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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (185)
  • 1
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 16 (1988), S. 217-226 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Potassium fertilization ; grain sorghum ; savanna soil ; yield ; growth ; varietal difference ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted at Samaru over a three-year period (1980–82) to study the yield, growth and nutrient concentration of three grain sorghum varieties (L. 187, SK5912 and FFBL) in relation to potassium fertilization in a savanna soil. Potassium application rates were 0, 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1. Year × potassium interactions were not significant although there were significant variety × K interactions. The highest grain yields for var. L.187, SK5912 and FFBL occurred from the application of 25, 50 and 75 kg K ha−1 respectively. Straw yield was generally increased by K application, which also promoted tillering and hastened flowering in grain sorghum. Although grain weight per head, head number per m2, grain number and 1000-grain weight were unaffected by this nutrient, weight per head was reduced by 22.8 per cent. K application enhanced N concentration of sorghum plants but caused decline in P concentration. The highest K rate gave the highest K concentration in each of the three varieties at 7 weeks after planting. Optimum K requirement of grain sorghum would seem to be between 25 and 50 kg K ha−1.
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  • 2
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 203-210 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation ; pineapples ; nitrogen ; potassium ; yield ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation studied the effect of fertilization with four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), four potassium levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and four irrigation treatments (0, 3, 7 and 14-day interval) on the growth and yield of smooth Cayenne pineapples. Increasing irrigation frequency increased growth parameters of number of leaves, D-leaf length and days to 50% flowering. Fruit weight was highest at N = 150 kg/ha, K = 200 kg/ ha and irrigation once a week. Higher N levels (beyond 150 kg/ha) applied after the plant crop has been harvested did not further enhance yields of the ratoon crop. For K = 200 kg/ha potential and harvested yields were reduced in all irrigation treatments when N 〉 150 kg/ha.
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  • 3
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 153-174 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Simulation ; yield ; N-content ; vegetables ; inter-species variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simulation model, developed from a previously published one generally gave a reasonably good description of the effects of N-fertilizer on plant dry weight and N-content of 12 different vegetable crops grown in 26 experiments on separate sites within the same field. Apart from standard weather and soil data, the model required as inputs, the maximum yield of dry matter, the fractional recovery of N by the crop (with minimum fertilizer), the plant mass and N content (at the time of planting or drilling), the dates of planting or drilling and of harvest. Simulations always started from the previous autumn. A constant value of soil mineral-N at that time and the same temperature dependent mineralization was assumed for all experiments. The validity of the model was tested by a range of statistical procedures. In 19 out of the 26 experiments there were no detectable trends in the deviations of the simulated from the measured dry matter yields with increase in fertilizer-N. The model over-estimated the %N in the dry matter of some crops at the highest level of fertilizer-N and was unsatisfactory for one of the crops. With these exceptions, the sum of squares of the differences between measured and simulated %N was 22% of the sum of squares of the measured values above the mean. When N-fertilizer was withheld, the average N-uptake over all experiments was 69 kg N ha−1, whereas that simulated was 59 kg N ha−1; the average difference between simulated and measured uptake for each experiment was 20 kg N ha−1. Simplification of the model by incorporating the same relationship between critical %N and plant weight for all crops did not lead to appreciable loss of accuracy. A user-friendly version of the model has been compiled so that it will run on IBM-compatible microcomputers with outputs that can be coupled with high level graphics packages.
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  • 4
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 309-327 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: residual nitrogen ; grassland ; nitrogen fertilization ; soil mineral nitrogen ; yield ; nitrogen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract At very high nitrogen applications (480 and more kg N ha−1 yr−1) in field trials on all-grass swards the amount of N applied exceeded the amount of N harvested. In the humid temperate climate of the Netherlands in the subsequent spring approximately 25, 40, and 50% of this excess nitrogen was recovered as accumulated mineral nitrogen in the 0–100 cm layer of sandy, clay and heavy clay soil, respectively. The effect of this excess nitrogen on growth during the subsequent season was measured through the increase in DM and N yield over a reference treatment. In this season all treatments received a uniform application (40 kg N ha−1 cut−1). Residual effects were absent on sandy soil but distinct on the clay soils. On the clay soils each accumulated kg soil mineral nitrogen produced 15 kg DM. Assuming a relatively small contribution of residual nitrogen carried over in stubble, roots and organic matter, the accumulated soil mineral nitrogen would seem to be as effective as applied fertilizer nitrogen.
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  • 5
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 2 (1981), S. 33-51 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: energy ; models ; N-fixation ; nutrients ; re-cycling ; yield ; food production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cereal yield per ha in the different countries of the world is almost proportional to the rate of fertilizer application. Yields in countries where most people live are severely limited by nutrient deficiencies. Unless steps are taken to rectify these deficiencies, crop yields will always be very poor, even if other improved agronomic practices are adopted. Much fertilizer is at present wasted because of difficulties in forecasting how to adjust levels and methods of application for differences in conditions. More widespread adoption of ‘mechanistic’ approaches to studying the problems than hitherto offers opportunities for improvement. Considerable scope also exists for saving fertilizer by more re-cycling of nutrients, by greater biological-N fixation and by the adoption of better cropping sequences. Only a minute fraction of the present consumption of fossil energy in the world is needed to manufacture all the required fertilizer. Adequate supplies of potassium and phosphate minerals probably exist to meet demand. The major problems in the future are likely to arise from the fact that essential resources are very unevenly distributed in relation to where they are needed to grow food.
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  • 6
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 21 (1989), S. 67-74 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Sorghum bicolor L. ; nitrogen nutrition ; yield ; plant density ; grain quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were conducted at Samaru, Nigeria to investigate the growth, yield and grain quality response of three grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) varieties (L. 187, SK 5912 and FFBL) to N fertilization under varying plant densities (33300, 50000 or 66600 plants ha−1). Year × N interactions were significant for yield components and so were variety × N and variety × plant density interactions. Grain yield increased 41, 42, and 126% with application of 60 kg N ha−1, the optimum N rate, a response which was associated with variations in grain weight per panicle, panicle weight and grain number. Varieties SK 5912 and FFBL produced more straw in response to added N than did var. L. 187 while yield components in var. SK 5912 and L.187 responded better than those in var. FFBL. Yield components declined in var. SK 5912 and L. 187 as plant density was increased to either 50000 or 66600 plants ha−1. Grain crude protein (CP) content and protein yield were increased 8 and 52% respectively by 60 kg N ha−1 but CP content declined as plant density was increased. Grain tannin content was virtually unaffected by increasing N supply. Optimum plant density for grain sorghum production in this environment is in the range of 50000 plants ha−1.
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  • 7
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical composition ; concentrated pig slurry ; corn fodder ; sandy soil ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was carried out using corn plants (Zea mays L.), in order to define the possible utilization of the concentrated pig slurry as an organic fertilizer, avoiding soil pollution caused by its chemical composition. Results obtained showed that on a slightly loamy coarse sand soil an amount of 40 t ha−1 on fresh weight basis of concentrated pig slurry can eventually substitute mineral nitrogen and phosphate fertilization at planting. The effects of increasing amounts of this organic fertilizer on soil characteristics and corn fodder composition were also investigated.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 71-79 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonium poly-phosphate ; diammonium orthophosphate ; fertilizer reaction ; gram ; Indian soils ; phosphorus ; P uptake ; single superphosphate ; triple superphosphate ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies on the characterization of soil-fertilizer P reaction products were carried out by reacting three-soils occurring in a toposequence in the plateau region of Bihar (India) with saturated solutions of diammonium orthophosphate (DAP), triple superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for 1 hour and 24 hours. The reaction products (precipitates) formed in the solutions after 120 days of incubation were isolated and identified through X-ray diffraction technique. Results indicate the formation of Brushite [CaHPO4 · 2H2O, Strengite (FePO4 · 2H2O), Variscite (AIPO4 · 2H2O) and Fe4(P2O7)3 as major soil-fertilizer P reaction products in these soils with ortho-and polyphosphates as source of phosphorus. Pot cultures were used to evaluate the relative efficiency of reaction products (Struvite, Brushite, Variscite and Strengite), orthophosphates (DAP and SSP) and polyphosphate (APP) as sources of P for gram (Cicer arietinum L.) in a typical acid soil. Results indicate significant response of gram to different sources and level of added P. The dry weight and P uptake at 0, 6 and 12 mg P kg-1 soil were 0.406, 0.519 and 0.609 (g pot-1); and 0.289, 0.428 and 0.575 (mg P pot-1), respectively. Among the sources , struvite proved to be superior or equally effective as APP, DAP or SSP as sources of P for gram. Uptake of P also varied significantly with different P sources and levels of P application. Strengite was least effective in enhancing yield and P uptake by the crop.
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  • 9
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: foliar fertilizer ; nitrate ; potassium ; urea ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Winter wheat crops were grown with ostensibly adequate supplies of all soil nutrients in 1990 and 1991 with the aim of testing if late foliar supplements of K and N, applied at key development stages, could improve grain yield and grain N content. Foliar sprays of KNO3 solution, supplying up to 40 kg K ha−1 in total, at flag leaf unfolded, inflorescence completed and the watery-ripe stage of grain filling, had no effect on yield, yield components or grain N. Urea, supplying 40 kg N ha−1 at flag leaf unfolded, had no effects on grain yield and grain N in 1990, but in 1991 grain N was increased by 0.14% whilst yield was reduced by up to 0.6 t ha−1. Urea scorched flag leaf tips in both years. In 1990, the spring was very dry and foliar supplements might have been expected to have had an effect, but on this highly fertile soil all crop K and N requirements were met from the soil.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) ; phosphorus ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) varieties (‘White velvet’ and ‘NHAE 47-4’) to fertilization in northern Nigeria was examined using four rates of nitrogen (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha−1) and three rates of phosphorus (0, 13 and 26 kg ha−1). Nitrogen application significantly increased green pod yield, pod diameter, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per pod and pod weight. Application of phosphorus also significantly increased green pod yield, pod number and number of seeds per pod. The two varieties responded to nitrogen application differentially with respect to green pod yield. For optimum green pod yield of ‘White velvet’ 35 kg N ha−1 is suggested while for variety ‘NHAE 47-4’, N fertilization can be increased to 70 kg ha−1. There was no differential response of varieties to phosphorus fertilization for green pod yield; however, the application of 13 kg ha−1 enhanced the performance of both varieties.
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  • 11
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 8 (1985), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chickpea ; Egyptian clover ; field experiments ; K uptake ; mustard ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment on a potassium deficient Typic ustochrept soil of the University Farm at Pura, Kanpur compared the responses of wheat, chickpea, mustard and Egyptian clover to added potassium for two consecutive years commencing in 1979–80. All the crops responded to potassium fertilization. Sensitivity of various crops to potassium deficiency was in the order: Egyptian clover 〉 chickpea 〉 wheat 〉 mustard. Higher sensitivity of Egyptian clover and chickpea compared to wheat was in agreement with their comparatively high root cation exchange capacity. Mustard by contrast showed higher root cation exchange capacity and exhibited least potassium sensitivity because of its higher potassium utilization efficiency. Leaf K content and total uptake of potassium by all crops was increased by applying potassium upto the highest level.
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  • 12
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: drip-fertigation ; efficiency ; nitrogen ; sugar cane ; uptake ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use efficiency by sugar cane in Mauritius rarely exceeds 40%. Since drip-irrigation delivers water uniformly and directly to the root zone with little run-off, application of N via the drip-irrigation system could therefore provide a means of enhancing fertilizer N use by sugar cane. A study was initiated in Mauritius to determine what benefits would accrue from applying urea (120 kg N per ha) to sugar cane through the drip-irrigation network. The data obtained showed that the efficiency of fertilizer N when measured at harvest was nearly doubled by supplying the N daily over 10 to 20 weeks by fertigation. Increased yields of sugar or cane did not, however, accompany the improved N use efficiency. Furthermore, when N was applied through the drip-irrigation network, recovery of N at harvest did not accurately reflect N use efficiency.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) ; N recovery ; N uptake ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted during wet seasons (June to October) of 1974, 1976 and 1977 to determine the response of newly developed hybrids and varieties of grain sorghum to N fertilization under humid subtropical conditions of Pantnagar in India. In addition to the enhancement in flowering and maturity stages brought about by N application, it also resulted in increased plant dry weight, translocation coefficients, grain yield plant−1 and grain yield ha−1. Varietal differences existed with respect to their responses for yield and N uptake to N rates. Most of the entries responded up to 120 kg N ha−1. Hybrid CSH 5 utilized applied N more efficiently than other varieties.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Canola ; irrigation ; nitrogen ; nitrogen efficiency ; yield ; oil content ; water use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of N application and water supply on yield, oil content and N accumulation by canola, cultivar Marnoo, grown on a heavy clay soil in the Goulburn Murray Irrigation Region were investigated. Treatments were rainfed (Rf) or watered at a deficit of 50 mm (40–60 mm, I50) beginning in the spring. N treatments were 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 at sowing or as split applications of 20/80, and 50/50 kg N ha−1 at sowing and rosette, respectively. Yield (Yg) ranged from 170 to 520 g m−2. Irrigation and N increased yield in both years. Grain yields were increased by N application on the irrigated treatments when 100 or 200 kg N ha−1 was applied. Oil concentrations ranged from a maximum of 46.4% in treatment N0 to a minimum of 40.6% in treatment N200 and was inversely related to seed N concentration. Although fertilizer N decreased oil concentration, it increased the yield of oil. Nitrogen accumulation (Nb) limited yield of all treatments and was described by the equation, Yg = 806[1-EXP(−0.039*Nb)]. This implied a decrease in yield per unit of Nb at the higher rates of fertilizer addition with consequent increases in grain N concentration. The efficiency of water use in the production of grain (WUEg) and biomass (WUEb) were 7.5 and 23 kg ha−1 mm−1 respectively. Nitrogen additions increased WUEg and WUEb in both seasons. Maximum values of 8.9 (WUEg 1986) and 26.8 (WUEb 1987) were measured from treatment N200. These data suggest that the crops made efficient use of the applied water.
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  • 15
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 29 (1991), S. 295-307 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Partially acidulated phosphate rock ; P uptake ; relative agronomic effectiveness ; substitution value ; superphosphate ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The agronomic effectiveness (yield and P uptake) of twelve granular, partially acidulated phosphate rock fertilizers (PAPR) and two finely ground, unacidulated phosphate rocks (PR) were compared to that of a single superphosphate in a long-term greenhouse experiment with lucerne (Medicago sativa L., cv. CUF101), grown in a low P sorbing, moderately acid, sandy loam soil of moderate P status (Paleustaf). The PAPRs were prepared from two unreactive PRs (Christmas Is. ‘A’ grade and Duchess rock from Queensland) and acidulated at two rates (25% and 50% on a H2SO4 to single superphosphate basis) with either H2SO4 or H3PO4. Additional products included H2SO4 PAPRs cogranulated with elemental S (10% w/w). Superphosphate was consistently superior to all PRs and PAPRs in agronomic effectiveness throughout this two-year study. The most effective of the PAPRs were those that were 50% acidulated with H2SO4 and cogranulated with elemental S; this type of fertilizer from both rocks was approximately 2/3 as effective as superphosphate when relative agronomic effectiveness indices (RAE) were calculated from cumulative yields. The increase in agronomic effectiveness relative to superphosphate (RAE value) by the partial acidulation of the PR could be attributed to its effect of increasing the P solubility in the PAPR. A curvilinear relationship existed between the RAE values of PRs and PAPRs, measured from cumulative yield or P uptake data, and the percentage of the total P in each fertilizer that was in a soluble (water + citrate soluble) form. Cogranulation with elemental S (10% w/w) significantly displaced this relationship upwards by increasing the RAE of H2SO4 PAPRs by more than 50%. The maximum cumulative recovery of applied P by lucerne tops after five bulked harvests (fifteen consecutive harvests) was 61.5%, which occurred at the low application rate of superphosphate. The decline in the substitution value of PRs for superphosphate, that occurred with increasing P rates tended to be offset both by increasing the level of acidulation and by cogranulating the PAPR with elemental S.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Gossypium hirsutum L ; growth response ; nitrogen effects ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of rate and time of nitrogen fertilization on growth, yield and yield components of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) were studied in two years (1975–76). Four rates of nitrogen application (0, 26, 52 and 78 kg ha−1) timed at 3 or 8 weeks after sowing were compared. Seed cotton yield components increased significantly with increased N application at least up to 52 kg N ha−1, with yield increases between 49% and 73%. Seed cotton yield was influenced by treatments mainly through boll number. Both crop growth rate and fruiting were enhanced by nitrogen fertilization. Applying N at 8 weeks (flowering) favoured yield only slightly over that at 3 weeks (thinning), but improved crop growth and fruiting by about 64% and 24%, respectively. There were significant N rate × time interactions in favour of fertilization at flowering. Applying 52 kg N ha−1 at 8 weeks seems best for cotton in the Nigerian savannah.
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  • 17
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 48 (1997), S. 217-223 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: boron ; germination ; seed ; seedlings ; soil boron ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soybean seeds with B concentrations ≤ 10 mg B kg-1 have been reported to have deformed cotyledons. This paper examines the relationship of seed B concentration to seed germination, seedling normality, and plant growth of soybean (Glycine max) cv. NW1 sown in soil with a range of B levels. Seed with 7 mg B kg-1 performed poorly, with 80% failing to germinate. Moreover, 70% of the seedlings which emerged were abnormal when sown on a low B soil. Increasing soil B had no effect on germination but decreased the percentage of abnormal seedlings by one third. Seed with 10 mg B kg-1 germinated as well as seed with 14 or 20 mg B kg-1, but when sown on a low B soil, 80% of the seedlings were abnormal compared with 50 and 20%, respectively. Increasing soil B almost eliminated the incidence of seedling abnormality when seed contained 10 – 20 mg B kg-1. When grown to maturity on the lowest soil B, plants from seed with 10 mg B kg-1 produced less than half the seed yield of plants from seed with 14 or 20 mg B kg-1. They had fewer pods per plant and fewer seeds per pod. They responded strongly to increasing soil B, so that in soil with higher B levels, plants from seed with 10, 14 or 20 mg B kg-1 gave the same yield. The results suggested that soybean seed with a low concentration of B have permanently damaged seed embryos, preventing their germination or producing defective seedlings. At slightly higher concentrations, embryos are not permanently damaged, but require a higher level of external B for their normal development than do those with higher concentrations of seed B. In the present experiments, the critical concentration of B in soybean seed for permanent damage was between 7 and 10 mg B kg-1, and for normal seedling development in low B soils was between 14 and 20.
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  • 18
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 217-222 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: growth ; K accumulation ; K nutrition ; physiological efficiency ; soybean ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted during 1989 to 1991 on a loamy sand (Typic ustochrept) soil to study the K nutrition of soybean. Soybean responded significantly up to 50 kg K ha−1 when applied 1/2 of K at planting and 1/2 at flower initiation (two split) or applying 1/3 K at planting, 1/3 at flower initiation and 1/3 at pod development (three splits). Split application was more beneficial than applying full K at time of planting due to higher leaf area index, crop growth rate, chlorophyll content of fresh leaves, K accumulation in soybean and better agronomic and physiological efficiency of applied K. Agronomic efficiency, physiological efficiency and apparent recovery of K reduced as rate of applied K was increased from 50 to 75 kg ha−1. Highest K+ concentration (3.4 % of dry matter) was recorded in 30-day-old plants at 75 kg K ha−1 which depressed progressively with the age of the crop. At maturity, the K concentration of soybean seed varied from 1.5% (unfertilised K plants) to 2.1 % (when 75 kg K ha−1 was applied in three splits).
