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  • Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer  (57)
  • Springer  (46)
  • IntechOpen  (21)
  • 1
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry ; Mathematics
    ISBN: 9783540773047
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 2
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Nanotechnology ; Polymers ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540783954
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 3
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Analytical biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    ISBN: 9783540490807
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 4
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540758136
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 5
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540329466
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 6
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry, inorganic ; Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540368076
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 7
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry, Physical organic ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540745518
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 8
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    ISBN: 9783540016069
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 9
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic
    ISBN: 9783540778691
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 10
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540401865
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 11
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Electric engineering ; Materials ; Polymers ; Soft condensed matter
    ISBN: 9783540697657
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 12
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Clinical health psychology ; Food science ; Nutrition ; Toxicology
    ISBN: 9783540270034
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 13
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemical engineering ; Chemical engineering ; Chemistry ; Environmental sciences ; Technology
    ISBN: 9783540303046
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 14
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Analytical biochemistry ; Biotechnology ; Engineering ; Food science ; Medical laboratories
    ISBN: 9783540457435
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 15
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Magnetism ; Materials ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9783540495765
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 16
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540314448
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 17
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Optical materials ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540264620
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 18
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Materials ; Physics ; Polymers ; Soft condensed matter
    ISBN: 9783540315810
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 19
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, inorganic ; Magnetism
    ISBN: 9783540325017
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 20
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, inorganic ; Crystallography ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540314974
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 21
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540758150
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 22
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Computer engineering ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials ; Physical optics ; Quantum optics
    ISBN: 9783540469360
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 23
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540329473
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 24
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry, Physical organic ; Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540712954
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 25
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Electronics ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials ; System safety
    ISBN: 9783540269458
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 26
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Electronics ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9783540283089
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 27
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Polymers ; Soft condensed matter
    ISBN: 9783540315773
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 28
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Materials ; Physics ; Polymers ; Soft condensed matter
    ISBN: 9783540315582
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 29
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540324119
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9783540375784
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Magnetism ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540493365
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 32
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Materials ; Plasma (Ionized gases)
    ISBN: 9783540344605
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Biomedical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Plasma (Ionized gases) ; Spectrum analysis
    ISBN: 9783540680383
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 34
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology
    ISBN: 9783540726753
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 35
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Particles (Nuclear physics)
    ISBN: 9783540745570
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 36
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Optical materials ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9783540745297
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Engineering ; Life sciences ; Nanotechnology ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9783540284727
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 38
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry, inorganic ; Engineering ; Materials
    ISBN: 9783540687580
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Electric engineering ; Materials ; Polymers ; Soft condensed matter
    ISBN: 9783540697572
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Engineering ; Optical materials ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Physical optics ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540719236
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 41
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Biomedical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Physics ; Plasma (Ionized gases) ; Statistical physics
    ISBN: 9783540736172
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 42
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry, Physical organic ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Optical materials ; Physics
    ISBN: 9783540687528
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 43
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Materials ; Nanotechnology ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540693239
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 44
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Electronics ; Engineering ; Optical materials ; Physical optics
    ISBN: 9783540718925
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 45
    Schlagwort(e): Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Optical materials
    ISBN: 9783540734567
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 46
    Schlagwort(e): Electronics ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Thermodynamics
    ISBN: 9783540736073
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 47
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Weights and measures
    ISBN: 9783540737407
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 48
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Crystallography ; Engineering ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Surfaces (Physics)
    Ausgabe: Third Edition
    ISBN: 9783540738862
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 49
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Analytical biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Engineering
    ISBN: 9783540745983
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 50
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Particles (Nuclear physics) ; Polymers
    ISBN: 9783540759300
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 51
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Chemistry, inorganic
    ISBN: 9783540314981
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 52
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Condensed matter ; Engineering ; Nanotechnology ; Surfaces (Physics)
    ISBN: 9783540343158
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 53
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    ISBN: 9783540314738
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 54
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Electronics ; Engineering ; Optical materials ; Spectrum analysis
    ISBN: 9783540274124
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 55
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Mathematics ; Engineering ; Operations research ; Systems theory
    ISBN: 9783540488804
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 56
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry ; Biomedical engineering ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical organic ; Cytology ; Research_xMethodology ; Spectrum analysis
    ISBN: 9783540958956
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 57
    Unbekannt
    Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer
    Schlagwort(e): Biochemistry ; Biochemistry ; Chemistry ; Chemistry, Organic
    ISBN: 9783540333791
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 58
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Mineralogy includes thirteen chapters that discuss the methodology of specific mineralogical methods, the composition of minerals from different igneous rocks, and the composition of minerals from different sedimentary rocks.It contains detailed mineralogical studies from Africa, Asia, and Europe. Chapters present different scientific mineralogical methods and detailed descriptions of minerals from different magmatic and sedimentary rocks.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNV Chemistry of minerals, crystals and gems
    Sprache: Englisch
    Format: image/jpeg
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  • 59
    facet.materialart.
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Benzimidazole is a comprehensive survey of the known and new methods of benzimidazole synthesis, the spectral and theoretical aspects of existing benzimidazole derivatives, and the anticancer properties of a new class of benzimidazole derivatives. This book examines aspects and newer mechanisms of benzimidazoles containing heterocyclic moiety. Chapters report on anticancer properties of benzimidazole derivatives, novel methods of synthesis of benzimidazoles, versatile nature of the benzimidazoles, spectral and theoretical studies of benzimidazole derivatives, and medicinal importance and pharmacological aspects of benzimidazole derivatives.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
    Format: image/jpeg
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  • 60
    facet.materialart.
