Formal aspects of computing 9 (1997), S. 331-348 
    ISSN: 1433-299X
    Keywords: Inversion ; Abduction ; Reverse computation ; Program testing ; Logic programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Imperative programs can be inverted directly from their forward-directed program code with the use of logical inference. The relational semantics of imperative computations treats programs as logical relations over the observable state of the environment, which is taken to be the state of the variables in memory. Program relations denote both forward and backward computations, and the direction of the computation depends upon the instantiation pattern of arguments in the relation. This view of inversion has practical applications when the relational semantics is treated as a logic program. Depending on the logic programming inference scheme used, execution of this relational program can compute the inverse of the imperative program. A number of nontrivial imperative computations can be inverted with minimal logic programming tools.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Buckwheat ; Chloroplast DNA ; Inversion ; Inverted repeats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chloroplast genomes in buckwheat species contain large inverted repeats which are at least 4 kbp longer than the majority of those in land plants. The length of the buckwheat inverted repeats was attributable to an additional region located adjacent to the borders of the small single-copy region. We have cloned and sequenced a 5.2-kbp SmaI fragment corresponding to this extra region in the inverted repeats. A homology search revealed that the sequence of the SmaI fragment is highly homologous to one side of the small single-copy region of the inverted repeats in dicot chloroplast DNAs such as tobacco and beechdrops. Interestingly, a 3.7-kbp segment in the middle of the SmaI fragment is inserted in the opposite orientation relative to those of the other dicot species, and 17-bp direct repeats are found located at both the ends of the additional region. These results suggest that expansion of the inverted repeats in buckwheat chloroplast DNA might have been associated with an inversion.
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    Journal of biological physics 23 (1997), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Keywords: Membrane ; Transport ; Transport parameters ; Correlation ; Correlation constant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We derive a formula for the correlation of the three practical transportparameters Lp, σ, and ω appearing in Kedem-Katchalskyequations. It has a form ω = KLp/vs(1-σ), where K = 0.0306 is a universal constant independent ofthe choice of a membrane and a solute. It can be used to calculate the valueof any of these parameters, provided the other two and the molar volume $$\overline {\upsilon _s } $$ of the solute are known. The formula couldbe very useful, in particular when measurements of the parameters aredifficult or even impossible.
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    International journal of earth sciences 85 (1996), S. 372-379 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Pyrenees ; Cadí ; Nogueres ; Inversion ; Lateral ramps ; Transfer faults ; Tear faults
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Field work in the South-Central Pyrenees suggests that omission contacts (i.e. younger over older rocks) occur at the base of the Cadí unit (Cadí thrust), and pass laterally into thrusts. This change occurs across tear faults which are present in the hangingwall of the Cadí thrust sheet and which controlled the deposition of Upper Cretaceous sediments (Adraén formation). Detailed mapping in the contact area between the Nogueres and Cadí units has shown that the actual thrust geometry in the study area is controlled by preexisting normal and transfer faults which developed in an already compressional context. Lateral ramps or tear faults develop depending on the angle between the pre-existing extensional transfer fault and the thrust transport direction.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Taupo volcanic zone ; Ignimbrites ; Palaeomagnetism ; Fission track ; Geochronology ; Correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Large volume (100–1000 km3), widespread rhyolitic ignimbrites are the main products of the Taupo volcanic zone (TVZ) of New Zealand, one of the most active silicic volcanic regions on Earth. Several factors have made correlation and the eruptive history of the ignimbrites difficult to resolve, including limited exposure and chronological data, broadly similar lithologies and the lack of stratigraphic successions visible in the field. We have used the isothermal plateau fission track (ITPFT) method on glass shards from the non-welded basal zones to obtain new eruption ages for the widespread units: Ongatiti (1.25±0.12 Ma), Whakamaru group (0.34±0.03 Ma), Matahina (0.34±0.02 Ma), Chimp (0.33±0.02 Ma), Kaingaroa (0.31±0.01 Ma) and Mamaku (0.23±0.01 Ma) ignimbrites. These glasses show little evidence of geochemical alteration and allow the units to be fingerprinted for correlation. The glass ages we have obtained for the late Quaternary units provide an independent check on chronological data obtained from phenocryst phases. The ITPFT method is a useful dating approach for sanidine-poor eruptives which limit the application of 40Ar/39Ar. Errors as limited as 10–30 ka can be obtained from the weighted mean of several age determinations. The thermoremanent magnetic (TRM) direction recorded in the units provides a means of correlation over a wide area of the TVZ, because each ignimbrite can be distinguished by its unique record of palaeosecular variation. These data indicate that the four separately mapped members of the Whakamaru group represent the same phase of activity, occurring within a period of 100 years. The TRM data indicate that the widespread Ahuroa ignimbrite erupted during an excursion in Earth's magnetic field, perhaps associated with the Cobb Mountain subchron (ca. 1.2 Ma). The youngest widespread welded unit, Mamaku ignimbrite (ca. 0.23 Ma), also erupted during an excursion and may represent a southern hemisphere record of the Pringle Falls geomagnetic episode found in the western United States. The palaeomagnetic and ITPFT data for the widespread late Quaternary ignimbrites suggest a major period of caldera formation at 0.34–0.30 Ma. This interval represents the eruption of multiple units from the Whakamaru caldera, followed by the formation of the Okataina and Reporoa calderas in rapid succession.
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chicken ; DNA fingerprinting ; Correlation ; Crosses ; Production traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic diversity within and among nine pure lines of Beijing White Leghorn chickens was determined by DNA fingerprinting using human ministatellite probes 33.6 and α-globin 3′HVR, as well as bacteriophage M13. Within lines similarity coefficients ranged from 0.497 to 0.628, significantly higher than that within a sample of white chicken from a local market. Relationships among lines were established by clustering analysis based on inter-line coefficients of difference calculated from DNA fingerprints of pooled DNA. A complete diallel crossing among the nine pure lines was conducted. By using linear correlation analysis, it was found that the maximum distance between parental lines was positively correlated with egg number, egg production, survival rate and their corresponding heterosis percentages within a pair of reciprocal crosses. Similar relationships were found where only the higher of the reciprocal crosses were used in the analysis. It was also shown that similarity coefficients within a sire line or dam line were positively correlated with 40-week egg number and its heterosis percentage and the heterosis percentage for 40-week egg production, but negatively correlated with the 40-week survival rate of the cross-bred populations.
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Chicken ; DNA fingerprinting ; Correlation ; Crosses ; Production traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic diversity within and among nine pure lines of Beijing White Leghorn chickens was determined by DNA fingerprinting using human ministatellite probes 33.6 and α-globin 3′HVR, as well as bacteriophage M13. Within lines similarity coefficients ranged from 0.497 to 0.628, significantly higher than that within a sample of white chicken from a local market. Relationships among lines were established by clustering analysis based on inter-line coefficients of difference calculated from DNA fingerprints of pooled DNA. A complete diallel crossing among the nine pure lines was conducted. By using linear correlation analysis, it was found that the maximum distance between parental lines was positively correlated with egg number, egg production, survival rate and their corresponding heterosis percentages within a pair of reciprocal crosses. Similar relationships were found where only the higher of the reciprocal crosses were used in the analysis. It was also shown that similarity coefficients within a sire line or dam line were positively correlated with 40-week egg number and its heterosis percentage and the heterosis percentage for 40-week egg production, but negatively correlated with the 40-week survival rate of the crossbred populations.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 1335-1342 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Correlation ; Genetic gain ; Allele frequency ; Index weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The application of the selection index in the case of an additive two-trait model in which the genetic effect on each trait is determined by a finite number of loci is examined. Simulation results indicate that the direction of change in the frequency of favourable alleles is not necessarily in the positive direction at all loci when index selection is used as the basis for truncation selection. When the genetic correlation was positive (or favourable with respect to the economic weights), there was little difference (〈5%) in genetic gain over 20 generations and no difference in the direction of change in allele frequencies or genetic correlation whether or not updated values for the genetic (co)variances were used in constructing the selection index. However, when the genetic correlation was negative or unfavourable, the effect of using genetic parameters which were not updated had unexpected effects on the allele frequencies and genetic correlation and reduced the genetic gain by a greater amount (〈 12%).