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  • 19
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    Potato research 28 (1985), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: yield ; dry-matter ; growth cracking ; second growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gegen Ende der Wachstumsperiode wurden den trocken-heissen Bedingungen des Somvier Kartoffelschläge mit drei Sorten, unter mers 1983 aufgewachsen, experimentellen Behandlungen unterzogen. 1. Die Pflanzen wurden geerntet, die Knollen gewogen, die Trockenmasse festgestellt und alle Abweichungen registriert. 2. Die Pflanzen wuchsen im Ganzen drei Wochen länger. 3. Zur Simulierung der Krautentfernung durch Schlagen wurden die Triebe entfernt. Wurzeln und Stolonen blieben intakt. 4. Die Pflanzen wurden gehoben, die Knollen von ihren Stolonen abgetrennt und wieder eingegraben. Die Pflanzungen erhielten 25 mm Beregnung und 10 mm Regen in 24 Stunden, drei Wochen später nochmals 60 mm Regen. Die Knollen in den Behandlungen 2 und 3 nahmen im Frischgewicht zu (Tab. 1). Nur in Behandlung 2 ergab sich ein Anstieg beim Trockengewicht—der prozentuale Anteil der Knollen-Trockenmasse fiel jedoch (Tab. 1). Es ergaben sich keine deutlichen Verlagerungen von Reserven von der Stengelbasis oder der Wasseraufnahme über die Peridermis der Knollen (Behandlung 4). Nur bei aktiven Wurzeln zeigten sich in zwei Beständen Wachstumsrisse, ‘Mangelsprosse’ und Sekundärknollen (Tab. 1). In der Sorte Record stieg der Anteil rissiger Knollen von 4% auf 16% der ursprünglichen Knollen, bei einem Bestand von Maris Piper von 1% auf 18%. Die Messung der durchschnittlichen Knollengrösse (Tab. 2) zeigt, dass in Behandlung 2 der Bestände ohne Wachstumsrisse das Frischgewicht um fast 50% und das Trockengewicht um 35% anstieg. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass fluktuierende Bodenfeuchtigkeit und rapider Wechsel in der Knollen-Wachstumsrate an sich noch keine ausreichenden Bedingungen für Wachstumsrisse darstellen. Die Erklärung, warum an einigen Knollen Wachstumsrisse entstehen, an anderen jedoch nicht, bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.
    Abstract: Résumé En fin de période de végétation et durant la période de sécheresse de l'été 1983, quatre expérimentations ont été réalisées sur 3 variétés: 1. Les plantes ont été arrachées et les tubercules pesés; leur teneur en matière sèche a été mesurée et aucune anomalie n'a été constatée. 2. Les plantes ont été maintenues encore 3 semaines en végétation. 3. Les tiges ont été supprimées afin de simuler un défanage chimique. Les racines et les stolons sont gardés intacts. 4. Les plantes ont été arrachées et les tubercules séparés de leurs stolons avant d'être remis en terre. Les cultures ont reçu 25 mm d'eau par irrigation et 10 mm de pluie en 24 h, suivi d'une pluviométrie de 60 mm en 3 semaines. Le poids frais des tubercules des traitements 2 et 3 a augmenté (tabl. 1). Le poids sec a augmenté uniquement dans le traitement 2 mais la teneur en matière sèche a diminué (tabl. 1). Le transfert des réserves à partir de la base des tiges ainsi que l'absorption en eau à travers le périderme des tubercules (traitement 4) ne sont pas significatives. Des crevasses, des germinations anormales et des tubercules de seconde génération ont été observés dans les deux traitements ou l'activité des racines a été maintenue (tabl. 1). Pour la variété Record, le taux de crevasses augmente de 4 à 16% par rapport aux tubercules initiaux et de 1 à 18% dans une culture du cv. Maris Piper. On constate que, sur la taille moyenne des tubercules (tabl. 2), le poids frais dans le traitement 2 a augmenté de presque 50% et le poids sec de 35% pour les 2 cultures n'ayant pas présenté les phénomènes de crevasses. Les résultats montrent que la variation d'humidité de sol et le changement rapide de la croissance des tubercules n'expliquent pas à eux seuls les formations de crevasses. Des études complémentaires sont souhaitables afin d'expliquer les raisons pour lesquelles certains tubercules crevassent et d'autres non.
    Notes: Summary Experiments on crops of three cultivars of potato showed the effects of the relief of water stress towards the end of the growing season. Treatments imposed showed the starting condition and the responses of crops which were actively growing, newly had their tops removed, or were without active roots. Water was taken up only by tubers of plants with active roots, and there was no translocation of reserves from stem bases. Stress sprouting increased only in the treatments with intact roots, and only the sprouts of intact plants developed chained tubers. Growth cracking occured in the tubers of rooted plants of two of the crops. In the intact plants of the other crops average tuber fresh weight increased by 50% and dry weight by 35% showing that increased water uptake and rapid growth may be necessary but are not sufficient conditions for the formation of growth cracks.
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  • 20
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth ; yield ; rhizosphere ; Arran Banner ; Compagnon ; Bintje
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Herbst 1975, im Frühjahr und im Herbst 1976 wurden in Tripolis. Libyen, drei Versuche durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der Inokulation von Pflanzkartoffeln mitAzotobacter auf das Wachstum und den Ertrag von drei Kartoffelsorten (Arran Banner, Bintje und Compagnon) zu untersuchen. Nur bei der Sorte Arran Banner ergab sich eine Beeinflussung durch die Inokulation mitAzotobacter (Tabelle 1 und 3). Der Ertrag war in den drei Versuchen um 42.6% 17.4% bzw. 8.5% gesteigert. Die stärkste Reaktion ergab sich im ersten Versuch. bei dem niedrige Temperaturen und Bewölkung vorherrschten und die Wachstumsbedingungen für die Kartoffeln im allgemeinen ungünstig waren. Die Sorten Bintje und Compagnon zeigten keine signifikante Steigerung des Ertrages nach der Inokulation. Die Inokulation erhöhte die Stengellänge, hatte aber keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Stengelzahl pro Pflanze (Tabelle 2). Zählungen im Boden der Rhizosphäre zeigten. dass nach Inokulation des Pflanzgutes mitAzotobacter die Population in der Wurzelzone anstieg (Tabelle 4). Die Ertragssteigerung nach der Inokulation scheint durch eine Anreicherung vonAzotobacter in der Rhizosphäre intokulierter Pflanzen hervorgerufen zu sein.
    Abstract: Résumé Trois expérimentations ont été menées à Tripoli en Libie afin d'étudier l'effet de l'inoculation de tubercules de semence avecAzotobacter sp. sur la croissance et le rendement de 3 variétés de pomme de terre (Arran Banner, Bintje et Compagnon). Ces essais se sont déroulés durant l'automne 1975, le printemps et l'automne 1976. Il n'y a eu que la variété Arran Banner qui a répondu de manière conséquente à l'inoculationd'Azotobacter sp. (tableaux 1 et 3). L'augmentation de rendement a été respectivement de 42.6%, 17.4% et 8,5% dans les 3 expériences. La meilleure réponse a été obtenue dans la première expérimentation où des températures basses et des jours couverts ont dominé et où les conditions de végétation ont été généralement défavorables à la pomme de terre. Les variétés Bintje et Compagnon n'ont pas montré d'augmentation significative du rendement avec inoculation. L'inoculation parAzotobacter sp, augmente la longueur des tiges, mais n'a pas d'effet significatif sur le nombre de tiges par plante (tableau 2). Les comptagesd'Azotobacter sp. dans la rhizosphère ont indiqué que l'inoculation de la semence augmentait la populationd'Azotobacter au niveau de la zone racinaire (tableau 4). Cela est probablement dû au fait que l'augmentation du rendement grâce à l'inoculation résulte d'une meilleure adaptationd'Azotobacter sp. au niveau de la rhizosphère des plantes inoculées.
    Notes: Summary When the potato cultivars Arran Banner, Bintje, and Compagnon were inoculated withAzotobacter chroococcum in Libya, only Arran Banner responded significantly; plant growth was stimulated and the yield of marketable tubers increased by 8.5–42.6% above the untreated control. The very large yield increase in one season was associated with unfavourable growing conditions.
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  • 21
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    Potato research 23 (1980), S. 449-452 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; propagation ; micropropagation ; rooting ; establishment ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Plants of cvs Kennebec and Pontiac were propagated in petri dishes or flasks and rooted and transplanted into the field as cuttings. Plants from eight week old cuttings gave higher final yields than those from six-week-old cuttings. The field performance of Pontiac plants propagated in petri dishes was superior to that of plants propagated in flasks. Yields from cuttings were between 30% and 97% of those of plants from tubers.
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  • 22
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    Potato research 27 (1984), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: yield ; symptoms ; tuber quality ; seed weight ; cultivar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der ersten zwei Monate der im Herbst liegenden Wachstumszeit der Kartoffel (August-Januar) sind in Israel sehr hohe Temperaturen (mittleres Maximum 34,7° C) und hohe Sonneneinstrahlung; anschliessend fallen die Temperaturen und die Lichteinstrahlung stark ab. Unter diesen Bedingungen bleibt die Infektion mit PLRV meist symptomlos und es gibt vom Pflanzenwuchs her keine Anzeichen dafür anzunehmen, dass der Ertrag beeinträchtigt ist. Imersten Versuch (A) wurden die Erträge von Beständen verglichen, die die gleiche Pflanzgutgrösse (Sorte Désirée) hatten, aber von drei Herkünften I, II und III stammten. Der Anteil der PLRV infizierten Knollen in diesen Herkünften betrug 1,3, 7,8 und 32,6% (Abb. 1A). Der durchschnittliche Ertrag pro Parzelle für Herkunft I, II und III lag bei 12,6 kg, 10,0 kg und 7,6 kg (Abb. 1C); die Differenzen zwischen den Herkünften waren signifikant (P〈0,05). Der Unterschied zwischen Herkunft I und II gibt vielleicht die unterschiedlichen Auflaufraten wieder (Abb. 1B), aber die Differenz zwischen den Herkünften II und III scheint eine Folge der Virusinfektion zu sein, und ähnliche Differenzen wurden beim Vergleich des Ertrages pro Pflanze gefunden (Abb. 1D). Diese Annahme wurde im Versuch B bestätigt, in dem der Ertrag PLRV-infizierter Pflanzen mit dem PLRV-freier Pflanzen verglichen wurde. Die Infektion mit PLRV war nicht mit einer verringerten Auflaufrate oder dem Ertrag an deformierten Knollen verbunden, aber infiziertes Pflanzgut der Sorte Blanka ergab nur 68,7% des Ertrages virusfreien Pflanzgutes, Up-to-Date 79,2% und Désirée 58%; die Verluste waren statistisch signifikant (Abb. 3). Diese Ergebnisse lassen annehmen, dass beträchliche Ertragsverluste durch die Infektion mit PLRV in den im Herbst gepflanzten Kartoffeln eintreten können, obwohl die Symptome nicht wahrnehmbar sind. Im Hinblick auf den hohen PLRV-Befall in den Herbstbeständen (Marco, 1981b), kann es von Vorteil sein die im Frühjahr gepflanzten Bestände vor einer PLRV-Infektion zu schützen, da sie das Pflanzgut für den Herbst stellen.
    Abstract: Résumé Pendant les deux premiers mois de végétation des pommes de terre cultivées à l'automne en Israel (Août-Janvier), les températures sont très élevées (moyenne maximale de 34,7°C) et la luminosité très forte. Puis les températures et l'intensité lumineuse diminuent rapidement. Sous de telles conditions, la contamination par le virus de l'enroulement est généralement existante mais sans l'apparition de symptômes; rien ne permet donc d'indiquer en végétation que le rendement est affecté. Dans une première expérience (A), le rendement est comparé pour trois cultures obtenues à partir de plants de même calibre (variété Désirée), mais de sources différentes (I, II et III). Suivant l'origine I, II et III les pourcentages de la contamination par le virus de l'enroulement est respectivement 1,3, 7,8 et 32,6% (fig. 1A). Le rendement moyen obtenu par parcelle est respectivement 12,6, 10 et 7,6 kg (fig. 1C), la différence entre les trois origines étant significative (P〈0,05). L'écart de rendement entre les plants de source I et II s'explique sans doute par le taux de levée différent (fig. 1B); mais entre les plants de source II et III, la différence semble provenir de la contamination par le virus et ceci est également observé pour le rendement par pied (fig. 1D). Cette hypothèse est confirmée par l'expérience B ou le rendement obtenu à partir de plants contaminés est comparé à celui du témoin planté avec des tubercules indemnes de virus. L'incidence de la contamination n'est pas correlée au manque à la levée et au rendement des tubercules difformes. Les plants contaminés ont donné pour les variétés Blanka, Up-to-Date et Désirée respectivement 68,7%, 79,2% et 58% du rendement obtenu à partir de tubercules sains, la diminution de rendement étant significative (fig. 3). Les résultats montrent qu'il peut y avoir des
    Notes: Summary In field trials simulating commercial conditions, secondary PLRV infection of autumn-grown potato crops in Israel significantly reduced yield, although symptoms were not perceptible. Plots containing 7.3% PLRV-infected seed showed an increase in yield per plant of 17%, compared with plots with 36.2% infected seed; in plots with only 1.3% infected seed the increase of yield was 21%. In a second experiment, where individual plants were assayed, the yield of PLRV-infected plants of cv. Blanka was only 68.7% of that of PLRV-free plants; corresponding figures for cv. Up-to-Date and Désirée were 79.2 and 58% respectively. PLRV infection was not associated with reduced emergence or with the yield of deformed tubers.
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  • 23
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    Potato research 27 (1984), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: weight loss ; sprouting ; ground cover ; leaf area ; yield ; tuber infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Rothamsted wurden in den drei Jahren zwischen 1979 und 1981 Pflanzkartoffeln mit starkem (80–100% Oberflächenbefall) oder schwachem (Weniger als 20%) Silberschorfbesatz gepflanzt, die aus Konsumanbau stammten. 1979 wurden auch Knollen mit mittlerem Befall (40–60%) einbezogen. Die verwendeten Sorten zeigt Tabelle 1: Ulster Sceptre und King Edward (1979), Désirée (1980), Wilja und King Edward (1981). In allen Jahren war der Gewichtsverlust während der Keimung bei den stark befallenen Pflanzknollen grösser als bei den wenig befallenen, und in drei von fünf Versuchen hatten die stark befallenen Knollen auch kürzere Keime. Das Gesamtgewicht der Keime wurde durch die Befallsstärke nicht beeinflusst, stark befallene Knollen bildeten mehr Keime als schwach befallene (Tab. 2). Im Jahr 1979 war 4 Wochen nach der Pflanzung die Bodenbedeckung nach stark befallenem Pflanzgut gesichert schwächer (Tab. 3), und in 1980 und 1981 waren sieben Wochen nach der Pflanzung die Blattflächenindizes von stark befallenem Pflanzgut geringer als von schwach befallenem. Die Einflüsse der Pflanzgutinfektion auf die Stengelzahl waren schwankend (Tab. 4): eine starke Infektion erhöhte die Stengelzahl in 1981 bei Wilja und verminderte sie in 1979 bei Ulster Sceptre und in 1981 bei King Edward. Im Jahr 1979 war sieben Wochen nach der Pflanzung von stark infiziertem Pflanzgut der Sorte Ulster Sceptre das Stengelgewicht gesichert niedriger, aber bei späteren Probennahmen anderer Jahre und Sorten ergaben sich keine gesicherten Unterschiede. In 1979 waren auch die Zahl der Knollen und deren Gewicht bei der Sorte Ulster Sceptre nach starker Pflanzgutinfektion bis zu sieben Wochen nach der Pflanzung reduziert (Tab. 5), bei späteren Probennahmen und bei anderen Sorten zeigten sich keine gesicherten Differenzen. Im Jahre 1979 hatten Knollen der Sorten King Edward und Ulster Sceptre nach stark infiziertem Pflanzgut weniger Befall als nach schwach infiziertem Pflanzgut (Tab. 6), und bei der Ernte und nach der Lagerung war in 1981 auf Knollen der Sorte Wilja und King Edward mehr Silberschorf nach schwach befallenem Pflanzgut als nach stark befallenem. Im Jahr 1980 war jedoch der Silberschorfbesatz bei der Ernte auf Knollen nach stark befallenem Pflanzgut am höchsten.
    Abstract: Résumé Au cours des années 1979 à 81, des tubercules de semence destinés à la commercialisation et atteints de gale argentée ont été prélevés et différenciés selon l'importance de la maladie: tubercules sévèrement atteints (80 à 100% de la surface couverte), tubercules légèrement atteints (moins de 20%). Les échantillons ont été plantés à la station de Rothamsted, ainsi que des lots moyennement atteints en 1979 (40 à 60% de la surface couverte). Les variétés Ulster Sceptre et King Edward ont été cultivées en 1979, Désirée en 1980, et Wilja et King Edward en 1981 (tableau 1). Tous les ans des pertes de poids plus importants pendant la germination sont observés pour les tubercules sévèrement atteints, donnant des germes plus courts dans trois cas sur cinq. La gravité de l'infection n'a pas d'incidence sur le poids sec total de germes, les tubercules sévèrement atteints donnant un nombre de germes plus élevé (tableau 2). En 1979, la couverture du sol 4 semaines après plantation est significativement plus faible pour le plant sévèrement atteint (tableau 3), et en 1980 et 1981 l'indice foliaire, 7 semaines après plantation, est inférieur pour les plantes provenant de semences fortement contaminées. L'effet de l'infection de la semence sur le nombre de tiges est controversé (tableau 4). Les plants sévèrement atteints ont donné en 1981 davantage de tiges pour Wilja et pert de tiges en 1979 et en 1981 pour respectivement Ulster Sceptre et King Edward. En 1979 le poids des fanes de la variété Ulster Sceptre est significativement plus faible 7 semaines après plantation dans le cas d'une infection grave, mais les poids ne sont pas significativement différents pour les autres conditions. En 1979, les nombres et les poids de tubercules de la variété Ulster Sceptre sont plus faibles dans le cas d'une infection grave durant les sept premières semaines après plantation (tableau 5), alors q'aucune différence significative n'est observée par ailleurs. En 1979, les tubercules issus de semences gravement atteints des variétés King Edward et Ulster Sceptre, sont moins infectés que ceux provenant de semences légèrement contaminées (tableau 6) tandis qu'à la récolte et après conservation en 1981, pour les variétés Wilja et King Edward, la gale argentée se rencontrait plus communément sur des tubercules issus de semences faiblement contaminées. Toutefois, en 1980, il a été observé plus de gale argentée sur des tubercules gravement atteints (tableau 7).
