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  • United States  (1,302)
  • Cell Line
  • History, 21st Century
  • Nature Publishing Group (NPG)  (2,141)
  • Springer  (29)
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  • 1
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    Decolonising the Caribbean (2021)
    Amsterdam University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Much has been written on the post-war decolonisation in the Caribbean, but rarely from a truly comparative perspective, and seldom with serious attention to the former Dutch colonies of Surinam, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. This study bridges both gaps. In their analysis of Dutch decolonisation policies since the 1940s, the authors discuss not only political processes, but also development aid, the Dutch Caribbean exodus to the metropolis and cultural antagonisms. A balance is drawn both of the costs and benefits of independence in the Caribbean and of the outlines and results of the policies pursued in the non-sovereign Caribbean by France, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States.
    Description: Waarom verliep de dekolonisatie van 'West-Indië', anders dan die van Indonesië, vreedzaam en zelfs rustig? Waarom werd Suriname uiteindelijk wél onafhankelijk, terwijl de Nederlandse Antillen en het hiervan afgesplitste eiland Aruba beiden een plaats als autonoom land binnen het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden wisten te behouden? Hoe is te verklaren dat ruim een derde van de Surinamers en Antillianen in Nederland woont, ondanks relatief. zeer ruime Haagse ontwikkelingshulp? Hoe verhoudt het Nederlandse beleid ten aanzien van de laatst overgebleven Caraïbische delen van het Koninkrijk zich met dat van Frankrijk, Groot-Brittannië en de Verenigde Staten, landen die elk met een ander model van dekolonisatie in de Caraïben experimenteren? Welke lessen kunnen worden getrokken uit een systematische vergelijking van de vier modellen op dimensies als ontwikkelingshulp, zorg voor deugdelijkheid van bestuur, migratiebeleid en culturele identiteit? Deze vragen staan centraal in Decolonising the Caribbean. De analyse van het Nederlandse beleid is een samenvatting en een update van de veelgeprezen driedelige studie Knellende Koninkrijksbanden die in 2001 verscheen. De nieuwe vergelijkende delen bestrijken een derde deel van het boek en bieden een unieke verkennende exercitie, die ook elders niet eerder zo systematisch werd verricht.
    Keywords: geschiedenis ; political science ; politicologie ; history ; geography ; and auxiliary disciplines ; Aruba ; Caribbean ; Netherlands ; Netherlands Antilles ; Suriname ; United States ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Pacific Strife (2021)
    Amsterdam University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In the late 1800s and early 1900s, colonial powers clashed over much of Central and East Asia: Great Britain and Germany fought over New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Fiji, and Samoa; France and Great Britain competed over control of continental Southwest Asia; and the United States annexed the Philippines and Hawaii. Meanwhile, the possible disintegration of China and Japan’s growing nationalism added new dimensions to the rivalries. Surveying these and other international developments in the Pacific basin during the three decades preceding World War I, Kees van Dijk traces the emergence of superpowers during the colonial race and analyzes their conduct as they struggled for territory. Extensive in scope, 'Pacific Strife' is a fascinating look at a volatile moment in history. "Van Dijk's work will richly reward readers of nearly any interest level." -J. Rogers in Choice Magazine
    Keywords: History ; China ; France ; Germany ; Great Britain ; Japan ; London ; Russia ; Samoa ; United States ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Transition and Transformation (2021)
    Amsterdam University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: In 1923, Victor Sjöström (1879-1960) got an offer from Goldwyn Pictures to come to Hollywood. This was nothing unusual for a successful European director: - Metro's bring - ing them in by car load - , as Photoplay stated in 1926. At the time, Sjöström was Sweden's most renowned director, who had become world famous for his austere and naturalistic film style. Sjöström stayed in Hollywood for seven years and made nine films. What happened during those years to the characteristic style that he had developed in Sweden? How was it transformed by Hollywood? Did he maintain any of his stylistic particularities from the Swedish period? How were his Hollywood films received by the American and Swedish critics? This portrayal of a European in Hollywood reveals how Sjöström, in adapting to the new production system, integrated and developed various stylistic elements from the Swedish years in a radically different context. Transition and Transformation is the first book-length study dedicated to the films of Victor Sjöström made in Hollywood, which also nuances the picture of the American production system.
    Description: Victor Sjöström (1879-1960), in Hollywood bekend onder de naam Victor Seastrom, was ongetwijfeld een van de meest getalenteerde filmregisseurs van de stomme film. Door de focus op meesterwerken als The Scarlet Letter en The Wind, met tevens aandacht voor films die Sjöström in Zweden maakte voordat hij naar Hollywood vertrok (waaronder als verloren gegaan beschouwde filmfragmenten), analyseert de auteur Sjöströms sobere en naturalistische stijl en de veranderingen die diens manier van regisseren onderging tijdens zijn verblijf in Hollywood.
    Keywords: motion pictures ; film ; Cinema of the United States ; Hollywood ; Sweden ; United States ; Victor Sjöström ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATJ Television ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema::ATFA Film history, theory or criticism
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Divided Dreamworlds? (2021)
    Amsterdam University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: While the divide between capitalism and communism, embodied in the image of the Iron Curtain, seemed to be as wide and definitive as any cultural rift, Giles Scott-Smith, Joes Segal, and Peter Romijn have compiled a selection of essays on how culture contributed to the blurring of ideological boundaries between the East and the West. This important and diverse volume presents fascinating insights into the tensions, rivalries, and occasional cooperation between the two blocs, with essays that represent the cutting edge of Cold War Studies and analyze aesthetic preferences and cultural phenomena as various as interior design in East and West Germany; the Soviet stance on genetics; US cultural diplomacy during and after the Cold War; and the role of popular music as the universal cultural ambassador. An illuminating and wide-ranging survey of interrelated collective dreams from both sides of the Iron Curtain, Divided Dreamworlds? has a place on the bookshelf of any modern historian.
    Description: Hoe heeft cultuur bijgedragen aan het wegvallen van ideologische grenzen tussen Oost en West? De auteurs analyseren onder meer het interieurontwerp in Oost- en West-Duitsland, de Russische visie op genetica, de Amerikaanse culturele diplomatie tijdens en na de Koude Oorlog en de rol van popmuziek. Deze vernieuwende studie legt enkele opvallende paradoxen bloot met betrekking tot de productie en de beleving van cultuur in Oost en West en biedt fascinerende inkijkjes in de spanningen, rivaliteit en schaarse momenten van samenwerking tussen de twee machtsblokken.