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    Natural resources research 5 (1996), S. 43-52 
    ISSN: 1573-8981
    Keywords: Correlation ; petroleum resource assessment ; quantitative methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract There is an inbuilt correlation between estimated quantities of oil and gas produced by probabilistic assessments of undiscovered oil and gas resources. Correlation between assessed quantities of oil and gas occurs at every level, whether prospects, plays, basins, continents, or the world. Providing that the oil and gas are assessed in the same run of the computer program, the correlation can be calculated using the paired values of the undiscovered oil and gas volumes calculated in each of the Monte Carlo simulations. It can be seen in the shape and density of a point plot of these paired values. Alternatively, the correlation can be calculated theoretically using an equation written in terms of the data input to the assessment program. These commonly include distributions for the number of accumulations (N), the success rate (s), the accumulation sizes (V), an oil to gas conversion factor, and a proportion of oil to oil plus gas (P OOG). The cause of the correlation is investigated and explained using point plots and equations for a variety of input distributions. The shape and density of each plot are determined by the pattern of the numbers of oil and gas accumulations, the sizes of the accumulations, and the proportions of oil to oil plus gas. The correlation is caused by the dispersion or spread of the input distributions. It may be positive or negative, tending toward positive as the dispersions ofN, s, andV increase and the dispersion ofP OOG decreases. The correlation indicates that there is a relationship between the undiscovered oil and gas resources that may be described by fitting a linear regression to a plot of the paired values of the total oil and gas resources. The relationship should be quoted as part of the assessment and might be used to make a better estimate of the value of the undiscovered resources.
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    Geologische Rundschau 85 (1996), S. 372-379 
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Pyrenees ; Cadí ; Nogueres ; Inversion ; Lateral ramps ; Transfer faults ; Tear faults
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Field work in the South-Central Pyrenees suggests that omission contacts (i.e. younger over older rocks) occur at the base of the Cadí unit (Cadí thrust), and pass laterally into thrusts. This change occurs across tear faults which are present in the hangingwall of the Cadí thrust sheet and which controlled the deposition of Upper Cretaceous sediments (Adraén formation). Detailed mapping in the contact area between the Nogueres and Cadí units has shown that the actual thrust geometry in the study area is controlled by pre-existing normal and transfer faults which developed in an already compressional context. Lateral ramps or tear faults develop depending on the angle between the pre-existing extensional transfer fault and the thrust transport direction.
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    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Population ; Correlation ; Soil properties ; Mollisol
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) propagules by the most probable number method in some mollisols and their correlations with some important soil properties were determined. On average, the six soils, Phoolbagh clay loam, Beni silty clay loam, Haldi loam, Nagla loam, Khamia sandy loam and Patherchatta sandy loam contained 4.9, 4.0, 7.9, 7.9, 3.3 and 13.0 propagules/g soil, respectively, i.e. none of the soils was found to be high in VAM. The size of the VAM population was compared to soil properties such as pH, organic carbon, sand content, available phosphorus and available potassium, cation-exchange capacity, silt and clay contents. A significant positive correlation (r=0.586) was only found with available soil phosphorus (P〈0.05) and a significant negative correlation (r=–0.555) with soil clay content (P〈0.05).
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    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae Population ; Correlation ; Soil properties ; Mollisol
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) propagules by the most probable number method in some mollisols and their correlations with some important soil properties were determined. On average, the six soils, Phoolbagh clay loam, Beni silty clay loam, Haldi loam, Nagla loam, Khamia sandy loam and Patherchatta sandy loam contained 4.9, 4.0, 7.9, 7.9, 3.3 and 13.0 propagules/g soil, respectively, i.e. none of the soils was found to be high in VAM. The size of the VAM population was compared to soil properties such as pH, organic carbon, sand content, available phosphorus and available potassium, cation-exchange capacity, silt and clay contents. A significant positive correlation (r=0.586) was only found with available soil phosphorus (P〈0.05) and a significant negative correlation (r=-0.555) with soil clay content (P〈0.05).
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 91 (1995), S. 225-236 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Symmetry breaking ; Correlation ; DFI-HF instabilities
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The solution of both Hartree-Fock (HF) and Kohn-Sham (KS) equations is based on the variational principle. Exact wavefunctions would obey the same symmetry restrictions contained in the total hamiltonian. However, the variational principle does not guarantee these symmetry restrictions and the HF and KS solutions are not necessarily symmetric in spin and space. Spatial and spin symmetry broken solutions with lower energies than their restricted analogues are examined for C2 and Be2, in the context of the KS formalism. Comparison with UHF solutions shows that KS instabilities are far less pronounced. The main differences between HF and KS solutions are related to effects of electron correlation.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 282-288 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Crossing-over ; Genetic map ; Inversion ; Linkage ; Recombination ; T. aestivum ; T. monococcum ; Translocation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The construction of comparative genetic maps of chromosomes 4Am and 5Am of Triticum monococcum and chromosomes of homoeologous groups 4, 5 and 7 of T. aestivum has provided insight into the evolution of these chromosomes. The structures of chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B of modern-day hexaploid bread wheat can be explained by a 4AL/5AL translocation that occurred at the diploid level and is present both in T. monococcum and T. aestivum. Three further rearrangements, a 4AL/7BS translocation, a pericentric inversion and a paracentric inversion, have taken place in the tetraploid progenitor of hexaploid wheat. These structural rearrangements and the evolution of chromosomes 4A, 5A and 7B of bread wheat are discussed. The presence of the 4AL/5AL translocation in several Triticeae genomes raises two questions — which state is the more primitive, and is the translocation of mono- or poly-phylogenetic origin? The rearrangements that have occurred in chromosome 4A resulted in segments of both arms having different positions relative to the telomere, compared to 4Am and to 4B and 4D. Comparisons of map length in these regions indicate that genetic length is a function of distance from the telomere, with the distal regions showing the highest recombination.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 1032-1036 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Correlation ; Seedling selection ; Red clover ; Expected response to selection
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of the correlation between juvenileand mature-plant traits is critical in determining the opportunities for early stage selection. The effects of early stage selection on mature-plant performance have rarely been quantified. This study was conducted to identify seedling traints in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) that correlate to mature-plant traits and to evaluate the effect of seedling selection on forage yields and other mature-plant traits. The results showed that relationships between most seedlingand mature-plant traits were weak (r ranged from 0.170 to 0.239). Nevertheless, selecting the top 10% seedlings for petiole length, days from emergence to full expansion of the 4th leaf (D4LE), or leaves per seedling, produced a mature-plant population with higher individual plant dry weight (IPDW1) and higher annual yield in 1993 (Y93). Selection for leaves per seedling increased IPDW1 by 23.2%. Selection for petiole length and the smallest D4LE increased Y93 by 15.7% and 13.8%, respectively. Furthermore, substantial expected genetic gains were obtained for IPDW1 and Y93 when selecting for some seedling traits. We conclude that plants and families with low potential yield can be eliminated at the seedling stage in red clover. This will allow breeders to increase the number of superior plants to be field tested or to conduct a more rigorous evaluation of the selected plants. Among the five selection schemes tested for direct selection of mature-plant traits, mass selection produced the largest genetic gain.
