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  • Articles  (7,618,672)
  • Elsevier  (5,798,400)
  • Institute of Physics  (1,082,721)
  • Molecular Diversity Preservation International  (495,622)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (241,929)
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  • 101
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    A multi-step approach to evaluate the sustainable use of groundwater resources for human consumption and agriculture (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-28
    Description: The rapid decline in both quality and availability of freshwater resources on our planet necessitates their thorough assessment to ensure sustainable usage. The growing demand for water in industrial, agricultural, and domestic sectors poses significant challenges to managing both surface and groundwater resources. This study tests and proposes a hybrid evaluation approach to determine Groundwater Quality Indices (GQIs) for irrigation (IRRI), seawater intrusion (SWI), and potability (POT), finalized to the spatial distribution of groundwater suitability involving water quality indicator along with hydrogeological and socio-economic factors. Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) and Information Gain Ratio (IGR) were used to state the importance of chosen factors such as level of groundwater above the sea, thickness of the aquifer, land cover, distance from coastline, silt soil content, recharge, distance from river and lagoons, depth to water table from ground, distance from agricultural wells, hydraulic conductivity, and lithology for each quality index, separately. The results of both methods showed that recharge is the most important parameter for GQIIRRI and GQIPOT, while the distance from the coastline and the rivers, are the most important for GQISWI. The spatial modelling of GQIIRRI and GQIPOT in the study area has been achieved applying three machine learning (ML) algorithms: the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), the Random Forest (RF), and the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Validation results showed that RF has the highest prediction for GQIIRRI, while the SVM model has the highest prediction for the GQIPOT index. It is worth to mention that the future utilization and testing of new algorithms could produce even better results. Finally, GQIIRRI and GQIPOT were combined and compared using two combine and overlay methods to prepare a hybrid map of multi-GQIs. The results showed that 69% of the study area is suitable for irrigation and potable use, due to both geogenic and anthropogenic activities which contribute to make some water resources unsuitable for either use. Specifically, the northern, western, and eastern portions of the study area are in the "very high and high quality" classes while the southern portion shows "very low and low quality" classes. In conclusion, the developed map and approach can serve as a practical guide for enhancing groundwater management, identifying suitable areas for various uses and pinpointing regions requiring improved management practices.
    Description: Published
    Description: 119041
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Artificial intelligence ; Groundwater suitability ; Quality index ; Vulnerability map
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 102
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    Gravimetry and hydrologic data to constrain the hydrodynamics of a karstic area: The Škocjan Caves study case (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: In this paper we employ a combination of gravity and hydrologic data to constrain a hydraulic model of the Škocjan Caves, an allogenic dominated karstic system in Slovenia. The gravity time-series recorded by a spring-based gravimeter, are carefully analyzed to remove tidal and non-tidal effects and unveil the local hydrologic contribution, which is influenced by the temporary accumulation of water in the cave system during the flood events of the Reka river. We make use of a combined analysis of three large flood events with peak river discharge of about 200, 230 and 300 m3/s, that caused significant water level and gravity variations sensed by the pressure transducer and by the gravimeter. By the integration of hydraulic modelling we study the different coupled gravimetric-hydrologic responses to these flood events: we show that, depending on the peak discharge and duration of the event, different flow conditions are present in the cave system. In addition to the information provided by the pressure transducer, the gravimeter is sensitive to the flow dynamics in a different sector of the cave due to the choice of its location; this configuration helps to better constrain the hydraulic model. Moreover, we find that the autogenic recharge by percolating water can significantly affect the gravity time-series and must be considered in related models. By inclusion of both the hydraulic model outcomes and of the modelling of the autogenic recharge, we are able to better explain the gravity transients during the two smaller magnitude events. In particular, during such events the autogenic contribution produces a transient gravity signal, which is about 4 times larger than the allogenic one, while during the largest flood the allogenic contribution drastically overcomes the autogenic effect by a factor 20. By discussing this case, we prove the potential of terrestrial gravity observation to depict the hydro-dynamics of these complex karstic systems as well as the potential of gravimetry to remotely monitor these storage units.
    Description: Published
    Description: 130453
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 103
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    28th September 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi Supershear Earthquake, Indonesia: Ground effects and macroseismic intensity estimation using ESI-2007 scale (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: The 28th September 2018 Sulawesi Supershear earthquake (MW 7.5) was one of the deadliest earthquakes in the recent history of Indonesia causing ∼4000 causalities. The earthquake caused a ∼ 177 km long surface rupture along the Palu-Karo fault. Apart from surface rupture, the earthquake caused extensive earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the Palu-Donggala area of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, which includes tsunami, coastal landslide, liquefaction, ground cracks and more than 7300 landslides in hilly areas. Initial post-event analysis and reports assigned a Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) of VII to VIII in Palu City and the surrounding area. Building damage and ground effects caused by the earthquake suggested that seismic intensity was understated. Here we applied the EEEs information from field survey data, published reports, and remote sensing tools to determine macroseismic intensity using the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) Scale. The ESI-07 intensity derived from the ground effects suggests the maximum intensity of X-XI, which is 3–4° higher than the traditional intensity estimated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). ShakeMaps were generated considering the ESI-07 values. The ShakeMap was compared with the instrumentally derived ShakeMap for the Palu earthquake, which proves that the ShakeMap prepared from the instrumental data or structural damage data is underrated. We argue that proper documentation of the EEEs is necessary for such damaging earthquakes for future earthquake hazard mapping and planning in the study area and other earthquakes in Indonesia. In addition, this will help in defining the on-fault and off-fault damage zone towards reducing the seismic risk of the Palu Donggala area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107054
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Sulawesi Earthquake ; Indonesia ; EEEs ; ESI-07 ; ShakeMap ; Seismic Hazard
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 104
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    Yedoma: Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of Beringia (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Elsevier, 16 p., ISBN: 9780124095489
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-04
    Description: Yedoma is a permafrost deposit widely distributed across the Arctic and found exclusively within the unglaciated regions in northern Siberia, Alaska, and the Yukon, which are the core regions of Beringia. Yedoma deposits accumulated during the late Pleistocene Stage and are characterized by their predominantly fine-grained texture and association with syngenetic perma-frost formation. The very high ground ice content is most commonly present as pore ice and wedge ice that formed contemporaneously with sediment deposition. In the last decade, research has transitioned from debates about the origin of the Yedoma deposits towards increasing attention on the large carbon and nitrogen pools in Yedoma, their vulnerability to thaw, and increasing mobilization as the climate has warmed across the Arctic. In addition to classical cryolithological and sedimentological research, new methods such as stable isotope paleoclimate reconstruction and ancient sedimentary DNA studies have been more widely applied to better understand the characteristics of Yedoma deposits and helped emphasize their value as archives of Quaternary climate and paleoecological conditions during Ice Age Beringia.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 105
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    On the fractal pattern of the current structure at ion scales in turbulent space plasmas (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: The recent ability to investigate the features of magnetic field fluctuations at ion/sub-ion scales employing both measurements and simulations has clearly demonstrated how, at these scales, the current has a filamentary structure, i.e., it is not a compact structure. This points toward the idea that the current and the dissipation field may have a fractal structure. An intriguing question immediately arises: is there a relationship between the fractal topology of currents at ion/sub-ion scales and the observed spectral features at the same scales? The goal of this work is to investigate the fractal topology of currents at the Low-end of MHD inertial domain and at ion scales using Hall-MagnetoHydroDynamics and Hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell simulations. The results show a clear relationship between the fractal dimension of the current pattern and the spectral features at ion scales. The relevance of this link is discussed in connection with the dynamics of coherent plasma structures at these scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 114253
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 106
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    Thermal transient PDC behavior induced by topographic drops: A test case at Mt. St. Helens, USA (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Topography plays an important yet uncertain role in modulating the temporal and spatial evolution of the in- ternal structure of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Understanding such changes is critical to characterize PDC transport regimes and their hazard. Here we combine paleomagnetic data from PDC deposits of the 18 May 1980 Mt. St. Helens eruption with numerical outcomes to capture spatio-temporal temperature variations induced by topography. We show that emplacement temperatures along the northwest flank of the volcano are ≃ 100◦C colder than those recorded along the northeast flank in response to proximal topographic drops. We further report that such vertical drops lead to an initial transient regime where the PDC internal temperature, velocity, and concentration stratification is altered for periods of time that are proportional to the ratio between the drop height and the square root of the current thickness. The topographic control on PDC dynamics is attenuated moving away from the drops or when a stationary phase is attained. Collectively, our results highlight that topographic regions promoting the flow separation/reattachment process are associated with vigorous entrainment of ambient air in the lower portion of PDCs. Low temperature variability is observed in the absence of such topographic irregularities. Based on our findings, we propose a local sedimentation rate of ≃ 150 ± 100 mm s−1 for PDC deposits in a proximal reattachment region. This investigation demonstrates the importance of transient processes in PDC dynamics, introducing a new methodology to measure sedimentation rates, and highlighting that flow-topography feedbacks should be considered to assess hazards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118441
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 107
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    Automatic seismic source modeling of InSAR displacements (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In this work we describe the implementation of a processing chain for a fully automatic modeling of the seismic source parameters and its slip distribution through the inversion of the InSAR displacements generated from the EPOSAR service. This processing chain consists of a suite of procedures and algorithms handling a sequence of steps: selection of the highest quality InSAR datasets, definition of the area of interest, image sampling, nonlinear and linear inversions to get, respectively, the source geometry and its slip distribution. A set of side procedures and interfaces also allows an interactive refinement and the publication of results, consisting of scientific data and graphical outputs. The whole procedure has been developed, tested and validated by considering 100 events with magnitudes between 5.5 and 8.2, worldwide distributed and covering an exhaustive range of mechanisms and tectonic contexts. Main aim of this work is describing the implementation of the automatic modeling procedures, used to produce solutions in real time, already during the emergency phase. These sources, validated by experts before their publication, can be a reference for operational purposes and initial scientific analyses. The creation of this repository sets also the framework to store, out of the emergency time, more sophisticated solutions, manually revised and/or with peer-review quality.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103445
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 108
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    Crustal root shapes the plumbing system of a monogenetic volcanic field as revealed by magnetotelluric data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: The plumbing systems of subduction-zone volcanoes consist of magma reservoirs with different degrees of evolution at multiple depths. The geometries of plumbing system of intraplate monogenetic volcanic fields are generally characterized by basaltic magma ascending from the mantle and/or a shallower reservoir along dikes. However, the shape and vertical extent of these plumbing systems are largely unknown due to the rareness of robust geophysical data. The possible role of faults and mountain chains in controlling the geometry of magma reservoirs is also poorly understood. To address these limitations, we present a three-dimensional resistivity structure beneath the Holocene Jingpohu Monogenetic Volcanic Field (JMVF) in the Zhangguangcai Range (ZGC), northeastern China. The resistivity model was derived from the magnetotelluric data in a dense net-like array. We identified an inverted cone-shaped high-resistivity (~10,000 Ω m) anomaly below the ZGC. This anomaly traverses almost the entire crust. We interpret this high-resistivity anomaly to be the stiff basement of the ZGC. At the base of the resistive volume, we resolved a sill-like, low-resistivity anomaly that occurs at the top of the lithospheric mantle. Sheet-like low-resistivity anomalies surrounding the high-resistivity body depart from the lithospheric mantle. We interpret these sill- and sheet-like anomalies as a trans-crustal saucer-shaped magma plumbing system beneath the JMVF. This system involves multi-level magma reservoirs, including basaltic magma at its base, basaltic dikes/sills swarms in the middle and sill intrusions in the upper crust. We propose that the stiff crustal root and the topographic loading of the ZGC work together to deflect the upward magma propagation towards the edges of the ZGC. The magma ascent to the surface is probably controlled by preexisting, lithospheric faults. Our data show how mountain chains, together with the crustal structure, play a key role in controlling the geometry of multi-level plumbing systems of intraplate monogenetic volcanic fields.
    Description: Published
    Description: 118523
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 109
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    A lithostratigraphic reappraisal of a Permian-Triassic fluvial succession at Allan Hills (Antarctica) and implications for the terrestrial end-Permian extinction event (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Between Permian to Triassic, the Earth experienced climatic and biotic crises, included the greatest mass extinction at the Permian-Triassic boundary. These climatic and biological changes are reflected in both marine and terrestrial depositional systems. Over this time span, the Gondwana supercontinent hosted numerous large basins that may preserve the paleoenvironment response to global changes in the sedimentary record. This study provides a lithostratigraphic reappraisal of the latest Paleozoic-Mesozoic alluvial Beacon Supergroup at Allan Hills (Convoy Range), which is one of the most complete sedimentary sequences in Antarctica. Fieldwork stratigraphic-lithological observation, facies analysis, and petrographic characterization of sedimentary rocks allow the identification of six depositional units. The investigations point out for a conformable relationship between depositional and lithostratigraphic units, characterized by changes in the fluvial style. The reconnaissance of a “transitional interval” showing intermediate features between the Permian Weller Coal Measures and the Triassic Feather Conglomerate strengthen the conformable nature of the sequence across the Permian-Triassic boundary in this region. The lithological features of such interval strongly resemble those observed in the coeval deeply studied Eastern Australia successions crossing the Permian-Triassic boundary as well as the end-Permian extinction. More precisely, the uppermost coal occurrence, just above a glossopterid macroflora-bearing carbonaceous mudstone within the “transitional interval”, marks the disappearance of coal-peat forming Permian vegetation which corresponds with the terrestrial end-Permian extinction, thus representing one of the few end- Permian extinction records in Antarctica.
    Description: Published
    Description: 111741
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Gondwana ; Southern Victoria ; Land Stratigraphy ; Permian-Triassic boundary ; Beacon ; Supergroup ; Allan Hills
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 110
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    On floating point precision in computational fluid dynamics using OpenFOAM (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: Thanks to the computational power of modern cluster machines, numerical simulations can provide, with an unprecedented level of details, new insights into fluid mechanics. However, taking full advantage of this hardware remains challenging since data communication remains a significant bottleneck to reaching peak performances. Reducing floating point precision is a simple and effective way to reduce data movement and improve the computational speed of most applications. Nevertheless, special care needs to be taken to ensure the quality and convergence of computed solutions, especially when dealing with complex fluid simulations. In this work, we analyse the impact of reduced (single and mixed compared to double) precision on computational performance and accuracy for computational fluid dynamics. Using the open source library OpenFOAM, we consider incompressible, compressible, and multiphase fluid solvers for testing on relevant benchmarks for flows in the laminar and turbulent regime and in the presence of shock waves. Computational gain and changes in the scalability of applications in reduced precision are also discussed. In particular, an ad hoc theoretical model for the strong scaling allows us to interpret and understand the observed behaviours, as a function of floating point precision and hardware specifics. Finally, we show how reduced precision can significantly speed up a hybrid CPU–GPU implementation, made available to OpenFOAM end-users recently, that simply relies on a GPU linear algebra solver developed by hardware vendors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-16
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 111
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    Along-strike variations of strain partitioning within the Apennines determined from large-scale multi-temporal InSAR analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: In the Apennine Mountains of the Italian Peninsula, GPS data display 3–4 mm/yr of divergent motion oriented N50°E between the Adriatic and Tyrrhenian coastlines. However, the mechanisms driving this extension remain debated and along-strike variations of extension within the actively deforming belt remain poorly constrained. Here, we derived the first large-scale extensional and vertical velocity field for the Apennines by multi-temporal InSAR analysis of 7 years of Sentinel-1 data at the scale of the entire range, improving the spatial resolution and vertical accuracy of existing GPS measurements. The results reveal along-strike variations of extensional rates and gradients, with extension concentrated on single fault systems in the north, consistent with the loci of seismicity and recent moderate earthquakes, and distributed throughout the central Apennines, where the range is widening. Vertical surface displacements do not resolve any active long-wavelength uplift of the orogenic belt and, on average, show more subsidence than uplift relative to the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic coasts. This work provides the first InSAR-based geodetic map of differential extension and uplift within the Italian Peninsula. Our results are compatible with a pure shear extensional model of the crust, driven by both boundary and gravitational forces.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230076
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 112
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    Deterministic and stochastic chaos characterize laboratory earthquakes (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-02
    Description: We analyze frictional motion for a laboratory fault as it passes through the stability transition from stable sliding to unstable motion. We study frictional stick-slip events, which are the lab equivalent of earthquakes, via dynamical system tools in order to retrieve information on the underlying dynamics and to assess whether there are dynamical changes associated with the transition from stable to unstable motion. We find that the lab seismic cycles characteristics of a low-dimensional system with average dimension similar to that of natural slow earthquakes ($〈$5). We also investigate local properties of the attractor and find maximum instantaneous dimension $\gtrsim$10, indicating that some regions of the phase space require a high number of degrees of freedom (dofs). Our analysis does not preclude deterministic chaos, but the lab seismic cycle is best explained by a random attractor based on rate- and state-dependent friction whose dynamics is stochastically perturbed. We find that minimal variations of 0.05\% of the shear and normal stresses applied to the experimental fault influence the large-scale dynamics and the recurrence time of labquakes. While complicated motion including period doubling is observed near the stability transition, even in the fully unstable regime we do not observe truly periodic behavior. Friction's nonlinear nature amplifies small scale perturbations, reducing the predictability of the otherwise periodic macroscopic dynamics. As applied to tectonic faults, our results imply that even small stress field fluctuations ($\lesssim$150 kPa) can induce coefficient of variations in earthquake repeat time of a few percent. Moreover, these perturbations can drive an otherwise fast-slipping fault, close to the critical stability condition, into a mixed behavior involving slow and fast ruptures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117995