    Keywords: geschiedenis ; history ; geography ; and auxiliary disciplines ; Cold War ; East Germany ; NIOD Institute for War ; Holocaust and Genocide Studies ; Soviet Union ; United States ; Yugoslavia ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Understanding agri-food networks as social relations (2000)
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 17 (2000), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Agri-food network ; Gender ; Sustainable agriculture ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Actor network theory and supply chainmanagement theory provide suggestive researchdirections for understanding regional agri-foodnetworks. These theories claim that relationshipsbased upon trust and cooperation are critical to thestrength and vitality of the network. This means thatexploring and detailing these relationships among thesuppliers, producers, workers, processors, brokers,wholesalers, and retailers within specific regionalgeographies of these networks are critical forfurthering cooperation and trust. Key areas ofcooperation include resource sharing andapprenticeship programs. Employing food networks as akey unit of contextual analysis will deepen ourunderstanding of how to enhance their resiliency andvibrancy. Important questions can be raised about thedifference gender makes for farmers, brokers,entrepreneurs, and workers in local food networks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007692303118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrating nineteenth-century Canadian and American census data sets (1996)
    Springer
    Computers and the humanities 30 (1996), S. 381-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8412
    Keywords: comparative demographic history ; census ; data set integration ; ICAPUMS ; IPUMS ; coding schemes ; Canada ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Media Resources and Communication Sciences, Journalism
    Notes: Abstract The comparative use of census data is a useful way to study social characteristics across national boundaries. However, truly comparative demographic history is not possible without fully integrating separate census data, uniting multiple data files with a common set of comparably coded variables. This paper describes the integration of the 1871 Canadian census public use sample with similar samples of the 1850 and 1880 American censuses to form the Integrated Canadian-American Public Use Microdata Series (ICAPUMS). These data sets lent themselves well to integration because of their strong similarities in sampling design, data collection and data organization. Consistency in the availability and treatment of variables also eased integration of the samples, although the harmonization of occupation variables presented significant challenges. The ICAPUMS features a general household relationship variable which allows us to examine household structure across the two countries and three years. The paper concludes by proposing some general principles of census data set integration. This integrated data set is now available to researchers on the website of the University of Minnesota Historical Census Projects (www.hist.umn.edu/~ipums).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054021
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stratigraphy of total metals in PIRLA sediment cores (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 7 (1992), S. 191-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: geochemistry ; metals ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediment cores from 30 low-alkalinity lakes in northern New England (NE), New York (NY), the northern Great Lakes States (NGLS) of Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and Florida (FL) have been dated by 210Pb and analyzed for water and organic content, eight major elements (Al, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K) plus four trace metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, and V). Variations in the percentages of major elements through time are dominated by long-term independent variations in the abundance of SiO2, FeO, and to a lesser extent Ca and Al. Additional variations are caused by varying proportions of inorganic matter. Major variations in chemistry are generally unrelated to documented distrubances in the watersheds; most disturbances are minor fires or selective logging. Accelerated accumulation of Pb from atmospheric sources into sediment first occurs in sediment dated between 1800 and 1850 in NY and NE, slightly later in the NGLS region, and about 1900 in FL. Modern accumulation rates in all areas are comparable (ca. 1 to 4 μg cm−2 yr−1). Accumulation rates of Pb in some lakes have declined significantly from 1975 to 1985. Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Zn and Cu is also indicated by generally increasing accumulation rates in sediment cores, but the record is not as clear nor are chemical profiles in all lakes parallel to the trends in atmospheric emissions inferred on the basis of fossil fuel consumption, smelting, and other industrial activities. Inter-lake variations in profiles of Cu and Zn are large. Vanadium accumulation rates increase by the 1940s in NY and NE, but not until the 1950s in the NGLS region. This timing correlates with regional trends in the combustion of fuel oil, a major source of atmospheric V. Acidification of some of the lakes is suggested by decreases in the concentration and accumulation rates of Mn, Ca, and Zn in recent sediment, relative to other elements of catchment origin. The decreases generally occur slightly before the onset of acidification as indicated by diatoms. Increased sediment accumulation rates for Fe may indicate the acidification of watershed soils. The use of the accumulation rate of TiO2 as an indicator of rates of erosion and for normalization of trace metal accumulation rates is in question for lakes where the flux of TiO2 from the atmosphere varies and is a significant fraction of the total flux of TiO2 to the sediment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00181714
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of airline pilot characteristics on perceptions of job safety risks (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of risk and uncertainty 2 (1989), S. 335-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0476
    Keywords: aeronautics-commercial ; safety ; United States ; employees ; perceptions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In a large cross-sectional sample, commercial airline pilots in the United States were asked for their perceptions of job safety hazards. Regression techniques are employed to investigate the relationship between these perceptions and both the length of tenure of pilots and their specific employer within the industry. The latter is found to have a far more significant impact on risk perception. No evidence is found for a learning curve of job risk with respect to experience. Pilots' assessments of inadequacies in training and aircraft maintenance are found to be significantly related to the financial health of their employer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00356860
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of dermatophytes from human patients in the United States from 1985 to 1987 (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 114 (1991), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: dermatophytes ; survey ; United States ; humans ; 1985/87
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1985 to 1987 in the United States. The survey included 54 locations with data from 45 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of the total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 54.8%, T. tonsurans 31.3%, T. mentagrophytes 6.0%, Microsporum canis 4.0%, Epidermophyton floccosum 2.0%, M. gypseum 0.6%, and T. verrucosum 0.2%. Out of a total of 14,696 isolates M. audouinii was cultured 13 times, T. violaceum 12 times, M. nanum 6 times, T. terrestre 4 times, and T. soudanense twice. Single isolations were made of M.fulvum, M. ferrugineum and T. schoenleinii. Collection of dermatophyte data in Tucson, Arizona, began in 1966. In 1987, the first case of tinea capitis caused by T. tonsurans was observed. Other isolates of this organism as the cause of tinea capitis were made in this city during that year. These infections were in black children. With the recent growth of Tucson, the percentage of blacks in the population increased and this pathogen was introduced into the general population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436431
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    What is the Place of Christian Wolff in the History of the Social Sciences? (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of law and economics 4 (1997), S. 147-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9990
    Keywords: Methodology ; history of social science ; economists ; political economy ; history ; historical school ; Germany ; England ; United States ; historicism ; economics ; philosophy ; Wolff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Law , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the place of Christian Wolff in the history of social science in English. The "Introduction" places Wolff in the context of the pre-history of modern social science. Samples are given of the great range of subjects on which he wrote. The importance of the German context is stressed. The second part is devoted to a sample of what the literature contains by and about Wolff. It emphasizes philosophy and science. Part three is a survey of works in the history of the social sciences that mention Wolff. He has a substantial place in political science and psychology, a much smaller place in economics and history, virtually none in anthropology, geography, and sociology. In the applied social sciences, he is found in the history of education. Possible reasons are given. Part four is devoted to the relationships of philosophy and philosophers in the pre-history of the social sciences. They were important in several different ways because they both shaped and reflected how many people thought about science and social problems. The “Summary and Conclusion” describes the present status. His contributions are summarized. He was a pivotal figure in the making of the German conception of social science. This is a preliminary study emphasizing the issues and problems that a more detailed examination would require. Several conventional judgments are challenged and possibilities for further research suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008679326854