    Notes: Summary Seed tubers with severe (80–100% of surface affected) or slight (less than 20% of surface affected) silver scurf were selected from commercial stocks and planted at Rothamsted in 1979–81. Severely affected seed lost more weight (13%) than slightly affected seed (8%) during storage on trays, and produced more but smaller sprouts. Ground cover, leaf area and tuber yields were decreased by severe infection for up to 7 weeks after planting but thereafter effects of seed infection were non-significant. In two years, tubers produced from seed with severe silver scurf had less infection than those from slightly affected seed, but in 1980 most disease developed on tubers from seed with severe infection.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: water-stress ; photosynthesis ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relations between measurements of the slow kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence and growth and yield were examined in seven potato genotypes grown either fully irrigated or droughted from the time of plant emergence. Drought reduced total dry matter production and yields and increased tuber dry matter concentration. Drought increased harvest index in cv. Spunta, but decreased it in cv. Pentland Crown. Total dry matter production was correlated with each of constant fluorescence, variable fluorescence and the half life of the decay in variable fluorescence. These correlations were determined largely by the effect of treatment, and did not discriminate effectively between genotypes within a treatment.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: vegetative development ; leaf number ; heat stress ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cultivars Bintje and Désirée were grown in a set-up that allowed temperatures of the shoot, root, and stolon environments to be separately varied. Shoot and root temperatures were either low, 18°C, or high, 28°C. Stolon temperatures were either ‘normal’, i.e. allowed to equilibrate at an ambient that depended on the temperatures of the shoot and root compartments, or ‘in-creased’ by fixed supplementary heating units in the stolon chambers. Haulm longevity was increased by the combination high shoot temperature and low root temperature, but greatly decreased by high shoot temperature combined with high root temperature. The increased stolon temperature also advanced senescence. The number of branches per stem (and thereby the number of leaves) was increased by an increase in stolon temperature, but the interaction with air temperature was significant. A high root temperature reduced the number of leaves significantly. The effects on stem yield were complex; several interactions proved significant. The total drymatter yield was affected by all single factors except shoot temperature.
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  • 26
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    Potato research 27 (1984), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: yield ; specific gravity ; sprouting ; late blight resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ertrag, mittleres Knollengewicht und die Knollenzahl pro Pflanze von Dihaploiden der Sorten Pentland Crown und Record (Abb. 1,2 und 3) zeigen, dass sich Unterschiede (signifikant für Ertrag und mittleres Knollengewicht,P〈0,01) zwischen beiden Sorten ergeben können, wenn der Ertrag und seine Komponenten genetisch determiniert waren. Die meisten Dihaploiden von Record hatten weniger als 10% der Erträge ihrer Eltern, während die Erträge der meisten Dihaploiden von Pentland Crown zwischen 20 und 50% schwankten. Ein beträchtlicher Teil von Pentland Crown-Dihaploiden hatten höhere als modale Werte für mittleres Knollengewicht und mittlere Knollenzahl pro Pflanze. Mehrere Gene von Pentland Crown und ihrer Dihaploiden dürften deshalb additive Einflüsse auf den Ertrag und seine Komponenten haben. Deshalb dürfte von diesen Klonen eine signifikante generelle Kombinationsfähigkeit (GCA) für diese Eigenschaften erwartet werden, wenn sie bei der Züchtung verwendet werden. Erste Daten von tetraploiden Nachkommen von dihaploid × tetraploid-Kreuzungen (siehe Tabelle I mit der Herkunft des Materials) zeigen jedoch, dass solche GCA-Effekte nicht wesentlich waren. Dies könnte so sein, weil die spezifische Kombinationsfähigkeit wichtiger war oder weil Unterschiede in Zahl und Stärke von nachteiligen Genen, die vorher bei den Sorten verborgen waren, vorhanden waren. Tabelle 2 zeigt die Korrelationskoeffizienten zwischen Ertrag, mittlerer Knollenzahl, mittlerem Knollengewicht, spezifischem Gewicht und Keimlänge für Dihaploide von Pentland Crown und Record. Dabei ergaben sich signifikante Korrelationen zwischen Ertrag und seinen Komponenten, aber keine signifikante negative Korrelation zwischen Knollenzahl und mittleren Knollengewicht. Einige Dihaploide hatten ein höheres spezifisches Gewicht als ihre tetraploiden Eltern. Die spezifischen Gewichte der Dihaploiden waren um ein Mittel verteilt, welches annähernd gleich mit dem der Eltern beider Sorten (Abb. 4) war; vermutlich waren sowohl additive als auch nicht-additive Effekte für die Determinierung des spezifischen Gewichtes von beiden Eltern erforderlich. Die Keimlängen dihaploider Knollen waren durchweg gering (Abb. 5), dies dürfte auf die Anwesenheit nachteiliger rezessiver Gene zurückzuführen sein, welche die oft nur schwachen Konstitutionen von Dihaploiden beider Sorten kennzeichnen. Genetische Unterschiede zwischen Sorten, welche anderenfalls als unterschiedliche dihaploide Variationsmuster bezeichnet worden wären. könnten deshalb maskiert gewesen sein. Hohe Grade an quantitativer Resistenz gegenüber Krautfäule (Phytophthora infestans) in den meisten Dihaploiden von zwei resistenten Tetraploiden zeigten, dass einige dominante Gene, die die Resistenz bestimmen, multipel sein könnten (Abb. 6). Zusätzlich zur Informationssteigerung über die genetische Determinierung landwirtschaftlich wichtiger Merkmale in Tetraploiden ist die Produktion von Dihaploiden eine Methode zur Änderung von Gen-Verbindungen ohne Einführung von fremden genetischem Material. Es könnten mehr erwünschte Gen-Kombinationen ermittelt werden, die als Resultat für Kartoffel-Züchtungsprogramme ausgebeutet werden könnten.
    Abstract: Résumé Le rendement, le poids moyen de tubercules et le nombre de tubercules par plante des diploïdes de Pentland Crown et Record (fig. 1, 2 et 3) montrent qu'il peut y avoir des différences (significatives pour le rendement et le poids moyen de tubercule,P〈0.01) entre les deux variétés, du fait que les composantes du rendement étaient déterminées. La plupart des diploïdes de Record ont des rendements inférieurs de 10% à ceux de leurs parents, alors que les diploïdes de Pentland Crown donnent des rendements compris entre 20 et 50%. Une proportion assez grande de diploïdes de Pentland Crown a un poids moyen de tubercules et un nombre moyen de tubercules par plante plus élevés que les valeurs modales correspondantes. Quelques gênes de Pentland Crown et de diploïdes issus de cette variété peuvent avoir par conséquent un effet positif sur le rendement et ses composantes; ces clônes pourraient en définitive permettre des combinaisons générales pour les caractères utilisés en sélection. Des résultats préliminaires sur tétraploïdes obtenus à partir de croisements diploïdes × tétraploïdes (tableau 1) ont montré cependant que de tels effets de combinaisons générales n'étaient pas importants. Ceci est dû peut être du fait que l'aptitude spécifique à la combinaison est plus importante ou qu'il y a eu des différences dans le nombre et l'ampleur des gênes défavorables, masqués au départ dans les variétés. Le tableau 2 donne les coefficients de corrélation entre le rendement, le nombre moyen de tubercules, le poids moyen de tubercules, le poids spécifique et la longueur des germes pour les diploïdes de Pentland Crown et Record. Des corrélations significatives ont été observées entre le rendement et ses composantes mais pas entre le nombre de tubercules et leur poids moyen. Quelques diploïdes ont des poids spécifiques plus élevés que ceux de leurs parents tétraploïdes. Pour chaque variété, les poids spécifiques des diploïdes ont une distribution par rapport à la moyenne à peu près semblable à celle de leurs parents (fig. 4) et les effets génétiques additifs et non-additifs sont probablement importants dans la détermination du poids spécifique pour chaque parent. Les germes des tubercules diploïdes sont généralement courts (fig. 5) et ceci provient sans doute de la présence de gênes récessifs défavorables qui déterminent des constitutions souvent chétives des diploïdes de ces deux variétés. Les différences génétiques entre les variétés peuvent par conséquent être marquées, alors qu'elles auraient été mises en évidence par des exemples de variation entre différents diploïdes. De hauts niveaux de résistance quantitative au mildiou du feuillage (Phytophthora infestans) obtenus avec la plupart des diploïdes provenant de deux tétraploïdes résistants au mildiou indiquent que certains gènes dominants gouvernant la résistance peuvent être multipliés (fig. 6). Afin de mieux connaître la détermination génétique des caractères agronomiques importants des tétraploïdes, la production de diploïdes est une méthode d'association de gènes remaniés, sans l'introduction de matériel génétique étranger. Davantage de combinaisons de gènes souhaitables peuvent être identifiées afin d'être exploitées dans un programme de sélection de pommes de terre.
    Notes: Summary Most dihaploids derived from cv. Pentland Crown had higher yields, when expressed as percentages of their parent's yield, than did those of cv. Record. Some genes of Pentland Crown may have a greater additive effect on yield than those of Record but there may also be differences in deleterious recessives which are expressed in their dihaploids. The frequency distributions of specific gravities and sprout lengths of the dihaploids were similar for both cultivars. Some genes may have an additive effect on specific gravity but the small sprout lengths of dihaploids may be due to their often weak constitution caused by the expression of deleterious genes. The distribution of foliage blight (Phytophthora infestans) resistance in dihaploids of resistant tetraploids indicates that multiplex genes may determine the resistances in the parents.
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    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: growth ; yield ; fertilizer mixes ; solubilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth of potato plants and yield of tubers were poor in plots fertilized with rock phosphate alone but the addition of pyrites so improved its efficacy that it outyielded superphosphate in one season. A mixture of rock phosphate and superphosphate, in equal proportions on a P basis, was found to be 85–93% as effective as suerphosphate in increasing tuber yield.
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    Potato research 29 (1986), S. 299-312 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: tuber numbers per stem ; grade distribution ; yield ; stress duration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verhältnis zwischen Wassermangel im frühen Teil der Wachstumsperiode und der Knollenbildung bei der Sorte Maris Piper wurde in zweijährigen Gewächshausversuchen, bei unterschiedlichen Phasen und unterschiedlicher Schwere des Wassermangels, untersucht. Die Pflanzen wuchsen in einem Torf-/ Sand-Gemisch in Behältern. Das Wasser wurde von der Zeit des Aufgangs, der Knollen-Initiierung oder des ‘kleine-Knollen-Stadiums’ zurückgehalten (Serien A, B und C der Behandlungen; Tabelle 1) und daran anschliessend verabreicht (Tabelle 1, Abb. la, b). Die Kontrollbehandlung wurde während der gesamten Wachstumszeit gut gewässert. Sinkende Raten bei der Transpiration während des Wassermangels könnten durch den Wechsel des Bodenwasser-Potentials (Abb. 1a, b) und der Bodenfeuchtigkeits-Abgabekurve des Kompostes (Abb. 2) verursacht worden sein. In beiden Versuchen wurde die Knollenzahl pro Stengel in denjenigen Behandlungen reduziert, welche beim Auflaufen (A-Serien) begonnen worden waren. Die Knollenzahl war dagegen sogar bei ganz schwerem Stress nicht beeinträchtigt, wenn die Behandlung nach der Periode der Knollen-Initiierung begonnen worden war (B- und C-Serien; Tabellen 2 und 3). Bei Verwendung der Daten der Kontrolle und der A-Serie der Behandlungen in beiden Versuchen zeigte die Knollenzahl pro Stengel (N) zum letzten Erntetermin hin zwischen der Zahl der Tage(D) und dem Bodenwasser-Potential eine Regression 〈−25 kPa. Die Knollenzahl als Audruck einer Proportion(Q) des Wertes der Kontrollbehandlung ergab zuD ebenfalls eine Regression. Beide Verhältnisse:N=7,20–0,16D undN=1,001–0,020D waren statistisch signifikant (P〈0,001) bei 85 bzw. 76% der Varianz. Der Knollenertrag in Versuch 2 (Tabelle 3) war negativ korreliert mit der Dauer des Wasserstress(D) und die Gesamttrockenmasse zeigte den gleichen Trend. Der Trockenmassegehalt der Knollen zum letzten Erntetermin wurde durch die Behandlung nicht beeinflusst (21,2±1,5% und 23,0±0,7% in Versuch 1 bzw. 2). Im Versuch 2 verursachten der kontrastierende Effekt bei Wassermangel in den A- und B-Serien der Behandlungen auf Ertrag und Knollenzahlen Unterschiede in der Verteilung der Knollengrösse (Abb. 3). In Behandlung A5 wurde die Reduktion der Knollenzahl durch die Ertragsreduzierung ausgeglichen, so dass sich die Knollengrössen von denen in der ungestressten Kontrolle nicht unterschieden. In Behandlung B5 dagegen war die mittlere Knollengrösse niedriger; ausserdem ergab sich hier eine signifikant höhere Proportion kleiner Knollen (Abb. 3).
    Abstract: Résumé La relation entre un manque d'eau en début de végétation et l'initiation des tubercules est examinée sur deux années avec la variété Maris Piper. Les expériences ont lieu sous serre, à différents stades et différents degrés d'importance du déficit hydrique. Les plantes sont cultivées en containers dans un mélange tourbe-sable. L'eau est apportée au moment de la levée, de l'initiation des tubercules ou à la formation des petits tubercules (séries A, B et C des traitements) (tableau 1) et est approvisionnée par la suite (tableau 1, fig. 1a, b). Le témoin est bien pourvu en eau pendant toute la période. Les baisses du taux de transpiration pendant le déficit hydrique peuvent être déduites à partir des changements du potentiel capillaire (fig. 1a, b) et à partir du profil hydrique du compost (fig. 2). Dans les deux expériences, le nombre de tubercules par tige est réduit pour les traitements en début de levée (séries A) mais n'est pas modifié, même en cas assez grave de déficit hydrique, lorsque les traitements ont lieu après la période d'initiation des tubercules (séries B et C) (tableau 2, 3). A partir des valeurs du témoin et des séries A des deux expérimentations, il apparaît que le nombre de tubercules par tige(N) à la récolte finale diminue avec le nombre de jours(D) pour lesquels le potentiel capillaire est inférieur à 25 kPa. Le nombre de tubercules par tige exprimé par le rapport(Q) des valeurs du traitement sur celles du témoin, diminue également avecD. Les deux relationsN=7.20–0.16D etN-1.001–0.020D sont hautement significatives (P〈0.001) et expliquent respectivement 85 et 76% de la variance. Dans la deuxième expérimentation (tableau 3) le rendement en tubercules est négativement correlé à la durée du déficit hydrique(D) et la production totale de matière sèche va dans le même sens. La teneur en matière sèche des tubercules à la récolte finale ne varie pas avec le traitement (21.2±1.5% et 23.1±0.7% respectivement pour les expérimentations 1 et 2). Dans l'expérience 2, les effets opposés du déficit hydrique, pour les traitements des séries A et B, sur le rendement et le nombre de tubercules, entraînent des différences de répartition dans les calibres (fig. 3). Dans le traitement A5, la réduction du nombre de tubercules est reportée sur le rendement, ce qui ne modifie pas la répartition des calibres par rapport au témoin. Cependant, dans le traitement B5, le calibre moyen des tubercules est plus faible et la proportion de petits tubercules significativement plus élevée (fig. 3).
    Notes: Summary The relationship between water shortage and tuber initiation and development in the cv. Maris Piper was examined in glasshouse experiments with several severities of water-stress induced by withholding water at different stages of plant growth. There was a direct reduction in tuber numbers per stem with increasing duration of water stress in plants deprived of water from the time when 50% of plants had emerged but not when water was withheld from the time of onset of initiation. Using the data from both years a statistically significant negative correlation was established between tuber number per stem and the number of days of soil moisture potential 〈−25 kPa.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: tuber initiation ; tuberization ; stolonization ; heat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cultivars Bintje and Désirée were growth with their shoots, roots and stolons at different temperatures, to study the effects on tuber development. More tuber sites were initiated in ‘Bintje’ when the air, root or stolon temperature was increased but a combined increase of air and root temperature greatly reduced the number of sites. In contrast, each temperature increase reduced the number of tuber sites in ‘Désirée’ but an increase in temperature in one compartment usually increased the number of tubers set. The relative tuber set was enhanced by a combination of high stolon temperature and low root temperature. Especially an increase in air temperature reduced tuber yield and tuber dry-matter content, but increasing stolon temperature had the largest effects on the induction of second growth. Stolon and tuber development, dry-matter partitioning and initiation of second growth responded differently to variation in temperature around different plant parts suggesting that these processes are affected by different regulation mechanisms.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: storage ; refrigerated cold store ; yield ; northern India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Diffuse light storage (DLS) of potato seed tubers was evaluated in the Punjab, India. Seed tubers of seven cultivars were stored in a nylon mesh covered thatch-roofed DLS and their behaviour in store and subsequent performance in the field was compared with that of tubers stored traditionally in a refrigerated cold store (RCS). DLS of seed from March to October resulted in 34–82% loss by weight due to high temperature and low humidity compared to 6–8% in RCS. When the DLS seeds were planted in replicated field trials, they showed reduced germination, germination rate index, plant height and final yield (up to 37%) compared to seeds from RCS. However, in cvs. Kufri Lalima and Phulwa yields were not significantly reduced following DLS.
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    Potato research 32 (1989), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sensory ; yield ; dry matter ; reducing sugar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Trials were carried out in 1984, 1985 and 1986 in which the effect of four dates of defoliation (0, +10, +20, +30 days) and three intervals to harvest (0, +10, +20 days) on yield, tuber size, dry matter, reducing sugar, fry test colour and finish fried sensory quality were examined for two cultivars (Pentland Dell, Maris Piper) on two sites (medium silt, peaty loam). Dry matter content and yield of tubers were influenced by all factors in the trial. Later dates of defoliation gave the lowest reducing sugar levels, palest fry colour, highest yield and dry matter content. Increasing the interval from defoliation to harvest reduced dry matter and raised yield. Significant year effects were obtained for dry matter and reducing sugar content.
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    Potato research 32 (1989), S. 439-446 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sensory ; dry matter ; yield ; french fry ; reducing sugar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Trials were carried out in 1984, 1985 and 1986, on a sandy loam soil with an average content of 133 mg/l available potassium in which the effect of source (KCl, K2SO4) and rate (0, 300, 600, 900 kg K2O/ha) of potassium fertilizer on yield, tuber size, dry matter, reducing sugar, fry test colour and finish fried quality was examined for two cultivars (Pentland Dell, Maris Piper). The results indicate a strong influence of cultivar on all measured characters, the rate of potassium fertilizer also gave significant changes in quality and yield and there were significant year effects. The effect of source of potassium was not significant.
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    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: inbreeding ; unreduced gametes ; breeding ; yield ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Comparisons were made between tetraploid progenies obtained by crossing dihaploid and chromosome doubled dihaploid potatoes with tetraploids. Dihaploids obtained from a doubled dihaploid produced some progenies from 2xx4x crosses which were as high yielding and had as good tuber characteristics as control progenies produced by intercrossing heterozygous tetraploids. It was found that there was a slight reduction in tuber yield associated with inbreeding but selection could be made among highly inbred material for useful parents. Other characters were little affected by inbreeding. It was concluded that haploidisation and chromosome doubling could be used to produce homozygous clones for use by breeders without greatly depressing the agronomic value of their offspring.
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  • 34
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    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; general combining ability ; seedling generation ; clonal generations ; genotypexenvironment ; yield ; tuber colour and shape
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary General combining ability and its repeatability in the early generations of a potato breeding programme was studied by evaluating 72 progenies (18×4) of 22 parents in a factorial mating design for three successive generations. The mean squares for combining ability due to females, males and females × males were significant for eight out of the ten characters studied. Variance estimates due to specific combining ability were more important than those due to general combining ability for most of the characters in all the generations. General combining ability effects varied from generation to generation. Most of the correlation coefficients between generations for general combining ability effects were significant, but of moderate magnitude (0.5–0.8). Parents with consistent performance over generations and those specifically suitable for a TPS crop were identified.