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Green Chemistry - New Perspectives is at the frontiers of this continuously evolving interdisciplinary science, and publishes research that attempts to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing a technology base that is inherently non-toxic to living things and the environment. The book covers all aspects of green chemistry, including chemical synthesis, nano synthesis, eco-friendly processes, biomass, extraction techniques, environmental remediation, and energy, making it a unique reference resource. This will continue to encourage scientists around the world to develop novel synthetic methods or improve the existing ones to circumvent some of the problems and favours all aspects of green chemistry. This book is intended for academia, professionals, scientists, as well as graduate and undergraduate students without any geographical limitations.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 61
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: This book consists of several selected chapters on important subjects in modern high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The content addresses aspects related to both improvements in the mainstream HPLC/UPLC technology and utilization, as well as developments of exploratory new materials and equipment. The book presents useful details about the presented subjects as well as describes new applications and/or relevant case studies for each subject. It is addressed to a large audience of analytical chemists involved in separation science. Each chapter is authored by scientists with considerable field and academic experience.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 62
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Recent Advances in Chemical Kinetics provides a comprehensive overview of several types of chemical reactions. It includes six chapters that discuss solvent catalysis, customized flow reactors, p-conjugation in kinetics, kinetics of autoxidation, molecular chameleon for cations and anions, and internal clocks of atoms.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 63
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Redox reactions are involved in biochemistry, energy, corrosion, and much more. In both biology and electrochemistry, the redox reaction is complex and varied. For example, redox shuttles in supercapacitors show aspects of molecular electrochemistry applied to electrode porosity. In pseudocapacitors, the formalism associated with their electrochemical response requires investigation and formalism. Similarly, the simple definition of redox potential opens fundamental questions about its measurement in solutions without supporting salts. This book illustrates the variety of redox reactions in its examination of the importance of redox molecules in the development of new electrical energy storage devices.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRH Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 64
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: We are living in a critical time, both for humanity and the planet, which has led us to look for more sustainable formulas to interact with the environment. One of the important changes in the design and operation of chemical processes is the search for environmentally friendly technologies. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been revealed as a promising environmentally friendly solvent that is energy efficient, selective and capable of reducing waste, making it a promising alternative to conventional organic solvents. However, reliable and versatile mathematical models of phase equilibrium thermodynamics are needed for the use of supercritical carbon dioxide in process design and viability studies. This book reviews experimental procedures for obtaining high-pressure phase equilibria data and describes the phase diagrams of binary mixtures and some thermodynamic models capable of determining the conditions of phase equilibria at high pressures. These concepts are applied to the components of the transesterification reaction of rac-2-pentanol with a vinyl ester, which is important in the pharmaceutical industry because (S)-2-pentanol can be obtained as a reaction product. This product is a key intermediate in the synthesis of drugs against Alzheimer’s disease.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 65
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: In recent decades, artificial porous structures have attracted increasing enthusiasm from researchers inspired by the fascinating molecular pores in nature and their unique biological functions. Although substantial achievements in porous materials have been realized, the construction of topologically designed pores is still challenging. Recently, the emergence of covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which are constructed based on organic and polymer chemistry, has made it possible to design artificial pores with controlled pore size, topology and interface properties. COFs are crystalline porous materials constructed by the precise reticulation of organic building blocks via dynamic covalent bonds. Distinct from non-covalent interactions which tend to produce isostructures, covalent bonds enable accurate pore design owing to their predetermined reaction pathways. In addition, the appropriate polycondensation of organic building units enables the formation of extended two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) polymer architectures with periodically ordered skeletons and well-defined pores. With their large surface area, tailorable structures, and tunable chemistry, COFs are regarded as potentially superior candidates for various applications including catalysis, energy storage and conversion, mass transport and biotechnology. This book examines the historic achievement of COFs, providing clear and comprehensive guidance for researchers on their structural design, synthetic protocols and functional exploration.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 66
    facet.materialart.
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Fluoride covers a continuum of topics that are frequently studied in the broad area of fluoride (F) research. It provides an overview of the primary sources of environmental fluoride in typical high-fluoride environments and demonstrates the transitions and transformations that emerge and culminate in hydro-geochemical interactions that result in fluoride-fouling of large portions of the world’s water and agricultural resources. This way, the book pinpoints the connection between F enrichment of water sources and the prevalence of endemic fluorosis in certain areas of the world. In order to contribute to a better understanding of the global fluoride problem, new fluoride detection and quantification technologies are proposed with an in-depth analysis of emerging trends in the use of portable user-friendly devices in point-of-use measurements of water fluoride. This has been presented against the backdrop of a robust overview of traditional fluoride quantification methodologies that are still in wide application among the scientific communities. In addressing fluoride toxicities, which are not limited to dental and skeletal dilapidations, the authors have explored the role of natural antioxidants in ameliorating physiological fluoride-induced noxious effects in mammalian systems. Nonetheless, since community dependence on high-fluoride water due to a lack of alternative clean water sources remains to be the principal pathway of human fluoride over-exposure, a review chapter on F mitigation techniques applied all over the world is incorporated aiming at providing a succinct overview of water defluoridation techniques and strategies being used to combat the impacts of human F overexposure around the globe. Since every cloud has a silvery lining, the possibility of using ammonium fluorides as a novel reagent in mineral processing has been considered convenient industrial fluorinating agents, which present the possibility of complete regeneration that is not afforded by the reagents presently used in decomposing silicon component of the ores.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNK Inorganic chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 67
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: This book discusses the chemistry and applications of pyridine derivatives. The library of pyridine derivatives is growing steadily with numerous synthetic analogues already described and the identification of new, naturally occurring pyridine-based compounds. The book includes ten chapters organized into two parts. The first part focuses on the numerous types of reactions that arise from pyridine derivatives. The second part examines the pharmaceutical applications of pyridine derivatives as well as their usefulness as sensors for metal cations and extracting agents for platinum group metals.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 68
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: The book discusses multiple issues associated with modern dosimetry in physics and treatment planning and how investigators from diverse world centers and institutions approach problem-solving in these important areas. It examines topics including pretreatment validation and factors affecting reference dosimetry. It also addresses unique issues affecting pediatric populations as well as the modern role of thermoluminescence validation. Several chapters discuss intensity modulation, including defining modern problems associated with both treatment planning and the definition of tumor and normal tissue contours. Furthermore, the book examines the role of imaging as both a vehicle to define tumor targets and normal tissue as well as a tool for dose validation.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRL Nuclear chemistry, photochemistry and radiation
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 69