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeing Patterns: Models, Visual Evidence and Pictorial Communication in the Work of Barbara McClintock (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 163-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: cytogenetics ; diagrams ; genetics ; illustrations ; McClintock ; models ; molecular biology ; photographs ; twentieth-century ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Barbara McClintock won the Nobel Prize in 1983 for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. Her Nobel work began in 1944, and by 1950 McClintock began presenting her work on “controlling elements.” McClintock performed her studies through the use of controlled breeding experiments with known mutant stocks, and read the action of controlling elements (transposons) in visible patterns of pigment and starch distribution. She taught close colleagues to “read” the patterns in her maize kernels, “seeing” pigment and starch genes turning on and off. McClintock illustrated her talks and papers on controlling elements or transposons with photographs of the spotted and streaked maize kernels which were both her evidence and the key to her explanations. Transposon action could be read in the patterns by the initiated, but those without step by step instruction by McClintock or experience in maize often found her presentations confusing. The photographs she displayed became both McClintock's means of communication, and a barrier to successful presentation of her results. The photographs also had a second and more subtle effect. As images of patterns arrived at through growth and development of the kernel, they highlight what McClintock believed to be the developmental consequences of transposition, which in McClintock's view was her central contribution, over the mechanism of transposition, for which she was eventually recognized by others. Scientific activities are extremely visual, both at the sites of investigation and in communication through drawings, photographs, and movies. Those visual messages deserve greater scrutiny by historians of science.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004420726771
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sensitivity of secular trends in precipitation data to observational errors (1990)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 134 (1990), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Precipitation ; trends ; climate changes ; data errors ; United States ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract There has been considerable interest in estimating secular trends in precipitation data in various regions of the world. It is therefore important to ascertain the manner in which errors of observation affect estimated trends. For this purpose we have compared trends at 1219 stations in the contiguous United States for two data sets: (a) original observations, also called “raw” observations, and (b) the observations, adjusted to compensate for suspected errors. The adjustments were made at the National Climate Data Center, Asheville (Quinlan et al., 1987;karl andWilliams, 1987), In order to focus on the effects of observational errors we attempted to avoid the effects of filling of missing data by limiting the analysis to the period 1940–1984 for which the number of missing values is much smaller than earlier periods. A least-square linear regression was performed on the raw and adjusted data for each station and the slopes of the fitted lines were compared. The comparison was made for monthly, seasonal and annual precipitation values. The results for annual precipitation showed that 23 percent of the stations have trends of opposite signs in the raw and adjusted data. The trends were identical in annual data at only 11 percent of the stations. When monthly data are combined to form seasonal and annual averages the magnitude of the difference between the slopes of the adjusted and the raw observations generally increases, indicating that the errors in the individual monthly observations are correlated. When the station data were averaged to obtain state-wide averages, the effects of the errors became less pronounced in most of the states. These results indicate that obtaining trends in precipitation from station data is a more difficult problem than has been realized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878076
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The linear relation between temperatures based on the silica content of groundwater and regional heat flow: A new heat flow map of the United States (1978)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 117 (1978), S. 227-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Silica geothermometer ; Regional heat flow ; Geothermal energy ; Ground water circulation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Application of the silica geothermometer to over 70,000 non-thermal groundwaters from the United States has shown that there is a correlation between the average silica geotemperatures for a region (T SiO2 in °C) and the known regional heat flow (q in mW m−2) of the form: 1 $$TSiO_2 = mq + b$$ wherem andb are constants determined to be 0.67°C m2 mW−1 and 13.2°C respectively. The physical significance of ‘b’ is the mean annual air temperature. The slope ‘m’ is related to the minimum average depth to which the groundwaters may circulate. This minimum depth is estimated to be between 1.4 and 2.0 km depending on the rock type. A preliminary heat flow map based on equation (1) is presented using theT SiO2 for new estimates of regional heat flow where conventional data are lacking. Anomalously high localT SiO2 values indicate potential geothermal areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879749
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Culture and the environment in the United States (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environment ; Beliefs ; Values ; Paradigms ; Culture ; Attitudes ; Social change ; Political change ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The beliefs of Americans about the proper relationship between humans and their environment were profoundly affected by waves of immigration from Europe. Immigrants valued ownership of land, individuality, freedom, domination of nature, and technological development. These themes remain strong today as centerpieces of the American dominant social paradigm (DSP). That DSP has been reexamined and found wanting by an increasing proportion of Americans. This departure from the old DSP has progressed further among the public than among the elite who have a greater stake in preserving the status quo. Environmentalists constitute a vanguard trying to lead the people to a new, more environmentally oriented social paradigm. The beliefs of the old DSP and the new environmental paradigm (NEP) are contrasted in Table 2. Briefly, the NEP advocates stress love of nature rather than domination of it; compassion for other peoples, future generations, and other species; planning to avoid risk; limits to growth; fundamental social change; and a new structuring of politics. These two worldviews are likely to be in vigorous conflict for several decades in the USA. Social learning, spurred by deterioration of the old ways, is likely to lead Americans to a new perspective on their relationship to nature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867116
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Health benefits due to reductions of CO levels (1977)
    Springer
    Environmental management 1 (1977), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: CO Reduction ; Health Benefits ; United States ; Air Quality ; COHb ; Automotive CO emissions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented by which an upper limit of the adverse health effect of existing ambient CO concentrations on the U. S. population can be estimated. The method is based upon estimating the primary human physiological response to CO concentrations (COHb%) for the population in terms of person-hour-COHb〉1.5% resulting from the time exposure of the population to CO concentrations in excess of the federally designated ambient air quality standard. The estimates of person-hour-COHb〉1.5% are for exposures only to ambient CO concentrations and do not take into account the additional CO exposure for people who smoke or have occupational exposures. We estimate that there were up to 30.9×109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% in 1973 due to ambient concentrations in excess of the ambient 8-hour CO standard, with approximately 5×109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% occurring West of the Continental Divide and 25.9〉109 person-hour-COHb〉1.5% occuring East of the Continental Divide; of these 21.3×109 personhour-COHb〉1.5% occurred in New York City. It was also estimated that a 60% reduction in 1973 ambient concentrations of CO (corresponding to an automotive emmision standard of less than 15 g/mile) would be needed to reduce to zero the person-hour-COHb〉1.5%. The maximum estimated effects on the U.S. population of increases in ambient CO concentration above 1973 levels are also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866103
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The U.S. allowance trading system for sulfur dioxide: An update on market experience (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 5 (1995), S. 115-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Emission trading ; United States ; sulfur dioxide ; air pollution ; costs ; cost-effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In 1990, the U.S. Congress passed legislation that amended the Clean Air Act to create a new program to mitigate the effects of acid deposition in the U.S. through emission reductions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) at electric utility plants across the country. The SO2 reductions, totalling a 40% reduction nationally from 1980 levels or a 10 million ton reduction annually, are achieved largely through an emission trading system, the largest program of its kind designed to date. This trading system has the potential to save up to half of the compliance costs associated with more traditional source-by-source emission limit programs. This paper briefly discusses background on the acid rain issue in the United States, and the principal features of the program, including: a permanent cap on utility emissions of SO2 beginning in 2010, decision to grant up-front allocation of emission credits to reduce individual approvals of trades, the use of continuous emission monitors and automatic penalties to ensure compliance, and integration of the Acid Rain program requirements with other Clean Air Act programs. The paper also discusses the development of the allowance trading market to date, including the types of compliance options chosen and quantity and type of emissions trading being conducted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00693019