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 491-505 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Time series analysis ; Autocovariance ; Gaussian and fractional Brownian noise ; Correlation ; Hurst coefficient ; Fractal dimension ; Statistics
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Fractal signals can be characterized by their fractal dimension plus some measure of their variance at a given level of resolution. The Hurst exponent, H, is 〈0.5 for rough anticorrelated series, 〉0.5 for positively correlated series, and =0.5 for random, white noise series. Several methods are available: dispersional analysis, Hurst rescaled range analysis, autocorrelation measures, and power special analysis. Short data sets are notoriously difficult to characterize; research to define the limitations of the various methods is incomplete. This numerical study of fractional Brownian noise focuses on determining the limitations of the dispersional analysis method, in particular, assessing the effects of signal length and of added noise on the estimate of the Hurst coefficient, H, (which ranges from 0 to 1 and is 2-D, where D is the fractal dimension). There are three general conclusions: (i) pure fractal signals of length greater than 256 points give estimates of H that are biased but have standard deviations less than 0.1; (ii) the estimates of H tend to be biased toward H=0.5 at both high H (〉0.8) and low H (〈0.5), and biases are greater for short time series than for long; and (iii) the addition of Gaussian noise (H=0.5) degrades the signals: for those with negative correlation (H〈0.5) the degradation is great, the noise has only mild degrading effects on signals with H〉0.6, and the method is particularly robust for signals with high H and long series, where even 100% noise added has only a few percent effect on the estimate of H. Dispersional analysis can be regarded as a strong method for characterizing biological or natural time series, which generally show long-range positive correlation.
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    Theoretica chimica acta 91 (1995), S. 225-236 
    ISSN: 0040-5744
    Keywords: Key words: Symmetry breaking ; Correlation ; DFI ; HF instabilities
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary.  The solution of both Hartree–Fock (HF) and Kohn–Sham (KS) equations is based on the variational principle. Exact wavefunctions would obey the same symmetry restrictions contained in the total hamiltonian. However, the variational principle does not guarantee these symmetry restrictions and the HF and KS solutions are not necessarily symmetric in spin and space. Spatial and spin symmetry broken solutions with lower energies than their restricted analogues are examined for C2 and Be2, in the context of the KS formalism. Comparison with UHF solutions shows that KS instabilities are far less pronounced. The main differences between HF and KS solutions are related to effects of electron correlation.
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    International journal of earth sciences 83 (1994), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Mediterranean microplates ; Pre-Alpidic rifting ; Inversion ; Low angle faulting ; Intracrustal shearing
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This progress report is based on investigations of the tectonometamorphic development of crystalline complexes and is restricted to a few key problems of the Hellenides: 1. ‘Hinterland’. Rhodopia is strongly affected by Alpidic metamorphism, granitoid intrusions, orogenic deformation and intracrustal delamination. Therefore, close relations between the Balkanides and Hellenides have to be considered. 2. External zones. The Phyllite-Quartzite Series probably originated in a Late Palaeozoic rift within Apulia. In Middle Triassic times rifting stopped and the area became the basement on an extended carbonate platform (Late Triassic-Liassic). From the Dogger to Palaeocene, parts of that platform subsided, forming the Ionian pelagic basin. The Eocene orogenesis within the central Hellenides then caused an inversion of the buried Phyllite-Quartzite rift zone, whereas from the Late Oligocene onwards the previous rift zone underwent continental (A-) subduction. Finally, uplift of the Phyllite-Quartzite Series and nappe emplacement started in Miocene times. 3. Late orogenic intracrustal shearing. Structural analyses of crystalline complexes of Attica have shown that neotectonic extension and the large vertical displacement of the Aegean region were caused by low angle faulting and large-scale shearing within the deeper crust, probably along former overthrust planes. These results reveal the mechanisms of intracratonic tectonics, remobilization of continental crust and intracrustal detachment throughout the evolution of the Hellenides.
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    Transport in porous media 14 (1994), S. 33-72 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Inversion ; radii frequency ranges ; geometrically modelled pore space ; continuous radii distribution ; structural hysteresis ; contact angle hysteresis
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Today's practice of interpreting Hg capillary pressure curves — a widespread method in porosimetry — is generally unsatisfactory. This has already been demonstrated by Fatt. First, the saturation branch of such a curve is interpreted using the concept of a pore space model in which essential features of a network structure are disregarded. Second, the data provided by the desaturation branch are not used. Distributions of radii of capillaries within porous materials derived by this technique are usually incorrect in that the frequencies of occurrence of the greater radii turn out too small, those of the smaller radii too large. We present a more reliable approach which constrains radii frequency ranges for the Hg saturated pore space and for both the part of the pore space that desaturates and the part that traps mercury when Hg pressure is released. The pore space may be of an arbitrary geometrical structure, the radii distribution may be continuous. Also, the Hg desaturation may enable one to distinguish experimentally between structural and contact angle hysteresis.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 6 (1993), S. 363-379 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; Inversion ; Left-inverse system ; Observability
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The left-invertibility and the general construction of reduced inverse systems are studied and described in a unified vector-space approach for both linear and nonlinear systems. The order of reduced inverse systems is calculated by means of intrinsic invariants, which reflect some properties related to observability. The uniqueness of the reduced inverse is described by a factor space.
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    Applicable algebra in engineering, communication and computing 4 (1993), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0622
    Keywords: Correlation ; Sequences ; Fourier transform
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The almost perfect binary sequences have been defined in [6] as (−1, +1)-periodic sequences such that all their out-of-phase autocorrelation coefficients are zero except one. In the preceding paper, the study of the almost perfect binary sequences is done by means of the ringF 2[X]/(X n −1). Here, the arithmetic of cyclotomic fields enables us to solve open problems and questions like: structure and existence of these sequences.
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    Constructive approximation 9 (1993), S. 191-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0940
    Keywords: Primary 28C20 ; 41A15 ; 46E30 ; 60J65 ; Secondary 60E15 ; 62J10 ; Wiener measure ; Brownian motion ; Spline approximation ; Orthonormal spline system ; Franklin system ; Orlicz spaces ; Hölder classes ; Covariance ; Correlation ; Gaussian vectors
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract There are three results proved in this paper. The first one characterizes the Hölder classes in Orlicz spaces by the coefficients of the orthogonal spline expansions of the Franklin type. The second one gives a sharp estimate for the correlation of two random variables obtained as a composition of two Borel functions with the components of a given two-dimensional Gaussian vector. The third one is obtained with the help of the first two and it states that the Wiener measure is concentrated on the Banach space of Hölder functions with exponent 1/2 but in the norm of the Orlicz spaceL M * withM(t)=expt(t 2)−1.
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    Machine vision and applications 6 (1993), S. 35-49 
    ISSN: 1432-1769
    Keywords: Correlation ; Optimization ; Parallel ; Regularization ; Stereo
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract To compute reliable dense depth maps, a stereo algorithm must preserve depth discontinuities and avoid gross errors. In this paper, we show how simple and parallel techniques can be combined to achieve this goal and deal with complex real world scenes. Our algorithm relies on correlation followed by interpolation. During the correlation phase the two images play a symmetric role and we use a validity criterion for the matches that eliminate gross errors: at places where the images cannot be correlated reliably, due to lack of texture of occlusions for example, the algorithm does not produce wrong matches but a very sparse disparity map as opposed to a dense one when the correlation is successful. To generate a dense depth map, the information is then propagated across the featureless areas, but not across discontinuities, by an interpolation scheme that takes image grey levels into account to preserve image features. We show that our algorithm performs very well on difficult images such as faces and cluttered ground level scenes. Because all the algorithms described here are parallel and very regular they could be implemented in hardware and lead to extremely fast stereo systems.
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 86 (1993), S. 167-179 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Correlation ; Properties ; Polarization propagator ; Coupled Hartree-Fock ; Random phase approximation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary We consider various possibilities for the uncorrelated reference for the calculation of properties. According to the philosophy of Löwdin, to whom this volume is dedicated, the uncorrelated reference state for response properties ought to be taken as the unperturbed Hartree-Fock state for properties of all orders in the applied field. Frequently, however, it is operationally convenient to use the coupled Hartree-Fock like results as a standard of comparison for second- and higher-order properties, even though this is not consistent with Löwdin's choice for the uncorrelated reference state. In this method the reference state is the perturbed Hartree-Fock state. Numerical examples demonstrate a rather large difference between the two uncorrelated references. We consider the pros and cons of each choice.