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: The book comprises 14 chapters covering all the issues related to water desalination. These chapters emphasize the relationship between problems encountered with the use of feed water, the processes developed to address them, the operation of the required plants and solutions actually implemented. This compendium will assist designers, engineers and investigators to select the process and plant configuration that are most appropriate for the particular feed water to be used, for the geographic region considered, as well as for the characteristics required of the treated water produced. This survey offers a comprehensive, hierarchical and logical assessment of the entire desalination industry. It starts with the worldwide scarcity of water and energy, continues with the thermal - and membrane-based processes and, finally, presents the design and operation of large and small desalination plants. As such, it covers all the scientific, technological and economical aspects of this critical industry, not disregarding its environmental and social points of view. One of InTech's books has received widespread praise across a number of key publications. Desalination, Trends and Technologies (Ed. Schorr, M. 2011) has been reviewed in Corrosion Engineering, Science & Technology – the official magazine for the Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining, and Taylor & Francis's Desalination Publications. Praised for its “multi-faceted content [which] contributes to enrich it,” and described as “an essential companion...[that] enables the reader to gain a deeper understanding of the desalination industry,” this book is testament to the quality improvements we have been striving towards over the last twelve months.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 70
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Progress in agricultural, biomedical and industrial applications' is a compilation of recent advances and developments in gas chromatography and its applications. The chapters cover various aspects of applications ranging from basic biological, biomedical applications to industrial applications. Book chapters analyze new developments in chromatographic columns, microextraction techniques, derivatisation techniques and pyrolysis techniques. The book also includes several aspects of basic chromatography techniques and is suitable for both young and advanced chromatographers. It includes some new developments in chromatography such as multidimensional chromatography, inverse chromatography and some discussions on two-dimensional chromatography. The topics covered include analysis of volatiles, toxicants, indoor air, petroleum hydrocarbons, organometallic compounds and natural products. The chapters were written by experts from various fields and clearly assisted by simple diagrams and tables. This book is highly recommended for chemists as well as non-chemists working in gas chromatography.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 71
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: This book discusses electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for energy, water electrolysis, water treatment, CO2 conversion, and green chemistry. It reviews various electrocatalysts and their properties and electrochemical performances. The first section of the book covers topics in direct alcohol fuel cells including Pt-based electrocatalysts as non-carbon electrode support materials and the development of electrocatalysts for direct methanol fuel cells. The second section of the book covers various topics in electrocatalysis and electrocatalysts for a cleaner environment, including electrocatalysts for the conversion of CO2 to valuable products and SYNGAS, electrocatalysts for water electrolysis, and much more.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRH Electrochemistry and magnetochemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 72
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Surfactants are ubiquitous and have applications in diverse areas, including food, cosmetics, detergents, lubricants, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), and targeted drug delivery systems. Their wide diversity of applications owes to their unique structure, namely, a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic group present in the same molecule. Although most surfactants used industrially are synthetic, there is a growing need for natural surfactants, as the latter is obtainable from renewable sources and are less toxic and highly biodegradable in contrast to their synthetic counterparts. This book is a compilation of interesting articles by various experts that cover various applications of both synthetic and natural surfactants.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRC Colloid chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 73
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: The chemical sensor plays an essential role in the fields of environmental conservation and monitoring, disaster and disease prevention, and industrial analysis. A typical chemical sensor is a device that transforms chemical information in a selective and reversible way, ranging from the concentration of a specific sample component to total composition analysis, into an analytically useful signal. Much research work has been performed to achieve a chemical sensor with such excellent qualities as quick response, low cost, small size, superior sensitivity, good reversibility and selectivity, and excellent detection limit. This book introduces the latest advances on chemical sensors. It consists of 15 chapters composed by the researchers active in the field of chemical sensors, and is divided into 5 sections according to the classification following the principles of signal transducer. This collection of up-to-date information and the latest research progress on chemical sensor will provide valuable references and learning materials for all those working in the field of chemical sensors.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 74
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Distillation is an important separation technique that has been used for many centuries to exploit the volatility differences between components in a mixture. The distillation process has many variations and applications. This book includes two sections on desalination and reactive distillation. It discusses desalination in the processes of solar and membrane distillation, with a focus on the reduction of energy costs to obtain potable water. It also discusses reactive distillation, which can be used in some cases to reduce the power duty in the separation process by using the reaction heat directly in the separation. The book includes cases of mathematical modeling, simulation, and optimization of the distillation process.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 75
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    Springer Nature | Springer
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-11
    Beschreibung: This open access book presents the proceedings of the 3rd Indo-German Conference on Sustainability in Engineering held at Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India, on September 16–17, 2019. Intended to foster the synergies between research and education, the conference is one of the joint activities of the BITS Pilani and TU Braunschweig conducted under the auspices of Indo-German Center for Sustainable Manufacturing, established in 2009. The book is divided into three sections: engineering, education and entrepreneurship, covering a range of topics, such as renewable energy forecasting, design & simulation, Industry 4.0, and soft & intelligent sensors for energy efficiency. It also includes case studies on lean and green manufacturing, and life cycle analysis of ceramic products, as well as papers on teaching/learning methods based on the use of learning factories to improve students’problem-solving and personal skills. Moreover, the book discusses high-tech ideas to help the large number of unemployed engineering graduates looking for jobs become tech entrepreneurs. Given its broad scope, it will appeal to academics and industry professionals alike.
    Schlagwort(e): Industrial and Production Engineering ; Renewable and Green Energy ; Engineering/Technology Education ; Study and Learning Skills ; Energy Efficiency ; Energy Policy, Economics and Management ; Engineering and Technology Education ; Engineering ; Entrepreneurship ; Education ; Sustainability ; Learning factories ; International collaboration ; Open Access ; Production engineering ; Alternative & renewable energy sources & technology ; Higher & further education, tertiary education ; Technology: general issues ; Study & learning skills: general ; Energy technology & engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THV Alternative and renewable energy sources and technology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNZ Study and learning skills: general ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 76
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Cyclodextrins (CDs) have attracted great interest from the research community as well as industries in an array of sectors because of their unique structural features. This book provides a comprehensive overview of CDs, beginning with their historical background. Chapters address such topics as the structure and physiochemical properties of CDs, advancements in the field, and potential applications of these materials in fields such as drug delivery and sensing. This book reveals new frontiers in the CD world and is a useful resource for organic, analytical, and supramolecular chemists as well as scientists engaged in biological and material sciences.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry::PNNP Polymer chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 77