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  • 17
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    Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: Case Studies in the Former Soviet Union, the Conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (= uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (−37) and Brazil (−16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (= emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU −343; U.S. −243; Mexico −35; and Brazil −235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MITI.0000027388.65532.60
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    Electronic Resource
    Alien plant species composition and associations with anthropogenic disturbance in North American forests (1998)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 139 (1998), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Alien species ; Anthropogenic disturbance ; Biological invasions ; Forests ; Ground vegetation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A probability-based sampling scheme was used to survey plant species composition in forests of 16 states in seven geopolitical regions of the United States (California, Colorado, Minnesota, and parts of the Pacific Northwest, Southeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Northeast) in 1994. The proportion of alien species relative to the total species number and to canopy cover in the ground stratum (0–0.6 m height) was evaluated in 279 plots. Visually evident anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., artificial regeneration, logging, prescribed burning, and grazing by livestock), if any, were recorded on each plot. In each of the seven regions we quantified (1) the percentage of the number of species and total cover comprised of alien species, (2) the difference in these percentages for disturbed and undisturbed plots, and (3) the origin or native range for the alien species. The percentage of alien species ranged from approximately 4.5% (Colorado) to approximately 13.2% (California). The percentage of alien species cover ranged from approximately 1.5% in Colorado to 25% in California. In five regions, species introduced from temperate Eurasia comprised the largest proportion of alien species and cover. In the Southeast, species introduced from far eastern and subtropical Asia dominated the alien flora. In the Mid-Atlantic, the majority of alien species was Eurasian and the majority of alien species cover consisted of far eastern and subtropical Asian species. The proportion of plots in which at least one alien species was recorded was significantly higher in disturbed than undisturbed plots in the Southeast and marginally significantly higher ($p=0.053$) in the Northeast. These results are consistent with other published studies that indicate that anthropogenic disturbance affects the structure and composition of both the ground stratum and upper canopy of forest habitats. In other regions, however, no significant differences were found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009730702302
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    Electronic Resource
    US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review (1995)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 118 (1995), S. 139-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Classification ; Definition ; United States ; Wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1979 the US Fish and Wildlife Service published and adopted a classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. The system was designed for use in a national inventory of wetlands. It was intended to be ecologically based, to furnish the mapping units needed for the inventory, and to provide national consistency in terminology and definition. We review the performance of the classification after 13 years of use. The definition of wetland is based on national lists of hydric soils and plants that occur in wetlands. Our experience suggests that wetland classifications must facilitate mapping and inventory because these data gathering functions are essential to management and preservation of the wetland resource, but the definitions and taxa must have ecological basis. The most serious problem faced in construction of the classification was lack of data for many of the diverse wetland types. Review of the performance of the classification suggests that, for the most part, it was successful in accomplishing its objectives, but that problem areas should be corrected and modification could strengthen its utility. The classification, at least in concept, could be applied outside the United States. Experience gained in use of the classification can furnish guidance as to pitfalls to be avoided in the wetland classification process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045196
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    Electronic Resource
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    Preliminary distributional analysis of US endangered bird species (2000)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 9 (2000), S. 1313-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: BIOCLIM ; birds ; conservation strategies ; ecological niche modeling ; endangered species ; GARP ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A first exploration of applications of ecological niche modeling and geographic distributional prediction to endangered species protection is developed. Foci of richness of endangered bird species are identified in coastal California and along the southern fringe of the United States. Species included on the Endangered Species List on the basis of peripheral populations inflate these concentrations considerably. Species without protection in the US National Park System are focused particularly in peninsular Florida. Application of this methodology to additional taxa and regions holds promise for diverse conservation applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008924322405
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    Probabilistic methodology for estimation of undiscovered petroleum resources in play analysis of the United States (1992)
    Springer
    Natural resources research 1 (1992), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8981
    Keywords: Oil and gas assessment ; Analytic probability ; Play analysis ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A geostochastic system called FASPF was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for their 1989 assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in the United States. FASPF is a fast appraisal system for petroleum play analysis using a field-size geological model and an analytic probabilistic methodology. The geological model is a particular type of probability model whereby the volumes of oil and gas accumulations are modeled as statistical distributions in the form of probability histograms, and the risk structure is bilevel (play and accumulation) in terms of conditional probability. The probabilistic methodology is an analytic method derived from probability theory rather than Monte Carlo simulation. The resource estimates of crude oil and natural gas are calculated and expressed in terms of probability distributions. The probabilistic methodology developed by the author is explained. The analytic system resulted in a probabilistic methodology for play analysis, subplay analysis, economic analysis, and aggregation analysis. Subplay analysis included the estimation of petroleum resources on non-Federal offshore areas. Economic analysis involved the truncation of the field size with a minimum economic cutoff value. Aggregation analysis was needed to aggregate individual play and subplay estimates of oil and gas, respectively, at the provincial, regional, and national levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01782269
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  • 22
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    The destruction of aquatic vegetation by carp (1983)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 106 (1983), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: carp ; aquatic vegetation ; enclosure experiment ; Southern France ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The destruction of submerged vegetation by common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. is tested in six enclosures with different biomass (kg ha−1) of carp in a marsh of the Camargue, southern France. After 71 days, a strong negative relationship was found between the biomass of carp and the amount of aquatic vegetation present in the enclosures. The results are compared with similar studies in the United States. The absence of problem of vegetation destruction by carp in Europe, in contrast to North America, may be explained by lower biomass of these populations in Europe, and by a higher weight of carp in North America.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016414
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in a new reservoir (1984)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 112 (1984), S. 27-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: benthic macroinvertebrates ; colonization ; succession ; reservoir ; impoundment ; mainstream ; United States ; Southeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the colonization and succession of benthic macroinvertebrates in shallow areas (〈7 m) of Lake Anna, a new mainstream impoundment in the southeastern U.S.A. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled for the first three years after filling by means of artificial substrates placed on the bottom and retrieved with SCUBA. Lake Anna was well colonized by benthic macroinvertebrates during the summer season immediately after impoundment. The total density of organisms increased in each of the first three years. Major changes in the fauna occurred between the first and second years, but the changes between the second and third years were more subtle. The fauna could be divided into two distinct groups based upon the time when the organisms were most consistently abundant. The first colonizers appeared to be dependent upon the components of the former terrestrial ecosystem for food and habitat. As autochthonous factors began to regulate succession, diversity increased and the dominant species shifted to an assemblage of second colonizers. These factors included: (1) decomposition of terrestrial vegetation and detritus leaving bare substrate, (2) sedimentation, (3) improved food quality of the organic matter in the sediment because of ingestion and egestion by the organisms themselves, (4) increased plankton populations, and (5) appearance of macrophytes. As the second colonizers became firmly established in the third year, distinct patterns of spatial distribution began to appear among species with similar niches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007663