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  • 35
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    Potato research 41 (1998), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato ; diploid ; Erwinia ; yield ; tuber characters ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Offspring were produced from a cross between two long-day-adaptedSolanum phureja clones which carried resistance to tuber soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica). In tests carried out on the produce of field-grown plants raised from tubers, over fifty per cent of the 173 offspring were found to be highly resistant. Assessments were also carried out of tuber yield, mean tuber weight, tuber number, shape, regularity, flesh colour, texture of the steamed flesh, fry colour, after-cooking blackening, sprout length after storage and overall dormancy. There were statistically significant differences between clones for all characters (P〈0.001). Twelve of the clones were selected on the basis of high resistance, yield, tuber weight, regularity of shape and absence of after-cooking blackening. The value of resistant long-day-adapted diploid material for commercial breeding is discussed.
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    Potato research 42 (1999), S. 593-600 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato seed production ; microtuber ; minituber ; cultivation systems ; yield ; seed storage ; cost price
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This notice displays trials of farmer seed potato production in Mali using micro and minitubers. A simple phytotechnique has been development to use this kind of prebasic material. In spite of severe culture conditions in Mali, the average yield varies from 6 to 12 t/ha for a microtuber plantation and from 8 to 14 t/ha for minitubers. Between two successive crops, the seeds are stored under diffuse light in a ventilated room. The profitability of the local seed production scheme seems interesting. The cost price of the second generation is already below the import price of seed potato.
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  • 37
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    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 289-299 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: seedlings ; first clonal year ; second clonal year ; yield ; tuber shape ; number of tubers ; stolon length ; peculiar types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen Personen in der Auslese (Selektoren) angestellt, die die gleichen Kartoffelklone in S, C1 und C2 (Sämling, erstes und zweites Klonjahr) zweier Familien, B4 (Home Guard×M85/3) und B34 (Foxton×Pentland Ivory) auszulesen hatten. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Familie B4 einen hohen Anteil an früh refenden Typen enthalte, während von Familie B34 vor allem mittelfrühe Typen erwartet wurden. Beide ausgelesenen und ein Muster der verworfenen Klone wurden zurückbehalten und im folgenden Jahr angebaut, so dass die Brauchbarkeit der Auslese beurteilt werden konnte. Bei der S-Generation stimmten die zwei Selektoren (A und B) in der Sämlingsauslese der Familie B4 weitgehend überein. Von B34 behielt ein Selektor jedoch ungefähr zweimal soviel Sämlinge als der andere. Bei der C1-Generation stimmten zwei Selektoren (A und C) bei jenen Klonen, die sowohl von Familie B4 als auch von Familie B34 behalten werden sollten, weitgehend überein. Kleiner Ertrag war der von den Selektoren angegebene Hauptgrund für die Verwerfung von Sämlingen und Klonen. Eine Prüfung (Tabelle 1) der Herkunft von in C1 ausgelesenen Klonen zeigte, dass gewöhnlich mehr von den ausgelesenen Sämlingen als von den verworfenen Sämlingen ausgelesen wurde, aber dieser Unterschied war oftmals nicht sehr gross und nicht signifikant beim Stand von P〈0,05. Die Selektoren schienen in ihrer Fähigkeit, Sämlinge auszulesen, voneinander abzuweichen. In ähnlicher Weise zeigte eine Prüfung der Herkunft der in C2 (Tabellen 2 und 3) ausgelesenen Klone, dass die Auslese in S und C1 oft nicht sehr erfolgreich war, da ein grosser Anteil der in C2 ausgelesenen Klone von verworfenen Sämlingen und verworfenen C1-Pflanzen stammte. Der Erfolg der Auslese durch Selektoren sowohl in S als auch in C1, verglichen mit jener durch verschiedene Selektoren in der C2-Generation, ist in den Tabellen 4 und 5 dargestellt. Wiederum wurde festgestellt, dass viele in C2 ausgelesenen Klone von entweder in S oder in C1 verworfenen Klonen stammten. Bei Familie B34 bestand ein grosser Unterschied (Tabelle 5) zwischen Selektor A und den Selektoren B und C; der Selektor A las in C2 ungefähr die gleiche Anzahl von in den beiden vorhergehenden Generationen ausgelesenen oder mindestens einmal verworfenen Klonen aus, während die Selektoren B und C viel mehr Klone aus jenen auslasen, die in die beiden früheren Generationen selektiert worden waren. Ein Leistungstest der Selektoren unter Verwendung von Kontrollklonen (Tabelle 6) zeigte auch, dass die Selektoren B und C erfolgreicher zu sein schienen als Selektor A. Schliesslich wird darauf hingewiesen, dass ein beträchtliches Risiko besteht, viele potentiell brauchbare Klone in den ersten beiden Jahren der Auslese (S und C1) zu verlieren, wenn sehr subjektive und flüchtige Beurteilungen vorgenommen werden. Es besteht die Notwendigkeit einer besseren Definition der Merkmale, auf welche die Auslese in diesen frühen Stadien eines Züchtungsprogrammes gemacht werden kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Une comparaison a été faite entre différents obtenteurs sélectionnant les mêmes clones en S, C1 et C2 (semis, première et deuxième année de clonage), ceux-ci étant issus de deux familles: B4 (Home Guard×M85/3) et B34 (Foxton×Pentland Ivory). La famille B4 était présumée contenir une forte proportion de types précoces tandis que la famille B34 se caractérisait par ses qualités culturales. Les clones sélectionnés et des échantillons de clones éliminés ont été retenus et cultivés les années suivantes pour évaluer la manière dont la sélection pouvait être réalisée. Dans la génération S, deux obtenteurs (A et B) acceptaient volontiers les semis sélectionnés de la famille B4 mais en ce qui concerne B34 un obtenteur prenait environ deux fois plus de semis que l'autre. A la génération C1, deux obtenteurs (A et C) acceptaient volontiers les clones retenus dans les familles B4 comme B34. Le faible rendement était la principale raison d'élimination des semis et des clones donnée par ceux-ci. Un examen (tableau 1) de l'origine des clones sélectionnés en C1 a montré que, dans l'ensemble, plus de matériel a été retenu pour les semis sélectionnées que pour celles issues de semis éliminés, mais la différence n'était souvent pas très grande et non significative (P〈0,05). Les sélectionneurs se montraient différents dans leurs compétences à sélectionner les semis. De même, un examen de l'origine des clones sélectionnés en C2 (tableaux 2 et 3) a montré que la sélection en S et C n'était souvent pas très efficace; une forte proportion de clones sélectionnés en C2 provenant de semis et de plantes éliminées en C1. L'efficacité de la sélection en S et C1, comparée pour les différents obtenteurs, est montrée dans les tableaux 4 et 5. On observe que de nombreux clones sélectionnés en C2 ont pour origine des clones éliminés en S et en C1. Il existe une grande différence de jugement en ce qui concerne la famille B34 (tableau 5) entre l'obtenteur A et les obtenteurs B et C; l'obtenteur A a sélectionné en C2 un nombre égal de clones sélectionnés et éliminés dans les deux générations précédentes; les obtenteurs B et C ont retenu beaucoup plus de clones issus de clones sélectionnés dans les générations antérieures. Un test de compétence dans le contrôle des clones, effectué sur les obtenteurs (tableau 6) a montré que B et C se montrent plus efficients que A. En conclusion, il est suggéré qu'il y a un risque considérable pour les clones potentiellement valables d'être perdus dans les deux premières années de la sélection (S et C1) lorsque des déterminations subjectives et éphémères sont faites. Ceci dénote le besoin d'une meilleure définition des caractères sur lesquels la sélection peut être réalisée au cours des premiers stades du programme d'hybridation.
    Notes: Summary Considerable differences occurred between selectors in intensity of selection when selecting the same potato clones in S, C1 and C2 (seedling, first clonal and second clonal years). Comparing clones selected or discarded in one year with clones selected or discarded in previous years indicated the effectiveness of selection and large differences were shown between different selector combinations. In some cases a highly significant improvement in the population was obtained; in others selection gave no improvement. A high proportion of the clones selected in C2 would always have been discarded in S or C1.
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  • 38
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    Potato research 24 (1981), S. 135-145 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: PVY ; PVX ; PLRV ; alatae ; bacteria ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Israel und in vielen anderen Ländern stehen für die Herbstauspflanzung nur Pflanzkartoffeln zur Verfügung, die im Frühjahr gewachsen sind. Dieses Pflanzgut hat zwei offensichtliche Nachteile: es ist physiologisch zu jung, mit Pilzen und hauptsächlich mit Viren infiziert. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt einen Versuch, besseres Pflanzgut für den Herbst zu produzieren, durch Auspflanzung im Winter in Isolierlagen in der Wüste; in Yotvata-einer landwirtschaftlichen Siedling in der Fa'aran Wüste und in Sharm el Sheik (Sharm)-einer vollkommen ariden Zone in der Sinai-Wüste (siehe Abb. 1). Pflanzkartoffeln der Sorte Up-to-Date, aufgewachsen zwischen Oktober und März in Sharm ergaben einen signifikanten Mehrertrag (17%) gegenüber der Kontrolle von Pflanzgut aufgewachsen zwischen Februar und Juni. In Yotvata (Désirée) ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen dem Aufwuchs von Oktober bis März und der vergleichbaren Kontrolle. Die Steigerung des Ertrages in Sharm wird daher nicht auf ein höheres physiologisches Alter zurückgeführt, sondern auf einen geringeren Infektionsdruck von Pilzen und hauptsächlich Viren (Tabelle 3). Während der Wachstumsperiode konnte keine Ausbreitung von PVY und PLRV beobachtet werden, während in Yotvata eine starke Zunahme der Infektionen mit PLRV beobachtet wurde (Tabellen 1, 2, 3). Diese Ergebnisse können vielleicht durch sehr geringe Läusepopulationen in Sharm und sehr hohe in Yotvata im Winter—der Zeit des Pflanzkartoffelwachstums (Abb. 2 und 3)-verursacht sein. Geflügelte Populationen wurden auch an zwei weiteren Orten in der Sinai-Wüste beobachtet: in A-tur, einer vollkommen ariden Zone (wie Sharm) und in Firan, einer isolierten Oase, in der Landwirtschaft betrieben wird. Während in A-tur, wie in Sharm, nur wenige Läuse gefangen wurden (Abb. 3), wurden in Firan viele gefunden, aber nicht im Winter—in der für die Pflanzkartoffelvermehrung vorgesehenen Zeit (Abb. 3). Die Isolation, geringe Anzahlen von Läusen (hauptsächlich vonMyzus persicae) und sehr hohe Temperaturen während des Sommers, die die Vermehrung der Insekten und der Pathogene und den Durchwuchs reduzieren, zeigen, dass eine gute Möglichkeit für die Produktion qualitativ hochwertigen Pflanzgutes in Sharm besteht.
    Abstract: Résumé En Israël et dans beaucoup d'autres pays, seuls les plants de pommes de terre d'origine locale, qui sont cultivés pendant le printemps, sont disponsibles pour les plantations d'automne. Les plants ont deux inconvénients majeurs: ils sont trop jeunes physiologiquement et ils sont infectés par les champignons et, plus particulièrement, par les maladies à virus. Le travail présenté décrit une tentative pour produire de meilleurs plants pour l'automne en les cultivant pendant l'hiver dans des endroits isolés dans le désert: à Yotvataun établissement agricole dans le désert de Fa'aran et à Sharm el Sheik (Sharm)—une surface complètement aride dans le dśert du Sinaï (voir fig. 1). Des plants de pommes de terre de la variété Up-to-Date, cultivés à Sharm entre octobre et mars, produisaient nettement plus que les témoins (plants du commerce cultivés entre février et juin). On n'a pas observé de différences significatives entre les plants cultivés à Yotvata (Désirée) entre octobre et mars, et leurs témoins comparatifs. Donc, l'augmentation de rendement des plants de Sharm ne serait pas dûe à un âge physiologique plus approprié, mais plutôt à une attaque plus faible de champignons et, plus particulièrement, de maladies à virus (tableau 3). On ne notait presque aucune propagation de virus Y de la pomme de terre pendant la période de végétation à Sharm, alors qu'à Yotvata on observait une augmentation d'infection par le virus de l'enroulement (tableaux 1, 2, 3). Ces résultats peuvent être liés au fait que les populations de pucerons sont très peu élevées à Sharm et très importante à Yotvata pendant l'hiver-période de croissance des plants de pommes de terre-(fig. 2 et 3). Des populations ailées ont été également observées dans deux autres sites du désert du Sinaï: à A-tur, une surface complètement aride (comme Sharm) et à Firan, une oasis isolée où l'on pratique l'agriculture. Alors qu'à A-tur, comme à Sharm, on piégeait très peu de pucerons (fig. 3), on en trouvait un grand nombre à Firan, mais pas pendant l'hiver—la période proposée pour la culture des plants-(fig. 3). L'isolement, les nombres peu élevés de pucerons (particulièrement deMyzus persicae) et les températures très élevées pendant l'été, qui diminuent la reproduction des insectes pathogènes et spontanés, tout concourt à ce qu'il existe une bonne chance d'obtenir des plants de pommes de terre de très bonne qualité.
    Notes: Summary Seed potatoes grown during winter in the Sinai Desert (Sharm el Sheik) yielded in autumn significantly more (17%) than commercial seed grown in spring. Seeds grown in winter in an agricultural area at Yotvata yielded similarly to the commercial controls. Almost no spread of PVY or PLRV was found at Sharm probably because of the very low alate population there, whereas at Yotvata the incidence of PLRV was over 40% probably as a consequence of a high aphid populations during the growing season. Alate populations were also observed in the Sinai Desert at A-tur, a completely arid area, and at Firan, an isolated oasis where agriculture is practised. At A-tur only a few alatae were trapped, but large numbers were found at Firan, especially starting in March, but not during winter the proposed season for growing seed potatoes. The possibility of growing high quality seed potatoes at Sharm is discussed.
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  • 39
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 613-623 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: yield ; dry matter concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Versuchen, mit denen das natürliche Auftreten von Wachstumsrissen in Bezug zur Witterung untersucht werden sollte, wurden Knollen von zwei anfälligen Sorten, Guardian und Record, während der Zeit des Knollenwachstums dreimal wöchentlich geerntet und der Umfang und die Schwere der Risse gewertet. In den beiden warmen (Abb. 1) und trockenen (Abb. 2) Jahren 1983 und 1984 war das Auftreten von Wachstumsrissen an den Knollen der Sorte Guardian nur gering (Abb. 3), und es gab keine Beziehung zu irgendwelchen besonderen Witterungsverhältnissen. In den gleichen Jahren waren bei der Sorte Record 4% bzw. 12% der geernteten Knollen rissig (Abb. 3). Die Wachstumsrisse bei Record wurden in Verbindung gebracht mit der Wiederbefeuchtung des Bodens nach längerer Trockenheit. Die Ermittlungen des Knollenertrages (Abb. 5) und der Knollentrockenmasse wiesen darauf hin, dass das Reissen dem Ende des Knollenwachstums folgte und verbunden sein kann mit einem schnellen Anstieg des Wassergehaltes der Knolle. In der Wachstumsperiode 1985 (Abbildungen 1 und 2) war das Auftreten der Wachstumsrisse bei der Sorte Record gering und nicht an besondere Witterungsverhältnisse gebunden. Im Gegensatz dazu traten bei Guardian bemerkenswert häufig Risse auf, 14% der geernteten Knollen waren gerissen (Abb. 3). Die Wachstumsrisse bei Guardian standen in Verbindung mit nassen Böden und einer Periode sehr schnellen Knollenwachstums. Die Wachstumsrisse bei Guardian schienen das Ergebnis eines übermässigen hydrostatischen Druckes in schnell wachsenden Knollen zu sein. Es gab zwei verschiedenen Formen von Wachstumsrissen (Abb. 4), wovon jede typisch war für eine der untersuchten Sorten. Dieser Bericht bestätigt die Ergebnisse früherer Berichte über Wachstumsrisse, und es werden die dieser Schädigung zugrunde liegenden Ursachen diskutiert.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans des expérimentations destinées à observer l'incidence naturelle des craquelures de croissance et à établir un rapport entre celles-ci et les conditions climatiques, des tubercules de deux cultivars sensibles, Guardian et Record ont été prélevés trois fois par semaine pendant toute la période de grossissement des tubercules. L'incidence et la sévérité des craquelures ont été enregistrées. En 1983 et 1984, en périodes de croissance à la fois chaudes (figure 1) et sèches (figure 2), l'incidence des craquelures sur les tubercules de Guardian était basse (figure 3) et n'était pas en relation avec un modèle climatique particulier sur Record, les mêmes années, respectivement 4% et 12% des tubercules prélevés étaient craquelés (figure 3). Les craquelures de croissance sur Record étaient associées à une réhumectation du sol après des périodes de sécheresse prolongées. Les déterminations de rendement (figure 5) et de teneur en matière sèche des tubercules montraient que les craquelures faisaient suite à l'arrêt de croissance des tubercules et pouvaient être associées à une augmentation rapide de la teneur en eau des tubercules. En 1985, en période de croissance humide (figure 1 et 2) l'incidence des craquelures de croissance sur Record était basse (figure 3) et n'était pas en relation avec des modèles climatiques particuliers. Par contre, il y avait une occurrence marquée de craquelures sur Guardian: 14% des tubercules prélevés étaient craquelés (figure 3). Les craquelures de croissance sur Guardian étaient associées à des sols humides et à une période de très rapide croissance des tubercules. Elles semblaient être le résultat d'une pression hydrostatique excessive dans les tubercules ayant grossi trop rapidement. Il y a eu deux formes distinctes de craquelures de croissance (figure 4), typiquement liées à la variété étudiée. Ces travaux complètent les résultats des premiers rapports sur les craquelures de croissance et les causes sous-jacentes de confusion sont discutées.