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 87 (1993), S. 147-173 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Correlation ; MP2 ; AO ; Laplace transform ; Bounds ; Parallel computer ; Gradient ; Crystal ; Solid
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A novel formulation of MP2 theory is presented which starts from the Laplace transform MP2 ansatz, and subsequently moves from a molecular orbital (MO) representation to an atomic orbital (AO) representation. Consequently, the new formulation is denoted AO-MP2. As in traditional MP2 approaches electron repulsion integrals still need to be transformed. Strict bounds on the individual MP2 energy contribution of each intermediate four-index quantity allow to screen off numerically insignificant integrals with a single threshold parameter. Implicit in our formulation is a bound to two-particle density matrix elements. For small molecules the computational cost for AO-MP2 calculations is about a factor of 100 higher than for traditional MO-based approaches, but due to screening the computational effort in larger systems will only grow with the fourth power of the size of the system (or less) as is demonstrated both in theory and in application. MP2 calculations on (non-metallic) crystalline systems seem to be a feasible extension of the Laplace transform approach. In large molecules the AO-MP2 ansatz allows massively parallel MP2 calculations without input/output of four-index quantities provided that each processor has in-core memory for a limited number of two-index quantities. Energy gradient formulas for the AO-MP2 approach are derived.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 598-604 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize-Sorghum-Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Genetic maps ; Inversion ; Translocation ; Duplication
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cloned maize genes and random maize genomic fragments were used to construct a genetic map of sorghum and to compare the structure of the maize and sorghum genomes. Most (266/280) of the maize DNA fragments hybridized to sorghum DNA and 145 of them detected polymorphisms. The segregation of 111 markers was analyzed in 55 F2 progeny. A genetic map was generated with 96 loci arranged in 15 linkage groups spanning 709 map units. Comparative genetic mapping of sorghum and maize is complicated by the fact that many loci are duplicated, often making the identification of orthologous sequences ambiguous. Relative map positions of probes which detect only a single locus in both species indicated that multiple rearrangements have occurred since their divergence, but that many chromosomal segments have conserved synteny. Some sorghum linkage groups were found to be composed of sequences that detect loci on two different maize chromosomes. The two maize chromosomes to which these loci mapped were generally those which commonly share duplicated sequences. Evolutionary models and implications are discussed.
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    International journal of anthropology 8 (1993), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Total finger ridge count ; Polygenic inheritance ; Major gene ; Regression ; Correlation ; Variance
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between mean total finger ridge count (TFRC) and its variability is examined using 43 male and 34 female samples from the State of Andhra Pradesh, India, using the approach of Jantz (1977) to verify the major gene effect. The mean TFRC is found to be inversely and significantly related to its variability barring standard deviation (SD). The F ratios are highly significant and the variation of TFRC due to coefficient of variation (CV) is around 39 per cent. The values of correlations, regressions, F ratios etc., of the present study fully support the hypothesis of major gene effect on TFRC.
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    Transport in porous media 11 (1993), S. 53-70 
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Correlation ; permeability ; network model ; sphere pack ; percolation ; tessellation
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    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In principle, network models can replicate exactly the microstructure of porous media. In practice, however, network models have been constructed using various assumptions concerning pore structure. This paper presents a network model of a real, disordered porous medium that invokes no assumptions regarding pore structure. The calculated permeability of the model agrees well with measured permeabilities, providing a new and more rigorous confirmation of the validity of the network approach. Several assumptions commonly used in constructing network models are found to be invalid for a random packing of equal spheres. In addition, the model permits quantification of the effect of pore-scale correlation (departure from randomness) upon permeability. The effect is comparable to reported discrepancies between measured permeabilities and predictions of other network models. The implications of this finding are twofold. First, a key assumption of several theories of transport in porous media, namely that pore dimensions are randomly distributed upon a network, may be invalid for real porous systems. Second, efforts both to model and to measure pore-scale correlations could yield more accurate predictions of permeability.
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    Journal of cryptology 5 (1992), S. 67-86 
    ISSN: 1432-1378
    Keywords: Stream cipher ; Correlation ; Cryptanalysis ; Boolean functions
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract For pseudo-random generators where one or several LFSRs are combined by a memoryless function, it is known that the output sequences are correlated to certain LFSR-sequences whose correlation coefficients c t satisfy the equation ∑ i c 2 i = 1. In this paper it is proved that a corresponding result also holds for generators whose LFSRs are connected to a combiner with memory. If correlation probabilities are conditioned on side information, e.g., on known output digits, it is shown that new or stronger correlations may occur. This is exemplified for the summation cipher with only two LFSRs where such correlations can be exploited in a known plaintext attack. A cryptanalytic algorithm is given which is shown to be successful for LFSRs of considerable length and with arbitrary feedback connection.
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    The visual computer 8 (1992), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Computer art ; Inversion ; Osculation transformation circle packing
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this article is to present an informal introduction and tutorial on certain graphical aspects of inversion and osculation for the non-mathematician and to present artistic renditions using these methods.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 619-623 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic sexing ; Translocation ; Inversion ; Lucilia cuprina ; Ceratitis capitata
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic sexing systems based on sex-linked translocations and deleterious mutations are subject to breakdown from genetic recombination in males. Including inversions in these strains may provide a solution to this problem, by ensuring selective elimination of recombinant products. Inversions could be used either in coupling to or in repulsion to the translocation. The latter system, requiring homozygous-viable inversions, would be more difficult to construct, but would offer several advantages not available with coupled translocation/inversion systems. A system proposed for the blowfly Lucilia cuprina is outlined, which combines homozygous-viable pericentric inversions in repulsion to existing sex-linked translocations. This system should both stabilize the genetic sexing system and increase the suppressive potential of such strains.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 368-378 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetic control ; Simulation ; Translocation ; Inversion ; Genetic sexing
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The GENCON simulation program GC5 is designed to simulate genetic population control using field-female killing (FK) systems carying pericentric inversions in addition to Y-linked translocations and deleterious mutations. Homozygous-viable pericentric inversions are included on the same chromosomes as the deleterious mutations, in repulsion to the Y-linked translocation. Released males transmit the inversions and mutations to their daughters and the translocation to their sons. Daughters are semisterile regardless of the type of male they mate with, because products of crossing-over within the inversions carry inviable duplications and deficiencies. Compared to present FK systems, inversion-containing strains give higher levels of genetic death, with both faster initial suppression and greater persistence of genetic death from field-reared descendants if releases are interrupted. At low release rates, both types of FK system are more effective than sterile males.
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 28 (1990), S. 509-524 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Averaging ; Biomedical ; Correlation ; Covariance ; Estimation ; Signal processing ; Time domain
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This is the first of a series of four tutorial papers on biomedical signal processing. It provides an introduction to terminology and basic ideas for testing for randomness and trend, and for the determination of basic signal properties in the time domain, given the uncertainties associated with the estimation process. Techniques outlined in the paper are: the coherent average, cross-correlation and covariance, autocorrelation and phase-shift averaging.
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    Current genetics 16 (1989), S. 211-218 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Repetitive DNA ; Inversion ; Recombination ; Transposition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction mapping and DNA sequencing were used to characterize dispersed repetitive DNA in the chloroplast genome of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]. To map repeat families, chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) clones were hybridized at high stringency to one another and to cpDNA cut with restriction enzymes. Repeats are clustered in four regions of the genome and comprise at least six families. Sequence analysis of one repeat family shared among three XbaI fragments indicated the presence of a 633 by inverted repeat which contains a complete tRNA-Serine (GCU) gene and a highly conserved open reading frame (ORF 3.6). Both ends of this 633 bp dispersed repeat have a transposon-like combination of short direct and inverted repeats. One copy of the repeat flanks one of the endpoints of a major inversion which differentiates Douglas-fir from tobacco cpDNA. Dispersion of repetitive DNA by transposition, coupled with loss of the large inverted repeat, appears to have predisposed conifer cpDNA to a number of inversions. An 8 by (CATCTTTT) direct repeat in tobacco is located between two inverted sections in Douglas-fir; it may be a target sequence for homologous recombination.