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: The book presents a comprehensive overview of sorption, which is a multi-parametric separation process. It is extensively used in the removal of various pollutants from the tertiary stage of wastewater treatment, from leachates, etc. It discusses fundamental points of the technique as well as kinetic theories and isotherms. It also examines the synthesis and characterizations of all studied adsorbent materials to find their paths of sorption. Finally, it highlights the importance of having a cost-estimation plan for the synthesis of sorbent materials as well as predictions for their reusability.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNR Physical chemistry::PNRX Surface chemistry and adsorption
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 78
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    Unbekannt
    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Carotenoids are natural and versatile secondary metabolites, most of them showing colours that vary from yellow to red. They are widespread among living beings where they are involved in many biological roles reporting beneficial actions. To date, more than 750 carotenoids have been described in nature. Humans cannot synthesize carotenoids de novo, thus they are mainly obtained through diet. In fact, carotenoids are consistently found in tissues or biological fluids where they play a beneficial decreasing the risk of developing some diseases.During the last half-century, significant advances in carotenoids research have been made. This book highlights new perspectives and applications of carotenoids including characterization and isolation of new compounds (including rare carotenoids), their production at a mid-large scale (involving new innovative approaches), and uses of carotenoids in different biotechnological fields like food science, biomedicine, and cosmetics.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNN Organic chemistry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 79
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    IntechOpen | IntechOpen
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-04-05
    Beschreibung: Infrared Spectroscopy - Perspectives and Applications is a compendium of contributions from experts in the field of infrared (IR) spectroscopy. This assembly of investigations and reviews provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals as well as the groundbreaking applications in the field. Chapters discuss IR spectroscopy applications in the food and biomedicine sectors and for measuring transport through polymer membranes, characterizing lignocellulosic biomasses, detecting adulterants, and characterizing enamel surface advancements. This book is an invaluable resource and reference for students, researchers, and other interested readers.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry::PNFS Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 80
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Kinetics ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La cinétique de la formation et de la transformation des précipités de phosphate de calcium, obtenus en mélangeant de volumes égaux de solutions à 6×10−3 M de calcium total et/ou phosphate total est étudiée à 25°C. Les solutions de phosphate sont préajustées à un pH de 7.4. Les changements de pH et de turbidité des solutions sont suivis simultanément en fonction du temps. Les précipités sont isolés à des intervalles de temps variables et caractérisés par diverses méthodes physico-chimiques. Initialement un précipité avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.5, amorphe aux rayons X et en diffraction électronique, est formé. Le spectre IR indique la présence de PO 4 3− et de HPO 4 2− . Après une période métastable, on observe la précipitation d'un matériel cristallin dans ou sur la phase amorphe. Vingt quatre heures après préparation de l'échantillon les précipités présentent surtout les caractères du phosphate octocalcique.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Bildung und Transformation von Calciumphosphat-Niederschlägen wurde bei 25°C untersucht. Es wurden dazu gleiche Volumen von Lösungen gemischt, bei einer Konzentration von 6×10−3M totales Calcium und/oder totales Phosphat. Die Phosphatlösungen wurden zuerst auf pH 7,4 eingestellt. Veränderungen des pH und Trübung der Lösungen wurden gleichzeitig als eine Funktion der Zeit aufgezeichnet. Niederschläge wurden in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen isoliert und mit verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Am Anfang wurde ein Niederschlag mit einem molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,5, im Röntgenbild und in der Elektronendiffraktion amorph, gebildet. Infrarotspektren deuteten die Anwesenheit von PO 4 3− - und HPO 4 2− -Ionen an. Nach einer metastabilen Periode erfolgte ein Niederschlag aus kristallinem Material innerhalb oder auf der amorphen Substanz. 24 Std nach der Herstellung der Proben zeigten die Niederschläge in der Hauptsache die Charakteristiken von Octocalciumphosphat.
    Notizen: Abstract The kinetics of the formation and transformation of calcium phosphate precipitates obtained by mixing equal volumes of solutions, 6×10−3 M in total calcium and/or total phosphate was investigated at 25°. The phosphate solutions were preadjusted to pH 7.4. Changes of the pH and turbidity of the solutions were followed simultaneously as a function of time. Precipitates were isolated at various time intervals and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Initially a precipitate with a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.5, amorphous to X-ray and electron diffraction was formed. IR spectra indicated the presence of PO 4 3− and HPO 4 2− ions. After a period of metastability, precipitation of a crystalline material within or upon the amorphous matter occurred. Twenty four hours after sample preparation the precipitates showed mainly the characteristics of octacalcium phosphate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 16 (1974), S. 145-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): EHDP ; Bone ; Chemistry ; Serum ; Rabbits
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on bone and serum chemistry were investigated in adult rabbits. EHDP was administered by subcutaneous injection at doses of 0.25, 2.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight/day for of 28 days. Blood samples were obtained weekly from each rabbit and serum levels of total calcium, ionized calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were determined. At the end of the treatment period all rabbits were sacrificed and the tibiae removed for chemical analysis and histological evaluation. The effect of EHDP administration on serum chemistry was both dose- and time-related. The highest of the three doses, 10 mg/kg/day, resulted in a time-related decrease in total serum calcium. This dose also caused a rapid but transient reduction in serum ionized calcium. The effect of EHDP on serum inorganic phosphate was biphasic. Administration of 2.5 mg/kg/day resulted in a time-related elevation in this parameter, whereas the 10 mg/kg/day dose resulted in a time-related hypophosphatemic response. There were no significant drug-related changes in tibial fat-free dry weight, ash weight, total calcium or total phosphorus values. However, administration of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg/day EHDP resulted in increased osteoid tissue as measured histologically. These results are compared with data from other EHDP studies, and discussed in relation to the maturity and growth-state of the experimental animals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 13-17 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Dental calculus ; Glycopeptide ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary A method is described for the isolation and purification of a sulphated glycopeptide from human supragingival calculus. The compound was isolated after using EDTA treatment, 2 M CaCl2 extraction, proteolytic digestion, ethanol precipitation, and finally purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. It migrated as a single component on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, and chemical and infrared spectral analysis showed the presence of covalently attached sulphate groups. The sulphated glycopeptide was distinguished from being a sulphated glycosaminoglycan.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Otolith ; Chemistry ; ICP-MS ; Stock discrimination ; Epinephelus striatus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  We examined the utility of otolith minor and trace element chemistry, assayed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as a means of delineating population structure in the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus). We characterized the elemental composition of otoliths collected in 1993 from three locations in Exuma Sound, Bahamas and from Glover Reef, Belize in 1995. A single location in Exuma Sound was sampled in 1994 to test temporal variability in otolith composition. Five elements (Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) were routinely detected, at levels significantly above background, by solution-based ICP-MS. Results from analysis of variance of elemental data, expressed as a ratio to Ca, indicated that there were no significant differences among the Exuma locations for any element, but significant variability was found between Glover Reef and the pooled Exuma localities for Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Significant inter-annual differences at one Exuma Sound location was restricted to Ba/Ca ratios. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 86% and 95% of the Belize and pooled Exuma sites, respectively. Otoliths from Belize were characterized by low Zn/Ca and high Ba/Ca and Pb/Ca ratios compared to otoliths from fish collected in Exuma Sound. Although differences in Ba levels may be related to upwelling at Glover Reef, more data are needed to definitely link otolith composition with regional differences in water chemistry.