    Notes: Summary The natural incidence of growth cracking in tubers of the cultivars Guardian and Record in relation to weather conditions and patterns of tuber growth in 1983–1985 was investigated by harvesting tubers three times per week throughout each growing season. The incidence of cracking in tubers of Record was greatest in 1983 and 1984, and was associated with re-wetting of soil after prolonged dry periods. In Guardian, the incidence of cracking in tubers was greatest in 1985 and was associated with wet soil conditions and rapid tuber growth. Two forms of growth cracking can occur: the one associated with rewetting of soil after tuber growth has stopped, the other with rapid tuber growth and high turgor. This report reconciles the findings of two earlier reports on growth cracking and the underlying causes of the disorder are discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum phureja ; dihaploid ; yield ; heterosis ; combining ability ; Solanum tuberosum ; reciprocal differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twelve selections from each of theSolanum tuberosum Groups haploid Tuberosum and Phureja were intercrossed in a NC Design II pattern to generate reciprocal hybrids. Yield parameters, combining ability and variance components were estimated from field experiments conducted at three locations, one in Minnesota and two in Morocco. Heterosis for yield and tuber number was significant at all locations, but only in Tuberosum cytoplasm. Estimates of general combining ability (GCA) for Tuberosum parents and specific combining ability (SCA) for Tuberosum-Phureja combinations varied with location and direction of hybridization. GCA of Phreja parents, however, was consistently significant at all locations and in both cytoplasms. Genetic variance estimates revealed predominantly non-additive gene action for most traits. Environment and direction of hybridization significantly influenced estimates, of variance components, indicating that hybrid performance should be evaluated in both cytoplasms and in the target environments for effective utilization of this germplasm in future breeding efforts.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: nodal cuttings ; foliage blight ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Induced systemic resistance to late blight was found in the potato cultivar Bintje which has no major or minor resistance genes to late blight. The prerequisite was a local inoculation with 5×103 zoospores/mo, ofPhytophthora infestans race 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, a local inoculation with 2×103 zoospores/ml ofPhytophthora cryptogea isolated from wheat or local treatment with 50–100 mM solution of K2HPO4. Potato plants used in the experiments were propagated in vitro from nodal cuttings. Protection caused by the different inductions was 30 to 70% (assessed as a reduced number of lesions/plant and reduced necrotic tissue/leaf or plant) and tended to positively influence yield and dry matter of the haulm. The induced protection in the potato plant was better in young developing leaves than in fully expanded leaves.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: potato breeding ; seedling generation ; clonal generation ; yield ; yield components ; tuber characters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Solanum tuberosum x tuberosum (TxT) families were compared withS. tuberosum x andigena (TxA) families as progeny mean, heterosis and heterobeltiosis for ten important agronomic characters by evaluating 72 cross combinations (36 of TxT and 36 of TxA, from 18 common female parents), for three successive seedling and clonal generations under short day sub-tropic conditions. TxA families had more vigorous progenies, higher tuber yield, higher number of tubers, larger tubers and better general impression than TxT families. The TxA families were inferior to the TxT families for characters such as tuber colour and uniformity of tuber colour, but their progeny means were within the acceptable range. High progeny means of TxA families were associated with high heterosis and high heterobeltiosis in these families, although there were a few exceptions. High mean performance for tuber yield and tuber number were associated with high variance of these traits in TxA families. It is concluded that, unlike under long day environments, andigena adapted to short days can be used advantageously for exploiting heterosis in the potato breeding programmes of short day subtropic environments.
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  • 43
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    Potato research 43 (2000), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum L. ; National List ; Recommended Trials ; growing crop ; tuber ; yield ; quality ; disease ; nematodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In 1994, a postal questionnaire was sent to 41 institutes in 27 countries to obtain information on the national potato cultivar testing programmes in Europe. Responses were received from 19 countries. Foliage, tuber and yield characteristics were assessed in all countries but the number of sites and replicated varied considerably between the countries. Cooking and taste qualities were measured in most countries using relatively simple methods but processing characteristics were tested less commonly. Susceptibility to the most common diseases, i.e. late blight, common scab, leafroll and PVYo, was assessed in over 75% of the countries while resistance to another 21 disease and 4 potato cyst nematode pathotypes was assessed by various countries, depending on their national importance. Many of the assessments were based on records of natural infection although controlled inoculation tests were done more frequently for the more important diseases.
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  • 44
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    Potato research 21 (1978), S. 195-215 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: mechanization ; furrow width ; ridge size ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden technische Möglichkeiten bei grösserer Distanz zwischen den Reihen und die Reaktion des Bestandes im Feld untersucht. Auch wurden Modelversuche in Grosskisten im Freien angelegt. Bei allen Reihenabständen wurden Pflanzdichte in der Reihe. Tiefe des Pflanzbettes. Dammform und Pflanztiefe so konstant wie möglich gehalten. Für Pflanzkartoffeln und Speisekartoffeln wurde die Sorte Bintje angebaut und für Industrie-(Stärke) kartoffeln die Sorten Prominent oder Prevalent. Dammhöhe und-form, mit einem Reliefmesser (Abb. 1) oder einem Profilmesser (Abb. 3) gemessen und mit den in Abb. 2 dargestellten Dimensionen charakterisiert, wurden mit angepassten Häufelgeräten errichtet (s. Abb. 6). Der grössere Dammumfang bei zunehmendem Reihenabstand (Abb. 4) war hauptsächlich auf eine grössere Dammbreite zurückzuführen (Abb. 5). Diese breiteren und umfangreicheren Dämme waren mit tieferen Temperaturen, kleineren Temperaturschwankungen nahe der Pflanzkartoffel (Tabelle 1) und einem leicht verspäteten Auflaufen (2 4 Tage) verbunden, während die Bodendeckung mehr als zwei Wochen später vollendet war. Bei grösseren Reihenweiten wurden weniger Trockenheitssymptome beobachtet. wahrscheinlich infolge der flacheren Form der Dämme (Tabelle 2). Die Stengellänge nahm zu, aber die Stengelzahl verminderte sich. so dass der Blattertrag bei breiten Furchen geringer war (Tabelle 3). Der Umfang des Knollenbehangs stieg nur schwach (Abb. 5). wodurch der Anteil des im Querschnitt mit Knollen belegten Dammes (‘Prozentsatz Belegung’, Tabelle 4) eine starke Abnahme erfuhr. Versuche, den schlechteren Pflanzenbestand (Abb. 8) durch Zickzack-Pflanzung (Tabelle 9) oder durch eine geringere Anzahl von Pflanzen pro ha (Tabelle 10. Abb. 9) zu verbessern. brachten keine vielversprechenden Resultate. Nur stärkere Stickstoffdüngung war imstande. die ungünstigen Einflüsse der grösseren Reihenabstände auf Entwicklung und Ertrag zu überwinden (Tabellen 8 und 11). Die Menge der von der Erntemaschine aufgenommen Boden sank pro ha und nahm pro Einheit Furchenlänge zu, je grösser der Reihenabstand war (Tabelle 5). Ein Versuch auf scholligem Boden ergab eine leicht verminderte Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit bei einer Reihendistanz von 90 cm im Vergleich zu einer solchen von 75 cm: dagegen verbesserte der grössere Dammumfang den Nettoertrag beträchtlich (Tabelle 6. Abb. 7). In der Regel sanken die Bruttoerträge um 3–4% bei 90 cm Reihenabstand und um 5–6% bei 105 cm Reihenabstand im Vergleich zu 75 cm Reihenabstand. Es wurde aber festgestellt dass die Grösse des Effekts der Reihenabstand auf den Ertrag deutlich abhängig ist von das allgemeine Ertragsniveau (Tabelle 7). Der Anteil kleiner Knollen nahm in dem Masse zu. wie der Gesamtertrag abnahm (Abb. 9). Eine Dammgrösse von 600 700 cm2 losen Bodens im Querschnitt erwies sich für alle Reihendistanzen als optimal. was im Frühling eine flachere Bearbeitung ermöglicht und bei grösseren Reihenabständen die Verbreiterung der Furchen erleichtert (Tabelle 8. Abb. 10). Wenn das Feld frei von Steinen und Schollen ist. scheint ein Reihenabstand von 75 cm zur Erzielung dieser Dammgrösse optimal zu sein. Dagegen ist für Traktoren mit einer Wellenbreite von 180 cm und 40 cm Reifen bei Vorhandensein von Steinen und Schollen oder in trockenen Klimatas ein Reihenabstand von 90 cm die optimale Breite.
    Abstract: Résumé Nous avons étudié la possibilité technique de plus grands écartements des rangs et la réponse des cultures en plein champ et dans des expérimentations modèles en casiers de plein air. Pour tous les écartements des rangs, la densité de peuplement, la profondeur du lit de semences, la forme des buttes et la profondeur de plantation ont été maintenus aussi constante que possible. Pour les cultures de semence et de consommation. la variété Bintje a été retenuc. et pour la pomme de terre industrielle (fécule). ce sont les variétés Prominent ou Prevalent. La taille et la forme des buttes, estimées avec un appareil pour mesurer le relief (fig. 1) ou le profil (fig. 3) et caractérisées par les dimensions présentées dans la figure 2. ont été réalisées avec des butteuses adaptées. comme on peut le voir sur la figure 6. L’augmentation de la taille des buttes. que l’on rencontre lorsque l’écartement des rangs croît (fig. 4) est due surtout à une plus grande largeur des buttes (fig. 5). Ces buttes. plus grandes et plus larges. sont associées à des températures plus basses. des fluctuations de température plus faibles près de la plante (tableau 1) et une levée légèrement retardée (2–4 jours). alors que la couverture du sol est atteinte avec au moins deux semaines de retard. Avec les écartements plus larges. nous avons noté moins de symptômes de sécheresse. ce qui est probablement dû à la forme plus applatie des buttes (tableau 2). La longueur des tiges augmente mais leur nombre diminue, de même que la production du feuillage est plus faible dans les rangs plus espacés (tableau 3). La largeur des touffes n’augmente que très lentement (fig. 5), provoquant une sévère diminution du pourcentage de la butte occupé par les tubercules en section transversale (‘pourcentage d’occupation’, tableau 4). Les tentatives d’amélioration des irrégularités d’espacement (fig. 8) par une plantation en quinconce (tableau 9) ou par une diminution du nombre de plantes par hectare (tableau 10, fig. 9) n’ont pas donné de résultats prometteurs. Seuls des apports massifs d’azote sont capables de compenser les effects défavorables de l’écartement plus grand des rangs sur le développement et le rendement (tableau 8, tableau 11). La quantité de terre exportée par l’arracheuse par hectare diminue lorsque l’écartement des rangs augmente par unité de longueur sur le rang (tableau 5). Sur sol motteux. un expériment a montré que la vitesse d’avancement est légèrement plus faible avec un écartement de 90 cm qu’à 75 cm. Cependant. l’augmentation de la taille des buttes augmente considérablement le rendement (tableau 6, fig. 7). En général, les rendements décroissent de 3 à 4% avec un écartement de 90 cm et de 5 à 6% avec un écartement de 105 cm comparés à l’écartement 75 cm. Pourtant. il a apparu que l’importance de l’effet de l’écartement des rangs sur le rendement dépend nettement du niveau général de rendement (tableau 7). La proportion des petits calibres augmente lorsque le rendement total diminue (fig. 9). Dans la butte. une taille de 600 à 700 cm2 de terre meuble dans la section transversale apparu comme optimale pour tous les écartements. ce qui rend possible des facons culturales de printemps moins profondes et facilite l’élargissement des sillons aux plus grands écartements de rangs (tableau 8. fig. 10). S’il y a peu de pierres et de mottes. il semble que l’écartement de 75 cm soit optimal pour obtenir cette forme de butte. Cependant, pour des tracteurs de 180 cm d’empattement et avec des pneus de 40 cm, en présence de pierres et de mottes. ou sous climat sec. un écartement de 90 cm est optimum.
    Notes: Summary In order to meet requirements of tractors with large axle widths and wide tyres, the technical feasibility and crop response of increased row spacings for potatoes were checked in the field and in model experiments. Newly developed ridgers performed satisfactorily at a row spacing of 90 cm. but at 105 cm row spacing ridges were usually too wide and. consequently. furrows too narrow to accommodate the tyres of tractors with a higher power than 45 kW (≈ 60 HP). The cluster width hardly increased with larger row spacing. A ridge size of 600–700 cm2 of loose soil in cross-section appeared to be optimal for all row spacings, allowing shallower spring cultivations and easier widening of the furrows at increased row spacing. The effect of row spacing on yield depended on the yield level. On average, yields of ware potatoes decreased by 3–4% and 5–6% respectively for the 90-cm and 105-cm rows compared with 75-cm rows. Yield reductions can be overcome by higher nitrogen dressings.
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    Potato research 26 (1983), S. 219-227 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: field sowing ; breeding ; methods ; yield ; density ; correlations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Kartoffelsamen (TPS) wurden direkt auf Feldern ausgesät und ergaben Bestände, in denen manche Pflanzen einen Knollenertrag, eine Knollenform und Qualität aufwiesen, die denen von Russet Burbank und Kennebec, aufgewachsen aus Pflanz-Kartoffeln, entsprachen. 195 Tage nach dem Pflanzen ergab IP 412, eine 4x×2x F1 Hybridlinie TPS 58 Tonne/ha, was 92% der besten ‘Knollen gepflanzten’ Sorte entspricht (Tab. 2), aber diese Hybride hatte eine geringe Dichte (‘spezifisches Gewicht’). Die meisten TPS-Linien brachten nur 25–65% der ‘Knollen gepflanzten’ Sorten (Tab. 2). 130 Tage nach dem Pflanzen der F2 TPS aus offen abblühenden (OP) Michimac ergab sich ein Ertrag von 27 Tonne/ha, durchschnittlich 35g/Knolle (Tab. 2). TPS aus den weiterentwickelten Linien IP 412 und ADW 75121-1 brachten 80–90 Knollen/m der Reihe, dreimal mehr als die ‘Knollen-gepflanzten’ Sorten (Tab. 2). 195 Tage nach dem Säen, war das Knollengewicht sehr unterschiedlich und erreichte nur Mittelwerte zwischen 50–75 g (Tab. 2), aber darunter waren gut geformte, glatte Knollen mit 110 bis 220 g. Die Dichte der Knollen lag im allgemeinen zwischen 1,065 bis 1,080, aber Knollen der fortgeschritteneren Linien WnC 612–13 und B 8686-8 lagen sowohl bei Früh-als auch bei Spätrodung über 1,080 (Tab. 2). Direktes Aussäen von TPS ist eine gute Züchtungstechnik für die Auslese von überlegenen Klonen; da jedoch die Erträge, die Form und die Einheitlichkeit ungenügend sind, wird diese Methode wahrscheinlich in der kommerziellen Kartoffelproduktion in der USA nicht genutzt werden. TPS aus 4x×2x F1 Hybriden, OP Michimac und den zwei fortentwickelten Linien aus Colorado WnC 316-1 und WnC 612-13 sollte im Hinblick auf die Verwendbarkeit im Hausgarten oder in Ländern der Dritten Welt geprüft werden (Tab. 2). Ergebnisse aus Korrelationsanalysen zeigten eine positive Beziehung zwischen der Wuchsstärke der Sämlinge, dem Gewicht der ausgewachsenen Pflanze und der Zahlund dem Ertrag der Knollen, diese Wachstumsparameter waren jedoch nicht immer in Beziehung zur Knollengrösse und hatte ein starkes negatives Verhältnis zur Dichte (Tab. 1, 2, 3). Ertrags- und Qualitätsbestimmungen zu Beginn der Vegetationszeit erwiesen sich als gute Vorhersagen der gleichen Parameter zu Ende der Wachstumsperiode (Tab. 3).
    Abstract: Résumé Des graines de pommes de terre ont été semées directement en terre et les récoltes produites ont montré que certaines plantes obtenaient des rendements et calibres et une qualité comparables à des variétés comme Russet Burbank et Kennebec issues de plants. Environ 195 jours après semis, une lignée d'hybride F1 4x×2x, IP 412 a donné un rendement en tubercules de 58 t/ha (tableau 2) soit 92% du rendement obtenu pour la meilleure variété issue de plants; cette hybride donnait par contre une densité plus faible. La plupart des lignées de semences n'ont donné que 35 à 65% du rendement des variétés issues de plants (tableau 2). Environ 130 jours après semis la lignée de semences F2 à Pollinisation libre, Michimac, a donné 27 t/ha de tubercules, soit une moyenne de 35 g par tubercule (tableau 2). Les semences de sélections avancées IP 412 et ADW 75121-1 ont produit 80 à 90 tubercules/m linéaire, soit 3 fois plus que la production issue de plants (tableau 2); même 195 jours après semis, le poids des tubercules était très variable et se situait en moyenne entre 50 et 75 g (tableau 1), de beaux tubercules bien formés avaient un poids compris entre 110 et 220 g. La densité se situait en général entre 1,065 et 1,080; celui des tubercules issus de sélections avancées WnC 612-13 et B 8686-8 était en moyenne supérieur à 1,080 aussi bien en saison précoce que tardive (tableau 2). Le semis est une méthode pratique de multiplication pour la sélection de clônes supérieurs. Les rendements, les calibres et l'uniformité des tubercules réduisent cependant les possibilités d'utilisation de cette méthode pour la production commerciale de pommes de terre aux Etats-Unis. Les semences d'hybrides F1 4x×2x, Michimac à pollinisation libre et des 2 sélections avancées du Colorado WnC 316-1 et WnC 612-13 (tableau 2) devraient être étudiées pour leur intérêt au niveau des jardins particuliers ou pour les pays en voie de développement. Les résultats d'analyse montrent une corrélation positive entre la vigueur des plantules, le poids de matière sèche de la plante et le nombre et poids des tubercules produits, mais ces paramètres de croissance ne sont pas suffisamment corrélés au calibre des tubercules et leur effet est négatif sur la densité (tableaux 1, 2, 3). Des mesures en début de saison sur le rendement et la qualité sont des indicateurs nets de ces paramètres en fin de période de croissances (tableau 3).
    Notes: Summary Potato crops, grown from true potato seed (TPS) sown directly into fields, required a long growing season and the yield, tuber size and quality were inferior to tuber-propagated crops. Some plants produced excellent yields of high-quality tubers and some lines had earliness, high yield capacity, uniform tuber type and high solids. Field sowing of TPS has good potential, both as a breeding tool and for potato production in long-season, underdeveloped countries where healthy seed tubers are not readily available. Correlation analyses showed positive relationships between seedling vigour, mature plant size, and number and yield of tubers but these growth parameters were not significantly related to tuber size and they had a strong negative relationship to density (specific gravity).
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    Potato research 32 (1989), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Row spacing ; sprout density ; canopy cover ; yield ; tuber number ; tuber size ; clumping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Small seed tubers of 1–5 g, 5–10 g and 10–20 g were planted at the same sprout densities as standard size seed tubers of 40–60 g in order to give similar stem densities. Early ground cover by foliage, total yield, and yield of tubers 〉45 mm were consistently greater in plots planted with larger seed tubers. The effect of seed tuber size on yield and tuber number per stem varied between years but 1–5 g seed tubers always gave lower yields per stem than larger seed tubers. Reducing the spacing between rows from 90 cm to 60 cm and maintaining the same sprout density was more effective in increasing yields from small seed tubers than increasing sprout density from 20 to 40 sprouts per m2 by reducing plant spacing within the row.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: rooting ; temperature ; daylength ; transplanting ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments were conducted in Vietnam to develop a system whereby detached sprouts from physiologically old green sprouted seed tubers could be used to grow potatoes. Three node segments from the mid or basal portion of the detached sprout produced the greatest percentage of shoots and roots. Growth was best in a medium of equal parts of sub-soil, pig manure and brick kiln ash. Sprout cuttings produced plantlets ready for transplanting in 14–20 days with mean daily temperatures of 22 to 24°C. When transplanted in mid-November, yields from sprout cuttings in field experiments were 10 to 18 t/ha which were 33% lower than from healthy seed tubers but more than the national average yield using degenerated seed tubers. Tubers produced by plants grown from sprout stored well and gave good yields when replanted the following year.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: barley ; QTLs ; SSRs ; yield ; Mlo mildew resistance ; introgression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A molecular marker map, including Mlo mildew resistance, of the spring barley cross Derkado (Mlo-resistant) × B83-12/21/5 (Mlo-susceptible) was scanned for yield QTLs to determine whether the association of Mlo resistance with reduced yield was due to linkage or pleiotropy. Over the mapped portion of the genome of the cross, the QTL with the greatest effect upon yield was located within a 22 cM region between mlo and the simple sequence repeat HVM67 on chromosome 4(4H). The association of Mlo resistance with lower yield was therefore due to a repulsion linkage. Analysis of yield component characters revealed QTL alleles for reduced grain number and earlier heading date in the same region, also associated with Mlo resistance. Genotyping of a range of cultivars and sources of Mlo resistance with the HVM67 simple sequence repeat showed that the Derkado HVM67 allele was rare as it was found only in one other cultivar and four land-races or sources of disease resistance. Grannenlose Zweizeilige, the source, and Salome, the carrier of Mlo resistance in Derkado, have the same HVM67 genotype, although Salome was a mixture of two genotypes. The entire mlo-HVM67 chromosomal segment from Grannenlose Zweizeilige is therefore thought to have been transmitted to Derkado, possibly through joint selection for Mlo resistance and early heading. L92, synonym EP79, was another source of Mlo resistance with the same HVM67 allele as Derkado but recombination must have occurred during the breeding of Atem as it possesses a different HVM67 allele which is present in all the other Mlo sources and cultivars surveyed. Abbreviations: GN, grains per main stem ear; HD, heading date; MSTGW, thousand grain weight derived from GN and MSY; MSY, yield of grain on the main stem; PY, yield of grain from the whole plot; sCIM, simplified compound interval mapping; SIM, simple interval mapping; SPY, single plant yield; S-SAP, sequence-specific amplification polymorphism; TGW, thousand grain weight derived from bulk of plot seed; TN, number of fertile stems per plant.