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    Antimerger policy in the United States: History and lessons (1996)
    Springer
    Empirica 23 (1996), S. 229-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: Antimerger policy ; United States ; Europe ; efficiency ; L41 ; G34 ; L21
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reviews the history of US antimerger policy. This history is divided into three periods: a period in which there was almost no effective antimerger policy at all from 1890 up to 1959, a period of vigorous antimerger policy from 1950 up through 1973, and a period of lax enforcement from 1974 to the present. The paper accounts for these shifts in antimerger policy and discusses their effects. After reviewing the logic and consequences of US antimerger policy, a critique of its permises is offered, particularly as these premises apply to the recent era of lax enforcement. The paper closes with suggestions for an alternative approach to antimerger policy that is consistent with the empirical evidence on why mergers occur and their effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00924972
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  • 25
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    How efficient are national environmental standards? A benefit-cost analysis of the United States experience (1991)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 1 (1991), S. 385-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Environmental standards ; environmental regulations ; benefit-cost ; cost-benefit ; United States ; efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper summarizes the results of the first systematic, geographically-specific efficiency assessment of the U.S. experience with national environmental standards and with alternative approaches to establishing those standards. This ex-post evaluation assessed the net benefits that resulted from EPA's regulation of conventional air and water pollutants from the pulp and paper industry between 1973 and 1984. The paper compares the benefit-cost efficiencies of the three dominant regulatory approaches: technology, ambient, and benefits. Unlike previous studies, which assessed benefits and costs on a national basis, the study estimates both costs and benefits on a facility-by-facility basis. The analysis shows how the efficiency of national environmental regulations can vary dramatically at local levels. The authors conclude that the technology-based standards for water pollution management failed as an efficient environmental strategy. The costs clearly exceeded the benefits in the aggregate, as well as in the specific in most situations. Benefits exceeded costs at only 11 of the 68 mills investigated. The ambient based standards for air pollution management succeeded as an environmental strategy in the aggregate, but succeeded in the specific for only one-third of the mills (22 of 60 mills). The benefits-based standards for air pollution management also succeeded in the aggregate as well as in the specific for about one-half of the mills. Benefits exceeded costs at 29 of the 60 mills investigated. The results of the study point to two major conclusions. First, a regulatory policy that is based on some measure of environmental results, either ambient-based or benefits-based, will be more efficient than a policy that ignores environmental results. Second, truly efficient policies for reducing environmental risks require pollution mitigation decisions that take into account local conditions. These include not only the changes in local ambient conditions, but also the number of people who will benefit from pollution reduction decisions. This latter conclusion suggests that national environmental standards per se may be inefficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377494
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  • 26
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    Terrestrial carbon dynamics: Case studies in the former Soviet Union, the conterminous United States, Mexico and Brazil (1997)
    Springer
    Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change 1 (1997), S. 363-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1596
    Keywords: carbon flux ; land use ; former Soviet Union ; United States ; Mexico ; Brazil ; forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Abstract This research assessed land-use impacts on C flux at a national level in four countries: former Soviet Union, United States, Mexico and Brazil, including biotic processes in terrestrial ecosystems (closed forests, woodlands, and croplands), harvest of trees for wood and paper products, and direct C emission from fires. The terrestrial ecosystems of the four countries contain approximately 40% of the world's terrestrial biosphere C pool, with the FSU alone having 27% of the global total. Average phytomass C densities decreased from south to north while average soil C densities in all three vegetation types generally increased from south to north. The C flux from land cover conversion was divided into a biotic component and a land-use component. We estimate that the total net biotic flux (Tg/yr) was positive (=uptake) in the FSU (631) and the U.S. (332), but negative in Mexico (-37) and Brazil (-16). In contrast, total flux from land use was negative (=emissions) in all four countries (TgC/yr): FSU -342; U.S. -243; Mexico -35; and Brazil -235. The total net effect of the biotic and land-use factors was a C sink in the FSU and the U.S. and a C source in both Brazil and Mexico.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00464888
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    A survey of dermatophytes isolated from human patients in the United States from 1982 to 1984 (1987)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 98 (1987), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: dermatophytes ; survey ; United States ; humans ; 1982/84
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A survey of dermatophytes isolated from patients seeking medical advice was made from 1982 to 1984 in the United States. The survey included 59 locations with data from 49 cities and one state. Listing of the isolated dermatophytes and the frequency given by percentage of total follows: Trichophyton rubrum 46.8%, T. tonsurans 33.3%, T. mentagrophytes 10.1%, Microsporum canis 4.5%, Epidermophyton floccosum 3,5%, M. gypseum and T. verrucosum both 0.7%, M. audouinii and T. terrestre both 0.1%, and T. violaceum 0.06%. No isolations of M. ferrugineum or T. schoenleinii were reported. Temporal increases were observed for frequencies of T. mentagrophytes, T. tonsurans and M. canis, and decreases occurred for frequencies of E. floccosum and T. rubrum when the data from this survey were compared by the goodness of fit test to data of the 1979 to 1981 survey. The percent of dermatophyte isolations identified as T. tonsurans correlated significantly with the percentage of blacks in cities of 100000 or more people.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431015
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    Western migrants in central Europe: Isolated individuals or members of transnational communities? (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: community ; Czech Republic ; East Central Europe ; ethnicity ; migration ; Prague ; social exclusion ; transnationalism ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Migration flows from western Europe, the United States and Canada to east central Europe have received little attention so far. But numbers are now considerable and in the context of globalisation it seems appropriate to conceptualise communities of Westerners in terms of transnational social spaces as defined by Glick Schiller et al. Study of Americans in Prague reveals three main groups: enterprise managers, lifestyle migrants and entrepreneurs in small and medium-sized enterprises. All are engaged in a variety of different processes of community-building, often with clear trends towards a new transnationalism. Yet, the individual attempt to live in two societies is limited by the marked boundaries of the communities and by the degree of social exclusion which they experience from the majority population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007183532417
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    Nitrogen fixation in hardwood forests of the northeastern United States (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 33-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene reduction ; Harwood forests ; Nitrogen cycle ; Nitrogen fixation ; United States ; Wood litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrogen-fixing activity in hardwood forests of the northeastern United States occurred in wood litter, greater than 2 cm in diameter. Activity in large dead wood was independent of species, in the case of deciduous wood litter, but was restricted to partially decayed wood with a high moisture content. Maximum rates of activity were observed in the summer months, minimum rates in the winter. Evidence from six stands of varying ages showed that fixation in large wood litter occurred in only 25% of the samples assayed. Fixation was highest in the youngest, 4 years, and oldest, over 200 years, stands; being about 2 kg/ha/yr. The quantity of nitrogen fixed appears to be related to the biomass of dead wood. Large amounts of wood litter in the youngest stands were from slash left after cutting. As the supply of slash is exhausted by decay, nitrogen fixation decreases, with a low around year 20. Fixation then gradually increases as natural thinning adds wood to the litter compartment. Apparently, the amount of nitrogen fixed in dead wood the first 20 years following clearcutting can only replace a modest fraction of the amount lost as a result of the cutting and product removal. Finally, the results indicate that nitrogen fixation in wood litter does not equal nitrogen fixation in a northern hardwood forest calculated using a mass balance approach, suggesting that additional nitrogen inputs exist.