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    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 191-201 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic code ; Amino acid properties ; Correlation ; Cluster analysis ; Discriminant analysis ; Codon plurality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this paper, I define a measure of the relative position of each amino acid in the genetic code by means of a 21-dimensional vector describing its potential for mutation, in a single step, to each of the other amino acids, or to a chain termination codon. This measure allows us to make a systematic investigation of the type and number of the physicochemical properties of the amino acids that were involved in evolution. The polar character and size of amino acids are identified in this analysis as properties that played a leading role in the evolutionary history of the genetic code. The application of cluster analysis and discriminant analysis reveals the characteristics of the structural organization of the genetic code. Finally, I suggest the existence of a relationship between the molecular weight of the amino acids and the number of synonymous codons.
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    Journal of cryptology 1 (1989), S. 159-176 
    ISSN: 1432-1378
    Keywords: Cryptanalysis ; Stream cipher ; Correlation ; Linear feedback shift register
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Suppose that the output of a running key generator employed in a stream cipher is correlated to a linear feedback shift register sequence (LFSR sequence) a with correlation probabilityp〉0.5. Then two new correlation attacks (Algorithms A and B) are presented to determine the initial digits of a, provided that the numbert of feedback taps is small (t〈10 ifp≤0.75). The computational complexity of Algorithm A is of orderO(2ck), wherek denotes the length of the LFSR andc〈1 depends on the input parameters of the attack, and Algorithm B is polynomial (in fact, even linear) in the lengthk of the LFSR. These algorithms are much faster than an exhaustive search over all phases of the LFSR, and are demonstrated to be successful against shift registers of considerable lengthk (typically,k=1000). On the other hand, for correlation probabilitiesp≤0.75 the attacks are proven to be infeasible against long LFSRs if they have a greater number of taps (roughlyk≥100 andt≥10).
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  • 66
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 27 (1989), S. 572-579 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Cardiovascular ; Coherence ; Correlation ; Signal sampling ; Signal processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two algorithms, based on coherency and correlation functions, are proposed for estimating the signal-to-noise ratio of physiological signals including the effect of flicker noise. New sampling techniques based on converting a single continuous signal into two time series that satisfy the requirements of the algorithms are proposed. The algorithms are applied to a computer-generated signal and noise composite of known SNR, as well as to quasiperiodic left ventricular pressure (LVP) waveforms transduced from ten patients. Both coherency and correlation methods were used to estimate the known SNR of the computer-generated compsite, signal and noise to within ±5 per cent, for SNR values between 10 and 30 dB. When applied to LVP waveforms, the two methods gave SNR values which were almost identical. Flicker noise associated with the LVP waveforms was computed to be 14 dB higher than the white noise. It is concluded that flicker, or 1/f noise, which has been heretofore ignored in SNR calculations of pressure and flow signals, must now be included.
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  • 67
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    Pure and applied geophysics 128 (1988), S. 365-399 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Inversion ; waveforms ; attenuation ; Green's function ; representation theorem ; dual conditions ; reciprocity theorem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To account for elastic and attenuating effects in the elastic wave equation, the stress-strain relationship can be defined through a general, anisotropic, causal relaxation functionψ ijkl (x, τ). Then, the wave equation operator is not necessarily symmetric (‘self-adjoint’), but the reciprocity property is still satisfied. The representation theorem contains a term proportional to the history of strain. The dual problem consists of solving the wave equation withfinal time conditions and an anti-causal relaxation function. The problem of interpretation of seismic waveforms can be set as the nonlinear inverse problem of estimating the matter density ϱ(x) and all the functionsψ ijkl (x, τ). This inverse problem can be solved using iterative gradient methods, each iteration consisting of the propagation of the actual source in the current medium, with causal attenuation, the propagation of the residuals—acting as if they were sources—backwards in time, with anti-causal attenuation, and the correlation of the two wavefields thus obtained.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; tRNA genes ; Gene duplication ; Inversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have determined the DNA sequences of regions involved in two of the three inversions known to have occurred during the evolution of wheat chloroplast DNA. This establishes the extent of the second largest of the three inversions. Examination of these sequences suggests that although short repeated sequences are present, the endpoints of the second and third inversions are not associated with repeated sequences as long as those associated with the first inversion. However the endpoints of all three inversions are all adjacent to at least one tRNA gene, and there is evidence that three of the tRNA genes have been subjected to partial duplication, possibly at the time of inversion. This suggests that tRNA genes might be involved with rearrangements of chloroplast DNA, as has also been postulated for mitochondrial DNA.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast genome ; Inversion ; Transposon ; Spinach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A 7,022 by BamHI-EcoRI fragment, located in the inverted repeat of spinach chloroplast, has been sequenced. It contains a 2131 codon open reading frame (ORF) homologous to both tobacco ORFs 581 and 1708, and to Marchantia ORF 2136. Relative to the Marchantia chloroplast genome, spinach ORF 2131 is located at the end of a large inversion; the other end point is close to trnL, the position of which is the same in Marchantia, tobacco and spinach. In Marchantia, two 8 by direct repeats flanking two 10 by indirect repeats are present near the end points of the inversion. These repeats may result from a transposon-mediated insertion which would have facilitated the subsequent inversion. From a comparison of the gene organization of the spinach, tobacco, and Marchantia genomes in this region, we propose a step-wise process to explain the expansion of the inverted repeat from a Marchantia-like genome to the spinach/tobacco genome.
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  • 70
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    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1988), S. 87-97 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genome evolution ; Rearrangement ; Inversion ; Brassica ; Base substitution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We examined the tempo and mode of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) evolution in six species of crucifers from two genera,Brassica andRaphanus. The six mtDNAs have undergone numerous internal rearrangements and therefore differ dramatically with respect to the sizes of their subgenomic circular chromosomes. Between 3 and 14 inversions must be postulated to account for the structural differences found between any two species. In contrast, these mtDNAs are extremely similar in primary sequence, differing at only 1–8 out of every 1000 bp. The point mutation rate in these plant mtDNAs is roughly 4 times slower than in land plant chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and 100 times slower than in animal mtDNA. Conversely, the rate of rearrangements is extraordinarily faster in plant mtDNA than in cpDNA and animal mtDNA.
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  • 71
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 75 (1988), S. 237-243 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Spontaneous chromosomal rearrangement ; Reciprocal translocation ; Inversion ; Giemsa C-banding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Four of 1,240 cultivated barley lines collected from different regions of the world and 3 of 120 lines of wild barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch, carry spontaneous reciprocal translocations. Break-point positions and rearrangements in the interchanged chromosomes have been examined by both test crosses and Giemsa banding techniques. The four translocation lines in cultivated barley were all of Ethiopian origin and have the same translocation involving chromosomes 2 and 4. The breakpoints are at the centromeres of both chromosomes, resulting in interchanged chromosomes 2S+4S and 2L+4L (S=short arm, L=long arm). A wild barley line, Spont.II, also has translocated chromosomes 2 and 4 which are broken at the centromeres. The resultant chromosomes are, however, 2S+4L and 2L+4S. Another wild barley line, Spont.S-4, has interchanged chromosomes with breakpoints in the short arm of chromosome 3 and the long arm of chromosome 7. In addition, this line has a paracentric inversion in the short arm of chromosome 7 that includes a part of nucleolar constriction, resulting in two tandemly arranged nucleolar constrictions. The third wild barley line, Spont.S-7, has interchanged chromosomes with breakpoints in the long arms of both chromosomes 3 and 6. The translocated chromosome 3 is metacentric and the translocated chromosome 6 has a long arm similar in length to the long arm of chromosome 7.