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 113
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    Determination of the oxidation state of primary melts using two proxies (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Although many studies have demonstrated that arc magmas are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge (MORB) and oceanic island basalts (OIB), the oxidation state of their mantle source is still debated. This ongoing debate is mainly due to contradictory fO2 values obtained from different proxies (e.g., Fe3+/ΣFe of olivine-hosted melt inclusions and glasses; Zn/ΣFe, V/Sc, V/Ga of lavas). On the one hand, some studies using V/Sc, V/Ga and Zn/ ΣFe of lavas tend to show that the oxidation state of the mantle beneath arcs cannot be distinguished from that of the MORB mantle. On the other, Fe3+/ΣFe of glasses and olivine-hosted melt inclusions suggest that the sub-arc mantle is more oxidized than the mantle beneath ridges. Here, we estimate the oxygen fugacity of high-Mg olivine-hosted melt inclusions from various mid-ocean ridges and arcs, from one hot spot (Reunion Island) and Mount Etna using two fO2 proxies: the Fe3+/ΣFe of melts and the partition coefficient of V between olivine and melt (Dv Ol/Melt). After assessing the role of secondary processes such as volatile degassing and fractional crystallization on the fO2 of melts and reconstructing primary melt compositions, we show that (1) fO2 values derived from Fe3+/ΣFe and Dv Ol/Melt are comparable and (2) arc and Mount Etna primary melts are more oxidized than mid-ocean ridge and Reunion Island primary melts. We then demonstrate, from Zr/Nb, that the observed variability in primary melt fO2 is not due to chemical variability of the mantle source. Finally, the correlations between incompatible trace element ratios such as Th/La, Ba/La, Ba/Th and La/Yb and the fO2 of primary melts reveal a link between the oxidized nature of arc and Mount Etna primary magmas to slab fluid and/or sediment melt influence. Our arc dataset displays a variety of subduction influences, from fluid-dominated (Aoba and Mount Meager) to sediment melt-dominated (La Sommata) influences. The origin of the oxidation of Mount Etna magmas is more complicated to identify and the nature of the oxidized metasomatic fluids that likely percolated through the mantle source before magma generation is yet to be determined. 1.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121701
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 114
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    A new perspective in radon risk assessment: Mapping the geological hazard as a first step to define the collective radon risk exposure (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Radon is a radioactive gas and a major source of ionizing radiation exposure for humans. Consequently, it can pose serious health threats when it accumulates in confined environments. In Europe, recent legislation has been adopted to address radon exposure in dwellings; this law establishes national reference levels and guidelines for defining Radon Priority Areas (RPAs). This study focuses on mapping the Geogenic Radon Potential (GRP) as a foundation for identifying RPAs and, consequently, assessing radon risk in indoor environments. Here, GRP is proposed as a hazard indicator, indicating the potential for radon to enter buildings from geological sources. Various approaches, including multivariate geospatial analysis and the application of artificial intelligence algorithms, have been utilised to generate continuous spatial maps of GRP based on point measurements. In this study, we employed a robust multivariate machine learning algorithm (Random Forest) to create the GRP map of the central sector of the Pusteria Valley, incorporating other variables from census tracts such as land use as a vulnerability factor, and population as an exposure factor to create the risk map. The Pusteria Valley in northern Italy was chosen as the pilot site due to its well-known geological, structural, and geochemical features. The results indicate that high Rn risk areas are associated with high GRP values, as well as residential areas and high population density. Starting with the GRP map (e.g., Rn hazard), a new geological-based definition of the RPAs is proposed as fundamental tool for mapping Collective Radon Risk Areas in line with the main objective of European regulations, which is to differentiate them from Individual Risk Areas.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169569
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Collective Radon Risk Areas; Geogenic Radon Potential; Machine learning; Pusteria Valley; Radon risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 115
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    Spatial migration of temporal earthquake clusters driven by the transfer of differential stress between neighbouring fault/shear-zone structures (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Uncertainty concerning the processes responsible for slip-rate fluctuations associated with temporal clustering of surface faulting earthquakes is a fundamental, unresolved issue in tectonics, because strain-rates accommodated by fault/shear-zone structures are the key to understanding the viscosity structure of the crust and seismic hazard. We constrain the timing and amplitude of slip-rate fluctuations that occurred on three active normal faults in central Italy over a time period of 20–30 kyrs, using in situ 36Cl cosmogenic dating of fault planes. We identify five periods of rapid slip on individual faults lasting a few millennia, separated time periods of up to 10 millennia with low or zero slip-rate. The rapid slip pulses migrated across the strike between the faults in two waves from SW to NE. We replicate this migration with a model where rapid slip induces changes in differential stress that drive changes in strain-rate on viscous shear zones that drive slip-rate variability on overlying brittle faults. Earthquakes increase the differential stress and strain-rate on underlying shear zones, which in turn accumulate strain, re-loading stress onto the overlying brittle fault. This positive feedback produces high strain-rate episodes containing several large magnitude surface faulting earthquakes (earthquake clusters), but also reduce the differential stress on the viscous portions of neighbouring fault/shear-zones slowing the occurrence of large-magnitude surface faulting earthquakes (earthquake anticlusters). Shear-zones on faults experiencing anticlusters continue to accumulate viscous strain at a lowered rate, and eventually this loads the overlying brittle fault to failure, initiating a period of rapid slip through the positive feedback process described above, and inducing lowered strain-rates onto neighbouring fault/shear-zones. We show that these patterns of differential stress change can replicate the measured earthquake clustering implied by the 36Cl data. The stress changes are related to the fault geometry in terms of distance and azimuth from the slipping structure, implying that (a) strain-rate and viscosity fluctuations for studies of continental rheology, and (b) slip-rates for seismic hazard purposes are to an extent predictable given knowledge of the fault system geometry.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105096
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active Faults ; Central Apennines ; Fault interaction
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Potential dust sources for loess deposits in Central Italy: A geochemical case study from the Loess-Paleosol-Sequence of Ponte Crispiero (Marche) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Identifying potential dust sources of Loess-Paleosol-Sequences (LPS) is important to understand past climatic and environmental conditions. For loess deposits of Central Italy different hypothesis on particle sources have been proposed, but none of them has been tested using a comprehensive geochemical approach yet. Here we present geochemical, mineralogical and grain-size data from selected deposits of a LPS situated at Ponte Crispiero (Marche, Central Italy) to obtain first insights on the provenance of particles deposited here. Loess deposits within the Ponte Crispiero succession are rather coarse (mostly coarse silt and fine sand) indicating a dominance of proximal dust sources. Applied geochemical indices suggest the alluvial plains of the Po River (Northern Italy) and its discharging area as major particle sources. According to these findings, the so-called “Great Po Plain” hypothesis, that claims the presence of a vast alluvial landscape related to the sea-level drop of the Adriatic Sea during the Pleniglacial (i.e. Marine Isotope Stage MIS 4–2), may be considered as a realistic scenario. Such a considerable alluvial plain would have the potential as major source for silt and sand particles not only for the Ponte Crispiero LPS, but also for the loess on the Adriatic side of Central Italy. The main geochemical characteristics of Ponte Crispiero loess are the low concentrations of Zr and Hf and the high contents of carbonate and transition elements compared to the Upper Continental Crust and other European loess sections. Overall, this study contributes towards a better understanding of the provenance and origin of Italian loess. However, for further testing the “Great Po Plain” hypothesis, more (geochemical) investigations need to be conducted, especially in the surrounding areas of the Po plain.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107064
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 117
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    Basin-scale interaction between post-LGM faulting and morpho-sedimentary processes in the S. Eufemia Gulf (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The integrated interpretation of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry, seismic profiles and backscatter data in the S. Eufemia Gulf (SEG; Calabro-Tyrrhenian continental margin, south-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea) documents the relationship between postglacial fault activity and morpho-sedimentary processes. Three systems of active normal faults that affect the seafloor or the shallow subsurface, have been identified: 1) the S. Eufemia fault system located on the continental shelf with fault planes mainly oriented N26E-N40E; 2) the offshore fault system that lies on the continental slope off Capo Suvero with fault planes mainly oriented N28E-N60E; 3) the Angitola Canyon fault system located on the seafloor adjacent to the canyon having fault planes oriented N60E- N85E. The faults produce a belt of linear escarpments with vertical displacement varying from a few decimeters to about 12 m. One of the most prominent active structures is the fault F1 with the highest fault length (about 9.5 km). Two main segments of this fault are identified: a segment characterised by seafloor deformation with metric slip affecting Holocene deposits; a segment characterised by folding of the seafloor. A combined tectono- stratigraphic model of an extensional fault propagation fold is proposed here to explain such different deformation. In addition to the seabed escarpments produced by fault deformation, in the SEG, a strong control of fault activity on recent sedimentary processes is clearly observed. For example, canyons and channels frequently change their course in response to their interaction with main tectonic structures. Moreover, the upper branch of the Angitola Canyon shows straight flanks determined by fault scarps. Tectonics also determined different sediment accumulation rates and types of sedimentation (e.g., the accumulation of hanging wall turbidite deposits and the development of contourite deposits around the Maida Ridge). Furthermore, the distribution of landslides is often connected to main fault scarps and fluids are locally confined in the hanging wall side of faults and can escape at the seabed, generating pockmarks aligned along their footwall.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108775
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High-resolution mapping ; Active faults ; Submarine landslides ; Tectonic geomorphology
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  • 118
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    Faulting, sediment loading, and flow of underlying ductile units: A case study from the Western Ionian Basin Offshore Eastern Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: Tectono-stratigraphic analysis coupled with digital 3D surface modelling derived from high-resolution seismic profiles is performed along a narrow turbidite basin offshore E-Sicily in order to increase understanding on the processes that contributed to the shaping of the Western Ionian Basin. Seismic-reflector patterns of the identified Pliocene-Quaternary sequence point to syn-depositional deformation during the Pliocene associated with the simultaneous activity of regional faults and underlying ductile units. Long-wavelength sediment fanning results from the extensional activity of the Malta Escarpment faults. Conversely, internal reflector architecture and lateral terminations indicate localized subsidence associated with the growth of uprising structures in the easternmost part of the basin. Lateral shifting of basin depocenters is in line with withdrawal effects observed in basins floored by ductile units (salt or shale). 3D modelling of time-reference surfaces highlights sub-circular depressions associated with nearby structural culminations. This pattern is similar to salt-withdrawal mini- basins commonly reported in evaporite-floored basins. Accordingly, salt migration/flow triggered by sediment loading, locally enhanced by fault activity, is proposed as the process controlling basin evolution during the Pliocene in the Western Ionian Domain. Nevertheless, the possibility of shale/mud tectonics as the ductile source of deformation cannot be discounted
    Description: Published
    Description: 104932
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Syn-depositional deformation ; Ductile flow ; Turbidite basin ; Western Ionian Basin
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  • 119
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    Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from diffuse degassing areas: Interstitial soil gases as message bearers from deep hydrothermal reservoirs (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: The chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in interstitial soil gases from hydrothermal areas is commonly shaped by both deep hydrothermal conditions (e.g., temperature, redox, sulfur fugacity) and shallow secondary processes occurring near the soil-atmosphere interface. Caldara di Manziana and Solfatara di Nepi, i.e., two hydrothermal systems characterized by diverse physicochemical conditions located in the Sabatini Volcanic District and Vicano-Cimino Volcanic District, respectively (Central Italy), were investigated to evaluate the capability of VOCs in soil gases to preserve information from the respective feeding deep fluid reservoirs. Hierarchical cluster analyses and robust principal component analyses allowed recognition of distinct groups of chemical parameters of soil gases collected from the two study areas. The compositional dissimilarities from the free-gas discharges were indeed reflected by the chemical features of soil gases collected from each site, despite the occurrence of shallow processes, e.g., air mixing and microbial degradation processes, affecting VOCs. Four distinct groups of VOCs were recognized suggesting similar sources and/or geochemical behaviors, as follows: (i) S-bearing compounds, whose abundance (in particular that of thiophenes) was strictly dependent on the sulfur fugacity in the feeding system; (ii) C4,5,7+ alkanes, n-hexane, cyclics and alkylated aromatics, related to relatively low-temperature conditions at the gas source; (iii) C2,3 alkanes, benzene, benzaldehyde and phenol, i.e., stable compounds and thermal degradation products; and (iv) aliphatic O-bearing compounds, largely influenced by shallow processes within the soil. However, they maintain a chemical speciation that preserves a signature derived from the supplying deep-fluids, with aldehydes and ketones becoming more enriched after intense interaction of the hypogenic fluids with shallow aquifers. Accordingly, the empirical results of this study suggest that the chemical composition of VOCs in soil gases from hydrothermal areas provides insights into both deep source conditions and fluid circulation dynamics, identifying VOCs as promising geochemical tracers for geothermal exploration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169047
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Central Italy; Geochemical tracers; Hydrothermal reservoirs; Soil gases; VOCs
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  • 120
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    On the length and intensity of the West African summer monsoon during the last interglacial African humid period (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 328, pp. 108542-108542, ISSN: 0277-3791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-21
    Description: The increase in summer monsoon precipitation over western Africa during the last interglacial (LIG) relative to the pre-industrial (PI) is well documented, but it is uncertain whether this increase is due to larger rainfall rate alone, an extension of the summer monsoon season or a combination of the two. Due to different orbital config- uration, the boreal summer of the LIG was warmer but shorter than the PI, potentially influencing the summer monsoon duration. In this study, we employ a newly developed isotope-enabled climate model, AWI-ESM-wiso to investigate the intensity and length of the West African Summer Monsoon (WASM) for both LIG and PI time periods. Our model results indicate that, despite an intensification in summer insolation and an enhanced hydro-logical cycle, WASM season in the LIG is 9 days shorter compared to the PI. During the LIG, increased insolation in late spring and early summer strengthens the Saharan heat low (SHL) and its associated sub-systems, facilitating a faster accumulation of potential instability and an earlier WASM onset. However, a substantial earlier withdrawal of the WASM is also detected, driven by an earlier southward shift of insolation maximum. More- over, our findings are further supported by models participating in the 4th phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 121
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    Mapping hydrothermal and supergene alteration zones associated with carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits by using PRISMA satellite imagery supported by field-based hyperspectral data, mineralogical and geochemical analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-22
    Description: Delineating hydrothermal alteration and supergene caps is fundamental for mineral exploration of sulfide ores. The aim of this study is to apply a multi-scale workflow based on hyperspectral remote and proximal sensing data in order to delineate hydrothermal dolomitization and supergene alteration associated with the Mississippi Valley-Type Zn-Pb(-Ag) deposit of Jabali (Western Yemen). The area was investigated through hyperspectral images derived from the new launched Italian Space Agency’s PRISMA satellite, which has a higher spectral resolution compared to multispectral sensors and covers the mineral-diagnostic wavelength regions (such as the 2100 nm to 2300 nm range) with a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ≥ 100. Spectral mineral maps were produced through the band ratios method using specific feature extraction indices applied to the hyperspectral satellite data. The results were validated by using Visible Near InfraRed (VNIR) to Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) reflectance spectra, mineralogical (XRPD) and geochemical (ICP-ES/MS) analyses on rock samples collected in the Jabali area. The dolomites footprint was mapped using a PRISMA Level 2C image, by enhancing the spectral differences between limestones and dolomites in the SWIR-2 region (major features centered at 2340 nm and 2320 nm, respectively). Gossans were detected due to the Fe3+ absorption band in the VNIR region at 900 nm. The Zn-Pb mineralized area, extended for approximately 25 km2, was thus identified by recognizing gossan occurrences in dolomites. The study demonstrates that the PRISMA satellite is effective in identifying Zn-Pb mineralized outcrops in sedimentary basins.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105244
    Description: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 122
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    Double dare: Climate change and volcanic activity threatens local populations of Meta menardi (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804) and M. bourneti Simon, 1922 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) are ubiquitous inhabitants of the twilight zone of most hypogean sites across Europe. The two species are broadly distributed in Italy, including Sicily, where they show a remarkable segregation along the altitudinal gradient of Mount Etna. Thanks to our recent sampling activities in this area, we create a georeferenced dataset allowing the application of Species Distribution Modelling aiming at evaluating the current and the future habitat in light of the impacts caused by climate change on the local populations. We predicted a relatively wide suitable area for M bourneti, ranging from the sea level up to 1100 m a.sl., whereas for M. menardi the suitable area encompasses a narrow mid altitude strip, extending halfway between the areas suitable for M. bourneti, and the highly unsuitable volcanic uplands, heavily disturbed by the volcanic activity. The averaged future predictions for 2070 under RCP 8.5 scenario, show that M. bourneti will expand its range upwards, in areas that are now suitable for M. menardi. In turn, predictions for M. menardi indicate an extreme reduction of the current strip of suitable habitat, likely determining its local extinction. Our findings are further corroborated by the analysis of the bioclimatic niche of the two species assessed via multidimensional Hutchinsonian hypervolume, being much smaller in M. menardi compared to of M. bourneti. In light of our results, it seems likely that having wider climatic preference, M. bourneti will substitute M. menardi in most of its current range in Sicily. Future interventions aiming at the conservation of M. menardi on Mount Etna are strongly advised.
    Description: Published
    Description: e02699
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cave-dwelling spiders ; Mount Etna ; Lava caves ; Climate change ; Niche segregation ; Species distribution modelling
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  • 123
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    Exploring the tidal responses of ocean worlds with PyALMA (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: Observations of the tidal response of celestial bodies quantified by the Love numbers are highly relevant in planetary geophysical investigations because they provide unique insight into the interior structures. For example, the high sensitivity of tidal deformations to the properties of the oceans detected beneath the icy surfaces of some moons is of paramount importance for investigations of their habitability. We present here PyALMA3, a software framework developed in Python devoted to the computation of planetary Love numbers. PyALMA3 is based on ALMA3, a previous version developed in Fortran. Conversion to Python significantly improves the accessibility and portability of the software. We tested PyALMA3 by applying it to the exploration of the tidal responses of Europa and the other Galilean moons. We show that accurate modeling of effects such as the viscoelastic deformations of ice and the water density gradient in the ocean (variations of 2–3% on the real part of k2) will be important in the context of geophysical investigations that will be conducted by future missions targeting icy moons, such as Europa Clipper and JUICE.