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    Acidification Trends in Surface Waters in the International Program on Acidification of Rivers and Lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 27-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; trends ; sulfate ; nitrate ; United States ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme forAcidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changesin surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes totrends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO 3 - concentrations predominated at European sites in theFederal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sitesin Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Otherpredominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of thesites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO 3 - were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in theAdirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increasedoccurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack ofdocumented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in severalvariables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changesin deposition were found using these data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022126704750
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    Acidification trends in surface waters in the international program on acidification of rivers and lakes (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 27-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; trends ; sulfate ; nitrate ; United States ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We applied trend analyses to data from the International Cooperative Programme for Acidification of Rivers and Lakes in an attempt to discover regional patterns of long-term changes in surface water chemistry both in Europe and North America, and to relate these changes to trends in deposition. Decreases in surface water SO4 2− concentrations predominated at European sites in the Federal Republic of Germany, The Netherlands, and in Norway, and at the North American sites in Ontario, Canada, the Adirondacks and Catskill Mountains of New York, U.S.A. Other predominating trends in the European sites were decreasing Ca2+ concentrations at many of the sites in The Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. Increases in NO3 − were observed at several sites in southern Norway, and in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of eastern New York. This, combined with an increased occurrence of declining base cation concentrations may well be responsible for the lack of documented surface water recovery from acidification. Despite region-wide trends in several variables of importance in acidification, no correlations between surface water trends and changes in deposition were found using these data.
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    Campoletis sonorensis [Hym.: Ichneumonidae] as a parasitoid ofSpodoptera frugiperda [Lep.: Noctuidae]: Host stage preference and functional response (1985)
    Springer
    BioControl 30 (1985), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: parasitoid,Campoletis sonorensis ; Ichneumonidae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Noctuidae temperature response ; density response ; United States ; Host stage preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le potentiel du parasiteCampoletis sonorensis comme agent de limitation des populations deSpodoptera frugiperda (FAW) a été évalué face à six densités d'hôtes et à deux températures distinctes. Une réponse fonctionnelle de type II a été observée aux deux températures chez la femelle deC. sonorensis en réponse aux différentes densités de la larve de Noctuelle. Aux densités de 60 et 75, un plus grand nombre de larves a été parasité à 25°C qu'à 30°C. On a découvert que le troisième stade larvaire était choisi de préférence parC. sonorensis pour pondre.
    Notes: Abstract The response of the parasitoidCampoletis sonorensis (Cameron) as a natural control agent of the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was evaluated at 6 host densities and 2 temperature regime. A type-II functional response was exhibited by femaleC. sonorensis in response to varying densities of all armyworn larvae at both temperatures. Significantly more larvae were parasitized at 25°C for the host densities of 60 and 75, than for the same densities at 30°C. Third instar fall armyworm larvae were found to be the preferred stage for parasitization byC. sonorensis.
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    New records for two mosquito predators [Turbellaria: Mesostoma] in the northeastern United States (1985)
    Springer
    BioControl 30 (1985), S. 83-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Mosquitoes ; Culicidae ; Flatworms ; Mesostoma spp. ; predation ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les observations accumulées indiquent que les larves des Plathelminthes mesostomides sont des prédateurs efficaces des larves de moustiques. Cette note présente les premières mentions de 3Mesostoma Ehrenberg incluant 2 prédateurs de moustiques.Mesostoma californicum Hyman,Mesostoma vernale Hyman, etMesostoma sp. cf.lingua Abildgaard furent découverts dans une mare temporaire du Massachusetts.M. californicum etM. sp. cf.lingua ont été reconnus comme des prédateurs efficaces des larves de moustiques.
    Notes: Abstract The accumulated data indicate that mesostomid flatworms are efficient predators of mosquito larvae. This paper presents the 1st published records for 3Mesostoma Ehrenberg, including 2 predators of mosquitoes.Mesostoma californicum Hyman,Mesostoma vernale Hyman, andMesostoma sp. cf.lingua Abildgaard were discovered in a temporary pool in Massachusetts.M. californicum andM. sp. cf.lingua were found to be efficient predators on mosquitoe larvae.
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    Embryonic stem cells: don't let litigation put research off limits (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-09-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Feng, Jian -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 16;467(7313):271. doi: 10.1038/467271a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Embryo Research/economics/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Embryonic Stem Cells ; *Federal Government ; Financing, Government/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; *Religion and Science ; Research Support as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; Zygote/cytology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Human genome at ten: Life is complicated (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Check Hayden, Erika -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):664-7. doi: 10.1038/464664a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Data Mining ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes/genetics ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Genomics/history/trends ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/history ; Humans ; *Models, Biological ; Molecular Biology/*history ; Neoplasms/genetics/therapy ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/metabolism ; Sea Urchins/embryology/genetics ; Systems Biology/*trends ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Uncertainty
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
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    Calm in a crisis (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 23;468(7327):1002. doi: 10.1038/4681002a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21170024" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Information Dissemination/*methods ; Oceans and Seas ; *Science/economics/methods/trends ; United States
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    A full accounting (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):985-6. doi: 10.1038/465985b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Disasters/*economics ; *Ecosystem ; Federal Government ; Industry/*economics ; Insurance/economics/*trends/utilization ; Petroleum/*adverse effects ; Risk ; United States
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    What it takes to nurse a nest egg (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaplan, Karen -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 23;467(7314):489-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20963934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Factors ; Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; European Union ; Faculty ; Income/statistics & numerical data ; Internationality ; *Pensions/statistics & numerical data ; Research Personnel/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Retirement/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Time Factors ; United States
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    A long way to go (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 2;468(7324):599-600. doi: 10.1038/468599b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronauts ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Research/*economics/*trends ; Space Flight/*economics ; Spacecraft/*economics ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economics
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    Which way for genetic-test regulation? Assign regulation appropriate to the level of risk (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Javitt, Gail -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 12;466(7308):817-8. doi: 10.1038/466817a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, USA. gjavitt1@jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20703288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Consumer Advocacy ; Genetic Counseling/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/*genetics ; Genetic Testing/*legislation & jurisprudence/*standards ; *Government Regulation ; Humans ; Marketing ; Reproducibility of Results ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/legislation & jurisprudence