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 27 (1988), S. 311-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Genome composition ; Coding sequences ; Isochores ; Humans ; Murids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The compositional distributions of coding sequences and DNA molecules (in the 50-100-kb range) are remarkably narrower in murids (rat and mouse) compared to humans (as well as to all other mammals explored so far). In murids, both distributions begin at higher and end at lower GC values. A comparison of homologous coding sequences from murids and humans revealed that their different compositional distributions are due to differences in GC levels in all three codon positions, particularly of genes located at both ends of the distribution. In turn, these differences are responsible for differences in both codon usage and amino acids. When GC levels at first+second codon positions and third codon positions, respectively, of murid genes are plotted against corresponding GC levels of homologous human genes, linear relationships (with very high correlation coefficients and slopes of about 0.78 and 0.60, respectively) are found. This indicates a conservation of the order of GC levels in homologous genes from humans and murids. (The same comparison for mouse and rat genes indicates a conservation of GC levels of homologous genes.) A similar linear relationship was observed when plotting GC levels of corresponding DNA fractions (as obtained by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of a sequence-specific ligand) from mouse and human. These findings indicate that orderly compositional changes affecting not only coding sequences but also noncoding sequences took place since the divergence of murids. Such directional fixations of mutations point to the existence of selective pressures affecting the genome as a whole.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 7-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Alu source genes ; Humans ; Gorillas ; Retrotransposition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A member of the young PV Alu sub-family is detected in chimpanzee DNA showing that the PV subfamily is not specific to human DNA. This particular Alu is absent from the orthologous loci in both human and gorilla DNAs, indicating that PV subfamily members transposed within the chimpanzee lineage following the divergence of chimpanzee from both gorilla and human. These findings and previous reports describing the transpositional activity of other Alu sequences within the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee lineages provide phylogenetic evidence for the existence of multiple Alu source genes. Sequences surrounding this particular Alu resemble known transcriptional control elements associated with RNA polymerase III, suggesting a mechanism by which cis-acting elements might be acquired upon retrotransposition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 33 (1991), S. 442-449 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Humans ; Mouse ; Rat ; Codon usage ; Mutation bias ; Selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary A new statistical test has been developed to detect selection on silent sites. This test compares the codon usage within a gene and thus does not require knowledge of which genes are under the greatest selection, that there exist common trends in codon usage across genes, or that genes have the same mutation pattern. It also controls for mutational biases that might be introduced by the adjacent bases. The test was applied to 62 mammalian sequences, the significant codon usage biases were detected in all three species examined (humans, rats, and mice). However, these biases appear not to be the consequence of selection, but of the first base pair in the codon influencing the mutation pattern at the third position.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 34 (1992), S. 336-344 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Schlagwort(e): Humans ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Nuclear polymorphisms ; Heteroplasmy ; Genetic differentiation ; Sickle cell ; Rain forest refuges
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The identification of genetically coherent populations is essential for understanding human evolution. Among the culturally uniform ethnic groups of west Africa, there are two geographically distinct populations with high frequencies of sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS). Although the HbS mutation in each group is found on distinguishable chromosomes 11, these populations have been assumed to be parts of a single population. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in these populations demonstrated that the two populations identified by alternative chromosomes 11 bearing HbS have distinct distributions of mitochondrial genotypes, i.e., they are maternally separate. These studies also showed that, contrary to expectation, the mtDNA of some individuals is heteroplasmic. For nuclear loci, a comparison of the frequency of alternative alleles established that these populations are genetically distinct. Both the mitochondrial and nuclear data indicate that these populations have been separate for approximately 50,000 years. Although HbS in the two populations is usually attributed to recent, independent mutations, the duration of the separation and the observed geographic distribution of the population allow for the possibility of an ancient origin of HbS. Assuming an ancient mutation and considering the known biogeography, we suggest that HbS protected selected populations from malaria in rain forest refuges during the most recent ice age.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 124 (1993), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Assessment ; Cancer ; Humans ; Hydrazines ; Mushroom
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This assessment focuses on the concentrations of some chemicals present in theAgaricus bisporus mushroom, the cancer-inducing doses of these chemicals or mushroom used in the animal experiments, the total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in these mice, and the estimated total amounts of these chemicals or mushroom needed to induce cancer in humans. By adding the estimated amounts of chemicals needed to induce cancer and by comparing it with the amount of raw mushroom needed to induce the same effect, it becomes obvious that we have accounted for less than 2% of the carcinogenic components of theAgaricus bisporus mushroom. Since some unavailable data handicapped this assessment, it should be regarded as tentative and subject to further adjustment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 51 (1989), S. 108-128 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; mountain lakes ; silica ; acidity ; sediment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Alpine lakes in siliceous catchments of Tyrol and Carinthia (Austria) show signs of acidification. About 9% of the studied lakes have no alkalinity, more than 20% are below pH 6. About two thirds of all lakes have acid neutralizing capacities below 100 μeq 1−1. In spite of moderate precipitation acidity, some lakes show considerable concentrations of dissolved reactive aluminum during or shortly after snowmelt. High altitude lakes of the Alps are definitely more acidic than high mountain lakes in remote areas. Large differences in water and soil chemistry of nearby situated lakes were attributed to heterogeneities of bedrock geology. Paleolimnological investigations on former pH values of five lakes, based on diatom assemblages in the sediment, showed different developments: recent and past acidification, stable conditions, and alkalinization.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Accreditation and quality assurance 5 (2000), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1432-0517
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Metrology ; Comparisons ; Chemistry ; Standards
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract  After stressing the importance in the modern world of accurate and reproducible measurements, the actions taken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures to set up, together with the regional metrology organizations, a series of key comparisons are described. They are the technical foundation of a mutual recognition of national measurement standards arrangement prepared in conjunction with the National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). This arrangement also includes the recognition of calibration and measurement certificates issued by these institutes. Then, the consequences of this arrangement for trade are described. The case of chemical analysis is illustrated by the application of the Kyoto protocol on the reduction of greenhouse gases. But the global workload to be taken up by the International Committee of Weights and Measures, its Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance and the NMIs is huge.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 3-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Hydroxyapatite ; Mineral ; Phase ; Chemistry ; Synthesis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des diagrammes de phase d'équilibre ont été déterminés pour le système CaO-P2O5-H2O en utilisant des techniques de synthèse hydrothermique au cours de variatio nsde température allant de 300–600° et 2 Kb H2O de pression. De l'hydroxyapatite bien cristallisé a été synthétisé et caractérisé. De faibles variations de paramètres de la maille cristalline, liées à la température de synthèse et composition globale du matériel initial, ont été déterminées. Des conditions chimiques précises sont nécessaires pour obtenir de l'apatite, en tant que seule phase solide en équilibre dans la solution. Les résultats de diagramme de phase d'équilibre sont comparés avec ceux obtenus dans des milieux synthétiques.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Gleichgewichts-Phasendiagramme für das System CaO-P2O5-H2O bestimmt, indem hydrothermale Synthese-Techniken im Temperaturbereich von 300–600° und bei einem Druck von 2 Kb H2O verwendet wurden. Es wurde gut-kristallisiertes Hydroxyapatit erzeugt und charakterisiert. Es wurden geringe Unterschiede in den Parametern der Zelleinheiten festgestellt, welche von der angewandten Temperatur und der Zusammensetzung des Startmaterials abhingen. Es waren genaue chemische Bedingungen nötig, um Apatit als die einzige feste Phase im Gleichgewicht mit der Lösung zu erhalten. Die Resultate der Gleichgewichts-Phasendiagramme werden mit früheren Untersuchungen mit der Synthesetechnik verglichen.