    Description: Published
    Description: 116120
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Galilean satellites ; Tides ; Planetary interior ; Ocean planets
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  • 124
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    Spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from a finite difference approximation of elliptic operators (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: When approximating elliptic problems by using specialized approximation techniques, we obtain large structured matrices whose analysis provides information on the stability of the method. Here we provide spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from the approximation of the Laplacian via ad hoc finite differences. The analysis involves several tools from matrix theory and in particular from the setting of Toeplitz operators and Generalized Locally Toeplitz matrix-sequences. Several numerical experiments are conducted, which confirm the correctness of the theoretical findings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 10-43
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Toeplitz matrix ; Generating function and spectral symbol ; Approximation of differential operators
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  • 125
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    Need for harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring of African Great Lakes (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multilake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101988
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Erosion
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  • 126
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    Geochemical characteristics of natural springs within the Lenglongling fault zone related to the Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022, NW China (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Geofluids from natural springs connect with the crust and/or mantle in many cases, and their geochemical anomalies could be significant for the study on faults activity and even earthquakes. Several natural springs are distributed along the Lenglongling fault zone (LLLFZ) in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where the Ms 6.9 Menyuan earthquake occurred on January 8th, 2022. Based on chemical and isotopic compositions (δD, δ18O, δ13C, and 3He/4He) of water and gas samples, the origin of geofluids and their potential correlation with fault activity even including earthquakes are preliminarily assessed in this paper. The δ13CCO2 values and 3He/4He ratios showed that the gas originating from the crust was associated with the metamorphism of carbonate rocks, whereas the δ18O and δD values of water samples indicated that the natural springs were predominantly infiltrated with precipitations from local mountains ranging 3.7 - 5.5 km in height. Obvious changes of Ca2+ and HCO3􀀀 concentrations in SZK spring waters in the surface rupture zones were observed in a short period (about three months) after the main shock, in contrast to those of the GSK springs far from the surface rupture zones. Such variations might be correlated with the stress increase prior to the 2022 Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake. The mechanical fracturing of surrounding limestone rocks during the slipping movement of LLLF could facilitate the water-rock interactions. Compared to three-month observations after the main shock, relatively higher concentrations of HCO3􀀀 and heavier δ18OH2O values of the LHG springs were also observed in the short-term period. The shallow stored formation water might be squeezed along the cracks and rose to the surface during earthquake tremors, causing a sandblasting water phenomenon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105767
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Menyuan earthquake ; Natural spring ; Fluid geochemistry ; Lenglongling fault ; Tibetan plateau
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  • 127
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    The effects of hot and pressurized fluid flow across a brittle layer on the recent seismicity and deformation in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: The influence of the hydrothermal circulation on seismicity and uplift observed at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) is a topic of great interest to the scientific community. Recently, Thermo-Poro-Elastic (TPE) inclusions were proposed as likely deformation sources. They are suitable to explain the mechanical effects induced by hot and pressurized hydrothermal fluids, possibly exsolved from underlying magma, and pervading an overlying brittle layer. Recent works show that a TPE inclusion located at approximately 2 km depth below the Campi Flegrei caldera significantly contributed to the large and rapid soil uplift observed during the ‘82-’84 unrest phase. In the present work we demonstrate that such a source of deformation is likely playing a role even in the current unrest phase, which is characterized by a much lower uplift-rate with respect to the one occurred in the previous unrest phase. We will show that the time-series of soil uplift observed in the last 18 years can be reproduced by assuming the reactivation of the same deformation source responsible of the ‘82-’84 unrest located within a shallow brittle layer at about 2 km depth. The presence of a brittle layer has been evidenced in the past by tomographic studies and is confirmed by a sharp variation of the b-value at the corresponding depth.We believe that our results provide very important insights and evidences, supporting the existence and the importance of an active thermo-poro-elastic deformation source, which can be useful for understanding the unrest of the Campi Flegrei caldera, from both a scientific and geohazard perspective.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107930
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei ; Hydrothermal fluids ; Caldera ; Uplift ; Induced seismicity ; Deformation source
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  • 128
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    No distinct local cuisines among humpback whales: A population diet comparison in the Southern Hemisphere (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 931, pp. 172939-172939, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: Southern hemisphere humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae, SHHW) breeding populations follow a high-fidelity Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) diet while feeding in distinct sectors of the Southern Ocean. Their capital breeding life history requires predictable ecosystem productivity to fuel migration and migration-related behaviours. It is therefore postulated that populations feeding in areas subject to the strongest climate change impacts are more likely to show the first signs of a departure from a high-fidelity krill diet. We tested this hypothesis by investigating blubber fatty acid profiles and skin stable isotopes obtained from five SHHW populations in 2019, and comparing them to Antarctic krill stable isotopes sampled in three SHHW feeding areas in the Southern Ocean in 2019. Fatty acid profiles and δ13C and δ15N varied significantly among all five populations, however, calculated trophic positions did not (2.7 to 3.1). Similarly, fatty acid ratios, 16:1ω7c/16:0 and 20:5ω3/22:6ω3 were above 1, showing that whales from all five populations are secondary heterotrophs following an omnivorous diet with a diatom-origin. Thus, evidence for a potential departure from a high-fidelity Antarctic krill diet was not seen in any population. δ13C of all populations were similar to δ13C of krill sampled in productive upwelling areas or the marginal sea-ice zone. Consistency in trophic position and diet origin but significant fatty acid and stable isotope differences demonstrate that the observed variability arises at lower trophic levels. Our results indicate that, at present, there is no evidence of a divergence from a high-fidelity krill diet. Nevertheless, the characteristic isotopic signal of whales feeding in productive upwelling areas, or in the marginal sea-ice zone, implies that future cryosphere reductions could impact their feeding ecology.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 129
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    Insights into the explosive eruption history of the Campanian volcanoes prior to the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: The Campanian Volcanic Zone (CVZ) comprises multiple active volcanoes and includes the highly productive Campi Flegrei and Ischia caldera systems. These caldera volcanoes have produced probably the largest eruptions in Europe in the past 200 ka, such as the Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT; Ischia) at ca. 56 ka and the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI; Campi Flegrei) at ca. 40 ka, which form widespread isochrons across the Mediterranean region. These closely-spaced volcanic centres erupt phonolitic to trachytic glass compositions that are similar, and thus it can be challenging to correlate tephra deposits to specific volcanic sources. Here we present a detailed tephrostratigraphy for pre-CI eruption activity using the units preserved within a sequence at the coastal Acquamorta outcrop, on the western side of the CI caldera rim. Both the MEGT and CI units are present in the section, and they bracket twelve eruption units that were logged and sampled. New major and trace element glass chemistry data have been acquired for these Acquamorta tephra deposits. Three eruption deposits from Ischia and nine from Campi Flegrei are identified, which helps constrain the tempo of volcanic activity of these centres between the large caldera-forming eruptions. The three Ischia tephra deposits between the MEGT and the CI are indistinguishable based on both major and trace element glass chemistry and cannot be correlated to a specific or known eruption in this interval, such as the Schiappone tephra. The compositional variations between the Campi Flegrei eruptions reveal temporal shifts in the composition of the tephra deposits that reflect changes in the magmatic system prior to the CI eruption. These deposits indicate that there were at least nine eruptions at Campi Flegrei within 16 ka of the enormous CI eruption, and suggest that there was no significant period of repose before the caldera generating eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107915
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 130
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    Impacts of volcanic hazards on rural communities and adaptative strategies: A case study of the Virunga Volcanic Province (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: Active volcanoes are a continuous threat for several regions worldwide and cause socio-economic and environmental issues, including the Virunga Volcanic Province (D.R. Congo). There, more than 2 million people are permanently exposed to the hazards of the most active volcanoes in Africa: Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira. However, there is a clear lack of information regarding the impacts of these hazards and how they may be affected by social vulnerability. In this study, a household survey based on semi-structural interviews was performed for rural communities in Virunga. This research aims to (i) investigate the impacts of volcanic hazards on rural communities facing distinct levels of social vulnerability, (ii) understand the adaptive strategies developed by these communities to address these impacts, and finally (iii) identify the main grievances with respect to volcanic hazards raised by these rural communities. The most vulnerable households are those directly affected by volcano-tectonic hazards such as lava flows, mazukus, volcanic gases, ash fallout, and seismic activity. Indirect dangers related to water and food contamination by volcanic emissions are also stronger for the most vulnerable households. Respondents reported that most edible plants and waters are strongly affected by direct volcanic emissions. Drinking waters, which come from traditional drainage, rainfall, and streams, are generally not suitable for human consumption in the study area. Community suggestions for addressing issues related to volcanic-tectonic hazards include efforts to improve water and food quality, enhancement of the sanitary system, timely information on the volcanic activity, volcano monitoring, and capacity building for volcanologists.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103566
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Volcanic hazards ; Social vulnerability ; Risks perception ; Nyiragongo ; Nyamulagira
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  • 131
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    Fault rupture and aseismic creep accompanying the December 26, 2018, Mw 4.9 Fleri earthquake (Mt. Etna, Italy): Factors affecting the surface faulting in a volcano-tectonic environment (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Description: On December 26, 2018 (2:19 UTC), during a volcanic eruption on the Mt. Etna eastern flank (Sicily, southern Italy), the largest instrumental earthquake ever recorded in the volcano ruptured the Fiandaca Fault, with epicenter between Fleri and Pennisi villages (hypocenter at ca. 300 m a. s. l., Mw 4.9). This was the mainshock of an earthquake swarm and it was accompanied by widespread surface faulting and extensive damage along a narrow belt near the fault trace. Few hours after the mainshock, an episodic aseismic creep event occurred along the Aci Platani Fault, a SE extension of the Fiandaca Fault, which caused several damages in the Aci Platani village. We surveyed and mapped the coseismic and aseismic ground ruptures, and collected structural data on their geometry, displacement, and fault zone fabric. We compared the mapped surface ruptures with topography, lithology, and morphology of the buried top of the sedimentary basement. We conclude that the geometry of the volcanic pile influenced the surface expression of faulting during the December 26, 2018 event. The top surface of the marly clay basement should be considered as a detachment surface for shallow sliding blocks. The earthquake occurred on top of a depression of the sedimentary basement forcing the sliding eastward, causing at surface the re-arrangement of the fault strand pattern and deformation style, switching from shear faulting to a tensile failure. The Fleri earthquake therefore provides an unprecedented dataset for 1) understanding active faulting in the European largest onshore volcano, 2) modeling its complex dynamics, and 3) contributing to a more refined surface faulting hazard assessment at Mt. Etna. Results from this investigation might be useful for characterizing capable faulting in similar volcano-tectonic settings worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 25-41
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 2018 Fleri earthquake ; Mt. Etna ; Surface faulting ; Geological hazards ; Aseismic creep
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 132
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    Hydrothermal alteration and physical and mechanical properties of rocks in a volcanic environment: A review (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: Volcanic rocks are the prominent host rocks in geothermal and volcanic systems in general, displaying heterogeneity. Although various external factors such as temperature, pressure, time, fluid chemistry, and subsurface geology have been thoroughly researched regarding the source of hydrothermal minerals in geothermal fields, the effect of hydrothermal alteration on volcanic hosts is still controversial in the literature. This review compiles data on the physical and mechanical properties of the host rocks composing volcanic environments exhibiting hydrothermal alteration or remaining unaltered. The considered data is originated from hydrothermal areas from Kuril-Kamchatka (Russia), Los Humeros (Mexico), Ngatamaraki, Rotokawa, Kawerau and Ohakuri geothermal fields and Mt. Ruapehu, Mt. Taranaki, and Whakaari volcanoes (New Zealand), Solfatara (Italy), Reykjanes, Nesjavellir, and Theistarereykir geothermal fields (Iceland), La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Caribbean) volcano, and Merapi volcano (Indonesia). Analysis of average values displayed in several graphical representations and correlations finds that dense rocks (such as lavas and intrusive rocks) exhibit greater competence and lower porosity than fragmental rocks. However, altered dense rocks display greater variability in mechanical properties compared to pyroclastic rocks, primarily influenced by mineral dissolution leading to rock weakening. Exceptions occur for high-temperature hydrothermal alteration, such as advanced silicification and propylitic alteration, with the latter influenced by minor types of alteration. Fragmental rocks have diverse behaviour with the extent of hydrothermal alteration and welding/compaction. According to the compiled data, an overall strengthening of pyroclastic rocks develops as hydrothermal alteration increases, regardless of the type of hydrothermal alteration. The complexity of hydrothermal systems, the variability shown by different hydrothermal settings and histories in terms of temperature, fluid chemistry and secondary mineral assemblage, and the variety of rock materials with different microstructures contribute to moderate correlations between properties compared to those established in an unaltered state. However, the same trends (linear, nonlinear, positive, negative) are preserved along hydrothermal alteration. This review emphasizes the significance of the type and degree of hydrothermal alteration, along with the rock type and pre-existence of fractures, in shaping the development of alteration in volcanic environments and modifying the properties of host rocks. The relevance of the review relies on the fact that these properties are considered to enhance the productivity of geothermal fields and improve the assessment of volcanic hazards. Future research is expected to expand on this groundwork.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104754
    Description: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrothermal alteration ; physical properties ; degree of hydrothermal alteration ; mechanical properties ; hydrothermal alteration facies ; intrusion-related geothermal systems ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 133
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    A ticket to where? Dwindling snow cover impacts the winter tourism sector as a consequence of climate change (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: Climate change affects human activities, including tourism across various sectors and time frames. The winter tourism industry, dependent on low temperatures, faces significant impacts. This paper reviews the implications of climate change on winter tourism, emphasising challenges for activities like skiing and snowboarding, which rely on consistent snowfall and low temperatures. As the climate changes, these once taken-for-granted conditions are no longer as commonplace. Through a comprehensive review supported by up-to-date satellite imagery, this paper presents evidence suggesting that the reliability of winter snow is decreasing, with findings revealing a progressive reduction in snow levels associated with temperature and precipitation changes in some regions. The analysis underscores the need for concerted efforts by stakeholders who must recognize the reality of diminishing snow availability and work towards understanding the specific changes in snow patterns. This should involve multi-risk and multi-instrument assessments, including ongoing satellite data monitoring to track snow cover changes. The practical implications for sports activities and the tourism industry reliant on snow involve addressing challenges by diversifying offerings. This includes developing alternative winter tourism activities less dependent on snow, such as winter hiking, nature walks, or cultural experiences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120554
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Climate change ; Adaptation ; Tourism losses ; Winter sport ; Multi-date satellite imagery ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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  • 134
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    Validation of the IRI-2020 topside ionosphere options through in-situ electron density observations by low-Earth-orbit satellites (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: The topside ionosphere extends from the F2-layer peak, where the electron density reaches its absolute maximum in the ionosphere, to the overlying plasmasphere and magnetosphere. In the topside ionosphere, the electron density decreases with height with a vertical variation rate strongly dependent on height itself. The last version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model, i.e., IRI-2020, describes this complex behavior through four topside options based on different sub-models (i.e., options) developed from the 1970s to the present. All these options have in common the F2-layer peak as an anchor point, while they differ in their topside electron density profile and/or plasma effective scale height formulations. In this work, we perform a validation of the accuracy of the four IRI-2020 topside options based on the comparison against in-situ electron density observations by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F15 low-Earth-orbit satellites. Datasets used in this study encompass observations recorded from 1999 to 2022, covering different diurnal, seasonal, and solar activity conditions, on a global basis and for the height range 400–850 km above the ground. The nearly two solar cycles dataset facilitated the evaluation of IRI-2020 topside options ability to reproduce the spatial and time variations of the topside ionosphere for different solar activity conditions. The weaknesses and strengths of each IRI-2020 topside option are highlighted and discussed, and suggestions on how to improve the modeling of the challenging topside ionosphere region within the IRI model are provided for future reference.
    Description: In press
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Topside ionosphere modeling ; International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model ; In-situ electron density observations ; Low-Earth-Orbit satellites ; 01.02. Ionosphere
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  • 135
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    Magma storage and degassing beneath the youngest volcanoes of the Massif Central (France): Lessons for the monitoring of a dormant volcanic province (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Developing appropriate monitoring strategies in long-quiescent volcanic provinces is challenging due to the rarity of recordable geochemical and geophysical signals and the lack of experienced eruptive phenomenology in living memory. This is the case in the Massif Central (France) where the last eruptive sequence formed the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes, about 7 ka ago. There, current evidence of a mantle activity reminiscence is suggested by the presence of mineral springwaters, mofettes, and soil degassing. It appears fundamental as a prerequisite to decipher the evolution of the gas phase in the magmatic system at the time of the eruptive activity to understand the meaning of current local gas emissions. In this study, we develop an innovative approach coupling CO2 densimetry and geochemistry of fluid inclusions from products erupted by the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes. 3D imagery by Raman spectroscopy revealed that carbonate forming in fluid inclusions may lead to underestimation of CO2 density in fluid inclusions by up to 50 % and thus to unreliable barometric estimates. Fortunately, we found that this effect may be limited by focusing on fluid inclusions with a small diameter (〈4 m) and where no solid phase is detected on Raman spectra. The time evolution of the eruptions of the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes shows a progressive decrease of the pressure of magma storage (from more than 9 kbar down to 1.5-2 kbar) in parallel to magma differentiation (from basanites at Montcineyre to benmoreites at Pavin). The analysis of the noble gases entrapped in fluid inclusions yielded two main conclusions: (1) the helium isotope signature (Rc/Ra = 6.5-6.8) is in the range of values obtained in fluid inclusions from mantle xenoliths in the Massif Central (Rc/Ra = 5.6±1.1, on average) suggesting partial melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle, and (2) magma degassing (4He/40Ar* from 4.0 to 16.2) mirrors magma differentiation and the progressive rise of the magma ponding zones of the Pavin’s Group of Volcanoes. According to our modelling, about 80 % of the initial gas phase would be already exsolved from these magmas, even if stored at mantle depth. Based on the results obtained from fluid inclusions, we propose a model of the evolution of the signature of noble gases and carbon isotopes from mantle depth to crustal levels. In this frame, gas emissions currently emitted in the area (Rc/Ra = 6.1-6.7 and 4He/40Ar* = 1.7) point to an origin in the lithospheric mantle. This study strongly encourages the establishment of a regular sampling of local gas emissions to detect potential geochemical variations that may reflect a change from current steady-state conditions
    Description: Published
    Description: 121603
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fluid inclusions ; Barometry ; Noble gases ; Magma degassing ; Monitoring ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
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    Towards a monitoring system of the sea state based on microseism and machine learning (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In this work, we exploited the ubiquitous seismic noise generated by energy transfer from the sea to the solid Earth (called microseism) to infer the significant wave height data, with the aim of developing a microseismbased monitoring system of the Sicily Channel. We used a combined approach based on statistical analysis and machine learning by using seismic and sea state data (provided by the hindcast maps), recorded between 2018 and 2021.Through spectral and amplitude analysis, we observed that microseism was influenced by the conditions of the seas surrounding Sicily. Correlation analysis demonstrates that microseism mostly originates from sources located up to 400 km from the coastlines. Moreover, employing machine learning algorithms, we successfully reconstruct spatial and temporal sea wave distributions using microseism data. Among the tested methods, the Random Forest algorithm yields the best results, with an R2 value of 0.89 and a mean prediction error of about 0.21 m.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105781
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 137
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    Interannual modulation of the East and South Asian summer precipitation δ18O by the Indian and western North Pacific summer monsoon strength (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 227, pp. 104187-104187, ISSN: 0921-8181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: The understanding of the relationship between the variation of precipitation stable oxygen isotope ratio (δ18Op) and monsoon activity in the Asian monsoon region is crucial for an in-depth comprehension of the regional hydrological cycle processes and for reconstructing the history of Asian paleomonsoon changes. Based on the 1979–2017 summer δ18Op output by two isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation models nudged to climate reanalysis data, this study explores the associations of the Indian summer monsoon (IM) and western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPM) intensities with the interannual variations of the regional δ18Op and their possible physical mechanisms. Statistical analyses demonstrate that the East Asian δ18Op is negatively correlated with the IM intensity while the Indian δ18Op is positively correlated with the WNPM intensity. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms linking the monsoon and δ18Op vary in different regions. In strong IM years, with the intensified convection and increased precipitation near the Indian peninsula, the water vapor isotope ratio (δ18Ov) transported to East Asia has lower values, resulting in the depletion of δ18Op there. The opposite is true for weak IM years. In years of strong WNPM, the intensified convection over the tropical western Pacific and the suppressed convection over the western Indian Ocean may be linked to a Walker-type circulation anomaly, accompanied by the enlarging of the vertical wind shear between the western Pacific and the western Indian Ocean. Accordingly, the decreasing of convection and precipitation over the Arabian Sea results in higher δ18Ov values in the upstream area of India, which ultimately increases δ18Op values in the Indian peninsula through the monsoonal moisture transport; and vice versa.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 138
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    Towards the outwelling hypothesis in a Patagonian estuary: First support from lipid markers and bacterial communities (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 854, pp. 158670-158670, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: Biogeochemical markers in combination with bacterial community composition were studied at two contrasting stations at the Río Negro (RN) estuary to assess the outwelling hypothesis in the Argentinian Patagonia. Inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic matter were exported clearly during the last hours of the ebb at the station Wetland. Moreover, a considerable outwelling of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particulates and microalgae was inferred by this combined approach. The exported 22:6(n-3) and 20:5(n-3) contributed very likely to sustain higher trophic levels in the coasts of the Southwest Atlantic. The stable isotopes did not evidence clearly the outwelling; nevertheless, the combination of δ13C with fatty acid bacterial markers indicated organic matter degradation in the sediments. The dominance of Desulfobacterales and Desulfuromonadales suggested sulphate reduction in the sediments, a key mechanism for nutrient outwelling in salt marshes. Marivivens and other Rhodobacterales (Alphaproteobacteria) in the suspended particulate matter were clear indicators of the nutrient outwelling. The colonization of particles according to the island biogeography theory was a good hypothesis to explain the lower bacterial biodiversity at the wetland. The copiotrophic conditions of the RN estuary and particularly at the wetland were deduced also by the dynamic of some Actinobacteria, Bacteroidia and Gammaproteobacteria. This high-resolution snapshot combining isotopic, lipid and bacterial markers offers key pioneer insights into biogeochemical and ecological processes of the RN estuary.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 139
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    Climate change impacts on streamflow, sediment load and carbon fluxes in the Lena River delta (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ecological Indicators, Elsevier, 157, pp. 111252-111252, ISSN: 1470-160X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: Water and sediment supply are essential to the health of deltaic ecosystems. Diverse datasets were integrated to better understand how climate change is shifting the supply of water and sediment to the largest polar distributary channel pattern – the Lena River Delta. Here the increase in warming rate from an average air temperature is from 4.1 °C for the period 1950–99 to 6.1 °C during 2000–21, which is higher than in the adjacent polar regions. Streamflow and sediment yield entering the Lena Delta have increased since 1988 by 56.3 km3 and 6.1×106 t, respectively; meanwhile, the Lena River’s increases in water temperature in June, July–August and September were found to be as much as 1.1, 0.6 and 0.05 °C. These changes have a pronounced effect on sediment regimes in particular parts of the delta. Based on analyses of correlations between various hydroclimatic drivers and sediment concentration changes across particular distributaries of the Lena Delta extracted from Landsat datasets, bank degradation driven by thermal erosional processes (which are in turn related to air and soil temperature increases) is proved to be the primary factor of the sediment regime in the delta. The study also highlights that sediment load changes are sensitive to wind speed due to remobilization of bottom sediment. Sums of daily air temperature and wind speed over 3 days are correlated with sediment concentration changes in the delta. The results also indicate that carbon transport across the delta (both POC and DOC) depends on sediment transport conditions and water discharge and might increase by up to 10 %. We conclude that the Lena Delta can be recognized as the global hot spot in terms of the hydrological consequences of climate change, which is altering sediment regimes, stream hydromorphology and carbon transport.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 140
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    Adaptive dynamical networks (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Physics Reports, Elsevier, 1031, pp. 1-59, ISSN: 0370-1573
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: It is a fundamental challenge to understand how the function of a network is related to its structural organization. Adaptive dynamical networks represent a broad class of systems that can change their connectivity over time depending on their dynamical state. The most important feature of such systems is that their function depends on their structure and vice versa. While the properties of static networks have been extensively investigated in the past, the study of adaptive networks is much more challenging. Moreover, adaptive dynamical networks are of tremendous importance for various application fields, in particular, for the models for neuronal synaptic plasticity, adaptive networks in chemical, epidemic, biological, transport, and social systems, to name a few. In this review, we provide a detailed description of adaptive dynamical networks, show their applications in various areas of research, highlight their dynamical features and describe the arising dynamical phenomena, and give an overview of the available mathematical methods developed for understanding adaptive dynamical networks.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 141
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    FPSPACK: a package of FORTRAN subroutines to manage earthquake focal mechanism data (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Description: Article + Kit and fortran 77 routines
    Description: Earthquakes fault plane solutions (FPSs) are routinely computed on the basis of various techniques and are reported in the literature with a wide range of formats and conventions. Although the equations relating the various parameters are well known and relatively simple, their practical application often arise to numerical singularities and indeterminations that sometimes are not well known by the authors and thus may result in wrongor inaccurate reportingof parameters. Such inaccuracies and mistakes affect about 40% of the published data we have examined to test our programs. Moreover the current use, in the seismological community, of at least two different coordinate systems to represent the Cartesian components of vectorial and tensorial quantities is a further cause of confusion. In order to simplify the management of such data, we have prepared a structured package of FORTRAN 77 subroutines performingalmost all of the possible computations and conversions amongdifferent parameters and coordinate systems. The package has been extensively tested with the data of a revised database of FPS of Italy and surrounding regions (presented in a companion paper) as well as of CMT solutions included in the Harvard catalog.