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    How is the Global Green New Deal going? (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barbier, Edward -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 8;464(7290):832-3. doi: 10.1038/464832a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA. ebarbier@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20376129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*trends ; Economic Recession ; Global Warming/prevention & control ; *Internationality ; Leadership ; Poverty/economics/prevention & control ; Republic of Korea ; United Nations ; United States
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    Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-30
    Description: Humans have engaged in endurance running for millions of years, but the modern running shoe was not invented until the 1970s. For most of human evolutionary history, runners were either barefoot or wore minimal footwear such as sandals or moccasins with smaller heels and little cushioning relative to modern running shoes. We wondered how runners coped with the impact caused by the foot colliding with the ground before the invention of the modern shoe. Here we show that habitually barefoot endurance runners often land on the fore-foot (fore-foot strike) before bringing down the heel, but they sometimes land with a flat foot (mid-foot strike) or, less often, on the heel (rear-foot strike). In contrast, habitually shod runners mostly rear-foot strike, facilitated by the elevated and cushioned heel of the modern running shoe. Kinematic and kinetic analyses show that even on hard surfaces, barefoot runners who fore-foot strike generate smaller collision forces than shod rear-foot strikers. This difference results primarily from a more plantarflexed foot at landing and more ankle compliance during impact, decreasing the effective mass of the body that collides with the ground. Fore-foot- and mid-foot-strike gaits were probably more common when humans ran barefoot or in minimal shoes, and may protect the feet and lower limbs from some of the impact-related injuries now experienced by a high percentage of runners.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lieberman, Daniel E -- Venkadesan, Madhusudhan -- Werbel, William A -- Daoud, Adam I -- D'Andrea, Susan -- Davis, Irene S -- Mang'eni, Robert Ojiambo -- Pitsiladis, Yannis -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 28;463(7280):531-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08723.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, 11 Divinity Avenue, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. danlieb@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20111000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Child ; Female ; Foot/*physiology ; Forefoot, Human/physiology ; Gait/physiology ; Humans ; Kenya ; Male ; Running/*physiology ; *Shoes/standards ; *Stress, Mechanical ; United States ; Weight-Bearing/physiology ; Young Adult
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    Gas to displace coal on road to clean energy (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 1;466(7302):19. doi: 10.1038/466019a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20595985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Coal/*utilization ; Energy-Generating Resources/*statistics & numerical data ; Fossil Fuels/*supply & distribution/*utilization ; Power Plants/utilization ; United States
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    Germany rising (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):499-500. doi: 10.1038/467499b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881967" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: European Union ; Financing, Organized/economics ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Internationality ; Politics ; Research Support as Topic/economics/history ; Science/economics/history/*standards/*trends
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    A coding-independent function of gene and pseudogene mRNAs regulates tumour biology (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-26
    Description: The canonical role of messenger RNA (mRNA) is to deliver protein-coding information to sites of protein synthesis. However, given that microRNAs bind to RNAs, we hypothesized that RNAs could possess a regulatory role that relies on their ability to compete for microRNA binding, independently of their protein-coding function. As a model for the protein-coding-independent role of RNAs, we describe the functional relationship between the mRNAs produced by the PTEN tumour suppressor gene and its pseudogene PTENP1 and the critical consequences of this interaction. We find that PTENP1 is biologically active as it can regulate cellular levels of PTEN and exert a growth-suppressive role. We also show that the PTENP1 locus is selectively lost in human cancer. We extended our analysis to other cancer-related genes that possess pseudogenes, such as oncogenic KRAS. We also demonstrate that the transcripts of protein-coding genes such as PTEN are biologically active. These findings attribute a novel biological role to expressed pseudogenes, as they can regulate coding gene expression, and reveal a non-coding function for mRNAs.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206313/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3206313/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poliseno, Laura -- Salmena, Leonardo -- Zhang, Jiangwen -- Carver, Brett -- Haveman, William J -- Pandolfi, Pier Paolo -- R01 CA-82328-09/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA102142/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA102142-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):1033-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09144.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Genetics Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20577206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics ; Binding, Competitive ; Cell Line ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Neoplasms/*genetics ; PTEN Phosphohydrolase/*genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics ; Pseudogenes/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; ras Proteins/genetics
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    Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies human host factors crucial for influenza virus replication (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-19
    Description: Influenza A virus, being responsible for seasonal epidemics and reoccurring pandemics, represents a worldwide threat to public health. High mutation rates facilitate the generation of viral escape mutants, rendering vaccines and drugs directed against virus-encoded targets potentially ineffective. In contrast, targeting host cell determinants temporarily dispensable for the host but crucial for virus replication could prevent viral escape. Here we report the discovery of 287 human host cell genes influencing influenza A virus replication in a genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screen. Using an independent assay we confirmed 168 hits (59%) inhibiting either the endemic H1N1 (119 hits) or the current pandemic swine-origin (121 hits) influenza A virus strains, with an overlap of 60%. Notably, a subset of these common hits was also essential for replication of a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 strain. In-depth analyses of several factors provided insights into their infection stage relevance. Notably, SON DNA binding protein (SON) was found to be important for normal trafficking of influenza virions to late endosomes early in infection. We also show that a small molecule inhibitor of CDC-like kinase 1 (CLK1) reduces influenza virus replication by more than two orders of magnitude, an effect connected with impaired splicing of the viral M2 messenger RNA. Furthermore, influenza-virus-infected p27(-/-) (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; Cdkn1b) mice accumulated significantly lower viral titres in the lung, providing in vivo evidence for the importance of this gene. Thus, our results highlight the potency of genome-wide RNAi screening for the dissection of virus-host interactions and the identification of drug targets for a broad range of influenza viruses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Karlas, Alexander -- Machuy, Nikolaus -- Shin, Yujin -- Pleissner, Klaus-Peter -- Artarini, Anita -- Heuer, Dagmar -- Becker, Daniel -- Khalil, Hany -- Ogilvie, Lesley A -- Hess, Simone -- Maurer, Andre P -- Muller, Elke -- Wolff, Thorsten -- Rudel, Thomas -- Meyer, Thomas F -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 11;463(7282):818-22. doi: 10.1038/nature08760. Epub 2010 Jan 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Department, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20081832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Chick Embryo ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/virology ; Genome, Human/genetics ; *Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/classification/*growth & development ; Influenza, Human/*genetics/*virology ; Lung/cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics ; *RNA Interference ; Virus Replication/*physiology
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    Biopiracy rules should not block biological control (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cock, Matthew -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 23;467(7314):369. doi: 10.1038/467369a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CABI, Delemont, Switzerland. m.cock@cabi.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; International Cooperation/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Manihot ; Pest Control, Biological/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; South America ; Theft/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; Wasps
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    Enzyme-inhibitor-like tuning of Ca(2+) channel connectivity with calmodulin (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-02-09