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  • 72
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 26 (1988), S. 584-590 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Correlation ; EEG ; EOG ; Models ; Ocular artefacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An investigation of ocular artefacts (OAs) in the human electroencephalogram (EEG) to quantify the effectiveness of OA removal and to find the most effective model for removing OAs online is described. In Part 1, the models used in the investigation are described and the data analysed. The analysis showed that the ‘true’ EEG exhibited a high degree of serial correlation and so the ordinary least-squares (OLS) method employed to remove OA was inefficient. Efficient alternative methods based on autoregressive models of the ‘true’ EEG are discussed. It is also shown that the EOGs are linearly dependent making some of them redundant. In Part 2, the models are compared.
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  • 73
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    Queueing systems 2 (1987), S. 373-380 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: Correlation ; estimation ; waiting times ; GI/M/m queue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Serial correlation coefficients are useful measures of the interdependence of successive waiting times. Potential applications include the development of linear predictors and determining simulation run lengths. This paper presents the algorithm for calculating such correlations in the multiserver exponential service queue, and relates it to known results for single server queues.
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  • 74
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    Mineralogy and petrology 37 (1987), S. 315-321 
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Keywords: Magnetite ; Inversion ; Cations radii
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Kristallstrukturen von zwei natürlichen Magnetiten wurden verfeinert. Es stellte sich heraus, daß ihre Gitterplätze 8 a und 16d (Fd 3 m) voll besetzt sind, und sich somit von den von Fleet (1981, 1982) bestimmten Defektstrukturen unterscheiden. Die Kationradien für Fe2+ und Fe3+ in Oktaeder- und Tetraeder-Koordinationen wurden für reine und fast reine Magnetite verbessert. Dabei wurde eine gute Korrelation zwischen beobachteten und berechneten Werten der beiden unabhängigen Parameter in der Struktur, d.h. Gitterkonstante und Sauerstoff-Ortsparameter gefunden. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse bringen einen Umkehrparameter i in (Fe 1−i 2+ Fe i 3+ )(Fe i 2+ Fe 2−i 3+ )O4 von ungefähr 0.90, der in allen reinen Magnetiten gleich und unabhängig von dem Strukturtyp sowie dem Abkühlverhalten ist.
    Notes: Summary The crystal structures of two natural magnetites were refined. Both turned out to have equipoints 8a and 16d (Fd3m) fully occupied and hence different from type I and type II defect structures investigated by Fleet (1981, 1982). It was possible to improve the cation radii for Fe2+ ad Fe3+ in octahedral and tetrahedral coordinations for pure and almost pure magnetites obtaining very good agreement between observed and calculated values of the two independent geometric structure parameters, i.e. cell edge and oxygen coordinate. The present results lead to an estimate of inversion parameter i in (Fe 1−i 2+ Fe i 3+ )(Fe i 2+ Fe 2t-i 3+ )O4, of about 0.90, equal for all the four pure magnetites, independently of type of structure and also of cooling history.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chloroplast genome evolution ; Inverted repeat ; Inversion ; Repeated sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have compared the sequence organization of four previously uncharacterized legume chloroplast DNAs - from alfalfa, lupine, wisteria and subclover — to that of legume chloroplast DNAs that either retain a large, ribosomal RNA-encoding inverted repeat (mung bean) or have deleted one half of this repeat (broad bean). The circular, 126 kilobase pair (kb) alfalfa chloroplast genome, like those of broad bean and pea, lacks any detectable repeated sequences and contains only a single set of ribosomal RNA genes. However, in contrast to broad bean and pea, alfalfa chloroplast DNA is unrearranged (except for the deletion of one segment of the inverted repeat) relative to chloroplast DNA from mung bean. Together with other findings reported here, these results allow us to determine which of the four possible inverted repeat configurations was deleted in the alfalfa-pea-broad bean lineage, and to show how the present-day broad bean genome may have been derived from an alfalfa-like ancestral genome by two major sequence inversions. The 147 kb lupine chloroplast genome contains a 22 kb inverted repeat and has essentially complete colinearity with the mung bean genome. In contrast, the 130 kb wisteria genome has deleted one half of the inverted repeat and appears colinear with the alfalfa genome. The 140 kb subclover genome has been extensively rearranged and contains a family of at least five dispersed repetitive sequence elements, each several hundred by in size; this is the first report of dispersed repeats of this size in a land plant chloroplast genome. We conclude that the inverted repeat has been lost only once among legumes and that this loss occurred prior to all the other rearrangements observed in subclover, broad bean and pea. Of those lineages that lack the inverted repeat, some are stable and unrearranged, other have undergone a moderate amount of rearrangement, while still others have sustained a complex series of rearrangement either with or without major sequence duplications and transpositions.
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    Current genetics 11 (1987), S. 565-570 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Restriction map ; Circular chromosome ; Recombination repeat ; Inversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Restriction mapping studies reveal that the mitochondrial genome of white mustard (Brassica hirta) exists in the form of a single circular 208 kb chromosome. The B. hirta genome has only one copy of the two sequences which, in several related Brassica species, are duplicated and undergo intramolecular recombination. This first report of a plant mitochondrial DNA that does not exist in a multipartite structure indicates that high frequency intramolecular recombination is not an obligatory feature of plant mitochondrial genomes. Heterologous filter hybridizatios reveal that the mitochondrial genomes of B. hirta and B. campestris have diverged radically in sequence arrangement, as the result of approximately 10 large inversions. At the same time, however, the two genomes are similar in size, sequence content, and primary sequence.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Restriction maps ; Gene organization ; Chloroplast DNA ; Inversion ; Asteraceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned into plasmids 17 of 18 lettuce chloroplast DNA SacI fragments covering 96% of the genome. The cloned fragments were used to construct cleavage maps for 10 restriction enzymes for the chloroplast genomes of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Barnadesia caryophylla, two distantly related species in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). Both genomes are approximately 151 kb in size and contain a 25 kb inverted repeat. We also mapped the position and orientation of 37 chloroplast DNA genes. The mapping studies reveal that chloroplast DNAs of lettuce and Barnadesia differ by a 22 kb inversion in the large single copy region. Barnadesia has retained the primitive land plant genome arrangement, while the inversion has occurred in a lettuce lineage. The endpoints of the derived lettuce inversion were located by comparison to the well-characterized spinach and tobacco genomes. Both endpoints are located in intergenic spacers within tRNA gene clusters; one cluster being located downstream from the atpA gene and the other upstream from the psbD gene. The endpoint near the atpA gene is very close to one endpoint of a 20 kb inversion in wheat (Howe et al. 1983; Quigley and Weil 1985). Comparison of the restriction site maps gives an estimated sequence divergence of 3.7% for the lettuce and Barnadesia genomes. This value is relatively low compared to previous estimates for other angiosperm groups, suggesting a high degree of sequence conservation in the Asteraceae.
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 71 (1987), S. 375-384 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: MCSCF ; Correlation ; Effective potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method is suggested which allows the inclusion of dynamic correlation into CASSCF calculations. An effective Coulomb hole potential is added to the Hamiltonian. The potential has a simple form, which allows its implementation into existing LCAO programs using Gaussian integral packages. The parameters appearing in the potential are determined by fitting to empirical valence correlation energies for first row atoms. Calculations of ionization energies and electron affinities show considerable improvement compared to the MCSCF values. Test calculations on three molecules give the following results, H2∶ r e=0.745 (0.741) Å, D e=4.62 (4.75) eV; N2∶ r e=1.099 (1.098) Å, D e= 10.42 (9.91) eV; O2∶ r e=1.198 (1.207) Å, D e=4.73 (5.21) eV. Experimental values within parenthesis.
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  • 79
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 25 (1987), S. 397-402 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Correlation ; Electrodes ; Electrogastrogram ; Frequency ; Gastric electrical activity ; Phase angle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several authors have reported measurements of the human electrogastrogram (EGG), both with intraluminal electrodes and with improved noninvasive techniques. These methods provide information about the existence and frequency of gastric electrical activity (GEA) which may aid in diagnosing tachygastria. However, none of these methods have provided information regarding the direction and velocity of propagation of GEA. Such information could help isolates such abnormalities as gastro-oesophageal and antral reflux and gastric stasis. To ascertain the reliability of the extracorporal measurements, a new intraluminal electrode assembly was developed. This probe measures GEA through the mucosa at several locations simultaneously; yielding frequency, direction of propagation and velocity of the electrical activity.