    Description: Published
    Description: 893–901
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Focal Mechanisms ; FORTRAN 77 Routines ; Centroid moment tensor ; Nodal planes ; Deformation axes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 142
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    Impacts of stronger winds and less sea ice on Canadian Beaufort Sea shelf ecosystems since the late 1990s (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, Elsevier, 294, pp. 108520-108520, ISSN: 0272-7714
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: Continuous and multi-decadal records of faunal abundance and diversity helping to identify the impacts of ongoing global warming on aquatic ecosystems are rare in the coastal Arctic. Here, we used a 50-year-long microfaunal record from a sediment core collected in the Herschel Basin (YC18-HB-GC01; 18 m water depth) to document some aspects of the environmental responses of the southern Canadian coastal Beaufort Sea to climate change. The microfaunal indicators include benthic foraminiferal assemblages, ostracods and tintinnids. The carbonate shells of two foraminiferal species were also analyzed for their stable isotope signatures (δ13C and δ18O). We compiled environmental parameters from 1970 to 2019 for the coastal region, including sea ice data (break-up date, freeze-up date, open season length and mean summer concentration), the wind regime (mean speed, direction of strong winds and the number of storms), hydrological data (freshet date, freshet discharge and mean summer discharge of the Firth and the Mackenzie rivers), and air temperature. Large-scale atmospheric patterns were also taken into consideration. Time-constrained hierarchal clustering analysis of foraminiferal assemblages and environmental parameters revealed a near-synchronous shift around the late 1990s. The microfaunal shift corresponds to an increased abundance of taxa tolerant to variable salinity, turbulent bottom water conditions, and turbid waters towards the present. The same time interval is marked by stronger easterly winds, more frequent storms, reduced sea-ice cover, and a pervasive anticyclonic circulation in the Arctic Ocean (positive Arctic Ocean Oscillation; AOO+). Deeper vertical mixing in the water column in response to intensified winds was fostered by increased open surface waters in summer leading to turbulence, increased particle loading and less saline bottom waters at the study site. Stronger easterly winds probably also resulted in enhanced resuspension events and coastal erosion in addition to a westward spreading of the Mackenzie River plume, altogether contributing to high particulate-matter transport. Increase food availability since ∼2000 was probably linked to enhanced degradation of terrestrial organic carbon, which also implies higher oxygen consumption. The sensitivity of microfaunal communities to environmental variations allowed capturing consequences of climate change on a marine Arctic shelf ecosystem over the last 50 years.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 143
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    Boron and lithium behaviour in river waters under semiarid climatic conditions (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-25
    Description: Boron (B) and Lithium (Li) concentrations were studied in the Platani river, one of the most important catchments of South-Central Sicily which is under semiarid climatic conditions for roughly eight months to a year. In this area, evaporites result in potential B and Li sources for surface waters. Results from river waters have measured ionic strength values between 0.1 and 4.54 M. B and Li distributions in these waters were studied in colloidal (CF, extracted by ultrafiltration from the 0.45 μm filtrate) and total dissolved (TDF) fractions and in fractions extracted from corresponding riverbed sediments, according to changes of the B/Li ratio. In river waters, CF and TDF showed very similar B/Li values, suggesting that only negligible fractionation occurs between Li and B in the aqueous phase. Similar evidence was observed between B/Li values in TDF and the labile sediment fraction, whereas an inverse relationship arose between B/Li values in TDF and in the easily reducible sediment fraction. This relationship indicates that Mn oxy-hydroxides preferentially react with aqueous B species relative to Li at the riverbed sediment interface. The extent of the B-Mn oxy-hydroxide reactions is influenced by the ionic strength, so that only B/Li values below 4 are measured in river waters with ionic strength values above 0.5 M. Comparing B/Li and ionic strength values measured in the Platani river with those from oxic brines worldwide, the same preferential B removal relative to Li is observed. This evidence suggests that B is removed as positively-charged borate ion-pairs, formed in the aqueous phase under higher ionic strength conditions, reacting with negatively charged surfaces of Mn oxy-hydroxides. The observed B reactivity relative to Li could be exploited to bring down the B excess from natural or waste waters, allowing the natural reactions with Mn oxy-hydroxides to take place under natural conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 135509
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: B/Li ratio; Ionic strength; Mine drainage; Mn-oxyhydroxides; Salt minerals
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    Magnetic and chemical biomonitoring of particulate matter at cultural heritage sites: The Peggy Guggenheim Collection case study (Venice, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Cultural heritage (CH) is heavily threatened by air pollution, especially by airborne particulate matter (PM), that acts on the surfaces of fine arts, causing artistic loss. Therefore, the monitoring of air quality assumes a central role for the preventive conservation of CH. In this study, magnetic and chemical biomonitoring of PM was applied at the Peggy Guggenheim Collection, a contemporary and modern art museum in Venice, Italy. It is located in an aquatic context, where the PM sources are considerably different, with respect to the usual vehicular-dominated urban emissions. Lichen biomonitoring is a well-established technique for the assessment of air quality, especially where PM collecting devices cannot be operated for aesthetic and practical reasons. Samples of the lichen species Evernia prunastri were collected from a pristine area and exposed for three months (November 2022–February 2023) at increasing distances from the Grand Canal, planning an outdoor vs. indoor sampling design, for outlining the diffusion of airborne PM inside the museum. In combination with lichen exposure, the leaves of Pittosporum tobira hedges were sampled for determining their efficiency as bioaccumulators. The magnetic properties of lichens showed a moderate bioaccumulation of magnetite-like particles outdoors. Conversely, the magnetic properties of the indoor samples were like those of the unexposed ones, indicating a negligible accumulation of metallic particles indoors. Pittosporum tobira leaves mostly showed diamagnetic properties, resulting an ineffective species for preventing conservation purposes. Chemical analysis did not show any significant difference between unexposed, indoor and outdoor samples. A directional gradient of bioaccumulation was not evident, thus implying that the sources of metallic PM are distant or diffused, with respect to the site. The joint use of magnetic and chemical analyses was useful for evaluating the negligible impact of airborne particulate pollution arising from the Grand Canal towards the Halls of the Collection.
    Description: This research was funded by INGV Project “Pianeta Dinamico” (Ministry of University and Research), research line 2023-2025 “CHIOMA”, Cultural Heritage Investigations and Observations: a Multidisciplinary Approach. The Lakeshore 8604 VSM was funded by the Ministry of University and Research, project PON GRINT, code PIR01_00013.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100455
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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    Orbital phasing of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: Paleocene-Eocene sedimentary archives record a series of global warming events called hyperthermals. These events occurred across a long-term increasing temperature trend and were associated with light carbon injections that produced carbon isotope excursions (CIEs). Early Eocene hyperthermals occurred close to both long (∼405 kyr) and short (∼100 kyr) eccentricity maxima. It has been proposed that under long-term global warming, orbital forcing of climate crossed a thermodynamic threshold that destabilized carbon reservoirs and produced Early Eocene hyperthermals. However, orbital control on triggering of the largest hyperthermal, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), remains unclear. Identification of the precise orbital phasing of the PETM has been hindered by extensive calcium carbonate (CaCO3) dissolution, which introduces uncertainty into PETM age models. Here, we report orbital signatures in marine sediments from Contessa Road (Italy), a western Tethyan section with reduced PETM CaCO3dissolution compared to other deep ocean sites. Orbitally controlled lysocline depth adjustments and orbital phasing of the PETM CIE onset close to both long and short eccentricity maxima are documented here. Precession-based age models from the well-resolved PETM section of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1262 (South Atlantic) confirm these results and reveal that the PETM CIE onset was partially triggered by an orbitally controlled mechanism. Climate processes associated with orbital forcing of both long and short eccentricity maxima played an important role in triggering the carbon cycle perturbations of all Paleocene-Eocene CIE events.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117839
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 146
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    Slip localization on multiple fault splays accommodating distributed deformation across normal fault complexities (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Deformation across structural complexities such as along-strike fault bends may be accommodated by distributed faulting, with multiple fault splays working to transfer the deformation between two principal fault segments. In these contexts, an unsolved question is whether fault activity is equally distributed through time, with multiple fault splays recording the same earthquakes, or it is instead localized in time and space across the distributed faults, with earthquakes being clustered on specific fault splays. To answer this question, we studied the distributed deformation across a structural complexity of the Mt. Marine fault (Central Apennines, Italy), where multiple fault splays accommodate the deformation throughout the change in strike of the fault. Our multidisciplinary (remote sensing analysis, geomorphological-geological mapping, geophysical and paleoseismological surveys) study identified five principal synthetic and antithetic fault splays arranged over an across-strike distance of 500 m, all of which showing evidence of multiple surface-rupturing events during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. The fault splays exhibit different and variable activity rates, suggesting that fault activity is localized on specific fault splays through space and time. Nonetheless, our results suggest that multiple fault splays can rupture simultaneously during large earthquakes. Our findings have strong implications on fault-based seismic hazard assessments, as they imply that data collected on one splay may not be representative of the behaviour of the entire fault. This can potentially bias seismic hazard calculations.
    Description: This work was realized under the agreement between the University of Chieti-Pescara (Dep. INGEO) and the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology (INGV): “Ridefinizione delle Zone di Attenzione delle Faglie Attive e Capaci emerse dagli studi di microzonazione sismica effettuati nel territorio dei Centri abitati di Barete e Pizzoli in provincia de L'Aquila, interessati dagli eventi sismici verificatisi a far data dal 24 agosto 2016”, funded by the Commissioner structure for post-earthquake reconstruction of the Italian Government.
    Description: Published
    Description: 230075
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Structural geology ; Seismic Hazard ; Active faults ; Paleoseismology ; Distributed faulting ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 147
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    Electron density fluctuations from Swarm as a proxy for ground-based scintillation data: A statistical perspective (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-28
    Description: The Swarm satellite mission has been used for numerous studies of the ionosphere. Here we use a global product, based on electron density measurements from Swarm that characterises ionospheric variability. The IPIR (Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities product) provides characteristics of plasma irregularities in terms of their amplitudes, gradients and spatial scales and assigns them to geomagnetic regions. Ionospheric irregularities and fluctuations are often the cause of errors in position, navigation, and timing (PNT) based on the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), in which signals pass through the ionosphere. The IPIR dataset also provides an indication, in the form of a numerical value index (IPIR index), of the severity of irregularities affecting the integrity of trans-ionospheric radio signals and hence, the accuracy of GNSS positioning. We analysed datasets from Swarm A and ground-based scintillation receivers. Time intervals (when Swarm A passes over the field of view of the ground-based GPS receiver) are compared to ground-based scintillation data, collecting an azimuthal selection of the GNSS data relevant to the Swarm satellite overpass. We provide validations of the IPIR product against the ground-based measurements from 23 ground-based receivers, focusing on GPS TEC and scintillation data in low-latitude, auroral and polar regions, and in different longitudinal sectors. We have determined the median, mean, maximum and standard deviation of the parameter values for both datasets and each conjunction point. We found a weak correlation of the intensity of both phase and amplitude scintillation with the IPIR index.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5399-5415
    Description: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 148
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    The petrogenesis of chemically zoned, phonolitic, Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions of Somma-Vesuvius, Italy: Role of accessory phase removal, independently filled magma reservoirs with time, and transition from slightly to highly silica undersaturated magmatic series in an ultrapotassic stratovolcano (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-04
    Description: A mineralogical, major, LA-ICP-MS trace element mineral chemistry and bulk-rock geochemical study of juvenile samples of the Mercato, Avellino, Pompeii and Pollena eruptions, collected in stratigraphically and volcano logically well-characterized sections of the Somma-Vesuvius stratovolcano (Roman Magmatic Province), along with reference data on the 1944 CE and the Pomici di Base eruptions, highlights the compositional variability of bulk-rock and glass from leucite phonotephrite to garnet-bearing phonolite. The latter products have extreme fractionation of trace elements (e.g., La/Ybn = 126, Zr/Y = 89, Zr/Hf =78, Nb/Ta = 40; Th/U = 2.3), very low Sc, V, Y, HREE and very high As, Tl, Cs, Pb, Th and U. The Pomici di Base products, older than the eruptions described above, range from leucite-bearing shoshonites to trachytes, are devoid of garnet and belong to an independent liquid-line-of-descent, having also different fractionation between trace elements (e.g., La/Ybn =15; Zr/Y = 12.4, Zr/Hf = 50, Nb/Ta = 15.6; Th/U = 3 in the Pomici di Base trachytes). A marked chemical variability of the observed phases is found. The geochemistry of garnet, amphibole, clinopyroxene and other phases shows wide variations of concentrations and elemental ratios (e.g., La/Ybn up to 520 in the sadanagaite coexisting with garnet). The magmatic evolution is dominated by low-pressure, oxidized, nearly closed-system fractional crystallization of clinopyroxene, plagioclase, leucite, ±magnetite, ±biotite, ±olivine and apatite in the transition tephrite-phonotephrite, and of potassic sanidine (±hyalophane), Fe-clinopyroxene, melanite garnet ±Fe-amphibole in the transition tephriphonolite-phonolite. Mineralogic and geochemical evidence and model ling points out the existence of independent, zoned magma batches throughout the activity of the stratovolcano, which possibly started to crystallize at similar depths. The Somma-Vesuvius magmas thus evolved in shallow independent reservoirs with respect to those of the neighbouring volcanic complexes (Campi Flegrei, Ischia) as shown, for instance, by the contrasting compositional trends of clinopyroxene and amphibole, and have very limited evidence of crustal contamination (and/or carbonate assimilation).
    Description: Published
    Description: 106854
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Somma-Vesuvius ; Phonolites ; Trachytes ; Phase geochemistry ; LA-ICP-MS analyses
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 149
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    Setting the basis for a high-resolution record of the late Quaternary to present climate variability from Castiglione maar, central Italy: First results from AMUSED project (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: The AMUSED (A MUltidisciplinary Study of past global climatE changes from continental and marine archives in the MeDiterranean region) project aims at improving knowledge of late Quaternary climate variability and its expressions in different geological settings of the Mediterranean region. In this framework, the Castiglione maar, in the Colli Albani Volcanic District, central Italy, was selected for acquiring a high-resolution and geochronologically well-constrained multi-proxy record by drilling the entire lacustrine succession. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles were acquired across the central portion and the SW crater edge to depict the geometry of the sedimentary infilling and select the best drilling site. Two parallel cores (C1 and C2), 116 m- and 126.5 m-depth respectively, were recovered from the central sector of the Castiglione basin, where, according to ERT profiles, the sedimentary succession reaches the maximum thickness. The sedimentary infilling consists of fine-grained sediments: mainly fine sand, silt and clay, with minor gravel intervals and numerous tephra layers and volcaniclastic lenses. Specifically, more than 60 tephras were identified and used, alongside other lithostratigraphic features, to correlate the C1 and C2 cores and to assemble a composite section. The variability in magnetic susceptibility, led by glacial-interglacial cycles, and the geochemical fingerprinting of key tephra layers allowed to establish a preliminary chronological framework for the Castiglione succession which certainly spans the last 365 ka, with a mean sedimentation rate of 0.33 mm/yr. The relatively long time span of the Castiglione maar succession arises as a new potentially meaningful node of the network of Mediterranean records for better reconstructing the late Quaternary climate dynamics on a regional and extra-regional scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-14
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 150
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    Unveiling a hidden fortification system at “Faraglioni” Middle Bronze Age Village of Ustica Island (Palermo, Italy) through ERT and GPR prospections (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: We carried out a geophysical research project in the Middle Bronze Age village of Ustica (Palermo, Sicily, Italy), named “Faraglioni Village” after the stack formations which detach from the coast north of the archaeological site. The investigation, which comprised Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) techniques, allowed us to discover the buried foundations of an outwork fortification system never evi denced by previous archaeological studies, only hypothesised from the observation of aerial photography and partially outcropping boulders, which align roughly parallel to the main defensive wall of the Village. Our geophysical prospection involved the entire 250 m-long arc of the outward village defensive wall, with the acquisition of eleven ERT profiles and 27 GPR scans. The techniques were selected based on both favourable logistics and methods applicability: ERT sections allowed us to trace a series of high-resistivity anomalies ar ranged to form an arc-shaped structure along the perimeter of the defensive wall. GPR investigation was localised in the most accommodating patch of terrain of the site, with the effort of intercepting clear enough sections of the target, to determine more accurately its shape, depth, and overall dimensions. Our discovery paves the way for new investigations, mainly aimed at defining the timing of construction of the fortification system, as well as the function of the remains of other architectural structures identified close to the wall, which could represent the target of further geophysical investigations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105272
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Georadar ; Electrical resistivity tomography ; Middle Bronze Age ; Villaggio Dei Faraglioni ; Fortification system ; Ustica Island
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 151
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    High-resolution climate variability across the Piacenzian/Gelasian boundary in the Monte San Nicola section (Sicily, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-22
    Description: The Piacenzian – Gelasian transition is a time of profound changes in the Earth's climatic regime, epitomized by the definitive establishment of large ice caps in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of the “ice ages” at ca. 2.6 Ma. This event is sharply documented in δ18O records globally by a prominent triplet of severe glacial events (MIS 100, 98 and 96) that approximate the base of the Gelasian Stage. We have reconstructed a multi-species planktic and benthic foraminiferal δ18O and δ13C record from the Monte San Nicola section (Sicily) across the Piacenzian/Gelasian boundary, with the purpose of better constraining in time the main marker criteria for recognition of the Gelasian GSSP (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) and investigating in detail the paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic response of the central Mediterranean to the definitive onset of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation. Our results confirm the reliability and usability of the criteria originally proposed for defining the Gelasian GSSP, and significantly improve their chronology and chronostratigraphic positioning. Beyond an obvious alternation of obliquity-driven glacial-interglacial cycles, our isotopic record unraveled a pervasive climate variability in the suborbital time domain, the origin of which is still ambiguous. Altogether data presented in this paper provide the first high resolution isotopic records shedding new light both on the stratigraphic and paleoclimatic evolution of the Central Mediterranean area at the beginning of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108469
    Description: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Description: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 152
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    Decarbonation and clast dissolution timescales for short-term magma‑carbonate interactions in the volcanic feeding system and their influence on eruptive dynamics: Insights from experiments at atmospheric pressure (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-27
    Description: While long-term interactions of magma with carbonate wall-rock (a.k.a. carbonate assimilation) are well-studied, only recently some experimental studies focused on short-term interactions (seconds to minutes) at magma chamber conditions (0.5 GPa and 1200 ◦C). They have shown that carbonate assimilation can effectively release CO2 and dissolve the ingested clast in syn-eruptive timescales. Carbonate wall-rock xenoliths in eruptive products can hence be seen as proof of even shallower ingestion (i.e., within the feeding dyke). To study these shallower interactions, we performed 66 experiments at atmospheric pressure (i.e., at the second endmember of the vol- canic feeding system) and at 950–1230 ◦C with varying melt compositions and limestone compositions. Decarbonation was found to be mainly dependent on temperature and limestone composition while clast dissolution is largely dependent on magma composition, temperature, pressure and interaction time. In natural systems during magma ascent and with increasing quantities of assimilated wall-rock, the magma temperature would steadily decrease, limiting its own decarbonation and assimilation ability. But even in the 950 ◦C-ex- periments decarbonation (i.e., CO2 release) remained a syn-eruptive process. We subsequently discussed the limits of carbonate assimilation as well as the potential effect of syn-eruptive addition of CO2 to the magmatic mixture on magma ascent and eruption dynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121724
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Carbonate assimilation ; Volcanic eruption ; 04.04. Geology
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  • 153
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    The EU Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE): Implementation, results, and roadmap for the second phase (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-27
    Description: The EU Center of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth (ChEESE) develops exascale transition capabilities in the domain of Solid Earth, an area of geophysics rich in computational challenges embracing different approaches to exascale (capability, capacity, and urgent computing). The first implementation phase of the project (ChEESE-1P; 2018–2022) addressed scientific and technical computational challenges in seismology, tsunami science, volcanology, and magnetohydrodynamics, in order to understand the phenomena, anticipate the impact of natural disasters, and contribute to risk management. The project initiated the optimisation of 10 community flagship codes for the upcoming exascale systems and implemented 12 Pilot Demonstrators that combine the flagship codes with dedicated workflows in order to address the underlying capability and capacity computational challenges. Pilot Demonstrators reaching more mature Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs) were further enabled in operational service environments on critical aspects of geohazards such as long-term and short-term probabilistic hazard assessment, urgent computing, and early warning and probabilistic forecasting. Partnership and service co-design with members of the project Industry and User Board (IUB) leveraged the uptake of results across multiple research institutions, academia, industry, and public governance bodies (e.g. civil protection agencies). This article summarises the implementation strategy and the results from ChEESE-1P, outlining also the underpinning concepts and the roadmap for the on-going second project implementation phase (ChEESE-2P; 2023–2026).