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    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; accelerated senescence ; light interception ; yield ; model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment with three potato cultivars, where plants were inoculated withPhytophthora infestans, was used to parameterize a model of potato growth and blight population dynamics. The model was validated by accurately simulating a field experiment conducted in another year. Sensitivity analysis with the model showed that late cultivars are longer able to maintain a green canopy in the presence of disease, but still suffer more yield loss than early cultivars. The level of partial resistance of a cultivar was more important than its level of tolerance, and other plant characteristics. The model calculations showed that only between 4 and 15% of the yield loss in the experiments was due to accelerated leaf senescence caused by the disease; the major part of the loss was caused by lesion coverage of leaves.
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    Plant and soil 119 (1989), S. 305-314 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chlorophyll ; fruit size ; harvest date ; leaf analysis ; nitrogen fertilization ; soil analysis ; spur ; vegetative growth ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The response of ‘Starking Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple trees to four N fertigation treatments in drip irrigation (50, 150, 250 and 400 kg N ha−1, supplemented with a uniform dose of 400 kg K ha−1) was investigated in a field experiment during 6 years. Nitrate nitrogen in the soil was proportional (7–58 mg kg−1) to the applied N dose at the end of a 6 week fertigation period in the spring. At other times, the nitrate concentration in the soil was very low. Soil K decreased with depth and in the 0–30 cm soil layer it was negatively correlated with the applied N dose, before fertigation started. At the end of the spring fertigation period, higher K was found in all soil layers analyzed. Vegetative growth was correlated positively with the amount of N applied. Leaf chlorophyll and N were significantly lower only in the lowest N treatment, while increased fruit size and decreased fruit color were measured only in the higher N treatments. Yield was severely biennial. In the ‘On’ years crop load was heavier as less N was applied. An extremely high crop load in the lowest N treatment was followed by a reduced flower density and yield in the following season. In the ‘Off’ years, a significantly higher yield was obtained with the 150 kg ha−1 dose. The dry weights, N, P and K contents of the above ground parts of mature apple trees were determined.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 32 (1983), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: chemical composition ; oat varieties ; protein ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The chemical composition, yield values, and protein quality were measured in 12 oat varieties cultivated in Norway. The protein quality was based on amino acid composition and true protein digestibility, biological value, net protein utilization, and utilizable protein obtained in N-balance experiments with rats. The protein concentration in dry matter varied from 10.25% to 15.69% while fat varied from 5.70% to 10.41%. The variation in readily soluble carbohydrates, crude fiber, ash, and tannin was relatively low. Dry matter yield per hectar varied from 1675 to 6222 kg. The yield of protein, fat, and essential amino acids was also highest in the variety with the highest yield. True protein digestibility was above 90% in all varieties while the biological value was in the range of 74.5%–79.6%. In contrast to most other cereal grains, protein quality was not affected by protein concentration. This resulted in utilizable protein above 10% for several of the oat varieties.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 40 (1990), S. 195-200 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Crotalaria ; seed ; protein ; yield ; quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed Protein Concentrates (SPC) of 6 species ofCrotalaria were extracted and the extractabilities of SPC, total N and protein N determined. SPC of high yielding species (C. juncea) was analysed for the contents of amino acids, ash, phosphorus, sugar, starch, fibre and calories, as well as forin vitro digestibility. Results indicate the promising potential ofC. juncea for SPC yield.
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 41 (1991), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wild legumes ; seed protein ; yield ; quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed protein concentrates (SPC) were extracted from 4 leguminous species and the extractabilities of total N (nitrogen), protein N and SPC determined. In addition, composition, calorie value andin vitro enzymatic digestibility of these SPCs was analysed. Results indicate the promising nutritional potential of these SPCs.
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    Plant and soil 182 (1996), S. 83-99 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: climate change ; drainage ; evapotranspiration ; grassland ; Lolium perenne ; water deficit ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Perennial ryegrass swards were grown in large containers on a soil, at two N fertilizer supplies, and were exposed over two years in highly ventilated plastic tunnels to elevated (700 μL L-1 [CO2]) or ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration at outdoor temperature and to a 3°C increase in air temperature in elevated CO2. These swards were either fully irrigated (kept at field capacity) in each climatic condition (W+), or received the same amount of water in the three climate treatments (W-). In the latter case, the irrigation was adjusted to obtain a soil water deficit during summer and drainage in winter. Using a lysimeter approach, the evapotranspiration, the soil water balance, the productivity (dry-matter yield) and the water use efficiency of the grass swards were measured. During both years, elevated CO2 increased the annual above-ground drymatter yield of the W- swards, by 19% at N- and by 14% at N+. Elevated CO2 modified yield to a variable extent during the growing season: a small, and sometime not significant effect (+6%, on average) was obtained in spring and in autumn, while the summer growth response was stronger (+48%, on average). In elevated CO2, the temperature increase effect on the annual above-ground dry-matter yield was not significant, due to a gain in dry-matter yield in spring and in autumn which was compensated for by a lower summer productivity. Elevated CO2 slightly reduced the evapotranspiration during the growing season and increased drainage by 9% during winter. A supplemental 3°C in elevated CO2 reduced the drainage by 29–34%, whereas the evapotranspiration was increased by 8 and 63% during the growing season and in winter, respectively. During the growing season, the soil moisture content at W- and at the high N supply declined gradually in the control climate, down to 20–30% of the water holding capacity at the last cut (September) before rewatering. This decline was partly alleviated under elevated CO2 in 1993, but not in 1994, and was enhanced at +3°C in elevated CO2. The water use efficiency of the grass sward increased in elevated CO2, on average, by 17 to 30% with no significant interaction with N supply or with the soil water deficit. The temperature increase effect on the annual mean of the water use efficiency was not significant. Highly significant multiple regression models show that elevated CO2 effect on the dry-matter yield increased with air temperatures above 14.5°C and was promoted by a larger soil moisture in elevated compared to ambient CO2. The rate of change in relative dry-matter yield at +3°C in elevated CO2 became negative for air temperatures above 18.5°C and was reduced by a lower soil moisture at the increased air temperature. Therefore, the altered climatic conditions acted both directly on the productivity and on the water use of the grass swards and, indirectly, through changes in the soil moisture content.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competitiveness ; inoculant ; nitrogen fixation ; nodulation ; soybean ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain TA-11NOD+, with altered indole biosynthesis, exhibited enhanced nodulation and nitrogen fixation on soybean in previous greenhouse studies. In this study, field experiments were conducted at Upper Marlboro, Maryland, in the summers of 1988 and 1993. In 1988, the site used was essentially free of soybean-nodulating bacteria and seed yield in plots inoculated with either I-110ARS or TA-11NOD+ was significantly higher by 12 or 20%, respectively, than that of the uninoculated controls. The 1993 site had an indigenous soil population (about 104 cells g-1) of symbiotically ineffective soybean-nodulating bacteria. Nevertheless, six-week-old ‘Morgan’ soybean plants inoculated with strain TA-11NOD+ had 44% more nodules and exhibited 50% more nitrogen fixation by acetylene reduction when compared with plants that received the parental strain I-110ARS. Nodule occupancy, as determined using genetic markers for rifampicin and streptomycin resistance, was significantly higher for strain TA-11NOD+ than for strain I-110ARS. Overall, for the two years and the two soybean genotypes, the yield obtained with TA-11NOD+ was 6% higher than that obtained with I-110ARS. Competition experiments were conducted in the greenhouse and strain TA-11NOD+ was significantly more competitive than strain I-110ARS in competition with strains USDA 6 or USDA 438.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: β proteo-bacteria ; Burkholderia vietnamiensis ; inoculation ; lowland rice ; nitrogen nutrition ; PGPR effect ; acid sulphate soil ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract TVV75, a strain of Burkholderia vietnamiensis, was isolated from an acid sulphate soil of south Vietnam, and selected for its high in vitro nitrogen fixation potential. This plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) had been used in a previously reported pot experiment. It was used in two new pot experiments and four field experiments to inoculate lowland rice at sowing and at transplanting, in three different South Vietnam acid sulphate soils. We first studied the effect of inoculation during early plant growth in nurseries. Seedlings were then transplanted both to field and pots. Treatments included two levels of inoculation (inoculated vs uninoculated) and three levels of N fertilizer (0, recommended rate and half this rate), in a randomized block design with six replicates. In all four experiments nitrogen appeared to be the limiting factor for yield. Inoculation had already had a strong beneficial effect at the transplanting stage (day 24), as measured by shoot weight (+33%) root weight (+57%), and leaf surface (+30% at day 14). Final results indicated that inoculation of rice with B. vietnamiensis TVV75 significantly increased several yield components, resulting in a final 13 to 22% increase in grain yield. A late yield component, 1,000 grain weight, was significantly increased by inoculation, but not by nitrogen fertilizers, in all pot and field experiments, indicating a long-lasting effect of the inoculated bacteria. It was possible to evaluate the nitrogen fertilizer equivalent of inoculation (NFEI): at the medium rate of N fertilizer, inoculation ensured a yield equivalent to that obtained in the uninoculated control with 25 to 30 kg more nitrogen fertilizer. Comparison of the local cost of NFEI kg N-fertilizer and the cost of inoculation would help in making the decision to inoculate.
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  • 57
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    Euphytica 105 (1999), S. 161-166 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cotton ; Gossypium hirsutum L. ; yield ; earliness ; genetic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inheritance and interrelationships of seed cotton and lint yields were evaluated in a diallel analysis involving seven early maturing parents of different origin and a commercial variety. Lint yield showed relatively little additive variance and low heritability, whereas lint percentage showed the opposite. Highest yields were shown by the least determinate and slowest-maturing genotypes; yields generally decreased as determinacy increased and rate of maturity accelerated. Except for date for first open boll, components of earliness showed no associated with yield.
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  • 58
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    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 85-97 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: brix ; fruit color ; genetic gains ; processing tomato ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Over the past 20 years replicated field trials have been conducted on processing tomato varieties by the California Tomato Research Institute and the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture with the objective of identifying superior varieties. Because common check varieties were included in consecutive years, environmental effects could be factored out allowing an estimate of the genetic improvement due to breeding. The results indicate an average genetic gain for yield of 1.54%/yr for California and of 0.4%/yr for Israel. No significant genetic gain in brix was found for California, whereas for Israel, the data indicate an average increase of 0.53%/yr. For the derived trait brix × yield, the overall genetic gain ranged from 0.9%/yr in Israel to 1.5%/yr in California. A significant genetic gain of 1.15%/yr was determined for fruit color in California for the period 1977–87 and of 2.73%/yr for Israel during the years 1985–1995. The improvement in yield is partially due to the increase in the proportion of hybrids in the trials starting from the mid 1980's. The implications of the results for future tomato breeding are discussed.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cultivars ; drought stress ; droughtsusceptibility index ; landraces ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a 2-years experiment, 30 wheat cultivars and 21 landraces from different countries were tested under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Plant height, number of sterile spikelets per spike, spikelets per spike, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield were evaluated. The number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight and especially yield were more sensitive to drought stress in the cultivars than plant height and number of spikelets per spike, while in the landraces these traits did not differ under drought stress compared to near optimum conditions. The average yield of cultivars was significantly better than the average yield of landraces under near optimum as well as drought stress conditions. Path coefficient analysis showed that for cultivars under near optimum conditions there was no significant direct association of any of the analysed characters with yield, while under drought stress conditions, number of kernels per spike had a significant positive direct effect. Under drought stress conditions, the number of sterile spikelets displayed a negative direct effect, while kernel weight per spike had a positive direct effect on yield. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used as a tool to classify cultivars and landraces according to their yield ability under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Among the cultivars, two groups out of five and among one of three in the landraces were characterised by high yields in both near optimum as well as under drought stress conditions. These genotypes may serve as sources of germplasm for breeding for drought tolerance.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: marker assisted breeding ; QTL analysis ; Theobromacacao ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the genetic components controlling yield in an F1 cacao cross between Catongo and Pound 12 clones. Genetic maps were constructed for the two parents using molecular markers which detected 158 polymorphic loci covering 772 cM for the heterozygous genotype Pound 12 and only 4 loci representing 16.9 cM of a linkage group which indicated a high level of homozygosity of Catongo. Yield was recorded twice a month during 15 years on 55 individuals from this segregating population. Ten yield QTL were detected on eight linkage groups. Some of these QTL were frequently detected over 15 years of production, while others were specific for a given year. Total yield genetic variance, on a yearly basis, ranged from 0 to 56%. Two major QTL (E and I) each explained approximately 20% of the total variance of the average yield over 15 years. The analysis of potential cacao yield components, such as pod index and trunk diameter, suggested that some regions of the genome exert effects on more than one trait, providing a possible genetic explanation for the correlations detected between some of title traits studied. Data showed that correlation between successive annual yield decreased when the lag between corresponding seasons increased. When separated by more than 10 years, annual yields were no longer correlated. The utilisation of molecular markers alone or in combination with phenotypic selection showed an advantage in the early selection of the best cacao producer trees. Further use of molecular markers in breeding programs is discussed with a view to reducing the generation time of a selection procedure.
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  • 61
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; diallel ; yield ; exotic ; synthetic varieties ; recurrent selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A 7-variety diallel of synthetic varieties that have not had selection for yield improvement and a 10-variety diallel of synthetic varieties that either resulted from recurrent selection for yield improvement or from the introgression of exotic germ plasm into adapted varieties were evaluated in six environments for yield and five other agronomic traits. The specific objective was to determine the relative potential of the synthetic varieties as germ plasm sources for breeding programs. Recurrent selection improved population yield in ‘BSSS CO’, ‘BSK CO’, and ‘Alph CO’ in the varieties and also in crosses with other varieties. ‘BSSS(R)C6’ and ‘BSSS(HT)C7’ yielded 11.4% and 16.1% more than ‘BSSS CO’, and the variety crosses of ‘BSSS(R)C6’ and ‘BSSS(HT)C7’ yielded 21.6% and 22.0% more than the variety crosses of ‘BSSS CO’. Recurrent selection also improved stalk-lodging resistance for ‘BSSS(R)C6’ and ‘BSSS(HT)C7’, but root lodging for ‘BSSS(HT)C7’ was significantly higher. ‘BS15’ had 61.0% higher yields than ‘Alph CO’, with 9.3% less stalk lodging. Average heterosis of the 10-variety diallel was 1120 kg/ha (19.6%) and ranged from 800 kg/ha (13.7%) for ‘BSK(S)C5’ to 1770 kg/ha (39.4%) for ‘BS12(HI)C5’. The heterosis expressed among individual variety crosses ranged from 4.3% for ‘BSK(S)C5’ x ‘BSTE(FR)C1’ to 37.6% for ‘BSSS(R)C6’ x ‘BS12(HI)C5’, which approached the yield of the two highest yielding single-cross checks. In the 7-variety diallel of unselected varieties, ‘BSTE CO’ and ‘Late Rootworm Synthetic’ were superior as varieties and in crosses for yield and stalk quality. Average heterosis for the 7-variety diallel was 950 kg/ha (18.5%). Stalk lodging was important in the performance of varieties with poor stalk quality. Although recurrent selection improved yield, development of superior breeding populations also will require selection for general agronomic performance. The performance of ‘BS16’ and the yields of ‘BSTL’ and ‘Teozea’ and their crosses suggest that exotic germ plasm should receive greater attention.
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  • 62
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    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 647-658 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; cacao ; cocoa ; Amelonado ; Upper-Amazon hybrids ; yield ; growth ; blackpod ; Ghana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Progeny trials were planted at Tafo in 1952 and 1954 to compare 3 selfed local-Trinitarios, 1 outcrossed and 3 sibbed Upper Amazon progenies and 13 hybrids between Amelonado or local-Trinitarios and Upper Amazons; 1 trial included West African Amelonado. The Amazon hybrids and the outcrossed Amazon were particularly vigorous and precocious and maintained a yield advantage for 20 years. The 13 hybrids were similar in yield potential, but varied in net yield following differential losses from pod diseases, mainly caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Disease losses were lowest on one of the sibbed Amazons and the outcrossed Amazon and lower on Amelonado than on any of the 7 hybrids tested with it; in both trials losses were lower on Amelonado hybrids than on Trinitario hybrids. There was wide variation in both size and growth rates of mature trees and no consistent relationship between continued growth and crop. It seemed that later yields were not prejudiced by the precocity of Amazon hybrids, the yields from all types fluctuated together. Because the differences in disease losses are likely to be accentuated under farmer's conditions. Amelonado hybrids are preferable to local-Trinitario hybrids. The results also suggest that commercially acceptable pure Upper Amazon varieties could be developed.