    Notizen: Abstract Equilibrium phase diagrams have been determined for the system CaO-P2O5-H2 using hydrothermal synthesis techniques in the temperature range 300–600° and 2 Kb H2O pressure. Well-crystallized hydroxyapatite has been produced and characterized. Small variations in unit cell parameters dependent on temperature of synthesis and bulk composition of the starting materials have been determined. Precise chemical conditions were required to obtain apatite as the only solid phase in equilibrium with solution. Equilibrium phase diagram results are compared with previous synthetic investigations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 150-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Uranium ; Bone ; Distribution ; Fission ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une concentration moyenne de 2.4×10−8 g U/g de cendre a été obtenue à partir de l'os humain normal. La microdistribution de l'uranium dans l'os indique que cet élément est surtout limité à surface de l'endoste et, en particulier, aux surfaces de l'os lamellaire et aux parois des canaux de Havers, ouverts dans l'os corticol. Cette répartition suggère que l'uranium se présente sous une forme chimique impropre à son incorporation dans l'apatite osseux: il ne semble donc pas exister une distribution diffuse significative de l'uranium dans l'os.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Eine mittlere Konzentration von 2,4×10−8 g Uran/g Asche wurde in normalen menschlichen Knochen gefunden. Die Feinverteilung von Uran im Knochen zeigt, daß dieses Element hauptsächlich an der endostalen Oberfläche vorkommt, insbesondere an der Oberfläche des trabeculären Knochens und an den Wänden der offenen Haversschen Kanäle im kortikalen Knochen. Diese Verteilung läßt vermuten, daß Uran in einer chemischen Form vorliegt, welche sich für den Einbau in das Knochenapatit nicht eignet. Daraus folgt, daß keine signifikante diffuse Verteilung des Urans innerhalb des Knochens vorliegt.
    Notizen: Abstract A mean concentration of 2.4×10−8 g U/g ash has been obtained for normal human bone The microdistribution of uranium in bone indicates that this element is mainly restricted to endosteal surfaces; in particular the surfaces of trabecular bone and the walls of open Haversian canals in cortical bone. This distribution suggests that uranium is present in a chemical form that is not acceptable for incorporation into bone apatite and consequently there does not appear to be a significant diffuse distribution of uranium throughout bone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 54-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Morphology ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Cartilage ; Chemistry ; Audioradiography ; Healing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une perte de substance ostéo-cartilagineuse, de taille limitée et identique, est réalisée chez le lapin adulte et la cicatrisation est étudiée histologiquement et par autoradiographie après marquagein vitro au35S-sulfate. Une analyse microchimique est pratiquée pour le contenu et la composition en glycosaminoglycanes. 1. Entre la première semaine et la 4ème et 8ème semaine, un tissu conjonctif non-métachromatique se différencie en un cartilage métachromatique et la quantité de sulfate de chondroitine augmente de façon significative aux dépens des glycoprotéines. 2. Jusqu'à la 4ème semaine, la perte de substance est surtout comblée par de l'os néoformé: après cette période, la région est comblée au delà de la limite de la surface articulaire. 3. Le cartilage hyalin, ressemblant morphologiquement, autoradiographiquement et chimiquement au cartilage articulaire, en ce qui concerne la distribution en glycosaminoglycanes, constitute la surface articulaire de la perte de substance comblée dans un tiers des cas après 8 semaines. Le cartilage hyalin s'observe surtout dans les régions où de l'os néoformé a comblé la cavité médullaire. 4. Dans les deux tiers des cas, après 8 semaines, les surfaces articulaires des zones comblées comportent, non seulement du cartilage, mais aussi du tissu fibreux se formant essentiellement sur les parties latérales et dans les régions, où la cavité médullaire, fliant face, à la surface articulaire, n'a pas été comblée par du tissue osseux. La fraction glycoprotéique augmente par rapport à la fraction chondroitine sulfate. 5. Dans la majorité des cas, après 20 semaines, le cartilage néoformé subit des phénomènes dégénératifs, qui se traduisent par une diminution en chondroitine sulfate.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Bei ausgewachsenen Kaninchen wurde ein begrenzter, standardisierter, osteochondraler Defekt hervorgerufen, und das regenerierte Gewebe wurde histologisch und autoradiographisch durch Markierung in vitro mit35S-Sulfat und durch mikrochemische Bestimmung des Gehaltes und der Zusammensetzung der Glykosaminglykane untersucht. Die wichtigsten Befunde waren: 1. Zwischen 1 und 4–8 Wochen veränderte sich nichtmetachromatisches Bindegewebe zu metachromatisch gefärbtem Knorpel, und der Anteil an Chondroitin-Sulfat nahm auf Kosten der Glykoproteine signifikant zu. 2. Bis zu 4 Wochen war der Hauptteil des defekten Gebietes mit neugebildetem Knochen gefüllt; nach dieser Zeit lag dieser Bezirk oberhalb der Verknöcherungsgrenze in Richtung der Gelenkoberfläche. 3. Nach 8 Wochen bestand die Gelenkoberfläche des defekten Gebietes in einem Drittel der Fälle aus hyalinem Knorpel, der morphologisch, autoradiographisch und chemisch dem Gelenkknorpel in Bezug auf die Verteilung von Glykosaminoglykanen glich. Hyaliner Knorpel wurde hauptsächlich an Stellen beobachtet, wo neugebildeter Knochen die Markhöhle geschlossen hatte. 3. Nach 8 Wochen bestand die Gelenkoberfläche des defekten Gebietes in einem Drittel der Fälle aus hyalinem Knorpel, der morphologisch, autoradiographisch und chemisch dem Gelenkknorpel in Bezug auf die Verteilung von Glykosaminoglykanen glich. Hyaliner Knorpel wurde hauptsächlich an Stellen beobachtet, wo neugebildeter Knochen die Markhöhle geschlossen hatte. 4. Nach 8 Wochen bestanden Teile der Gelenkoberfläche des Defektes in zwei Dritteln der Fälle nicht nur aus Knorpel, sondern auch aus fibrösem Gewebe, welches vor allem in den seitlichen Teilen des Defektes und an Stellen vorlag, wo die Markhöhle gegenüber der Gelenkoberfläche nicht mit Knochengewebe verschlossen worden war. Die Glykoproteinfraktion nahm im Vergleich zur Chondroitin-Sulfatfraktion zu. 5. Nach 20 Wochen zeigten sich in den meisten Fällen bei neugebildetem Knorpel degenerative Veränderungen, welche durch eine gewisse Abnahme des Chondroitin-Sulfats wiedergegeben wurden.