    Description: EU
    Description: Published
    Description: 47-61
    Description: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: HPC ; Physical models ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 154
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    Horizon scanning the application of probiotics for wildlife (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Trends in Microbiology, Elsevier, pp. S0966-842X(23)00259-7-, ISSN: 0966-842X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-02
    Description: The provision of probiotics benefits the health of a wide range of organisms, from humans to animals and plants. Probiotics can enhance stress resilience of endangered organisms, many of which are critically threatened by anthropogenic impacts. The use of so-called ‘probiotics for wildlife’ is a nascent application, and the field needs to reflect on standards for its development, testing, validation, risk assessment, and deployment. Here, we identify the main challenges of this emerging intervention and provide a roadmap to validate the effectiveness of wildlife probiotics. We cover the essential use of inert negative controls in trials and the investigation of the probiotic mechanisms of action. We also suggest alternative microbial therapies that could be tested in parallel with the probiotic application. Our recommendations align approaches used for humans, aquaculture, and plants to the emerging concept and use of probiotics for wildlife.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 155
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    Comment on ‘Unveiling ductile deformation during fast exhumation of a granitic pluton in a transfer zone’ by Richard Spiess, Antonio Langone, Alfredo Caggianelli, Finlay M. Stuart, Martina Zucchi, Caterina Bianco, Andrea Brogi, & Domenico Liotta (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  Spiess, R., Langone, A., Caggianelli, A., Stuart, F.M., Zucchi, M., Bianco, C., et al., 2021. Unveiling ductile deformation during fast exhumation of a granitic pluton in a transfer zone. J. Struct. Geol. 147, 104326.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: In their paper, Spiess et al. (2021) published structural, geochronological, and EBSD data on one of the monzogranite apophyses (Capo Bianco) of the buried Porto Azzurro Pluton (island of Elba, Northern Apennines, Italy), a pluton emplaced in the upper crust (P 〈 0.2 GPa; e.g. Papeschi et al., 2019). The authors published a new U/Pb age of 6.4 ± 0.4 Ma, associated with the thermal peak, and a U-Th/He apatite age of 5.0 ± 0.6 Ma, indicating cooling below 60 ◦C. Spiess et al. (2021) use these ages to model the exhumation of the pluton controlled, in their model, by the Zuccale Fault, a subhorizontal fault with 6 km of eastward displacement (ZF; Keller & Coward, 1996). Their structural dataset from the macro to the microscale and EBSD analyses relies on a small section (about 100 m wide) in the NE part of the Calamita Peninsula. Based on their documentation of (1) vertical dykes in the monzogranite, (2) vertical to low-angle top-to-the-E extensional faults, and (3) later NWstriking oblique faults, they interpret the Porto Azzurro Pluton as emplaced in an extensional to transcurrent tectonic setting, extrapolating their findings to the entire Eastern Elba.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104499
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Upper crustal deformation ; Magmatic intrusion ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 156
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    From the Middle Triassic Cima Pape complex (Dolomites; Southern Alps) to the feeding systems beneath active volcanoes: Clues from clinopyroxene textural and compositional zoning (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Crystal zoning plays a fundamental role in modern volcanology as a key to unravel the geometry and the dynamics of plumbing systems. In this study, a detailed textural and compositional study of clinopyroxene crystals entrained in intrusive, hypabyssal and effusive products from Cima Pape (Dolomites) is coupled with thermobarometric-hygrometricmodels to reconstruct the geometry and evolution of the feeding systembeneath Middle Triassic volcanic edifices. Whole-rock major, trace element distribution and Sr-Nd isotopic signature (87Sr/86Sri = 0.7045–0.7050; 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51223–0.51228) show that the rocks from Cima Pape are SiO2- saturated and have shoshonitic affinity, and likely belong to the acme of the Mid-Triassic magmatismthat shaped the Southern Alps between 239 and 237.6Ma. Highly porphyritic trachybasaltic to basaltic trachyandesitic volcanic rocks contain a large number of concentric-zoned clinopyroxene crystals. Here, high-Mg# and -Cr2O3, REEdepleted bands (Mg# 80–91; Cr2O3 up to 1.2 wt%) with variable thickness grew between relatively low-Mg# and -Cr2O3 (Mg# 70–77; Cr2O3 〈 0.1 wt%) augitic cores and rims. In contrast, the gabbroic to monzodioritic 50- to 300-m-thick sill cropping out belowthe volcanic sequences, though to represent a relic of the shallowest portion of the plumbing system, is mostly made up of unzoned clinopyroxene crystals. Thermobarometric and hygrometric models allowed us to define that a small “mush-type” batchwas located beneath the Cima Pape volcano at depths between 7 and 14 km. Here, augitic clinopyroxene formed in equilibrium with a slightly evolved (basaltic trachyandesitic), H2O-rich melt (Mg# = 43–45; T = 1035–1075 °C; H2O = 2.6–3.8 wt%). Periodic replenishments of the magma batch by primitive (Mg# = 65–70), hotter and relatively H2O-poor (T = 1130–1150 °C; H2O = 2.1–2.8 wt%) basaltic magmas led to the formation of diopsidic bands mantling the already formed augitic cores. Later on, re-equilibration of clinopyroxene with the mixed melt resulted in the formation of low-Mg#, LILE- and LREE-enriched rims. The most Mg-poor micro-phenocrystic clinopyroxene in the volcanic rocks and in the sill records the ultimate and shallowest conditions of crystallization, occurring at T of 975–1010 °C and P comprised between 50 and 150 MPa. Based on the presence of similar zoning in clinopyroxene phenocrysts, a comparison between the Mid-Triassic Cima Pape and active volcanoes was put forward to highlight the potential of studying ancient, entirely exposed volcanic systems for interpreting the feeding systemprocesses acting beneath active volcanoes. At a regional scale, this approach represents a new, powerful tool for investigating the evolution of the Mid-Triassic magmatism in the Southern Alps and shedding light on the interactions between mantle-derived melts and differentiated batches ponding in the crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107459
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 157
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    Conjectures on spectral properties of ALIF algorithm (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: A new decomposition method for nonstationary signals, named Adaptive Local Iterative Filtering (ALIF), has been recently proposed in the literature. Given its similarity with the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and its more rigorous mathematical structure, which makes feasible to study its convergence compared to EMD, ALIF has really good potentiality to become a reference method in the analysis of signals containing strong nonstationary components, like chirps, multipaths and whistles, in many applications, like Physics, Engineering, Medicine and Finance, to name a few. In [11], the authors analyzed the spectral properties of the matrices produced by the ALIF method, in order to study its stability. Various results are achieved in that work through the use of Generalized Locally Toeplitz (GLT) sequences theory, a powerful tool originally designed to extract information on the asymptotic behavior of the spectra for PDE discretization matrices. In this manuscript we focus on answering some of the open questions contained in [11], and in doing so, we also develop new theory and results for the GLT sequences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 127-152
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Mathematics - Numerical Analysis; Mathematics - Numerical Analysis; Computer Science - Numerical Analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 158
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    Deep learning models to predict flood events in fast-flowing watersheds (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: This study aims to explore the reliability of flood warning forecasts based on deep learning models, in particular Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) architecture. We also wish to verify the applicability of flood event predictions for a river with flood events lasting only a few hours, with the aid of hydrometric control stations. This methodology allows for the creation of a system able to identify flood events with acceptable errors within several hours' notice. In terms of errors, the results obtained in this study can be compared to those obtained by using physics-based models for the same study area. These kinds of models use few types of data, unlike physical models that require the estimation of several parameters. However, the deep learning models are data-driven and for this reason they can influence the results obtained. Therefore, we tested the stability of the models by simulating the missing or wrong input data of the model, and this allowed us to achieve excellent results. Indeed, the models were stable even if several data were missing. This method makes it possible to lay the foundations for the future application of these techniques when there is an absence of geological-hydrogeological information preventing physical modeling of the run-off process or in cases of relatively small basins, where the complex system and the unsatisfactory modeling of the phenomenon do not allow a correct application of physical-based models. The forecast of flood events is fundamental for correct and adequate territory management, in particular when significant climatic changes occur. The study area is that of the Arno River (in Tuscany, Italy), which crosses some of the most important cities of central Italy, in terms of population, cultural heritage, and socio-economic activities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 151885
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Arno River; Deep learning; Fast catchment basin; Flood forecasting; Hydraulic models; LSTM
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 159
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    Seasonal rainfall trends of a key Mediterranean area in relation to large-scale atmospheric circulation: How does current global change affect the rainfall regime? (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Current global warming causes a change in atmospheric dynamics, with consequent variations in the rainfall regimes. Understanding the relationship between global climate patterns, global warming, and rainfall regimes is crucial for the creation of future scenarios and for the relative modification of water management. The aim of this study is to improve knowledge of the relationship between North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic (EA), and Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO) with the seasonal rainfalls in Tuscany, Italy. The study area occupies a strategic position since it lies in a transition zone between the wet area of northern Europe and the dry area of the northern coast of Africa. This research, based on a statistical correlation method and on linear models, is designed to understand the relationship between seasonal rainfalls and climate patterns. The results of this study demonstrate that the use of linear models can yield more information than traditional statistical corre- lations. The results show a decrease in rainfall in the warm period of the year, namely in the summer, when its expression is most visible. This phenomenon is ascribable to current global warming, which causes an increase in sea-surface temperatures. An increase in the Northern Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature and in the Mediterra- nean Sea Surface Temperature causes a reduction of the Iceland Low, with an extension of the Azores High. Moreover, an increase in the Genoa Gulf SST
    Description: Published
    Description: 128233
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 160
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    Maximizing the detection of thermal imprints in civil engineering composites via numerical and thermographic results pre-processed by a groundbreaking mathematical approach (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: New composite materials are always subjected to non-destructive evaluation (NDE) prior to being placed on the market. This is to fully understand the reactions (i.e., development of defects) at the interface between two subsequent layers. Active infrared thermography (aIRT) can help in this regard, especially if anticipated by a simulation of the heat transfer from the exterior (lamp) to the interior (multilayer). Comsol Multiphysics® was used in this work as a tool by developing an innovative approach, which is designed – on the one hand – to minimize the computational cost and – on the other hand – to optimize the radiation to be delivered. The innovation produced by our work also concerns the pre-processing step of the thermal images; in fact, the 2D Fast Iterative Filtering (FIF2) is here introduced, discussing its benefits in comparison to previously developed techniques. Pre-processed data were further analyzed during the post-processing step demonstrating the reliability of FIF2 in enhancing thermal imprints, which leads to an improved detection of subsurface features. In particular, enhanced thermal imprints highlight the shape of the grid of glass fibres present beneath an external coating of hemp fibres (and, in general, added to the whole specimen along the x-y vectors). This grid of glass fibres was recently introduced as an insulation material for buildings. A brief review of the use of the pre-processing step in aIRT allows the reader to better understand the decisive step forward provided by FIF2 combined with a clever numerical simulation in the applied thermal engineering field. Qualitative and quantitative IRT results are shown and discussed thoroughly. Finally, a validation among numerical and experimental (thermographic) data is provided thanks to the Parker (laser flash) method.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107553
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 161
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    Tailoring 2D Fast Iterative Filtering algorithm for low-contrast optical fringe pattern preprocessing (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Retrieving object phase from the optical fringe pattern is a critical task in quantitative phase imaging and often requires appropriate image preprocessing (background and noise minimization), especially when retrieving phase from the single-shot fringe pattern image. In this article, for the first time, we propose to adapt the 2D Fast Iterative Filtering (FIF) method for fringe pattern decomposition and develop a novel version of FIF called the 2D fringe pattern Fast Iterative Filtering (fpFIF2), that is tailored for fringe pattern preprocessing. We show the positive influence of fpFIF2 onto fringe pattern filtering comparing to the previous 2D FIF implementation regarding processing speed, quality, and usage comfortability. We also compare the fpFIF2 with other state-of-the-art fringe pattern filtering methods in terms of aiding the Hilbert spiral transform method in phase retrieval. Employing numerical simulations and experimental fringe analysis, we prove that fpFIF2 outperforms reference methods, especially in terms of low-fringe-contrast phase reconstruction quality and decomposition time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107069
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Optics; Physics - Optics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 162
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    Post-caldera volcanism reveals shallow priming of an intra-ocean arc andesitic caldera: Hunga volcano, Tonga, SW Pacific (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Intra-oceanic arcs are typically associated with intermediate (andesitic) cone volcanoes. However, caldera volcanoes may also form in these settings from very large eruptions, resulting in sudden changes to the magma reservoir. These reservoirs can then produce either semi-continuous or intermittent low-intensity volcanism between major caldera-producing or caldera-deepening eruptions, providing insights into the post-caldera evolution of the system. Hunga volcano (Kingdom of Tonga, Southwest Pacific) is a large mainly submarine edifice that produced a series of caldera-forming eruptions ~900 years ago. Since then, numerous smaller-scale subaerial and submarine eruptions occurred, the most recent forming new islands in 2009 and 2014/15. Pyroclastic deposits associated with these latest eruptions have identical (range ~ 0.1 wt% of all major oxides) andesitic composition that overlap with the primitive end of the slightly wider compositional range of the caldera-forming episodes. Texturally simple plagioclase, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene phenocrysts in pre-, syn- and post-caldera pyroclasts point to a single shallow storage reservoir at 5–8 km depth. Lack of complex zonation indicates that this reservoir is constantly resupplied by low-flux inputs of basaltic andesite magma and is large enough that convective mixing rapidly homogenises new inputs. The reservoir feeds intermittent, low-intensity, post-caldera volcanism with constant andesite composition, driven possibly by magmatic overpressure and “leakage” of gas-rich magma pockets around the edges of the caldera. More primitive and compositionally variable basaltic andesites formed a lava-dominated edifice prior to the caldera-forming event. This suggests a causal link between magma supply dynamics and caldera priming relating to the maturing of the plumbing system and formation of a sustained subvolcanic andesite magma reservoir.
    Description: This research was funded by the Faculty Research Development Fund, The University of Auckland to MB and SJC. We are grateful for financial and logistic support from ICON Films, Bristol, UK. We are especially grateful for the help and company of Lucy Meadows and Alex Holden, ICON Films, UK, during the field studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106614
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Andesite caldera, mafic ignimbrite ; Lava Explosive volcanism ; Hunga Tonga Arc volcanism ; South Pacific volcanism ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 163
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    Fingerprinting secondary mantle plumes (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Many vertical seismic velocity anomalies observed below different parts of the Eurasian plate are rooted in the transition zone between the upper and lower mantle (410–660 km), forming so-called secondary plumes. These anomalies are interpreted as the result of thermal effects of large-scale thermal upwelling (primary plume) in the lower mantle or deep dehydration of fluid-rich subducting oceanic plates. We present the results of thermo-mechanical numerical modelling to investigate the dynamics of such small-scale thermal and chemical (hydrous) anomalies rising from the lower part of the Earth’s upper mantle. Our objective is to determine the conditions that allow thermo-chemical secondary plumes of moderate size (initial radius of 50 km) to penetrate the continental lithosphere, as often detected in seismo-tomographic studies. To this end, we examine the effect of the following parameters: (1) the compositional deficit of the plume density due to the presence of water and hydrous silicate melts, (2) the width of the weak zone in the overlying lithosphere formed because of plume-induced magmatic weakening and/or previous tectonic events, and (3) a tectonic regime varied from neutral to extensional. In our models, secondary plumes of purely thermal origin do not penetrate the overlying plate, but flatten at its base, forming “mushroom”-shaped structures at the level of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. On the contrary, plumes with enhanced density contrast due to a chemical (hydrous) component are shown to be able to pass upwards through the lithospheric mantle to shallow depths near the Moho when (1) the compositional density contrast is ≥ 100 kg m−3 and (2) the width of the lithospheric weakness zone above the plume is ≥ 100 km. An extensional tectonic regime facilitates plume penetration into the lithosphere but is not mandatory. Our findings can explain observations that have long remained enigmatic, such as the “arrow”-shaped zone of low seismic velocities below the Tengchong volcano in south-western China and the columnar (“finger”-shaped) anomaly within the lithospheric mantle discovered more than two decades ago beneath the Eifel volcanic fields in north-western Germany. It appears that a chemical component is a characteristic feature not only of conventional hydrous plumes located over presently downgoing oceanic slabs, but also of upper mantle plumes in other tectonic settings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117819
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: plume-lithosphere interaction ; secondary plumes ; hydrous plumes ; lithosphere rheology ; mantle transition zone ; numerical modelling
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 164
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    Microbial vs abiotic origin of methane in continental serpentinized ultramafic rocks: A critical review and the need of a holistic approach (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Continental ultramafic rock systems, through the process of serpentinization, provide chemical and biochemical pathways that lead to the production of methane. The extent to which rock-water-gas reactions and organisms supply methane in these systems is a matter of considerable discussion and debate. Deciphering the interplay of abiotic and microbial methane observed at the surface requires several lines of reasoning as well as a variety of analyses. Despite using multiple models and interpretative tools, conclusions for the origin of methane at a particular site may vary or diverge from regional or global observations. Here, we critically address how possible conclusions of microbial versus abiotic methane in continental serpentinization systems may be interpreted and reinterpreted. We review fundamental concepts, advantages and limits, for three major methane origin models: (a) abiotic CO2 hydrogenation supplying gas reservoirs, (b) derivation from fluid inclusions in olivine-rich rocks, and (c) microbialgenesis in aquifers. We use the case of methane in the Samail ophiolite of Oman as an emblematic example of multiple interpretations; we identify ambiguous information offered by methane clumped isotopes and molecular gas compositions (e.g., the meaning of gaseous hydrocarbons heavier than methane), and suggest key tools, such as radiocarbon (14C) in methane, which may solve interpretative issues. The major constraint in any model of methane origin is the capability to sustain continuous gas flows, in terms of methane emission intensity, longevity and spatial extension, such as in natural gas sedimentary systems. Overall, this review suggests that any site interpretation can benefit from a holistic approach, integrating geochemical, geological and biological data with gas flow dynamics, as well as including regional and global contextualization.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105373
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 165
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    Trace element partitioning in zoned clinopyroxene as a proxy for undercooling: Experimental constraints from trachybasaltic magmas (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Sector-zoned clinopyroxene records kinetic effects imposed by variable degrees of magma undercooling, ΔT, and can be utilised to track the dynamics of magmatic systems. The partitioning of trace elements into sectors grown in different crystallographic orientations can be used as a proxy for ΔT. However, an experimental assessment of the relationship between trace element zoning and ΔT has been lacking to date. Here we present trace element data from a series of undercooling crystallisation experiments on a primitive trachybasalt from Mt. Etna (Italy), at conditions of crustal storage (400 MPa, NNO + 2), and ΔT ranging from 23 to 173 °C. Changes in ΔT were modulated by varying both resting and liquidus temperatures, the latter via the melt-H2O content of the experiments. The resting temperature was retained for 24 h to ensure the attainment of near-equilibrium conditions. High-resolution elemental mapping reveals the distribution of trace elements in individual clinopyroxene zones. Increasing ΔT drives a shift from polyhedral morphologies with Al-rich prism and Al-poor hourglass sectors (ΔT = 23–25 °C), to skeletal (ΔT = 75–123 °C) and dendritic (ΔT = 132–173 °C) crystals with Al-rich skeletons and Al-poor overgrowths. Aluminium-rich zones have higher concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) than Al-poor zones across all investigated ΔT conditions, and overall, Al, REE and HFSE contents increase with ΔT. This indicates that tetrahedral aluminium (TAl) and associated charge-balancing mechanisms govern the incorporation of REE and HFSE within clinopyroxene. Lattice strain parameters for REE in the M2 site indicate the incorporation of light relative to heavy REE in clinopyroxene is controlled by competing effects between the strain-free partition coefficient, D0, and the optimum cation radius, r0. Critically, the middle and heavy REE switch from incompatible to compatible with increasing ΔT. Used to model fractional crystallisation, our data demonstrate that fractionation of clinopyroxene at low ΔT controls pre-eruptive melt evolution. Importantly, this indicates crystallisation of clinopyroxene in the deep portions of Mt. Etna’s plumbing system is not rapid and is unlikely to result in the early formation of dendrites. We develop a parameterisation of ΔT based on REE partitioning between experimental clinopyroxene and coexisting melt, which can be applied to sector-zoned augite crystallising from mafic alkaline magmas, to reconstruct dynamic processes and thermal pathways during magma transport and storage. Applied to sector-zoned clinopyroxene microphenocrysts and groundmass microcrysts from the 1974 eccentric eruption at Mt. Etna, our parameterisation tracks an increase in ΔT with magma ascent and eruption, following recharge of Cr-rich mafic magma at depth. Sector-zoned clinopyroxene can track ΔT variations leading to volcanism at Mt. Etna and could be applied to quantify magma dynamics in other active volcanoes.