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  • 63
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    Euphytica 27 (1978), S. 177-183 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; oilseed rape ; yield ; yield components ; growth pattern ; inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Analysis of single plants in parental, F1 and F2 populations of three crosses of oilseed rape indicated cytoplasmic effects in F1 or F2 generations for most of the observed characters. There was evidence of dominance for early flowering and early maturity. Heterosis was exhibited for yield and yield components. The heritabilities for the characters under study were generally very low.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; recurrent selection ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Evaluation of the results of six years of selection in the Kitale maize breeding methods study proved reciprocal recurrent selection to be an effective interpopulation improvement method. Ear-to-row selection was effective in improving ‘Kitale Composite A’ (KCA). Data from a diallel of the cycle-6 ear-to-row substrains showed that where less than 10 lines were selected, inbreeding appeared to depress gain, but differences among the various ear-to-row experiments were not significant. Intererossing the substrains was predicted to reduce the effect of inbreeding. Yield gains in reciprocal recurrent selection and ear-to-row selection were associated with increases in ears per 100 plants. The reciprocal recurrent selection variety cross yield gain was estimated at 3.5% per year (7%/cycle) and that of the best ear-to-row procedure at 2.6% per year. The variety cross syn-2 from reciprocal recurrent selection was predicted to improve at the same rate as the best ear-to-row procedure (E7) with one long growing season per year. Under a cropping system with two similar seasons per year, however, ear-to-row selection should be more effective than reciprocal recurrent selection or its derived syn-2. Mass selection at 10% selection intensity produced significant improvement, but not at 2% selection intensity. S1 and three half-sib selection methods were ineffective in KCA. Inbreeding and the lack of linkage equilibrium in KCA were discussed as contributing. Theoretical substrain compositing required 30 to 40 lines selected to equal the effectiveness of ear-to-row selection with 10 lines. Full-sib selection was effective in improving yield at 1.2% per year. All the recurrent selection methods showed a significant increase in ears per 100 plants. Population size was shown to be important in reducing losses due to inbreeding. If a hybrid or variety cross is potentially useable, reciprocal recurrent selection provides the best population approach. Initially, the variety cross syn-2 could be released with no additional breeding effort. Transition to variety crosses or traditional hybrids from extracted lines could be done as farmer husbandry improves and seed production facilities develop. Otherwise, open-pollinated varieties superior to existing maizes can be effectively developed using ear-to-row selection. The other methods may be effective in breeding populations when larger effective population sizes are used, but they were not effective in KCA when only 10 lines were recombined each cycle.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; selection ; yield ; evaluation ; competitive conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The performance of six lines of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) which had been selected for three generations for production under spaced plant conditions were assessed under increasing levels of competition, namely spaced plants, drills, miniplots and large sown plots. Successful selection for yield under spaced plant conditions was not accompanied by comparable production patterns in the alternative managements. The extreme situation occurred in swards where a significant decline in production was encountered. Negative or no relationships were found in the establishment year between spaced plant production and yield in the alternative conditions whereas in the first harvest year positive correlations occurred between spaced plants, drills and miniplots and only the latter with plots. These varying patterns of performance are considered in relation to the prediction of sward behaviour and the appropriate environment for selection.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Tricticum aestivum ; wheat ; yield ; genotype x environment ; retrospective ; environments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The identification of relevant but diverse environments for the assessment of the relative performance of wheat cultivars was developed by using conventional and pattern analysis procedures. The utility of weighting environments on proximity to a hypothetical most frequently encountered environment, to improve the quality of the predictive inference of relative cultivar performance, was also assessed. There was an increase in the agreement of the relative yield of cultivars obtained in different years using this technique.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Multivar ; barley ; mildew ; cultivar mixtures ; polygenic partial ; quantitative resistance ; competition ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Preliminary field trials indicated that the yields of mixtures of barley cultivars partially resistant to mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei) were greater than those expected from the mean of their components. Subsequent trials in 1988, 1989 and 1990 demonstrated that such mixtures gave enhanced yield. However, fungicide treatment of mixtures gave significant positive and negative effects on yield. In mixtures with cultivars containing partial resistance there was evidence of a positive relationship between high yield loss due to mildew (low disease tolerance) in cultivars grown in monoculture and their yield advantage in mixtures. The converse resulted in yield disadvantage.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hemp ; heritability ; mass selection ; THC ; yield ; Cannabis sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the framework of a comprehensive Dutch research project the feasibility of hemp cultivation for paper pulp production is being investigated. This project also includes a hemp breeding programme which was initiated at CPRO-DLO in 1990. Hemp breeding is primarily aimed at improving bast fibre production since bast fibre is qualitatively superior to woody core fibre for paper pulp production. The progress of the ongoing breeding programme is hampered by the lack of knowledge on the inheritance of agronomic traits. The following traits were examined on 252 parental plants in 1991 and subsequently on their progenies in 1992: fibre content, plant height, date of flowering, stem diameter and cannabinoid contents. For each trait heritabilities were estimated and direct and indirect effects of artificial selection were studied. The heritability of bast fibre content was high and mass selection proved to be an efficient method causing no undesirable influence on other characters. Characters not directly related to bast fibre yield such as date of flowering, plant height and stem diameter were shown to have disadvantages as selection criteria for the improvement of bast fibre yield. The cannabinoids THC and CBD were studied, as the acceptance of hemp cultivation requires a low level. The content of THC, the psychoactive component can be successfully reduced by mass selection, but it is not certain that mass selection is the most efficient method.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; dwarfing genes ; drought stress ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Near-isogenic tall (no dwarfing gene), semidwarf (Rht1 or Rht2) and dwarf (Rht1 + Rht2 or Rht3) spring wheat lines were evaluated for yield and yield components under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Under irrigated conditions, the dwarf and the semidwarf lines exhibited a significant yield advantage over the tall lines. Under rainfed conditions, the semidwarf lines outyielded the tall as well as the dwarf lines. Percent yield reduction in response to drought stress was highest with the dwarfs and lowest with the tall lines. Dry matter production of the tall lines and that of the semidwarf lines did not differ significantly and both produced significantly more dry matter than the dwarf lines under irrigated as well as rainfed conditions. Plant height and kernel weight decreased with increasing degree of dwarfness while number of kernels per spikelet, harvest index and days to heading increased under both moisture regimes. The dwarfing genes did not have any significant influence on number of tillers/m2 and spikelets per spike in either moisture regime.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Glycine max ; soybean ; cytoplasmic effect ; hybrid ; oil content ; protein content ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two soybean cultivars of a respectively determinate type and semi-determinate type were subject to reciprocal crossings with two varieties of an indeterminate type. The study was concerned with the performance of the parents and their reciprocal F1 hybrids in terms of mature plant weight, seed yield, harvest index, and percentage of oil and proteins in the seed. In some cases, the comparison with the better of the two parents showed that heterosis had occurred for the plant weight and seed yield. As for the other characteristics, the averages obtained for the hybrids were intermediate between those of the parents. Significant reciprocal differences were noted not only in the plant weight and seed yield, but also in the protein content, suggesting a possible positive cytoplasmic effect of the SWIFT cultivar on these characters.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fragaria × ananasa ; heritability ; offspring-parent regression ; yield ; fruit size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Data on fruit yield, fruit size and a commercial appearance score were collected for strawberry seedlings from biparental progenies planted at two test locations. Similar data for 8 advanced selections from the California Strawberry Improvement Program were collected, with selections each subjected to three preplanting cold storage treatments and planted at a single location. Each progeny tested had at least one of the 8 selections as a parent. Offspring-parent regression heritabilities were computed using data from each combination of offspring location and parental treatment. Heritability estimates for yield and appearance differed significantly when different combinations of data were used; corresponding estimates for fruit size were unaffected. Gains predicted using heritabilities estimated by the convenient procedure of regressing unselected seedling values on those for vegetatively propagated parents will be reliable only for traits that are robust to rank shifts induced by planting/propagation treatments.
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  • 72
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    Euphytica 46 (1990), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Manihot esculenta ; cassava ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; selection ; competition ; yield ; biomass yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Relative importance of harvest index (I) and total biomass yield (B) to economic yield (Y) was assessed in several food crops at different levels of environmental productivity. Importance of B is generally higher in low than high yielding environments, while that of I is higher in high than low yielding environments. In some crops B is important throughout different yield levels while in others I is important even in low yielding environments. Past efforts by anonymous farmers have consummated a good part of genetic improvement of crop yields through improvement in B. Many venerable land cultivars of grain crops, adapted to unimproved, limited-input cultural conditions, evolved through this process. The same process may not have thoroughly exhausted the yield improvement opportunity through improving I. Success in yield improvement by modern breeding has been limited mainly to high-input cultural conditions characterized by higher soil fertility and irrigation mainly through improvement in I. Varietal improvement possibility for less productive environments is discussed.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; Erysiphe graminis hordei ; powdery mildew ; chromosome-doubled haploid lines ; marker genes ; mutants ; pleiotropism ; yield ; necrotic leaf spotting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A population of 198 chromosome-doubled haploid lines of spring barley was scored for segregation in locus ml-o (powdery mildew reaction) on chromosome 4 and in the linked loci s (rachilla hair length) and ddt (reaction to the insecticide DDT) on chromosome 7. They were also tested in a disease-free field trial for the agronomic traits: grain yield, thousand grain weight, lodging, and necrotic leaf spotting. The three mutagen-induced resistance genes ml-o5, ml-o6 (from ‘Carlsberg II’) and ml-10 (from ‘Foma’) showed no detectable differences with respect to effects on agronomic traits. They all conferred a four per cent reduction in grain yield caused mainly by lower thousand grain weight, and an increase in necrotic leaf spotting. The two original mutants of ‘Carlsberg II’ had additional mutant genes affecting agronomic traits. Lines with gene S (long hair) had on average a three per cent higher thousand grain weight than those with s. The alleles in locus ddt showed no association with the agronomic traits. It is concluded i) that the associations between the three ml-o alleles and agronomic traits are caused by pleiotropy, ii) that ml-o resistant, high-yielding lines may be selected, and iii) that the association between gene s and thousand grain weight may be due to genetic linkage.
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  • 74
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    Euphytica 47 (1990), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; cell size ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Six diploid perennial ryegrass populations, two diploid F1 hybrid families and the autotetraploid cv. Tove were grown in a glasshouse and the mean length and mean width of epidermal cells on the abaxial leaf surface of young fully expanded leaves compared. The diploids varied in cell length by 26%, in cell width by 9% and in length: width ratio by 39%. The cells of cv. Tove were 25% longer and 12% wider than those of the highest ranking diploid and the length: width ratio 9% higher. The DNA contents per telophase root-tip cell nucleus of a large-celled and a small-celled diploid population were similar, suggesting that the variation in epidermal cell size among diploids was due to the action of specific genes and not to differences in genome size. The mean epidermal cell dimensions of four of the above populations growing as plots in a field trial employing three levels of fertiliser nitrogen and four harvesting frequencies were measured on three occasions. Varietal ranking in cell dimensions was consistent over the different managements and dates, and agreed well with the glasshouse results. The results indicate that measurements of leaf epidermal cell length and width can be useful aids both in breeding for herbage yield and in distinguishing varieties with similar flowering dates.
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  • 75
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    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 63-72 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; corn ; yield ; kernel weight ; shelling percentage ; plant height ; ear height ; husk weight ; cob weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary White-endosperm (y y y) maize (Zea mays L.) is vital to the maize dry-milling industry. However, a substantially greater acreage in the U.S.A. is planted to yellow (Y Y Y) than white maize. Data on comparative performance of yellow and white maize is scanty, and results are inconclusive. This field study was conducted to provide information on dosage effects of y gene on grain yield, 500-kernel (K) weight, shelling percentage, plant and ear height, and cob weight. Yellow x yellow, yellow x white, and white x white endosperm crosses were made among five yellow and five white endosperm lines of Mo14W × Oh7B parentage. In the material studied, the genetic complement of the white-endosperm parent Mo14W varied from 12.50% to 87.50% across 15 treatments. The effect of Mo14W dosages among treatments was removed through analysis of covariance. If differences among treatment means existed, they were attributed to the y gene. A test of parallelism among regression coefficients (Ho. β1=β2=---β15=βc) indicated that these regressions coefficients for plant height, ear height, 500-K weight, and husk weight showed parallelism across yellow x yellow, yellow x white, and white x white crosses. Differences in plant height were significant in 3 out of 5 comparisons each between Y Y vs. y y, Y y vs. y y, and Y Y vs. Y y. Differences in ear height were significant in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. y y comparisons, in 3 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons, and in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y comparisons. Differences in 500-K weight were significant in 4 of 5 Y Y vs. y y, in 2 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y and in 1 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons. Differences in husk weight were significant in all the Y Y vs. y y comparisons, in 4 of 5 Y y vs. y y comparisons, and in 1 of 5 Y Y vs. Y y comparisons. An increase in the y gene dosage caused, in general, a significant decrease in grain yield, 500-K weight, plant height, ear height, and husk weight. Shelling percentage was decreased but not appreciably. The Y y combination had a heterotic effect on plant height, ear height, and cob weight. An implication of the findings of this study is that it would be difficult to breed for high-yielding white maize if one used this y gene source. At this time, this is the only source (chromosome 6) available for white-endosperm maize. Non-parrallelism among regression coefficients was noted for shelling percentage, grain yield, and cob weight. Non-parallelism was observed in shelling percentage of the yellow x yellow crosses, cob weight of the yellow x white crosses and in grain yield of both yellow x yellow and yellow x white crosses. In general, an increase in mean Mo14W dosage resulted in increased grain yield. Mo14W dosages generally reduced cob weight in the yellow x white crosses. Shelling percentage increased as the mean Mo14W dosages increased for the yellow x yellow crosses. An increase in Mo14W dosages resulted in an increase in 500-K weight.
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  • 76
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    Euphytica 48 (1990), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; ATPase ; succinic dehydrogenase ; heterosis ; correlation ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Activities of ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase were assessed in three F1 hybrids of rice and their parental lines during boot leaf stage, flowering, on 10th and 20th days after flowering. ATPase activity showed increase at the flowering and on 20th day after flowering. Succinic dehydrogenase activity continued to rise till 10th day after flowering and declined on 20th day after flowering. Hybrids with high yield were generally endowed with more positive heterosis for these two enzymes. Correlation coefficient of grain yield per panicle was significantly positive with ATPase activity at all the stages studied. Heterosis for ATPase activity might serve a reliable criterion for the selection of efficient F1 combinations.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Elaeis guineensis ; oil palm ; crown disease ; physiological disorder ; growth ; yield ; genetic predisposition ; mineral nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Crown disease was investigated in oil palm families derived from four sources of (Deli) dura female and three sources of pisifera male parents. These families were planted both at Bah Lias (after rubber) and Gunung Melayu (after oil palm) in North Sumatra. We observed the first symptoms on emerging leaves at 8 months after planting; severity reached a peak at 12 months and diminished gradually until virtually no new leaves were affected in palms older than 35 months. At Gunung Melayu crown disease, in terms of severity score on newly emerged leaves and percentage affected palms, was about double that at Bah Lias. At both locations it was highest in material exclusively bred in Indonesia. In this material crown disease significantly retarded vegetative growth, and reduced cumulative yield of oil for the first 6 years of production by about 4.5% with the highest loss in the first year. The relation between crown disease and nutritional status was inconsistent, but a crop rotation effect on crown disease merits further research. The contribution of the dura parents to crown disease was more evident than that of the pisifera. Screening of genotypes appears to be the most effective method of control of crown disease.
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  • 78
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    Euphytica 58 (1991), S. 31-35 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; SSD lines ; heterosis ; epistasis ; yield ; quality traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Heterosis and epistasis in spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was analysed by comparing generation means for ten agronomic traits. Parents, F2, F3 and F6 generations of four crosses with Swedish and French material were investigated. The F2 was 11% higher in yield, earlier in flowering time, and slightly later in maturation when compared with the parents. Randomly derived single seed descent lines had an 8% lower yield, were later flowering and maturing than the parents in F6. This poorer average performance of recombinant lines is explained by the loss of favourable epistatic interactions present in the parents.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: mediterranean stress ; small grain cereals ; susceptibility index ; yield ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum durum ; Hordeum vulgare ; bread wheat ; durum wheat ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Among the cultivars of bread wheat, durum wheat and barley grown in the South of Italy, genetic variation for adaptation to the high temperature and drought stress conditions typical of the Mediterranean environment has been found. The basic data have been extrapolated from 5 years of Italian national network cultivar trials, where 20–30 cultivars were grown in replicated plot trials in 30–50 locations per year, including some where stress strongly affected grain yield. After careful identification of the most representative years and testing sites it was possible to characterise the cultivars on the basis of the grain yield in stress conditions and the Fischer & Maurer (1978) susceptibility index and to find genotypic differences sufficiently repeatable in years. The cultivars giving the best yield under stress associated with low susceptibility indices were in bread wheat: Etruria, Spada, Pandas, Centauro, Oderzo, Costantino and Gladio, in durum wheat: Aldura, Arcangelo, Adamello, Vespro and Capeiti, in barley: Fleuret, Barberousse, Jaidor, Express, Trebbia, Georgie, Dahlia, Criter and Magie.
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  • 80
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    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 295-299 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cutting frequency ; dry matter ; Lolium perenne ; perennial ryegrass ; plant improvement ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The productivity of short-leaved and long-leaved perennial ryegrass was evaluated in 5 different sites. In each site, half-sib families, derived from the first cycle of divergent selection on leaf length, were managed both under infrequent cutting and under frequent cutting simulating grazing. Despite the importance of the effects of the site and the cutting frequency, the dry matter yield was dependent on the interaction between the morphogenetic type resulting from the selection and the cutting frequency imposed by the management. Thus, under infrequent cutting, the long-leaved families on average out-yielded the short-leaved families. Conversely, under frequent cutting the short-leaved families were on average the most productive. The use of morphogenetic traits as selection criteria in breeding for management-dependent yield is briefly discussed.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Corchorus capsularis ; Corchorus olitorius ; diversity analysis ; genetic advance ; jute ; yield ; quality components ; world collection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To improve jute productivity, locating of sources of suitable quantitative-trait genes in the recently acquired world jute collection was needed. Two hundred sixteen accessions of Corchorus capsularis and 192 accessions of C. olitorius were evaluated at a jute seed research station (87°60\s'E, 23°80\s'N) for four yield and quality linked morpho-physiological traits. The objectives were to estimate the germplasm diversity, phenotypic (PCV) and genetic (GCV) coefficients of variation, broad sense heritability (h2) and genetic advance (GA) with respect to origins and traits. Irrespective of origins all the traits showed more than 60–80% diversity in both species. Trait means of diversity were significant but not the origin means. Generally, only slightly higher PCV values than GCV were obtained for all the traits in both the species. High h2 values ranging from 50% to more than 98% were also found. All the traits can be simultaneously utilized for genetic gain. Most of the C. olitorius accessions with two times higher GA estimates than those of the C. capsularis are likely to be more successful for that matter. Maximum genetic gain is expected from Mutants 〉 China 〉 Brazil 〉 India 〉 Thailand 〉 Nepal 〉 Burma in C. capsularis while from Thailand 〉 Tanzania 〉 Mutants 〉 Kenya 〉 Other countries in C. olitorius. C. capsularis mutants with high heterogenity for most of the traits should be useful for finding many rare alleles.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arsenic ; boron ; chronium ; copper ; heavy metals ; N-fixation ; plant availability/growth/uptake ; roots ; sawdust ; soil pH ; tops ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot trial was conducted to determine the effects, on plant growth and element uptake, of soil amendment with Cu- Cr- and As-(CCA) treated, or boric-treated sawdust. Three indicator plants (beetroot, white clover, lettuce) were chosen and the trial was carried out at both soil pH 5 and pH 7. Comparisons were made with an untreated sawdust amendment and with a non-sawdust control. Amendment with 10% treated-sawdust (v/v) increased soil concentrations of Cu, Cr, As and B, by 45, 136, 63 and 32 mg kg-1, respectively. Much of the Cu and B was extractable using standard soil extractants, but extract concentrations of Cr and As were below detection limits. Seeds germinated in all pots, but the boric treatment subsequently proved unsatisfactory as a growth medium for all plants except beetroot grown at pH 7. The CCA treatment had no negative effect on any of the plants at either pH, but yield depression occurred with untreated sawdust. This was attributed to nutrient immobilization by the decomposing untreated sawdust. Plant roots, especially beetroot fibrous roots, in the CCA treatment, concentrated Cu, Cr and As to high levels. Uptake of these elements was generally higher at pH 5 than at pH 7. However, the above-ground parts of the plants, and the beetroot bulbs, i.e. the normal edible parts, had very much lower concentrations. Although Cu was concentrated to some extent in beetroot and clover, the concentrations were below animal toxicity levels, especially at the higher soil pH. B, in contrast, was concentrated in the above-ground portions of the plants, in preference to the roots. These treatments had no important effects on the uptake of major and minor nutrient elements by the plants. Clover nitrogen-fixation was not adversely affected by the CCA treatment, but was totally absent in the boric treatment. These rerults are discussed, and the need to conduct tests on a wider range of edible plants before concluding that amendment with CCA-treated sawdust may be acceptable, is stressed.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum ; nitrogen fixation ; nodules ; peanut cultivars ; Rhizobium ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) Cvs. Robut 33-1 and JL 24 were inoculated with Rhizobium strain NC 92 and a strain ofAzospirillum lipoferum singly and as mixed inoculum. Seed inoculation with these bacteria enhanced nodulation, N content and yield of these cultivars under field conditions. While a mix inoculation of these two diazotrophic cultures had an adverse effect on these parameters as compare to single inoculation.