    Notizen: Abstract A limited, standardized osteochondral defect was created in adult rabbits and the regenerated tissue was examined histologically and autoradiographically after labellingin vitro with35S-sulphate, and microchemically for its content and composition of glycosaminoglycans. The principal findings were: 1. Between 1 week and 4 to 8 weeks, non-metachromatic connective tissue differentiated to metachromatically stained cartilage, and the proportion of the chondroitin sulphate increased significantly at the expense of the glycoproteins. 2. Up to 4 weeks, the major part of the defect area was filled with newly formed bone; after this time, the area lay above the level of the “tidemark”, towards the articular surface. 3. Hyaline cartilage with morphological, autoradiographic and chemical resemblance to the articular cartilage in terms of the distribution of glycosaminoglycans constituted the articular surface of the defect area in one-third of the cases at observation times after 8 weeks. Hyaline cartilage was observed mainly in areas where newly formed bone had closed the medullary cavity. 4. In two-thirds of the cases, after 8 weeks, parts of the articular surface of the defect consisted not only of cartilage but also of fibrous tissue, occurring mainly in the lateral parts of the defect and in areas where the medullary cavity facing the articular surface had not been sealed by bone tissue. The glycoprotein fraction increased relative to the chondroitin sulphate fraction. 5. In most cases after 20 weeks, newly-formed cartilage underwent degenerative changes, which were reflected in some reduction of the chondroitin sulphate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 228-236 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Skin ; Calcinosis ; Keratin ; Chemistry ; X-ray diffraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des études histologiques antérieures ont montré que le follicle pileux est particulièrement susceptible de se calcifier, lorsque la peau de rats hypercalcémiques est lésée. Des analyses chimiques et par diffraction aux rayons X du follicule ont confirmé ce résultat. — En se basant sur l'augmentation du calcium et du phosphore, les calcifications débutent dans le tissue folliculaire 6–12 h après une blessure d'intensité moyenne de la peau de rats, ayant reçu du dihydrotachysterol (DHT), et 24–48 h après une blessure similaire chez des rats non injectés. Les diagrammes de diffraction aux rayons X sont diffus. Trois heures après la blessure, on note une augmentation du calcium du tissu folliculaire qui ne semble pas en rapport avec le DHT qui traduit probablement une liaison de calcium plutôt qu'un dépot minéral.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Frühere histologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß der Haarfollikel besonders anfällig für Verkalkungen ist, wenn die Haut von hypercalcämischen Ratten verletzt wird. Dieses Resultat wurde nun durch direkte chemische Bestimmungen und Röntgendiffraktions-analysen von Follikelgewebe bestätigt. Aufgrund der erhöhten Calcium- und Phosphatwerte kann gesagt werden, daß nach einer leichten Quetschung der Haut von Ratten, die mit Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) behandelt wurden, im Haarfollikelgewebe nach 6–12 Std Mineral-ablagerungen stattfanden, wogegen Kontrollratten mit der gleichen leichten Hautverletzung diese Ablagerungen erst nach 24–48 Std zeigten. Röntgendiffraktionsanalysen ergaben ein diffuses Apatit-Muster. Innerhalb 3 Std nach der Verletzung wurde ein Anstieg des Calcium-gehaltes im Follikelgewebe beobachtet, der nicht im Zusammenhang mit der DHT-Behandlung stand, also nicht eine Mineralablagerung, sondern eher eine Bindung von Calcium widerspiegelte.
    Notizen: Abstract Previous histological investigations have shown that the hair follicle is particularly susceptible to mineralization when the skin of hypercalcaemic rats is injured. Direct chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses of follicle tissue have now confirmed this finding. As judged by increases in both calcium and phosphorus, mineral deposits began to form in hair follicle tissue 6–12 h after a mild crush injury to the skin of rats dosed with dihydrotachysterol (DHT), and 24–48 h after a similar injury to the skin of non-dosed rats. X-ray diffraction gave a diffuse apatite pattern. Within 3 h of injury there was a rise in the calcium content of follicle tissue which was not related to DHT-dosing and which was probably a reflection of calcium binding rather than mineral deposition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 304-319 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Calcium ; Phosphate ; Solubility ; Computer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Un programme d'ordinateur a été mis au point pour calculer les activités ioniques du calcium et l'orthophosphate dans un grand nombre de solutions. Dans le cas de solutions synthétiques, les calculs sont vérifiés en comparant les valeurs de pH, obtenues par ordinateur, avec celles observées expérimentalement. Des essais de ce type, avec des solutions possèdant des concentrations de calcium et d'orthophosphate trouvées dans les liquides biologiques et à des valeurs de pH variant de 3.00 à 10.00, indiquent que le programme est adapté pour des applications biologiques. Le programme n'est pas effectif pour des solutions, dans les lesquelles l'ion bromure est la source principale de la force ionique, sans doute, par manque d'équation étendue de Debye-Hückel dans ces circonstances. Aucune formation de complexe de phosphate de sodium n'a été notée à des concentrations biologiques normales.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Computer-Programm ausgearbeitet, um die Ionenaktivitäten von Calcium und Orthophosphat in einer breiten Varietät von Lösungen zu berechnen. Die Berechnungen wurden bei synthetischen Lösungen durch Vergleiche zwischen den auf diese Weise errechneten pH-Werten und den experimentell gefundenen kontrolliert. Diese Art Kontrollen mit Calcium-und Orthophosphatkonzentrationen, wie sie in biologischen Flüssigkeiten gefunden werden, und mit pH-Werten zwischen 3,0 und 10,0 wies darauf hin, daß das Programm für biologische Anwendungen geeignet war. Das Programm konnte nicht benützt werden für solche Lösungen, bei welchen hauptsächlich das Bromidion zur Einstellung der Ionenstärke verwendet wurde, vermutlich weil die erweiterte Debye-Hückel-Gleichung unter diesen Umständen nicht anwendbar ist. Die Bildung eines Natriumphosphat-Komplexes unter normalen biologischen Konzentrationen konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.