    Description: This work was supported by a Foundation Research Excellence Award from The University of Queensland (UQ-FREA RM2019001828, T.U.), the Advance Queensland Women’s Research Assistance Program from the Queensland Government (WRAP109-2019RD1 RM2020002371, T.U.) and the HP-HT laboratory of Experimental Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, Rome). A.M. was supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP). S.M, M.M. and A.P. were supported by the MIUR project “Time scales of solidification in magmas: Applications to Volcanic Eruptions, Silicate Melts, Glasses, Glass- Ceramics” (PRIN 2017J277S9).
    Description: Published
    Description: 249-268
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Clinopyroxene ; Sector Zoning ; Trace element partitioning ; Undercooling ; Dendritic crystals ; Rare earth elements ; LA ICP-MS Mapping ; Mt. Etna ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 166
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    Deep structure of the crust in the area of the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence from receiver function analysis (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We compute a high-resolution topographic model of the Moho beneath the fault system activated during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence, using Receiver Function (RF) analyses. We document that Ps conversions recorded in RF data-set varies abruptly at very short distance across the crustal lineament called Ancona-Anzio Line (AAL). Moho depth varies from about 25-30 km in the Tyrrhenian domain on the West to 35- 40 km in the Adriatic domain in the East. Where the two domains are juxtaposed along the AAL, Moho depth values cluster around 50 km depth, in a stripe-like area 20 km wide. Such unique feature marks the deformation zone in the lithosphere and testifies the abrupt change in delamination style in the two sectors of the Apennines. Intermittent large normal faulting earthquakes driven by across-belt extension break through such inherited strong structural changes, conditioned by localized barriers to fluids migration and overpressuring.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229237
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 167
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    Geochemistry of trace metals and Rare Earth Elements in shallow marine water affected by hydrothermal fluids at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: Trace metals and Rare Earth Element (REE) are amply discharged by submarine hydrothermal vents, sometimes leading to the formation of ore deposits of economic interest. We report on first data on the geochemical processes involving REE and trace metals, at the solid-liquid interface, in the hydrothermal area of Levante Bay at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy). Samples were collected from several submarine springs and seeps, a mud pool and one thermal well, and analyzed for Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, U and REE, besides major ions. Within the bay, hydrothermal fluids contaminate seawater and promote the leaching of metals from sediments through the dissolution of CO2 and H2S, while the particulate matter removes several elements from the water. The leaching of the bottom sediments and the contribution of steam-heated water produce an enrichment of some metals and REE in the Levante Bay with respect to the concentrations expected in the ambient seawater. An enrichment up to one order of magnitude is measured for Fe, Al, Ba, Cs and Rb, and up to two orders of magnitude for Mn in the submarine samples. Other transition metals (Ti, V, Co, Cr), U, As and Sr have concentrations similar or slightly lower than the ambient seawater. REE are in concentrations higher than in ambient seawater up to two orders of magnitude. Despite being significantly higher than uncontaminated seawater, the concentrations of some metals (namely Fe, Al, Ti, Cr, V, Co, U) and REE in most samples are lower than expected by the mixing between seawater and the steam-heated water, discharging from submarine springs. Indeed, equilibrium and reaction path modeling indicate the likely precipitation of Fe-oxyhydroxides, able to remove minor elements, such as Ti, Cr, Co, V and As, and REE. The last ones are significantly removed by newly-forming solid phases, due to the presence of a large amount of Fe released by the acidic fluids through the leaching of sediments. The low pH limits the formation of solution complexes of REE with carbonate ions (the main complexing agent for REE in seawater), whereas the sorption onto particles is still effective, even at close distance from the submarine springs and seeps. This study brings new insights on the geochemical processes occurring in submarine hydrothermal systems, in particular, those in subduction-related context.
    Description: Fondo Sociale Europeo (PO FSE 2014-2020)
    Description: Published
    Description: 120756
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: REE ; Trace metals ; Hydrothermal system ; Seawater ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 03.04. Chemical and biological ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 168
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    Hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of the Region Carbonífera aquifer: An example of hydrogeological systems in the semi-arid climates of northeastern Mexico (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: Hydrogeological resources in the semiarid regions of Mexico support the economy and essential domestic activities of around 17 million people. However, adverse climatic conditions and overexploitation of aquifers affect the quantity and quality of the resource, added to problems of anthropogenic pollution and the salinity of water bodies. The Region Carbonífera aquifer represents the primary hydrogeological system in the most important coal-mining region in Mexico, located in the state of Coahuila. In this work, we present a complete dataset of 157 samples from surface and groundwaters sites have been used to characterizethe physicochemical and isotopic processes responsible for the composition of circulating waters, clarifying their origin, and to evaluate the water quality in terms of human consumption and irrigation use. The aquifer is mostly represented by Ca2+-Mg2+-SO42- and Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl- type waters, that supports salinization problems in 76% of the samples as well as sulfate excess. The origin of this chemical behavior seems to be the result of three main processes: 1) dissolution of soluble salts (gypsum, anhydrite and halite), 2) high surface evaporation under semiarid climate conditions, and 3) ionic and reverse ionic exchange. Processes 1 and 2 are also supported by the enrichment trends in the δ18O and δD signatures. For human consumption, 21% of the samples show high concentrations above the maximum permissible limits of the Official Mexican Standard (NOM-127-SSA1-1994) in total dissolved solids, Cl−, Na+, and SO42−. Additionally, 80% of the waters have some irrigation limitations due to excess sodicity or salinity. The worst quality waters for human or irrigation uses are located south of the aquifer in the municipalities of Juárez and Progreso. This study exhibits the complex hydric situation of the aquifer, raising awareness of the need to seek alternative sources, rational exploitation of resources, the use of crops that better adapt to these semiarid conditions, and intensifying hydrochemical monitoring in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105307
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 169
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    Fifteen years of Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) scale: Dataset compilation and insights from empirical regressions (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: The Environmental Seismic Intensity scale (ESI-07), published 15 years ago under the umbrella of INQUA (In- ternational Union for Quaternary Research), is solely based on earthquake effects on the natural environment. ESI-07 provides complementary information with respect to other macroseismic scales, in particular those stemming from the original Mercalli scale, which are mainly based on effects on manmade structures. We collect information on 157 earthquakes, occurred between 300 AD and 2020, that have been studied using the ESI-07 scale. The ESI-07 epicentral intensity can be assigned based on linear or areal features (e.g., length of surface rupture, area affected by environmental effects); this value is generally in good agreement, or slightly larger, than estimates provided using other macroseismic scales. Higher discrepancies are found for earthquakes with ESI-07 epicentral intensity above X, where other scales tend to saturate, as expected based on the original definition of the Mercalli-family intensity scales. We develop scaling relations among ESI-07 epicentral intensity and moment magnitude, surface rupture length and affected area. After critically evaluating the scientific literature, we argue that the ESI-07 reached its original goals and proved to be particularly useful for the documentation of earthquake damage i) in remote regions, ii) in the case of strong events, where other scales saturate, and iii) in the region closer to the epicenter. Finally, we identify gaps where to focus future efforts, such as the integration of remote sensed datasets in ESI-07 assignment and the refinement of empirical regressions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107-119
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 170
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    Impact on air quality of carbon and sulfur volatile compounds emitted from hydrothermal discharges: The case study of Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, South Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: Volcanoes are currently to be regarded as natural sources of air pollutants. Climatic and environmental forcing of large volcanic eruptions are well known, although gases emitted through passive degassing during periods of quiescence or hydrothermal activity can also be highly dangerous for the environment and public health. Based on compositional and isotopic data, a survey on the spatial distribution in air of the main volatile compounds of carbon (CO2 and CH4) and sulfur (H2S and SO2) emitted from the fumarolic field of Pisciarelli (Campi Flegrei, Pozzuoli, Naples), a hydrothermal area where degassing activity has visibly increased since 2009, was carried out. The main goals of this study were (i) to evaluate the impact on air quality of these natural manifestations and (ii) inquire into the behavior of the selected chemical species once released in air, and their possible use as tracers to distinguish natural and anthropogenic sources. Keeling plot analysis of CO2 and CH4 isotopes revealed that the hydrothermal area acts as a net source of CO2 in air, whilst CH4 originated mainly from anthropogenic sources. Approaching the urban area, anthropogenic sources of CO2 increased and, at distances greater than 800 m from the Pisciarelli field, they prevailed over the hydrothermal signal. While hydrothermal CO2 simply mixed with that in the atmospheric background, H2S was possibly affected by oxidation processes. Therefore, SO2 measured in the air near the hydrothermal emissions had a secondary origin, i.e. generated by oxidation of hydrothermal H2S. Anthropogenic SO2 was recognized only in the furthest measurement site from Pisciarelli. Finally, in the proximity of a geothermal well, whose drilling was in progress during our field campaign, the H2S concentrations have reached values up to 3 orders of magnitude higher than the urban background, claiming the attention of the local authorities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Air quality; Carbon and sulfur volatile compounds; Carbon isotopes; Hydrothermal systems; Natural sources of pollutants. ; 04.08. Volcanology ; 01.01. Atmosphere
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  • 171
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    Optimization of local scale seismic networks applied to geothermal fields. The case of the Acoculco caldera, Mexico (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: The exploitation of a geothermal field can be accompanied by both natural and induced seismicity. Hence the installation of a seismic network suitable for locating also low magnitude earthquakes is of great interest for geothermal development, especially for monitoring the activity related to the injection or production. Here we propose an improvement of the D-OPTIMAL algorithm (Tramelli et al., 2013) that tries and find optimal station positions minimizing the volume of the error ellipsoid of the event location using the D-criterion. In this version, we introduced the possibility to account for several prior information that is generally available when instrumenting a monitoring site permanently or temporarily. The a priori parameters introduced are: i) three-dimensional seismic velocity models, ii) seismic noise levels, iii) topographic gradient, and iv) H/V ratio values. The last three parameters are introduced in the station position 24 selection using aweighting system. We applied the methodology to the Acoculco geothermal field (Mexico) where an injection test was planned and executed in 2021. The comparison between the network defined usingthe standard approach and this updated version shows the importance of introducing a prioriinformation during the selection of the network. Installation sites resulted better distributed on the region, resulting in an overall increase of the sensitivity, and in a decreasing of the error location estimation in the target region. The methodology presented here is easy to apply to other study cases such as active volcanoes, anthropogenic activities, or whatever other study at local scale.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103995
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Network optimization ; Geothermal areas ; 04. Solid Earth
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 172
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    Village relocation as solution of the landslide risk, is it always the right choice? The case study of Cavallerizzo ghost village (Calabria, southern Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: This study analyses the geological reasons that supported the relocation of the Cavallerizzo village (Calabria, southern Italy) to a new area after the landslide event in 2005 to examine whether the institutional ordinance of displacing the entire village was the right choice. This study is based on new geological and geomorphological field investigations, on a new reading of the existing borehole data and new data collected by multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry. The results obtained reveal that only the areas bordering the Cavallerizzo village are affected by active landslides, whereas, in the historical centre, geomorphological evidence for an active landslide capable of involving the entire settlement is not found. Nowadays, 17 years after the 2005 landslide event, more than 85% of the Cavallerizzo village is completely intact, lacking evidence of instability or important damage to ancient buildings. Furthermore, in the historical urban area, very low ground displacements by InSAR investigation are observed, highlighting that the instability conditions of Cavallerizzo are less severe than those recognised in nearby villages. This evidence along with the strong negative economic and socio-cultural impacts that the village settlement had on the community involved led to the reconsideration of the adequacy of the relocation ordinance issued by the National Civil Protection. These findings can contribute to useful advice and best practices to state-run organisations and stakeholders for disaster management planning in urban sites, such as Cavallerizzo, subject to hydrogeological hazards.
    Description: This work was supported by the MIUR. Italy-ex 60% Project (Responsibility of Fabio Ietto). Copernicus Sentinel-1 IW SAR data were provided via and processed in ESA’s Geohazards Exploitation Platform (GEP), in the framework of the GEP Early Adopters Programme 2015–2020 and the Geohazards Lab initiative, the latter developed under the CEOS Working Group on Disasters. Data processing was carried out with the Snapping (Surface motioN mAPPING) service developed and integrated by Aristotle University of Thessaloniky in the GEP.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103267
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Geognostic survey ; Landslides ; MT-InSAR ; Village resettlement ; Calabria
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 173
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    Cyclochronology of the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-17
    Description: Spectral analyses of high-resolution records from the upper Eocene-lower Oligocene from the Massignano section, GSSP for the Eocene/Oligocene (E/O) boundary, and the nearby Massicore reveal orbitally controlled fluctuations in the percent concentration of calcium carbonate (wt% CaCO3) and magnetic susceptibility. Extraction of orbital components provides a consistent cyclochronology for the two sites that straddles the E/O boundary. Detection of longer-term modulation in the short eccentricity enabled tuning to the astronomical solution and development of a robust astrochronology for the E/O boundary transition in the GSSP section. Correlation with astrochronologically dated records allowed us to identify the local sedimentary response to the global paleoclimatic and palaeoceanographic events that characterize the greenhouse-icehouse transition during the late Eocene-early Oligocene.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110958
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 174
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    Optical and microphysical characterization of atmospheric aerosol in the Central Mediterranean during simultaneous volcanic ash and desert dust transport events (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
    Description: Volcanic plume aerosol following the paroxysmal event of Mount Etna (Italy) in February 21st - 26th, 2021 was detected in Naples area (Italy), together with transport of Saharan dust aerosol, combining lidar, sunphotometer and satellite observations with back-trajectories and dispersion models simulations. Lidar data allowed to clearly distinguish the two main aerosol components, to investigate the spectral dependence of the aerosol optical properties and to retrieve their microphysical properties, essential for a detailed aerosol characterization. A new Monte Carlo algorithm, capable of retrieving the particle size distribution from lidar measurements, was applied. Lidar results are in good agreement with columnar integrated sunphotometer data. This combination of novel lidar observations of the vertically-resolved aerosol microphysics, column observations and modelling allows for a more complete description of multi-layered aerosol conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106099
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 175
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    3D thermal model of Sicily (Southern Italy) and perspectives for new exploration campaigns for geothermal resources (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-22
    Description: Quantification of the subsurface geothermal potential primarily relies on the assessment of the thermal and mechanical configuration of the lithosphere. Such investigations require a detailed knowledge of the geological and tectonic forcing on the regional thermal, stress and hydraulic regimes and their counter feedback mechanisms. This approach becomes even more relevant in complex and active tectonic settings. In this regard, the Sicily region, which is located in the Central-Western Mediterranean, is an exceptional case study due to its almost unexplored geothermal potential hosted in a complex geodynamic setting. The present-day geological configuration resulted from the collision between the African and European plates, which led to the coexistence of compressional phases, beginning with the Oligocene-Miocene clockwise rotation of Corsica-Sardinia and alternated extensional phases in the Tyrrhenian basin due to the southward progression of the Sicilian- Maghrebian chain towards areas of the internal foreland (Hyblean domain). In this study, we attempt a reconstruction of the present-day lithospheric state of Sicily to quantify its thermal regime at shallow and intermediate depths. We have carried out a 3D lithospheric-scale gravity modelling in order to define the main geological units and their lithology-dependent rock properties, then integrated into a 3D geological model consistent with available borehole and seismic datasets. We have used the constructed geological model with its lithologydependent density, thermal conductivity, and radiogenic heat production to derive the present-day conductive thermal field as a whole and for individual tectonic or geological units, thereby considering different boundary conditions. We have finally validated results of the modelling against a shallow temperature dataset derived from hydrocarbon explorations. Our results indicate that the thermal field at depths shallower than 10 km is largely controlled by variability in sedimentary thickness in the foreland and the orogen, while deeper temperatures are primarily controlled by the distribution of the heat transferred from the mantle together with the radiogenic contribution of the shallow crystalline basement rocks and deeper crustal layers. The thermal modelling portrays a rather heterogenous Moho heat flow, locally higher than 80 mW/m2, revealing a particular geodynamic setting with specific areas characterized by high-to-medium enthalpy geothermal potential. As such, our modelling provides new perspectives for the exploration of geothermal resources in Sicily and helps to better constrain the thermal structure of the complex Sicilian collisional setting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103976
    Description: 1TR. Georisorse
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 176
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    Deep learning for laboratory earthquake prediction and autoregressive forecasting of fault zone stress (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: Published in https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X22004617
    Description: Earthquake forecasting and prediction have long and in some cases sordid histories but recent work has rekindled interest based on advances in early warning, hazard assessment for induced seismicity and successful prediction of laboratory earthquakes. In the lab, frictional stick-slip events provide an analog for earthquakes and the seismic cycle. Labquakes are ideal targets for machine learning (ML) because they can be produced in long sequences under controlled conditions. Recent works show that ML can predict several aspects of labquakes using fault zone acoustic emissions. Here, we generalize these results and explore deep learning (DL) methods for labquake prediction and autoregressive (AR) forecasting. DL improves existing ML methods of labquake prediction. AR methods allow forecasting at future horizons via iterative predictions. We demonstrate that DL models based on Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolution Neural Networks predict labquakes under several conditions, and that fault zone stress can be predicted with fidelity, confirming that acoustic energy is a fingerprint of fault zone stress. We predict also time to start of failure (TTsF) and time to the end of Failure (TTeF) for labquakes. Interestingly, TTeF is successfully predicted in all seismic cycles, while the TTsF prediction varies with the amount of preseismic fault creep. We report AR methods to forecast the evolution of fault stress using three sequence modeling frameworks: LSTM, Temporal Convolution Network and Transformer Network. AR forecasting is distinct from existing predictive models, which predict only a target variable at a specific time. The results for forecasting beyond a single seismic cycle are limited but encouraging. Our ML/DL models outperform the state-of-the-art and our autoregressive model represents a novel framework that could enhance current methods of earthquake forecasting.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117825
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Geophysics; Physics - Geophysics; Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
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  • 177
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    Estimating the long-term slip rate of active normal faults: The case of the Paganica Fault (Central Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: The footwall of the surface rupturing Paganica normal fault, the source of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Mw 6.1) in the Central Apennines (Italy), was investigated using integrated geological and geomorphological approaches. The aim was to constrain the active tectonics by studying the Raiale River that orthogonally crosscuts the fault trace, where it provides a useful geomorphological marker of long-term fluvial incision and footwall uplift. Using morphostratigraphy and paleomagnetic analysis, the Plio–Pleistocene morphotectonic evolution of the area was reconstructed, comprising an ancient continental basin and paleolandforms that predate the footwall incision. Starting from the Late Early Pleistocene–Middle Pleistocene, fluvial dissection was mainly due to marked river downcutting triggered by significant activity of the Paganica Fault, which caused progressive base-level lowering. The Raiale River downcutting formed five Middle–Late Pleistocene fluvial terraces, that, along with absolute Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating, allowed the identification of paleolongitudinal profiles with a diverging downstream configuration. Terrace dating yielded a minimum incision rate of 0.25 ± 0.02 mm/a, which only partially compensates the footwall uplift and can thus be considered as a minimum value for the Paganica Fault throw rate, which could reach up to ~0.45 mm/a. In parallel, using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides, a denudation rate of 0.02–0.04 mm/a was measured on the summit of the footwall block. This denudation is in keeping with the drainage incision, suggesting a non-steady state for the fault footwall topography and a dominance of relief growth. Last, the analysis of the modern Raiale River longitudinal profile denoted an ungraded status, with two main knickzones that we interpret as transient forms due to tectonic perturbations, likely triggered by activity of the Paganica Fault during the end Early Pleistocene and the Late Pleistocene. Considering the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake coseismic rupture, we observe that the younger transience on the Raiale River longitudinal profile, if it is of tectonic origin, could have only been produced by much larger seismic events (i.e., Mw 〉 6.5) than those documented in the area by paleoseismological investigations. The collective results confirmed that in the Central Apennines, conditions of dynamic equilibrium are often not met, and that the persistence of transient perturbations induced by tectonics should be accounted for.