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  • 80
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 24 (1986), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Correlation ; Visual evoked potential ; Visual pathway ; Weighting matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were measured using 19 electrodes attached to the scalps of five normal human subjects during stimulations of the full-field and hemifield chequerboard pattern reversal. These signals were analysed by a new method based on the time locus of the potential distribution centre, where this locus was computed from the spatial potential distribution using the weighting matrix and maximum mean cross-correlation criteria. The results showed that the loci of normal subjects are similar, with an average correlation of 0·87. The loci produced in the left hemifield stimulation were different from the loci produced during the right hemifield stimulation, with a correlation of −0·66. Experimental results from four cats showed significant changes of the time loci after surgical division of the visual path-ways.
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  • 81
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 24 (1986), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Correlation ; Foetal heart rate ; Modulus difference ; Ultrasonic foetal monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microprocessor-based correlation processing is now widely used for the estimation of foetal heart rate from ultrasonic Doppler signals. The paper describes a technique having a, similar performance, to correlation but which will run three times faster on a microprocessor without an onboard hardware multiplier. This speed improvement results from replacing each multiplication operation of the correlation algorithm with a subtraction and a modulus operation. The algorithm, is thus referred to as the modulus difference algorithm. Typical waveforms are presented illustrating the responses of the two processors to continuous wave Doppler foetal heart signals for both wide (50 Hz) and narrow (4 Hz) preprocessor bandwidths. A quantitative comparison is given of the performance of the two methods in estimating the period of a synthetic signal with additive white Gaussian noise. This simulation represents the wideband preprocessor case. A theoretical derivation of the outputs for the narrowband preprocessor case is given, and actual outputs are shown for comparison. A tutorial approach is adopted throughout the paper.
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    The visual computer 1 (1985), S. 101-107 
    ISSN: 1432-2315
    Keywords: Implicitization ; Inversion ; Intersection ; Resultant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Resultants were originally developed in the 18th and 19th centuries to solve certain simple algebraic problems. Here we shall present some applications of resultants to several important problems in computational geometry, including the implicitization, inversion, and intersection of parametric rational polynomial curves and surfaces.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 239-249 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Inversion ; Contact ; Thin sheet ; Interpretation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The general expression for gravity and magnetic anomalies over thin sheets and sloping contacts may be expressed as a polynomial of the formFx 2+C1Fx+C2F+C3x3+C4x2+C5x+C6. The initial parameters of the source are obtained from the coefficientsC 1, C2,..., C6 which may be solved by inverting a 6×6 matrix. The initial parameters are modified by successive iteration process using the difference formula until the root mean square error between the observed and calculated anomalies is a minimum. The regional background which may be in the form of a polynomial is estimated by the computer itself. This method is applied on a number of field anomalies and is found to yield reliable estimates of depth and other parameters of the source.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 123 (1985), S. 375-387 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Inversion ; Dilatancy ; Anisotropy ; Local Earthquakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Shear-wave splitting has been identified in many three-component seismograms from two separate field experiments on a section of the North Anatolian Fault in North-West Turkey. These observations are consistent with shear-wave propagation through a zone of extensive-dilitancy anisotropy. A preliminary attempt has been made to confirm this interpretation by simultaneously inverting suites of arrival-times for hypocentral locations and for parameters describing an anisotropic halfspace. Although the inversion procedure is not globally convergent, it is possible to recognize the true solution by systematically varying the initial conditions. Applied to selected data sets, the inversion defines several anisotropic models that fit the data significantly better than a simple isotropic model, and display the anisotropy required by the shear-wave splitting. However, most of these anisotropic models are not superior when they are used to individually locate events in a much larger data set. However, for each experiment, there is a single model that produces clearly superior locations for the larger data sets than those of other anisotropic or simple isotropic models. Both models display similar velocity variations which are characteristic of propagation through distributions of biplanar cracks displaying orthorhombic symmetry. The principal axes of the two models are oriented in similar directions and are within 20° of the principal axis of regional stress derived from fault-plane solutions. The solutions indicate low velocities close to the tensional axis, as would be expected in extensive-dilatancy anisotropy.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley cultivars ; Cations ; Composition ; Correlation ; Interaction ; Macronutrients ; Micronutrients ; Regression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary No differences were found among the five cultivars studied in the relationships between soil chemical properties and crop concentrations or uptake of macro and micro nutrient cations. Soil pH was significantly correlated with both the concentration and yield of most of the cations from grain of all cultivars with no differences between cultivars determined. None of the cultivars showed significant relationships between the concentration of a nutrient element in the whole plant or in the grain and the available nutrient determined from the soil. The degree of association between the concentration of a given cation in the whole plant and in grain was generally small and, in many cases insignificant. Those cations showing strong relationships were Na, Mn, and Zn. These relationships were not found to differ between cultivars. Stepwise regression analysis showed pH to be the dominant factor determining the composition of whole plants and grain. Addition of soil available nutrients to the equation resulted in slight reductions in the sums of squares.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Argile ; Corrélation ; Eléments ; Helminthia echioides ; Sélénium ; Trifolium repens ; Clay loam ; Correlation ; Elements ; Helminthia echioïdes ; Selenium ; Trifolium repens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Clay loam soils on La Roche-Posay area andHelminthia echioïdes andTrifolium repens growing on them were analyzed for selenium content. On thirty sites, total soil Se concentration varied from 1.7 to 4.5 ppm and soil pH varied from 6.1 to 7.2. The selenium content in plants was high: from 2 to 32.5 ppm, but showed no correlation with soil pH or with total Se content in soil. Both species were also analyzed for their sixteen element contents. They contained high concentrations of Al, Fe, Ni, Co and Cr. The higher Se contents were found in plants presenting the lower Al, Fe, As and Mn levels. In Trifolium, the Se content showed a negative correlation with the concentration of Al (r=−0.44), of Fe (r=−0.47) and of As (r=−0.47). Moreover, there were high positive correlations between the levels of Al, Fe and As in both species. A positive correlation between the concentration of Se and P was seen for Helminthia, but for Trifolium, the lower concentrations of Se were noted both in samples that had the lower and the higher levels of P. Some other positive correlations were noted between Se concentrations and those of Co, Mo or Mn when it is present in relatively high amounts in the plant species.