    Notizen: Abstract A computer program has been designed to calculate the ionic activities of calcium and orthophosphate in a wide variety of solutions. In the case of synthetic solutions the calculations were checked by comparing the computed pH values with those observed experimentally. Tests of this type with solutions having the concentrations of calcium and orthophosphate found in biological fluids and with pH values ranging from pH 3.0–10.0 indicated that the program was suitable for biological applications. The program was not effective for solutions in which the bromide ion was a principal source of ionic strength probably because of the failure of the extended Debye-Hückel equation under those circumstances. No evidence for the formation of any sodium phosphate complex at normal biological concentrations could be found.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 171-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Amorphous ; Crystalline ; Calcium phosphate ; Chemistry ; Composition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des échantillons non lavés de phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) contiennent une fraction labile, non remplaçable, riche en phosphate acide avec un rapport Ca/P faible: cette fraction est perdue de façon irréversible au cours du lavage. De l'ACP frais, précipité entre pH 6.6–10.6, varie dans un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.18 à 1.50 et dans un rapport HPO 4 2− /P total de 33.0% à 10.1%. A pH 7.40, de l'ACP frais a un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.36±0.02 et contient 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Les résultats obtenus avec du précipité non lavé ne peuvent s'expliquer par du Ca2+ emprisonné et de l'HPO 4 2− ou du Na+, Cl− et CO 3 2− exogènes. Les phosphates de calcium amorphes constituent une classe de sels ayant des caractères chimiques variables et des propriétés physiques identiques, comparables au verre. Le CaHPO4·xH2O non cristallin peut être un ACP, surtout au cours des phases précoces de formation. A des pH physiologiques, l'ACP se transforme en petits cristaux applatis contenant de fortes quantités de phosphate acide facilement remplaçable. Le fait de laver la couche de surface produit un changement chimique dans les nouveaux cristaux: des cristaux non lavés donnent des diagrammes de diffraction d'apatite peu cristallins, ainsi que des spectres infra-rouges peu nets, intermédiaires entre des apatites et du phosphate octocalcique. Des explications structurales sont proposées et les compositions minérales amorphe/cristalline de l'os et du cartilage sont recalculées.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Ungewaschene Proben von amorphem Calciumphosphat (ACP) enthalten eine unersetzliche labile Fraktion, welche reich an saurem Phosphat ist und ein niederes Ca/P-Verhältnis hat und welche während des Waschprozesses unwiderruflich verloren geht. Natives ACP, welches im pH-Bereich 6,6–10,6 ausgefällt wurde, variierte im molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis zwischen 1,18 und 1,50 und in HPO 4 2− /totales P zwischen 33,0 und 10,1%. Bei pH 7,40 hatte natives ACP ein molares Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,36±0,02 und enthielt 22,8 (±2,2)% HPO 4 2− . Die Werte beim ungewaschenen Niederschlag rühren weder von aus dem Überstand aufgenommenem Ca2+ und HPO2−, noch von außen kommendem Na+, Cl− und CO 3 2− her. Die amorphen Calciumphosphate werden als eine Klasse von Salzen erkannt, welche veränderliche chemische, aber identische glasartige physicochemische Eigenschaften haben. Nicht kristallines CaHPO4·xH2O kann auch ein ACP sein, besonders in den frühen Bildungsstadien. Bei physiologischem pH verwandelt sich ACP in kleine plattenförmige Kristalle, welche große Mengen von leicht ersetzbarem saurem Phosphat enthalten. Das Waschen dieser Oberflächenschicht erzeugte chemische Veränderungen in den resultierenden Kristallen; ungewaschene Kristalle zeigten ein Diffraktionsmuster, das nur schwach demjenigen des kristallinen Aspatites glich, aber ein schlecht aufgelöstes Infrarotspektrum, welches zwischen Apatit und Octocalciumphosphat war. Es werden strukturelle Erklärungen für alle diese Phenomena diskutiert, und revidierte amorph/kristalline Mineralzusammensetzungen von Knochen und Knorpel wurden neu berechnet.
    Notizen: Abstract Unwashed samples of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) contain an irreplaceable labile fraction, rich in acid phosphate and low in Ca/P ratio, which is irreversibly lost during the washing process. Native ACP precipitated in the pH range 6.6–10.6 varied in Ca/P molar ratio from 1.18 to 1.50 and in HPO 4 2− /total P from 33.0% to 10.1%. At pH 7.40, native ACP had a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.36±0.02 and contained 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Unwashed precipitate data could not be attributed to either trapped supernatant Ca2+ and HPO 4 2− or extraneous Na+, Cl−, and CO 3 2− . The amorphous calcium phosphates are recognized as a class of salts having variable chemical but identical glass-like, physicochemical properties. Non-crystalline CaHPO4·xH2O may also be an ACP, especially during early formative stages. At physiological pH, ACP transforms to small platy crystals containing large amounts of readily-replaceable acid phosphate. Washing this surface layer produced chemical alterations in the resultant crystals; unwashed crystals had poorly-crystalline apatitic diffraction patterns but exhibited poorly-resolved infrared spectra intermediate between apatite and octacalcium phosphate. Structural explanations for all these phenomena are discussed, and revised bone and cartilage amorphous/crystalline mineral compositions have been re-calculated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Dental cementum ; Collagen ; Protein ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) peptides were prepared of the insoluble collagen of bovine dental cementum. Following chromatographic separation, the peptides were identified by their amino-acid composition. Type I collagen ([α1(I)]2α2) accounted for more than 90% of the organic matrix, while Type III collagen ([α1(III)]3) was present at a level of approximately 5%. Amino-acid analyses revealed that the CNBr peptides from α1(I) and α2 chains of cementum closely resembled the corresponding peptides from calf skin. The only systematic difference was a higher level of hydroxylation of prolyl and lysyl residues of the cementum peptides.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 23 (1977), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Schlagwort(e): Calcium ; Osteoporosis ; Lactation ; Chemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Summary The calcium homeostatic mechanism was challenged in adult female rats by feeding them a calcium-deficient diet containing oxalate, and by subjecting them to pregnancy and lactation. The regimen caused a substantial weight loss, especially in those animals which reared their young well. Severe hypocalcaemia was observed in the lactating rats. Serum-P was slightly elevated. The content of hydroxyproline in serum was considerably elevated, reflecting the degree of calcium deprivation. Serum proteins were least influenced. The calcium depriving regimen reduced the growth of long bones, but did not stop it. The ash content of the bones was considerably reduced, the degree of reduction depended on the degree of calcium deprivation. Ash as percentage of total bone organ was reduced, but not to the same extent as total ash. Analyses of different parts of femur showed that the proximal and distal parts had lost more bone mineral than the diaphyseal shaft. The ash content of cortical bone tissue from the femur was estimated by a volumetric method. No differences were observed between test groups and controls, indicating that no measurable amounts of bone mineral had been removed from the walls of the vascular canals or by osteocytic osteolysis. Planimetric determinations on cross sections from femora disclosed that a great amount of bone had been removed from the endosteal surface of the diaphysis, while the periosteal surface demonstrated reduced bone apposition.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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