    Description: The work was financially supported by the MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) project “FIRB Abruzzo - High-resolution analyses for assessing the seismic hazard and risk of the areas affected by the 6 April 2009 earthquake”, ref. RBAP10ZC8K_005 and RBAP10ZC8K_007, and by Agreement INGV-DPC 2012-2021. The airborne LiDAR survey performedby the Civil Protection of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) was kindly released by Italian Civil Protection Department Special thanks to Simone Atzori, who provided the InSAR data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108411
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake geology ; Active faults ; L'Aquila earthquake ; Morphotectonics ; active faulting
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    The Sensitivity of Tsunami Impact to Earthquake Source Parameters and Manning Friction in High-Resolution Inundation Simulations (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: In seismically active regions with variable dominant focal mechanisms, there is considerable tsunami inundation height uncertainty. Basic earthquake source parameters such as dip, strike, and rake affect significantly the tsunamigenic potential and the tsunami directivity. Tsunami inundation is also sensitive to other properties such as bottom friction. Despite their importance, sensitivity to these basic parameters is surprisingly sparsely studied in literature. We perform suites of systematic parameter searches to investigate the sensitivity of inundation at the towns of Catania and Siracusa on Sicily to changes both in the earthquake source parameters and the Manning friction. The inundation is modelled using the Tsunami-HySEA shallow water code on a system of nested topo-bathymetric grids with a finest spatial resolution of 10 m. This GPU-based model, with significant HPC resources, allows us to perform large numbers of high- resolution tsunami simulations. We analyze the variability of different hydrodynamic parameters due to large earthquakes with uniform slip at different locations, focal depth, and different source parameters. We consider sources both near the coastline, in which significant near-shore co-seismic deformation occurs, and offshore, where near- shore co-seismic deformation is negligible. For distant offshore earthquake sources, we see systematic and intuitive changes in the inundation with changes in strike, dip, rake, and depth. For near-shore sources, the dependency is far more complicated and co- determined by both the source mechanisms and the coastal morphology. The sensitivity studies provide directions on how to resolve the source discretization to optimize the number of sources in Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis, and they demonstrate a need for a far finer discretization of local sources than for more distant sources. For a small number of earthquake sources, we study systematically the inundation as a function of the Manning coefficient. The sensitivity of the inundation to this parameter varies greatly for different earthquake sources and topo-bathymetry at the coastline of interest. The friction greatly affects the velocities and momentum flux and to a lesser but still significant extent the inundation distance from the coastline. An understanding of all these dependencies is needed to better quantify the hazard when source complexity increases.
    Description: Published
    Description: 757618
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tsunami ; inundation ; HPC ; earthquakes ; numerical simulations
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  • 179
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    Radon (222Rn) levels in thermal waters of the geothermally active Campi Flegrei volcanic caldera (Southern Italy): A framework study using a RAD7 radon detector (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: The present investigation provides measurements of radon (222Rn) concentration levels in 20 thermal waters at the Campi Flegrei volcanic caldera, an important geothermal system with hydrothermal manifestations in the Neapolitan area (Southern Italy). We used a RAD7® Radon-in-air detector equipped with Big Bottle RAD H2O and DRYSTIK accessories (Durridge Co. Inc.). Water samples with different chemical and/or physical conditions, not used as drink waters, are taken from continental thermal groundwaters, springs, lakes, pools and one sub merged thermal spring. The waters are mostly chlorine to bicarbonate, except of a few sulphate types sampled at the hydrothermal discharge areas of Solfatara and Pisciarelli, central in the caldera. Water temperature and pH values range from 18.1 to 91.3 ◦C and from 2 to 8, respectively. Sampling and measurement of radon in groundwater are complicated by the high volatility of the gas; a method is here proposed. In some of the 20 sites double or triple samples were collected by using different volume polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, diluting sample with blank water, and modifying flow of pumped wells. We suggest that dilution can be considered when water is i) not enough to fill in the PET, resulting in large head space in the sampler, ii) too hot determining damage of the PET or iii) too saline to clog the Big Bottle System. Dissolved radon concentrations vary from 0.1 ± 0.1 to 1146 ± 57 Bq/L with an average value of 152 Bq/L, using the CAPTURE program, the default RAD7 data acquisition program. Similar values in radon concentration are obtained using the method proposed in De Simone et al. (2015) ranging between 0.1 ± 5.8 and 1286 ± 98 Bq/L with an average value of 167 Bq/L. The hottest and most acidic sulphate waters refer to a small boiling pool at Pisciarelli hydrothermal discharge area and have nearly zero 222Rn content. 222Rn concentrations from this study are mostly below the reference level of 1000 Bq/L recommended for human health protection by the European Commission and the most adopted in the scientific community (Catao ˜et al., 2022). No correlation has been observed between temperature, pH, major anions and radon content values, nor between rock composition since it is almost homogeneous trachyte at the study sites. 222Rn levels therefore appear to reflect the local sedimentological, structural or hydrogeological conditions. The levels of 222Rn here presented are an important background for the scientific community that will intend to define the natural fluctuations of dissolved 222Rn in relation with seasons, environment, hydrogeology or volcanic dynamics at the geohazardous Campi Flegrei area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107641
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 222Rn ; Campi Flegrei ; RAD7 ; Big Bottle RAD H2O ; DRYSTIK ; Dissolved radon
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 180
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    Characterizing groundwater recharge sources using water stable isotopes in the North Basin of Lake Kivu, East Africa (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: The δ18O and δ2H of rivers and springs were investigated in order to characterize the groundwater recharge sources around Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira volcanoes, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. Water samples were collected monthly between November 2013 and October 2014 from 5 major rivers, 3 major cold springs, 3 tepid springs and 1 hot spring. The temperatures of each spring were nearly constant over the sampling period attesting for their groundwater character, while the temperatures of the rivers were much more variable. The rivers monthly δ2H and δ18O range from 􀀀 6.8‰ to 1.9‰ and 􀀀 3.1‰ to 1.6‰, respectively, while springs showed depleted values that span from 􀀀 10.2 to 􀀀 1.1‰ for δ2H and 􀀀 3.6 to 􀀀 1.9‰ for δ18O. Catchment morphology (formed of depression, upper footslope and medium to high gradient-mountains) and the local tectonic discontinuity (fissures and faults) regulate the surface runoff and subsurface flow, control the precipitation infiltration zones and hence the aquifers recharge areas. Chemical and isotopic (δ18O and δ2H) compositions of springs and rivers reveal the presence of shallow and deep aquifers, with some waters having intermediate isotope composition. Three different recharge zones characterized by different altitudes were identified: the first is found at low altitude ranging from ~1800 m to ~2150 m, the second and intermediate recharge zone in the altitude range from ~2180 m to ~2500 m at the upper footslope area, while the third and highest recharge area is located in the altitudes range from ~2620 to ~3220 m. The two upper recharge areas are the most fractured and fissured zones allowing rapid infiltration of depleted precipitations which recharge deep aquifers found in the tepid and hot springs. Based on their chemical and isotopic composition, waters from the shallow and deep aquifers have been considered representative of mixing end members. During their ascent to the surface, water from the deep aquifer mixes with that of shallow aquifer yielding the tepid springs of intermediate chemical and isotopic composition, while the other keep their original fingerprint corresponding to the isotopically depleted hot spring.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120778
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 181
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    A numerically robust, parallel-friendly variant of BiCGSTAB for the semi-implicit integration of the viscous term in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: Implicit integration of the viscous term can significantly improve performance in computational fluid dynamics for highly viscous fluids such as lava. We show improvements over our previous proposal for semi-implicit viscous integration in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, extending it to support a wider range of boundary models. Due to the resulting loss of matrix symmetry, a key advancement is a more robust version of the biconjugate gradient stabilized method to solve the linear systems, that is also better suited for parallelization in both shared-memory and distributed-memory systems. The advantages of the new solver are demostrated in applications with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, covering both the numerical aspect (improved convergence thanks to the possibility to use more accurate boundary model) and the computing aspect (with excellent strong scaling and satisfactory weak scaling).
    Description: Published
    Description: 111413
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: SPH ; Low Reynods number ; Implicit integration ; BiCGSTAB ; GPU ; 05.01. Computational geophysics
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  • 182
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    Enabling Dynamic and Intelligent Workflows for HPC, Data Analytics, and AI Convergence (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: The evolution of High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms enables the design and execution of progressively larger and more complex workflow applications in these systems. The complexity comes not only from the number of elements that compose the workflows but also from the type of computations they perform. While traditional HPC workflows target simulations and modelling of physical phenomena, current needs require in addition data analytics (DA) and artificial intelligence (AI) tasks. However, the development of these workflows is hampered by the lack of proper programming models and environments that support the integration of HPC, DA, and AI, as well as the lack of tools to easily deploy and execute the workflows in HPC systems. To progress in this direction, this paper presents use cases where complex workflows are required and investigates the main issues to be addressed for the HPC/DA/AI convergence. Based on this study, the paper identifies the challenges of a new workflow platform to manage complex workflows. Finally, it proposes a development approach for such a workflow platform addressing these challenges in two directions: first, by defining a software stack that provides the functionalities to manage these complex workflows; and second, by proposing the HPC Workflow as a Service (HPCWaaS) paradigm, which leverages the software stack to facilitate the reusability of complex workflows in federated HPC infrastructures. Proposals presented in this work are subject to study and development as part of the EuroHPC eFlows4HPC project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 414-429
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: High performance computing ; Distributed computing ; Parallel programming ; HPC-DA-AI convergence ; Workflow development ; Workflow orchestration
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  • 183
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    Geospatial analysis for fish farming across Tyrrhenian coast (Tuscany, central Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-23
    Description: Aquaculture represents an important source of food and it plays an important role in terms of contribution to economic development. Offshore farming offers considerable advantages, especially in terms of production costs (lower than those of onshore facilities) and of farmed product quality. Suitable areas for aquaculture activities are still available in Italy but are increasingly limited and the demand for new farms is high. The lack of coastal areas allocated to aquaculture and the complex regulatory and legal framework constitutes the major constraints for further development of the sector. Zoning is the process that can allow to sustainably identify and allocate suitable areas for aquaculture. Several aspects, such as effective legal framework and procedures, collection of bio-geochemical, physical and socio-economical information, are crucial for a correct aquaculture zoning process in order to identify the Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZAs). In the present work, a spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (SMCDA) was applied for the individuation of potentially suitable marine areas for fish farming across the southern Tyrrhenian coast of Tuscany (Italy). The spatial model was developed by collecting and processing Earth Observation (EO) data, oceanography in situ measurements, and infrastructural and environmental constraints. Excluding areas of constrains, obtained results highlight that 96% of the total investigated area is characterised by medium (62%) and high (34%) suitability. In particular, the highest suitability areas occur in the Talamone gulf and offhore the Argentario promontory at water depth between 15-30 m and 30 50m, respectively. Other high suitability areas occur northern of Piombino town between 30-100 m depth. Environmental data at higher spatial resolution are needed to improve aquaculture zoning and further process of site selection in order to ensure the sustainability of fish farming in the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106261
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 184
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    Shallow magma dynamics at open-vent volcanoes tracked by coupled thermal and SO2 observations (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Open-vent volcanic activity is typically sustained by ascent and degassing of shallow magma, in which the rate of magma supply to the upper feeding system largely exceeds the rate of magma eruption. Such unbalance between supplied (input) and erupted (output) magma rates is thought to result from steady, degassing-driven, convective magma overturning in a shallow conduit/feeding dyke. Here, we characterize shallow magma circulation at Stromboli volcano by combining independent observations of heat (Volcanic Radiative Power; via satellite images) and gas (SO2 , via UV camera) output in a temporal interval (from August 1, 2018 to April 30, 2020) encompassing the summer 2019 effusive eruption and two paroxysmal explosions (on July 3 and August 28, 2019). We show that, during the phase of ordinary strombolian explosive activity that preceded the 2019 effusive eruption, the average magma input rate (0.1-0.2 m3 /s) exceeds the magma eruption rate (0.001-0.01 m3 /s) by ∼2 orders of magnitude. Conversely, magma input and output rates converge to an average of ∼0.4 m3 /s during the summer 2019 summit effusion, implying an overall suppression of magma recycling back into the feeding system, and hence of excess degassing. We find that, during the effusive eruption, the peak in SO2 emissions lags behind the thermal emission peak by ∼27 days, suggesting that magma output, feeding the lava flow field, initially dominates over magma input in the conduit. We propose that this conduit mass unloading, produced by this initial phase of the effusive eruption, leads to an overall decompression (of up to 30 Pa/s) of the shallow plumbing system, ultimately causing ascent of less-dense, volatile-rich magma batch(es) from depth, enhanced explosive activity, and elevated SO2 fluxes culminating into a paroxysmal explosion on August 28. Our results demonstrate that combined analysis of thermal and SO2 flux time-series paves the way to improved understanding of shallow magmatic system dynamics at open-vent volcanoes, and of the transition from explosive to effusive activity regimes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117726
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 185
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    Cross-validated multi-technique geodetic dataset of the Upper Adriatic Sea coastal area of Italy (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: The geodetic dataset used in the research article entitled "Multi-technique geodetic detection of onshore and offshore subsidence along the Upper Adriatic Sea coasts"[1] is presented here. It consists of the outcomes of three different techniques, i.e. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR), Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and topographic Levelling surveys. This dataset has been used for the estimation of onshore and offshore deformation in a mineral concession area located along the Upper Adriatic Sea coastal area (Italy), South-East of Ravenna city. InSAR data covers the period from 2002 to 2018, GNSS data from 1998 to 2018 and levelling data from 2002 to 2017.The different measurements have been cross-validated and referred to a common local reference system fixed in the urban area of Ravenna. This data collection will be very useful for deepening the analysis of any type of deformation in the Ravenna coastal area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 108342
    Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GNSS; Geodetic data; Levelling; Ravenna coastal area; Remote sensing; SAR Interferometry
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  • 186
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    New SKS splitting anisotropy measurements point to tearing beneath Central Italy (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: In the middle of the Mediterranean, the partly still active Apennines subduction system has been usually defined using tomographic images and available shear wave splitting measurements. In this paper we describe the new seismic anisotropy dataset for Central Italy, the region where the transition between Northern and Southern Apennines occurs. The new measurements show NW-SE fast polarisation directions beneath the belt, due to the retreat of the slab, NNE-SSW orientations from proper Adriatic mantle sources, and E-W directed anisotropy, attributed to mantle convection flow at the Thyrranian side. Additionally, the new data suggest the presence of a toroidal mantle flow through a tear in the Apenninic slab, from the Adria to the Tyrrhenian side. However, mantle circulation and flows, identified by the pattern of shear wave splitting results, seem different from what was proposed in previous geodynamic models. Indeed, our results support the presence of a vertical slab tear with limited dimension. In the geodynamic model we propose, the tear acts to accommodate a differential slab retreat. The slab partitioning results in a different pattern and strength of seismic anisotropy traced from the Central Apennines with respect to the adjacent Northern and Southern Apennines.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229549
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic anisotropy Mantle flows Geodynamic model Apennines Central Mediterranean ; seismic anisotropy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 187
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    The implications of revised Quaternary palaeoshoreline chronologies for the rates of active extension and uplift in the upper plate of subduction zones (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: We demonstrate a synchronous correlation technique to determine the chronology of Quaternary palaeoshorelines to test proposed relationships between tectonics, climate and sea-level change. The elevations of marine palaeoshorelines in Calabria around the active Vibo normal fault have been measured from TIN DEM 10 m data and fieldwork and correlated with global sea-level curves. A synchronous correlation method and new U/Th dates are used to ascertain how the slip-rate on the fault relates to uplift rates across the region. Regional uplift, possibly associated with subduction along the Calabrian trench or due to the cumulative effect of closely-spaced active normal faults, is rapid enough to uplift even the hangingwall of the Vibo normal fault; the actual value for the rate of background uplift can only be ascertained once the rate of slip on the Vibo fault is subtracted. Synchronous correlation of multiple palaeoshorelines sampled along 29 elevation profiles with global sea-levels shows that the resultant uplift rate (background uplift minus local hangingwall subsidence) is constant through time from 0 to 340 ka, and not fluctuating by a factor of 4 as previously suggested. The uplift rate increases from 0.4 mm/yr at the centre of the hangingwall of the fault to 1.75 mm/yr in the hangingwall in the vicinity of the fault tip. Palaeoshorelines can be traced from the hangingwall to the footwall around the fault tip and hence correlated across the fault. The throw-rate on the fault averaged over 340 ka decreases from a maximum at the centre of the fault (1 mm/yr) to zero at the tip. This gradient in throw-rate explains the spatial variation in resultant uplift rates along the fault. We interpret the 1.75 mm/yr resultant uplift rate at and beyond the fault tip as the signature of a regional uplift, presumably related to subduction, although we cannot exclude the possibility that other local faults influence this uplift; the lower uplift rates in the hangingwall of the fault are due to interaction between “regional” uplift and subsidence associated with the local active normal faulting. We discuss (a) how our synchronous correlation technique should trigger a re-appraisal of palaeoshoreline chronologies worldwide, and (b) the implications for the tectonics and seismic hazard of Calabria, suggesting that perturbations in the uplift-rate field are a key criterion to map the locations of active faults, their deformation rates, and hence seismic hazard above subduction zones.