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  • 84
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    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 299-303 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; NaCl salinity ; nutrient ratios ; potassium nutrition ; chlorophyll fluorescence ; rice ; yield ; yield attributes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A salt-tolerant (Pokkali) and a salt-sensitive (IR28) variety of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were grown in a phytotron to investigate the effect of K (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg K kg−1 soil) application on their salt tolerance. Potassium application significantly increased potential photosynthetic activity (Rfd value), percentage of filled spikelets, yield and K concentration in straw. At the same time, it also significantly reduced Na and Mg concentrations and consequently improved the K/Na, K/Mg and K/Ca ratios. IR28 responded better to K application than Pokkali. Split application of K failed to exert any beneficial effect over basal application.
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  • 85
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    Plant and soil 145 (1992), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: air temperature ; growth rate ; high tunnel ; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ; nutrition ; soil temperature ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth rates and tissue nutrient concentrations were measured in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) grown in unheated high tunnels in the spring in the northeast USA. Two weeks after transplant on 3 April, seedlings had low concentrations of Nitrogen, Magnesium and other nutrients, while later plantings on 17 April and 1 May had adequate nutrition. The low yield and small fruit of the 3 April planting, compared to the later plantings, was likely related to this nutrient stress soon after transplant. Air and soil temperatures were less than 10°C at planting on 3 April. Air and soil were warmed during the day to different extents in tunnels vented at different temperatures. Over all plantings and ventilation regimes, relative growth rates over the two weeks after transplant were correlated to average air temperature. However, there was little uptake of P, N and Mg, when soil was cooler than 12°C. Nutrient concentrations in the shoot became very low because shoot growth continued when soil temperature limited nutrient uptake.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: damage ; fertiliser uptake ; nematicide ; potato ; potato cyst nematodes ; tolerance ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potato plants growing in soil heavily infested with potato cyst nematode (PCN) contained less N, P and K in their leaf dry matter than plants growing in the same soil treated with a nematicide. These differences were less in tolerant than intolerant cultivars. Applying additonal fertiliser increased the growth of untreated plants more than that of nematicide-treated plants and nematicides increased growth most in plots receiving the lowest rate of fertiliser. Overall, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that damage by invading juveniles of PCN decreases the effectiveness of the potato root system leading to a chronic deficiency of one or more nutrients and a consequential reduction in the rate of top growth.
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  • 87
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    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bacterization ; biocontrol ; endophytic bacteria ; PGPR ; rhizobacteria ; root-zone ; seed piece decay ; Solanum tuberosum ; tubers ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Healthy potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. Kennebec were found to be internally colonized by non-pathogenic bacterial populations originating from root zone soil. These endophytic bacteria were categorized, on the basis of bioassays, as plant growth promoting (PGP), plant growth retarding (PGR) and plant growth neutral (PGN). Genera isolated from tubers included Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, Actinomyces and Acinetobacter. The PGP and PGR isolates were similarly distributed throughout these genera. Bacterial populations increased in the root zone soil directly adjacent to the seed piece during and immediately following seed piece decay. Bacteria sampled at this time were capable of promoting tuber number and weight. The proportions of PGP, PGR and PGN bacteria in the root zone were altered as endophytic bacteria were released from the decaying seed piece. The study indicates that endophytic bacteria present in the seed tubers may play an important role in seed piece decay, tuberization and plant growth.
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  • 88
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    Plant and soil 207 (1998), S. 87-96 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: P nutrition ; roots ; soybean ; water deficits ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus and water deficits are important limiting factors in agricultural production. A field experiment was carried out with soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) to determine whether the effect of water stress on field-grown soybean changes with soil P availability, and whether soil water content affects plant P nutrition. The soil was a Sadler series (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Glossic Fragiudalf) located at Princeton, Kentucky, USA (37°60′ north, 87°60′ west). The experiment was a factorial with three levels of soil P availability (4, 19 and 32 mg kg−1, Mehlich III) and two of water (irrigated and non-irrigated). Most of the effects of phosphorus and water stress on soybean growth were additive, so that, in general, effects of water stress were similar at each P level. Phosphorus deficiency slowed vegetative development, reduced shoot growth, LAI, P absorption and concentration, seed number, size and yield, and increased root length density in the surface soil. Water stress accelerated crop maturity, reduced shoot growth, LAI, P absorption and concentration, seed number, size and yield, and increased root length density. Some interactions between P and water were observed. Water stress slowed vegetative development only at the lowest P level (P0). The crop had a positive response to increasing P availability in both situations, with and without irrigation, suggesting that P addition would be justified even when a dry growing season is likely to occur.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; light intensity ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; phosphorus–zinc interaction ; photosynthesis ; yield ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted in a factorial combination of three Zn levels (0, 10 and 40 mg Zn kg-1 soil) and two P levels (0 and 200 mg P kg-1 soil). Experiment 1 was carried out during winter in a heated glasshouse, and experiment 2 during summer under a rain shelter. Plants of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Borlotto nano) were grown in pots filled with sandy soil. In both experiments, leaf Zn concentration was reduced by the addition of P to plants grown at low Zn supply. However, leaf Zn concentration lower than the critical level was observed only during experiment 2, and the main effects of low Zn were reductions of internode length, light use efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate. In plants with leaf Zn concentration lower than the critical level, saturating irradiance levels fell from ∼1000 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD to ∼300–400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. Reduction of net photosynthesis was observed from the beginning of flowering and led to decreased seed production.
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  • 90
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    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 235-245 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anions ; cations ; chronic injury ; nutrition ; open-air fumigation ; senescence ; yield ; Vicia faba L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The impact of SO2 on the ionic balance of plants and its implications for intracellular pH regulation was studied to find explanations for long-term effects of SO2. When sulphur, taken up as SO2 by the shoots of plants, is not assimilated in organic compounds, but stored as sulphate, an equivalent amount of H+ is produced. These H+ ions are not buffered chemically, but removed by metabolic processes. On the basis of knowledge on metabolic buffering mechanisms a conceptual model is proposed for the removal of shoot-generated H+ by (i) OH- ions, produced in the leaves when sulphate and nitrate are assimilated in organic compounds and/or by (ii) OH- ions produced by decarboxylation of organic anions (a biochemical pH stat mechanism). The form in which nitrogen is supplied largely determines the potential of the plant to neutralize H+ in the leaves during SO2 uptake by the proposed mechanisms. In field experiments with N2 fixing Vicia faba L. crops, the increase of sulphate in the shoots of SO2-exposed plants was equivalent in charge to the decrease of organic anion content, calculated as the difference between inorganic cation content (C) and inorganic anion content (A), indicating that H+ ions produced in the leaves following SO2 uptake were partly removed by OH- from sulphate reduction and partly by decarboxylation of organic anions. The appearance of chronic SO2 injury (leaf damage) in the field experiment at the end of the growing period is discussed in relation to the impact of SO2 on the processes involved in regulation of intracellular pH. It is proposed that the metabolic buffering capacity of leaf cells is related to the rates of sulphate and nitrate reduction and the import rate of organic anions, rather than to the organic anion content in the vacuoles of the leaf cells.
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  • 91
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    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 239-246 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; leaf water potential ; organic manure ; soil texture ; soil organic carbon ; water stress ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of adding organic manure to three soils with differing textures on changes in leaf water potential (LWP) and yield of barley (cv. Loyola) was investigated under controlled growth-chamber conditions. Cattle manure was applied to the soils in pots at rates equivalent to 0, 15, 25, 50 and 100 t ha-1. Plants were subjected to water stress by withholding water at three different stages of grwoth. The results show that the addition of cattle manure significantly increased (p〈-0.05) the organic carbon (OC) content of all the soils. LWP remained consistently high during the entire growing period in the control plants. As stress progressed, LWP in the stressed plants decreased. However, treatments with high OC contents had significantly higher LWP compared to those which had less. The former plants experienced less water stress than the latter. Yields were higher in the control than stressed plants. Within the stressed plants however, treatments with high OC content had significantly higher yields. An effect of soil texture was also noted. Generally, the influence of manure application on LWP and yields were more pronounced in sand and loam than clay soils.
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  • 92
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    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: air temperature ; development ; growth ; plant water relations ; root temperature ; Sonia roses ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rose plants (Rosa hybrida ‘Sonia’=‘Sweet Promise’) were grown in heated (minimum night temperature 17°C), and unheated greenhouses with or without root heating to 21°C. These trials covered 6 growth cycles extending over two winter seasons. In the heated greenhouse, root heating did not increase yield, flower quality or plant development. In the unheated greenhouse, root-heated plants grew as well as those in the air-heated greenhouse as long as the air temperature did not fall below 6°C. When minimum night temperatures fell below 6°C, growth, yield and quality were reduced, irrespective of root temperature. Daytime plant water relations were studied in plants growing at 6 different root temperatures in the unheated greenhouse. Leaf resistance to water diffusion was lowest at optimal root temperature. Total leaf water potential was not significantly affected by root temperature.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branch length ; carob ; Ceratonia siliqua ; evaporation ; fertilization ; irrigation ; leaf water potential ; soil water content ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variations of predawn and midday leaf water potential and relative growth rates were studied in mature carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua L. cv “Mulata”) submitted to a fertigation experiment. Three levels of irrigation were tested: 0%, 50% and 100%, based on daily standard evaporation values. For each irrigation level two nitrogen amounts were applied −21 and 63 kg N ha-1 year-1 as ammonium nitrate. The experiment was run between July 91 and August 1993. Measurements of leaf water potential and absolute branch length increments were made at monthly intervals, during the entire experimental period or during seasonal growth, respectively. Leaf water potential was related to soil volumetric water content, maximum and minimum air temperature and daily evaporation. Predawn leaf water potentials were always higher than −1.1 MPa. Midday leaf water potential values presented very large seasonal variations and very low values independent of treatments. The low leaf water potentials observed for the fertigated trees during summer, suggest that this parameter may be related not only to the evaporative demand but also to growth investment. The amount of fertigation was positively correlated with vegetative growth increment and fruit production. Practical implications for irrigation schedules of leaf water potential patterns together with drought adaptation mechanisms of carob tree are discussed.
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  • 94
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    Plant and soil 174 (1995), S. 51-82 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: breeding ; crop legume ; heritability ; nitrate tolerance ; nodulation ; N2 fixation ; rhizobia ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Legume N2 fixation is variable, but nonetheless is a valuable process in world agriculture. There is great potential to increase the contribution by the crop legumes to the world's supply of soil.N. This will be achieved by (i) increasing the area of legumes sown by farmers; (ii) improved management of the crops in order that the major determinants of productivity, e.g. land area, water availability, are converted to harvested product with maximum efficiency; and (iii) genetic modification of the commonly-grown species to ensure high dependence of the legume crop on N2 fixation at all levels of productivity. Currently-used methods for measuring N2 fixation and for assessing heritability and repeatability of N2 fixation in breeding and selection programs are reviewed. Results from research programs to define genetic variation in N2 fixation and to enhance N2 fixation through selection and breeding are presented with particular emphasis on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and soybean (Glycine max).
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry season ; Indonesian paddy field ; methane emission ; rice straw ; wet season ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yearly and seasonal (rainy and dry seasons) variations of CH4 emission from a Sumatra paddy field were measured for 3 years. The mean CH4 emission rates during the growth period were in the range of 16.0–26.1 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 for the chemical fertilizer plots and 23.3–34.9 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 for the plots with rice straw application, respectively. The increase in the amounts of CH4 emission by rice straw application were from 1.3 to 1.6 times. There was no significant difference in the mean CH4 emission rates between rainy and dry seasons. Total amounts of CH4 emitted during the period of rice growth were in the ranges of 29.5–48.2 and 43.0–64.6 g CH4 m-2 for the plots applied with chemical fertilizer and those with rice straw application, respectively. Nearly the same amounts of CH4 were emitted in the first and second half of the growth period, irrespective of rice straw application.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; growth ; nutrition ; preinoculated seedlings ; wetland rice ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation at the nursery stage on the growth and nutrient acquisition of wetland rice (t Oryza sativa L.) under field and pot conditions. Seedlings were grown on γ-ray sterilized paddy soil in two types of nurseries, namely dry nursery and wet nursery, with or without arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation which was a mixture of indigenous AMF (t Glomus spp.) spores collected from the paddy field. Five-to-six week old seedlings were transplanted to the unsterilized soil under field and pot, respectively. Mycorrhizal seedlings had higher shoot biomass under both nursery conditions 5 weeks after sowing. Mycorrhizal colonization and sporulation were 2 to 3 times higher in the dry nursery than the wet nursery at the transplanting stage. Mycorrhizal colonization of plants inoculated in the nursery remained higher than those not inoculated under both field and pot conditions. Sporulation after transplanting to field conditions was about 10 times higher than in the pot. Inoculated plants produced higher biomass at maturity under field conditions, and the grain yield was 14-21% higher than those not inoculated. Conversely, grain yield and shoot biomass were not significantly influenced by AMF colonization under pot conditions. For plants originating from the dry nursery, N, P, Zn and Cu concentrations of field-grown plants at harvest were significantly increased by preinoculation with AMF over those left uninoculated. We conclude that the AMF inoculation at the nursery stage under both dry and wet conditions increased growth, grain yield and nutrient acquisition of wetland rice under field conditions.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita ; leaf rust ; breeding ; resistance ; yield ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most important breeding objectives in crop improvement are improving grain yield, grain quality, and resistances to various biotic and abiotic stresses. The objectives of our study were to compare two crossing and four selection schemes for grain yield, yield traits, and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) based on additive genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum), and to identify the most efficient crossing and selection methodologies in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency. Segregating populations were derived from 18 simple crosses and the same number of top (three-way) crosses. Half of the crosses were derived from Yecora 70 and the other half from Veery #10 as the common leaf rust susceptible parents. The four selection schemes were: pedigree, modified bulk (F2 and F1-top as pedigree, selected lines in F3, F4, F2-top, F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), selected bulk (selected plants in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top as bulk; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations), and nonselected bulk (bulk in F2, F3, F4, F1-top, F2-top and F3-top; and pedigree in F5 and F4-top populations). A total of 320 progeny lines, parents and checks were tested for grain yield, other agronomic traits and leaf rust resistance during the 1992/93 and 1993/94 seasons in Ciudad Obregon (Sonora State, Mexico) which represents a typical high yielding irrigated site. The influence of the type of cross and the selection scheme on the mean grain yield and other traits of the progenies was minimal. The selection of parents was the most important feature in imparting yield potential and other favourable agronomic traits. Moreover, the highest yielding lines were distributed equally. Progeny lines derived from Veery #10 crosses had significantly higher mean grain yield compared to those derived from the Yecora 70 crosses. Furthermore, a large proportion of the highest yielding lines also originated from Veery #10 crosses. Mean leaf rust severity of the top cross progenies was lower than that of the simple cross progenies possibly because two parents contributed resistance to top cross progenies. Mean leaf rust severity of the nonselected bulk derivatives was twice that of lines derived from the other three schemes. Selected bulk appears to be the most attractive selection scheme in terms of genetic gains and cost efficiency.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 100 (1998), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomy ; grain quality ; protein ; sievings ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of agronomic practices and cultivars on grain yield, grain protein and small grain sievings was examined in field experiments over four years in the winter rainfall wheatbelt of Western Australia. Rotation with legume crops and pastures was the main factor responsible for increasing grain protein percent. Grain proteins were increased by 4-5% for crops grown in good legume pasture rotations compared to continuous wheat rotations, but only by 1-2% by factors such as delayed sowing time, applied nitrogen, cultivar or grass weed control. In legume based rotations, wheat crops sown at their highest yielding times produced proteins in the appropriate ranges for premium paying grades. Applying N fertilisers up to the optimum rates for yield did not result in proteins below the levels required for premium paying grades, except for hard wheats at 〉11.5% grain protein. Legume rotations and appropriate soil types were required for hard wheats to exceed 11.5% at economic N rates. The yield penalty often associated with high quality cultivars has been reduced or eliminated in the modern cultivars used in the experiments. Some longer season cultivars only produced grain proteins 〉10% if sown after their optimum time for yield, but sowing at optimum time reduced the probability of producing small grain sievings. Some cultivars were more susceptible than others to producing excessive sievings, especially those with inherently smaller than average seed size. Seed rates up to the optimum for grain yield did not result in excessive small grain sievings except where the site was highly fertile, where the crop was sown too late for optimum yield or where too much N fertiliser was used.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 25 (1976), S. 587-595 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; yield ; yield components ; heterosis ; varietal hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Yield and yield components of F1 hybrids were studied in three experiments at 30×30 cm spacings and in one experiment at 15×15 cm spacings. In the 30×30 cm experiments, 10 of the 41 hybrids tested significantly outyielded their high parents. However, only 2 hybrids significantly outyielded the best cultivar: one hybrid yielded 23 % and the other 16 % more than their respective check cultivars. The four hybrids in the 15×15 cm experiment yielded only 59 to 92% as much as their high parents. In areas where rice is transplanted at relatively wide spacings, the observed levels of F1 heterosis in selected hybrids may be sufficient to warrant production of hybrid rice, if enough hybrid seed can be produced. For direct-seeding at the high rates normal in the USA, the relatively small levels of heterosis and the difficulties of hybrid seed production preclude use of F1 hybrid rice cultivars at present. None of 19 bulk F2 and F3 hybrids in two experiments yielded significantly more than its high parent. Similarly, none of the 12 mixtures included in one experiment yielded significantly more than its high parent. On the basis of yield alone, using bulk F2 or F3 or simple mixture populations is not merited.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 26 (1977), S. 797-804 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; aleurone color ; fitness ; yield ; isolines ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Genotypic frequency data at two loci governing blue vs. white aleurone color in barley showed that composite cross (CC) populations grown at Davis varied in the changes in allelic frequencies as well as heterozygosity levels. The blue class increased steadily over 20 generations in CC V and CC XXI along with an excess of heterozygotes over expected under high selfing rates, fluctuated without a directional shift in CC XIV, and declined in CC XVI. Utilizing the xenia feature of this character, nearly 100 Bl/bl Bl2/bl2 individuals were randomly drawn from the CC XVI and CC XXI populations and used in a paired-plot study of some yield components for comparing the blue and white isogenic classes within lines in the varied genetic backgrounds of different lines. For seed number blue vs. white isogenic class differences were significant only in one out of four populations (CC XXI-F8) whereas differences among the lines were significant in CC XVI-F12, CC XXI-F3 and CC XXI-F8. Thus, specific locus effects were relatively much smaller than the genetic background component although overall the genotypic frequency changes at the aleurone color loci were found to be consistent with the relative average seed output per plant in the three genotypic classes.
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