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons analysé la teneur en sélénium de sols argileux de la région de La Roche-Posay ainsi que celle deHelminthia echioïdes etTrifolium repens qui s'y développent. Sur trente emplacements, la concentration en Se total du sol varie de 1,7 à 4,5 ppm et le pH oscille de 6,1 à 7,2. La teneur en sélénium des plantes est élevée: de l'ordre de 2 à 32,5 ppm, mais aucune corrélation n'a été notée entre ces valeurs et d'une part le pH du sol ou d'autre part la teneur totale en Se du sol. Seize éléments minéraux ont également été dosés. Les deux espèces présentent des concentrations élevées en Al, Fe, Ni, Co et Cr. Les Teneurs les plus fortes en Se ont été retrouées dans les plantes possédant les taux les plus bas en Al, Fe, As et Mn. Chez Trifolium, une corrélation négative est observée entre la concentration en Se et celle en Al (r=−0,44), en Fe (r=−0,47) et en As (r=−0,47). Par ailleurs, des corrélations positives sont obtenues entre les teneurs en Al, Fe et As chez les deux espèces. Une corrélation positive existe entre la teneur en Se et celle en P chez Helminthia, mais chez Trifolium les plus faibles concentrations en Se se retrouvent à la fois dans les échantillons présentant les niveaux les plus faibles et les plus forts en P. Chez l'une ou l'autre des espèces étudiées, des corrélations positives apparaissent entre les teneurs en Se et celles en Co, Mo ou même Mn lorsqu'il est présent à des taux relativement élevés dans la plante.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Standardization ; Averaging ; Narrow rows ; Multiple Regression ; Multicolinearities ; Prediction equations ; Multiple traits ; Correlation ; Interrelationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The study was conducted to identify plant characters associated with seed yield in close soybean plant spacings. Lines selected from two F6 soybean populations in the F10 generation segragating for degree of stem termination were grown in two locations. Traits measured included lengths of developmental stage. plant and canopy height, number of nodes, lodging at different stages, raceme lengths, and number of nodes and branch number of nodes. One problem in analyzing data and drawing conclusions from such a study is related to the complex nature of the interrelationships of a large number of traits. Another, not unrelated problem, involves the calculation of multiple-regression equations with multicolinearities. Because of these problems, factor analysis was used to study the correlation matrix to identify sets of variables related to the same biological concept or function. The variables within sets were determined for each stem termination type, and measurements of these variables were standardized. Means were calculated by using the sum of the standardized variables for each set. Multiple regression was used to study the relationships between sets as the independent variables and yield as the dependent variable. Individual traits were selected from within each set and substituted in the multiple regression equations calculated with the mean value for each set. With use of this technique to determine multiple regression equations, the resulting equations involved measurements of different biological functions instead of repeated measurements of the same function in the plant. It was found that, in the determinate stem type, the measurement of the seed-filling period and branch number of nodes could possibly be used to predict yield while, in the semideterminate stem type, the measurement of the ‘fixed capital’ function and terminal raceme length were possibly useful. Finally, in the indeterminate stem type, the measurement of the ‘fixed capital’ could be used, but it had a very low predictive value.
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  • 88
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    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN: 0-444-51340-X)
    Publication Date: 1984
    Keywords: Textbook of mathematics ; lineare ; Algebra ; Inversion ; Eigen-value ; MINV ; Zurmuhl
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  • 89
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 21 (1983), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Acceleration ; Concussion ; Correlation ; Evoked potential ; Latency ; Neurophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Somatosensory evoked potentials (e.p.s) produced by stimulation of the dorsal columns were recorded from the cervicol medullary junction of adult rhesus monkeys, and were analysed using normalised cross-correlation functions (n.c.c.f.s.), simple peak detection and r.m.s. amplitude measurement. The n.c.c.f. provided measures of latency shift and waveshape change, while the more traditional peak-detection method provided measures of peak latency and peak amplitude. The results of these procedures were plotted as functions of time relative to a single, brief experimental manipulation (impact acceleration of the whole body). Analysis by means of the n.c.c.f. was found to be a versatile and effective technique the advantages of which include measurement of latency shifts with little contamination by moderate changes in waveshape, quantification of subtle waveshape changes and usefulness under a wide variety of noise conditions
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  • 90
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    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 55-61 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 8 Sequences ; Transposition ; Inversion ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A solo δ sequence flanking the 5′ end of the ADHII structural gene, ADR2, can promote a number of DNA rearrangements some of which were investigated in detail. In a selective system haploid mutants were screened in which a solo S sequence flanking ADR2 had been joined to a Ty element. Three different types of events can create such a structure: Reintegration of a Ty sequence at the δ-ADR2 site, inversion of ADR2 and flanking material, and transposition of ADR2 along with 3′ flanking material. The involvement of reciprocal or non-reciprocal exchange mechanisms in creating such events are discussed.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: HCP ; FCP ; Basis sets ; Correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ab initio calculations using a variety of basis sets and including electron correlation via the MP3 method are reported for HCP and FCP and their positive ions. Comparisons are made with the available experimental data.
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  • 92
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    Medical & biological engineering & computing 20 (1982), S. 357-360 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Correlation ; Doppler ultrasound ; Event signal analysis ; Foetal heart rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An improved method for the determination of foetal heart rate from Doppler ultrasound signals is described and evaluated. It determines the most probable pulse interval from the recurrence times of multiple echoes generated by each cardiac pulse. The method, when optimised, is shown to offer an improvement over current systems, especially in reduced signal loss.
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  • 93
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    In:  Chichester, Wiley, vol. 231, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-470-02298-1)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Correlation ; Seismic stratigraphy ; Seismics (controlled source seismology)
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  • 94
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    Theoretical chemistry accounts 60 (1981), S. 369-377 
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: Excited states ; Correlation ; Reorganization ; He-atom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method is introduced which allows to compute self-consistent restricted Hartree-Fock wave functions for excited Rydberg configurations. The concepts of reorganization and electron correlation of Rydberg states are discussed. As an illustration Hartree-Fock calculations for the (ls)(nl) Rydberg series of He are presented.
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  • 95
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 59 (1981), S. 129-137 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Selection ; Mice ; Feeding Efficiency ; Correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Selection was practised for improved feed efficiency (gain/feed intake) of mice on two alternative feeding regimes. In one set of lines animals were fed ad libitum, in the other set they were individually fed a fixed amount of feed (about 10% below the control ad libitum intake) which was not changed over generations. For each treatment, a pair of replicate lines (E) were selected on efficiency from 3–5 weeks of age for 8 generations and another pair (L) from 5–7 weeks for 7 generations. A control line was maintained for both E and L lines. In terminal generations mice from each line were tested on each feeding regime, and carcasses of ad libitum fed mice were analysed. The realized heritability (within families) for efficiency averaged 13%, without much variation over treatments. In the E lines efficiency increased by about 18% of the control mean and in the L lines by about 60%, although absolute changes were small, and responses were similar on the two feeding regimes. Weights at the start of test decreased in the E lines and increased in the L lines; weights at the end of test increased in both. When tested on the alternative regimes, no interactions were detected for live weights, weight gains or efficiency; selection under fixed intake led to the same increase in appetite as did that under ad libitum. There were no interactions for carcass composition. Selection for efficiency led to an increase in fatness on both selection regimes and both weight ranges.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Chlorophyll ; Simulation ; Trichromatic equations ; Correlation ; multiple t-comparisons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A numerical simulation of trichromatic pigment equations is made with the aid of a computer utility program. Significant quantitative differences in the estimates of pigment concentration result from using different sets of trichromatic equations. Estimates of chlorophylls a, b, and c were found highly correlated with the application of the equations, even though the absorbance values used as input for the stimulation are not correlated.
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  • 97
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    In:  New York, 2nd Edition, 709 pp., Wiley, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 2-203, (ISBN: 3-7643-7143-9)
    Publication Date: 1981
    Keywords: Correlation ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; fit ; Textbook of mathematics
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Retention index ; Structural increments ; Regression equations ; Correlation ; Physicochemical constants of hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention parameters of different hydrocarbon classes were determined on non-polar and medium-polar stationary phases. The relationship between the retention indices, the physicochemical properties and the chemical structure of the solutes (samples) and solvents (liquid phases) was investigated.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Fatty acid methyl esters ; Free energies of solution in stationary phases ; Connectivity indices ; Correlation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The relationships between the connectivity indices — easily calculated from the molecular structure of the compounds — and the partial molar free energies of solution are investigated for the methyl esters of 39 saturated (normal and branched) mono- and polyunsaturated higher fatty acids on a nonpolar (SE-30) and polar (SILAR 5CP) phase. The prediction of the ΔG values seems possible for any compound assuming that data for standard compounds are available. The relationship may be generally useful for the thermodynamic evaluation of nonspecific interactions of compounds with the stationary phases.
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  • 100
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    Journal of molecular evolution 11 (1978), S. 211-224 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Genetic Code ; Origin ; Amino acid ; Oligonucleotide ; Correlation ; Anticodons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The contemporary genetic code is reflective of a significant correlation between the properties of amino acids and their anticodons in a periodic manner. Almost all properties of amino acids showed a greater correlation to anticodonic than to codonic dinucleoside monophosphate properties. The polarity and bulkiness of amino acid side chains can be used to predict the anticodon with considerable confidence. The results are most consistent with predictions of the “direct interaction” and “ambiguity reduction” hypotheses for the origin of the genetic code.
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