    Description: Published
    Description: 169-187
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Active faults; Palaeoshorelines; Quaternary sea-level; Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 188
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    Neogene-Quaternary slow coastal uplift of Western Europe through the perspective of sequences of strandlines from the Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, France) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: The Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, France) displays sequences of marine terraces and rasas, the latter being wide Late Cenozoic coastal erosion surfaces, that are typical of Western European coasts in Portugal, Spain, France and southern England. Remote sensing imagery and field mapping enabled reappraisal of the Cotentin coastal sequences. From bottom to top, the N Cotentin sequence includes four previously recognized Pleistocene marine terraces (T1 to T4) at elevations 〈 40 m as well as four higher and older rasas (R1 to R4) reaching 200 ± 5 m in elevation. Low-standing marine terraces are not observed in the central part of the Peninsula and a limited number of terraces are described to the south. The high-standing rasas are widespread all over the peninsula. Such strandline distributions reveal major changes during the Late Cenozoic. Progressive uplift of an irregular sea-floor led to subaerial exposure of bathymetric highs that were carved into rocky platforms, rasas and marine terraces. Eventually, five main islands coalesced and connected to the mainland to the south to form the Cotentin Peninsula. On the basis of previous dating of the last interglacial maximum terrace (i.e. Marine Isotopic Stage, MIS 5e), sequential morphostratigraphy and modelling, we have reappraised uplift rates and derived: (i) mean Upper Pleistocene (i.e. since MIS 5e ~ 122 +/− 6 ka, i.e. kilo annum) apparent uplift rates of 0.04 ± 0.01 mm/yr, (ii) mean Middle Pleistocene eustasy-corrected uplift rates of 0.09 ± 0.03 mm/yr, and (iii) low mean Pleistocene uplift rates of 0.01 mm/yr. Extrapolations of these slow rates combined with geological evidence implies that the formation of the sequences from the Cotentin Peninsula occurred between 3 Ma (Pliocene) and 15 Ma (Miocene), which cannot be narrowed down further without additional research. Along the coasts of Western Europe, sequences of marine terraces and rasas are widespread (169 preserve the MIS 5e benchmark). In Spain, Portugal, S England and other parts of western France, the sequences morphostratigraphy is very similar to that of Cotentin. The onset of such Western European sequences occurred during the Miocene (e.g. Spain) or Pliocene (e.g. Portugal). We interpret this Neogene-Quaternary coastal uplift as a symptom of the increasing lithospheric compression that accompanies Cenozoic orogenies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 338-356
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cotentin and Western Europe; Marine terrace; Neogene and Quaternary coastal uplift; Rasa
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 189
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    The LAMA system: A “smart” magnetometer network for harbour protection (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: This work describes the development of an underwater anti-intrusion system based on a magnetometer self-informed network, whose purpose is to detect the presence of threats in the proximity of critical infrastructures (e.g, terrorist divers in harbours). In this context, the magnetic network fills the gaps of sonar systems at the critical boundaries of the water volume to be controlled (sea bed, docks, …), where acoustic performances deteriorate due to reflections and attenuations. The system operates in a port-protection scenario, characterized by a medium-high environmental magnetic noise that can hide the diver signal (a diver is a weak, quasi-point-like, moving source). The magnetometer network processes two inputs: the environmental magnetic noise and a signal including the target magnetic signal superimposed to the same noise; the frequencies of a diver signal lie within the noise band, hence frequency filtering proves inadequate for noise removal. The basic idea underlying the system is to measure and use the noise itself to filter the overall signal; measuring noise supports a background-subtraction process that allows to extract the target signal and therefore detect the threat presence. The effectiveness of the procedure depends on the positions of magnetometers: sensors must be close enough to one another to measure the common background noise, and, at the same time, should be distant enough from one another so that just one sensor can measure the target signal. To generate alarms when a threat is detected, a real-time software application processes data and activates a visual and acoustic alarm upon identification of a magnetic anomaly. Sea trials carried out in port areas provided extremely satisfactory results in the detection of intruders. The paper presents experimental results obtained during the method validation tests, when intruders were moving in the surrounding undersea environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104743
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 190
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    Fault systems in the offshore sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy): Implications for nested caldera structure, resurgent dome, and volcano-tectonic evolution (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: The structure of a caldera may influence its activity, making its understanding crucial for hazard assessment. Here, we analysed high-resolution seismic profiles in the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) offshore sector. We recognised two main fault systems, including those associated with the formation of the caldera and those affecting the resurgent dome. The former system comprises three broadly concentric fault zones (inner, medial and outer ring fault zones) depicting a nested caldera geometry. Considering the relations between faults and seismic units that represent the marine and volcaniclastic successions filling the caldera, all ring faults were formed during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (40 ka) and subsequently reactivated during the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption (15 ka). In this last caldera-forming event, the inner and medial fault zones accommodated most of the collapse and were episodically reactivated during the younger volcano-tectonic activity. The second fault system occurs in the apical zone of the resurgent dome and comprises dominantly high-angle normal faults that are mainly related to the volcanotectonic collapse that followed the Agnano-Monte Spina Plinian eruption (4.55 ka). Finally, we provide a volcano-tectonic evolutionary model of the last 40 kyr, considering the interplay among ring and dome faults activity, volcaniclastic sedimentation, ground deformation and sea-level changes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104723
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 191
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    A comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer approach to study the preparation phase of large earthquakes from ground to space: The case study of the June 15 2019, M7.2 Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) earthquake (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: This work deals with a comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer approach to study earthquake-related processes that occur during the preparation phase of a large earthquake. As a case study, the paper investigates the M7.2 Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) large earthquake that occurred on June 15, 2019 as the result of shallow reverse faulting within the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone. The analyses focused on seismic (earthquake catalogs), atmospheric (climatological archives) and ionospheric data from ground to space (mainly satellite) in order to disclose the possible Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC). The ionospheric investigations analysed and compared the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver network with insitu observations from space thanks to both the European Space Agency (ESA) Swarm constellation and the China National Space Administration (CNSA in partnership with Italian Space Agency, ASI) satellite dedicated to search for possible ionospheric disturbances before medium-large earthquakes, i.e. the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01). An interesting comparison is made with another subsequent earthquake with comparable magnitude (M7.1) that occurred in Ridgecrest, California (USA) on 6 July of the same year but in a different tectonic context. Both earthquakes showed anomalies in several parameters (e.g. aerosol, skin temperature and some ionospheric quantities) that appeared at almost the same times before each earthquake occurrence, evidencing a chain of processes that collectively point to the moment of the corresponding mainshock. In both cases, it is demonstrated that a comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer analysis is fundamental to better understand the LAIC in the occasion of complex phenomena such as earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 113325
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 192
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    A Minoan and a Neolithic tsunami recorded in coastal sediments of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: In this work, we document two distinct tsunami deposits on the coasts of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. The younger tsunami deposit, dated 1831–1368 cal. BCE, includes both marine sediments and pumices from the ∼1600 BCE Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano. This is the first evidence of the Minoan tsunami in the Cycladic Islands North of Santorini. Tsunami waves inundated the Manganari coastal plain, southern coast of Ios, over a distance 〉200 m (〉2 m a.s.l.). The second tsunami deposit reworks pumice from the 22 ka Cape Riva eruption mixed with marine sediment. We assume a Neolithic age for this major tsunami, with a wave runup 〉13 m a.s.l. on the southern and eastern coasts of Ios. The source of this tsunami - volcanic eruption, landslide, or earthquake - remains unknown. Additionally, we provide the first on-land evidence of Cape Riva deposits outside Santorini, thus questioning previous estimates on the magnitude of this eruption.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106908
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: tsunami deposits ; Aegean Sea ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 193
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    Partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr between olivine and a tholeiitic basaltic melt: Insights on olivine zoning patterns and cation substitution reactions under variable cooling rate conditions (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The mechanism governing the kinetic growth of olivine in dynamic volcanic settings has been the subject of considerable attention in recent years. Under variable cooling rate (CR) and undercooling (􀀀 ΔT) regimes, the textual maturation of olivine proceeds from skeletal/dendritic crystals to polyhedral morphologies by infilling of the crystal framework. Owing to the establishment of a diffusion-controlled growth regime, a sharp diffusive boundary layer develops in the melt next to the advancing olivine surface. In this context, we have quantified the apparent partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr between olivine and a Hawaiian tholeiitic basaltic melt at P = 1 atm, fO2 = QFM-2 buffer, and CR = 4, 20, and 60 ◦C/h over a constant -ΔT = 85 ◦C. Differences in charge and/or size between the substituent minor cations and the major species in the olivine crystallographic site dominate the energetics of homovalent and heterovalent cation substitutions. While the entry of Ti in the olivine lattice site accounts for the simple exchange [TSi4+] ↔ [TTi4+], more complex charge-balancing coupled-substitution mechanisms have been determined for the incorporation of Al, P, and Cr, i.e., [MMg2+, TSi4+] ↔ [MAl3+, TAl3+], [2 TSi4+] ↔ [TP5+, TAl3+], and [MMg2+, TSi4+] ↔ [MCr3+, TAl3+], respectively. In order to maintain charge balance, the disequilibrium uptake of minor cations in rapidly growing crystals is controlled by the same substitution mechanisms observed under equilibrium crystallization. This finding is consistent with the achievement of a local interface equilibrium at the olivine-melt interface independently of the diffusive boundary in the melt. A statistical approach based on multivariate analysis of olivine/melt compositional parameters confirms that the control of melt structure on the partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr is almost entirely embodied in the olivine structure and chemistry via charge compensation reactions. Therefore, the magnitude of minor element partition coefficients is weakly dependent on diffusion kinetics in the melt but rather strongly governed by olivine zoning patterns resulting from fast crystal growth rates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 120870
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 194
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    Seismo-acoustic gliding: An experimental study (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: The gradual temporal shift of the spectral lines of harmonic seismic and/or acoustic tremor, known as spectral gliding, has been largely documented at different volcanoes worldwide. Despite the clear advantage of the experimental approach in providing direct observation of degassing processes and related elastic radiation, experimental studies on gliding tremor are lacking. Therefore, we investigated different episodes of gliding of acoustic and seismic tremor observed during analogue degassing experiments performed under different conditions of magma viscosity (10-1,000 Pa s), gas flux (5-180×10−3 l/s) and conduit surface roughness (fractal dimension of 2-2.99). Gliding experimental harmonic seismic and acoustic tremor was observed at high gas flux rates and viscosities, mostly associated with an increasing trend and often preceding a major burst. Decreasing secondary sets of harmonic spectral lines were observed in a few cases. Results suggest that gliding episodes are mostly related to the progressive volume variation of shallow interconnected gas pockets. Spectral analyses performed on acoustic signals provided the theoretical length of the resonator that was compared against the temporal evolution of the gas pockets, quantified from video analyses. The similarities between the observed degassing regime and churn-annular flow in high viscous fluids encourage further studies on churn dynamics in volcanic environments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 117344
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: seismo-acoustic tremor; experimental volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 195
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    Tephrostratigraphy of proximal pyroclastic sequences at Mount Melbourne (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica): Insights into the volcanic activity since the last glacial period (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: We report on the characterization of a thick sequence of pyroclastic deposits exposed on the summit area and flanks of Mount Melbourne volcano, in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica related to eruptions during the Late Glacial period. We provide a complete characterization of tephra deposits including mineralogy, single shard major- and trace-element glass compositions, and an 40Ar-39Ar age of feldspar crystals extracted from the deposit. The pyroclastic deposits are trachybasaltic to trachytic in composition and are interpreted to have resulted from four Strombolian/Vulcanian to sub-Plinian/Plinian eruptions. The younger and more intense sub-Plinian/Plinian eruption (our eruption 2) yielded an 40Ar-39Ar age of 13.5 ± 4.3 ka (±2σ). The study of Mount Melbourne proximal deposits provides significant new data for the reconstruction of the volcano eruptive history and a better assessment of the volcanic risk connected to a possible future eruption. We also explore geochemical correlations between Mount Melbourne proximal deposits and distal tephra layers recognized in ice cores and blue ice fields of East Antarctica. A good geochemical match exists between the composition of products from the trachytic sub-Plinian/Plinian eruption 2 and some tephra layers from Talos Dome and shards in Siple Dome which is also compatible in age (c. 9.3 ka) with our 40Ar-39Ar age determination. Our new insights into the volcanic history of Mount Melbourne and the new high-quality electron microprobe and trace element composition data on its proximal products will help improve future correlations and synchronization of tephra archives in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107457
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 196
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    MineralMate: a standalone MATLAB-based aide for the magnetic separation of minerals (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Samuel, B., & Danny, H. MineralMate: a standalone MATLAB-based aide for the magnetic separation of minerals. Heliyon, 8(9), (2022): e10411, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10411.
    Description: MineralMate is a standalone MATLAB-based program designed to optimize the workflow associated with the magnetic separation of minerals. For nearly every bulk geochemical analysis some amount of mineral separation must occur, and the use of an electromagnetic separator is ubiquitous and considered as standard practice in many fields. Despite the commonality in which magnetic separation is used, there are considerable shortcomings. Electromagnet overheating and composite mineral grains are frequently encountered, as well as poorly constrained mineral behavior. These complications ultimately reduce the quality of downstream geochemical data. MineralMate is designed to alleviate these shortcomings by quickly and efficiently producing a magnetic separation workflow allowing the user to: (1) identify and compare optimal recovery ranges for different minerals from a bulk mineral assemblage, (2) identify the parameters on a conventional magnetic separator required to magnetically separate composite grains, (3) create/update user-specific magnetic susceptibility databases through empirical data collection, and (4) utilize an alternative magnetic separation equation.
    Description: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
    Keywords: Frantz ; Geochemistry ; Geochronology ; MATLAB ; Magnetic separation ; Mineral separation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 197
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    Changes in deep Pacific circulation and carbon storage during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 605, pp. 118020-118020, ISSN: 0012-821X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-10
    Description: The global climate has been gradually cooling over the Cenozoic and is punctuated by the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG) from the latest Pliocene to earliest Pleistocene (∼3.1–2.5 millions of years ago, Ma). A decline of atmospheric CO2 is supposed as a prerequisite for the NHG, but the associated carbon-cycle processes remain elusive. Here we combine foraminiferal records of neodymium isotope and boron-calcium ratio, and simulations of an Earth system model, to investigate changes in the water-mass composition and carbonate-ion concentration of the deep Pacific Ocean during the NHG. Our proxy records have revealed a significant expansion of southern-sourced waters with increased respired carbon storage into the deep Pacific during the NHG. These changes may be explained by strengthened deep-water formation and biological-pump efficiency in the Southern Ocean due to Antarctic sea-ice growth, as suggested by our model experiments and evidence from the Sub-Antarctic region. These results provide key clues for quantifying the role of the dissolved inorganic carbon content of deep Pacific waters in modulating atmospheric CO2 during the NHG.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 198
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    Hydrogeochemical investigation of shallow aquifers before and after the 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (northern Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-13
    Description: Soon after the MW = 6.0 main event of May 20, 2012 that struck the central part of the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy), several geochemical surveys were carried out on groundwater within the epicentral area. A total of 20 water samples were periodically collected, from May 2012 to July 2014, from shallow (up to 6 m depth) to deep (down to 175 m depth) wells within both unconfined and confined aquifers and analyzed for major ions, trace elements, dissolved gases and stable isotopes (δ2H–H2O, δ18O–H2O and δ13C-TDIC). Geochemical data were compared with previous data collected and analyzed in 2006 in a phase of absence of significant seismic activity. Monitored waters showed concentration variations in post-earthquake sampling on a large number of geochemical parameters. Many of these variations were recorded during the co-seismic phase and were transient as the geochemical parameters returned towards pre-earthquake values over time. The most significant transient variations involved trace elements, which generally show high sensitivity even to small variations in the surrounding environment due to their usually low concentrations in groundwater. Physical-chemical parameters (water temperature, pH, TDS) and major ions provided less unambiguous indications, whereas among dissolved gases CH4 and CO2 showed a general post-seismic increase within the unconfined aquifer. Increased contents of such gas species in both aquifers (this study) and soils (previous studies) suggest that the seismic-induced overpressure on the ground had enhancing effects on soil permeability and porosity and triggered their co-seismic migration upwards from deeper reservoirs. Water isotopes showed the systematic post-seismic change in δ2H toward heavier compositions with no significant changes in the δ18O, which was interpreted as due to isotopic exchange between water and a H2-bearing gas phase (e.g., H2S, CH4, H2) entering the system. Calculated δ13C data of CO2 suggested a relatively shallow production from both plant-root respiration and microbial-driven degradation of organic matter while the almost pure crustal origin of He (R/Ra values = 0.04–0.16 from the bubbling gas phase emitted by one of the monitored wells) reasonably excludes any evidence of both primary mantle 3He degassing and ascent of heavier CO2 from deep (mantle, decarbonation) inorganic sources. Monitored waters which showed the most significant transient variations are aligned in the same E-W direction along which the seismicity and soil gas anomalies were distributed, at about 5 km S from the epicenter of the May 20th seismic event and along the main direction of the May 29th (MW = 5.8) event. This confirms that the transient variations have been activated by the seismic sequence in a sector of the crust where the presence of a fault/fracture system favors the intensification of processes affecting sediments and groundwater (variations of porosity/permeability of soils, the groundwater level, redox state, etc.) and which are able to explain the observed geochemical variations. Only one sample monitored, the one closest to the epicenter of the May 20th event, showed clear geochemical evidence suggesting the hypothesis of mixing between superimposed water bodies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105624
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 199
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    Y-B-P-R or S-C-C′? Suggestion for the nomenclature of experimental brittle fault fabric in phyllosilicate-granular mixtures (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-14
    Description: Mineralogy, fabric, and frictional properties are fundamental aspects of faults. Despite the extensive effort spent in the characterization of such fault properties, the description of fabric elements is not always univocal and nomenclatures such as the Y-B-P-R and the S-C-C′ are at times used interchangeably. This work presents a sys- tematic mineralogical, microstructural, and frictional characterization of natural gouges designed to constrain a criterion for the distinction between the Y-B-P-R and S-C-C′ fabric. For this purpose, we tested four representative natural mixtures of granular minerals (quartz) with increasing amount of phyllosilicates (muscovite). 24 fric- tional experiments were performed at constant normal stresses of 25, 50, 75 and 100 MPa, at both room dry and water saturated condition. We document that Y-B-P-R fabric typically develops in frictionally strong, granular- rich experimental faults. This fabric is associated to strain localization in narrow shear zones characterized by intense grain size reduction and dominant cataclastic processes. Conversely, S-C-C′ fabric is observed in phyllosilicate-rich experimental faults, which are characterized by distributed deformation and pervasive foli- ation. Deformation is mainly accommodated by frictional sliding along the well-oriented phyllosilicate foliae. The transition from Y-B-P-R to S-C-C′ is observed for phyllosilicates content 〉30% and is facilitated by secondary mechanical processes as networking of phyllosilicates and grain mantling. The evolution from Y-B-P-R to S-C-C′ fabric is also associated with a marked reduction in friction, in healing rate and changes in the rate and state friction parameters. Despite their geometrical similarities, we show that Y-B-P-R and S-C-C′ represent distinct fabrics reflecting the dichotomy that exists between frictionally strong, granular-rich, and frictionally weak, phyllosilicate-rich faults.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104743
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 200
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    A heuristic features selection approach for scenario analysis in a regional seismic probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-14
    Description: Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis (SPTHA) is aimed at estimating the annual rate of exceedance of an earthquake-induced tsunami wave of a certain location with reference to a predefined height threshold. The analysis relies on computationally demanding numerical sim ulations of seismic-induced tsunami wave generation and propagation. A large number of sce narios needs to be simulated to account for uncertainties. However, the exceedance of tsunami wave threshold height is a rare event so that most of the simulated scenarios bring little statistical contribution to the estimation of the annual rate yet increasing the computational burden. To efficiently address this issue, we propose a wrapper-based heuristic approach to select the set of most relevant features of the seismic model, for deciding a priori the seismic scenarios to be simulated. The proposed approach is based on a Multi-Objective Differential Evolution Algorithm (MODEA) and is developed with reference to a case study whose objective is calculating the annual rate of threshold exceedance of the height of tsunami waves caused by subduction earthquakes that might be generated on a section of the Hellenic Arc, and propagated to a set of target sites: Siracusa, on the eastern coast of Sicily, Crotone, on the southern coast of Calabria, and Santa Maria di Leuca, on the southern coast of Puglia. The results show that, in all cases, the proposed approach allows a reduction of 95% of the number of scenarios with half of the features to be considered, and with no appreciable loss of accuracy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 103112
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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