    Description: Ca(2+) channels and calmodulin (CaM) are two prominent signalling hubs that synergistically affect functions as diverse as cardiac excitability, synaptic plasticity and gene transcription. It is therefore fitting that these hubs are in some sense coordinated, as the opening of Ca(V)1-2 Ca(2+) channels are regulated by a single CaM constitutively complexed with channels. The Ca(2+)-free form of CaM (apoCaM) is already pre-associated with the isoleucine-glutamine (IQ) domain on the channel carboxy terminus, and subsequent Ca(2+) binding to this 'resident' CaM drives conformational changes that then trigger regulation of channel opening. Another potential avenue for channel-CaM coordination could arise from the absence of Ca(2+) regulation in channels lacking a pre-associated CaM. Natural fluctuations in CaM concentrations might then influence the fraction of regulable channels and, thereby, the overall strength of Ca(2+) feedback. However, the prevailing view has been that the ultrastrong affinity of channels for apoCaM ensures their saturation with CaM, yielding a significant form of concentration independence between Ca(2+) channels and CaM. Here we show that significant exceptions to this autonomy exist, by combining electrophysiology (to characterize channel regulation) with optical fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor determination of free-apoCaM concentration in live cells. This approach translates quantitative CaM biochemistry from the traditional test-tube context into the realm of functioning holochannels within intact cells. From this perspective, we find that long splice forms of Ca(V)1.3 and Ca(V)1.4 channels include a distal carboxy tail that resembles an enzyme competitive inhibitor that retunes channel affinity for apoCaM such that natural CaM variations affect the strength of Ca(2+) feedback modulation. Given the ubiquity of these channels, the connection between ambient CaM levels and Ca(2+) entry through channels is broadly significant for Ca(2+) homeostasis. Strategies such as ours promise key advances for the in situ analysis of signalling molecules resistant to in vitro reconstitution, such as Ca(2+) channels.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553577/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3553577/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Xiaodong -- Yang, Philemon S -- Yang, Wanjun -- Yue, David T -- P30 DC005211/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC000276/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 18;463(7283):968-72. doi: 10.1038/nature08766. Epub 2010 Feb 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Calcium Signals Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross Building, Room 713, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20139964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Apoproteins/analysis/metabolism ; Binding, Competitive/drug effects ; Calcium/analysis/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium Channel Blockers/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Calmodulin/analysis/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Electrophysiology ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Humans ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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    Chemical genetics strategy identifies an HCV NS5A inhibitor with a potent clinical effect (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-23
    Description: The worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is estimated to be approaching 200 million people. Current therapy relies upon a combination of pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin, a poorly tolerated regimen typically associated with less than 50% sustained virological response rate in those infected with genotype 1 virus. The development of direct-acting antiviral agents to treat HCV has focused predominantly on inhibitors of the viral enzymes NS3 protease and the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. Here we describe the profile of BMS-790052, a small molecule inhibitor of the HCV NS5A protein that exhibits picomolar half-maximum effective concentrations (EC(50)) towards replicons expressing a broad range of HCV genotypes and the JFH-1 genotype 2a infectious virus in cell culture. In a phase I clinical trial in patients chronically infected with HCV, administration of a single 100-mg dose of BMS-790052 was associated with a 3.3 log(10) reduction in mean viral load measured 24 h post-dose that was sustained for an additional 120 h in two patients infected with genotype 1b virus. Genotypic analysis of samples taken at baseline, 24 and 144 h post-dose revealed that the major HCV variants observed had substitutions at amino-acid positions identified using the in vitro replicon system. These results provide the first clinical validation of an inhibitor of HCV NS5A, a protein with no known enzymatic function, as an approach to the suppression of virus replication that offers potential as part of a therapeutic regimen based on combinations of HCV inhibitors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gao, Min -- Nettles, Richard E -- Belema, Makonen -- Snyder, Lawrence B -- Nguyen, Van N -- Fridell, Robert A -- Serrano-Wu, Michael H -- Langley, David R -- Sun, Jin-Hua -- O'Boyle, Donald R 2nd -- Lemm, Julie A -- Wang, Chunfu -- Knipe, Jay O -- Chien, Caly -- Colonno, Richard J -- Grasela, Dennis M -- Meanwell, Nicholas A -- Hamann, Lawrence G -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 6;465(7294):96-100. doi: 10.1038/nature08960. Epub 2010 Apr 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/blood/chemistry/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cell Line ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; Genotype ; HeLa Cells ; Hepacivirus/*drug effects ; Hepatitis C/drug therapy/virology ; Humans ; Imidazoles/blood/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Time Factors ; Vero Cells ; Viral Load/drug effects ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Young Adult
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    Long shadow of the stem-cell ruling (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 28;467(7319):1031-3. doi: 10.1038/4671031a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Female ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; *Policy Making ; Politics ; Public Policy/legislation & jurisprudence/trends ; Research Personnel/economics/ethics/psychology ; Stem Cell Research/*economics/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    RAF inhibitors transactivate RAF dimers and ERK signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-02-25
    Description: Tumours with mutant BRAF are dependent on the RAF-MEK-ERK signalling pathway for their growth. We found that ATP-competitive RAF inhibitors inhibit ERK signalling in cells with mutant BRAF, but unexpectedly enhance signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF. Here we demonstrate the mechanistic basis for these findings. We used chemical genetic methods to show that drug-mediated transactivation of RAF dimers is responsible for paradoxical activation of the enzyme by inhibitors. Induction of ERK signalling requires direct binding of the drug to the ATP-binding site of one kinase of the dimer and is dependent on RAS activity. Drug binding to one member of RAF homodimers (CRAF-CRAF) or heterodimers (CRAF-BRAF) inhibits one protomer, but results in transactivation of the drug-free protomer. In BRAF(V600E) tumours, RAS is not activated, thus transactivation is minimal and ERK signalling is inhibited in cells exposed to RAF inhibitors. These results indicate that RAF inhibitors will be effective in tumours in which BRAF is mutated. Furthermore, because RAF inhibitors do not inhibit ERK signalling in other cells, the model predicts that they would have a higher therapeutic index and greater antitumour activity than mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors, but could also cause toxicity due to MEK/ERK activation. These predictions have been borne out in a recent clinical trial of the RAF inhibitor PLX4032 (refs 4, 5). The model indicates that promotion of RAF dimerization by elevation of wild-type RAF expression or RAS activity could lead to drug resistance in mutant BRAF tumours. In agreement with this prediction, RAF inhibitors do not inhibit ERK signalling in cells that coexpress BRAF(V600E) and mutant RAS.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178447/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178447/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poulikakos, Poulikos I -- Zhang, Chao -- Bollag, Gideon -- Shokat, Kevan M -- Rosen, Neal -- 1P01CA129243-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- 2R01EB001987/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA129243-010002/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EB001987/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA091178/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 CA091178-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 18;464(7287):427-30. doi: 10.1038/nature08902.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20179705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Enzyme Activation/drug effects ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/*metabolism ; Humans ; Indoles/pharmacology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/*drug effects ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Neoplasms/drug therapy/enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/metabolism/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Protein Multimerization ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology ; Transcriptional Activation/*drug effects ; raf Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; ras Proteins/genetics/metabolism
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    Space hitch-hiker (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 28;467(7319):1006. doi: 10.1038/4671006a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronauts ; Public-Private Sector Partnerships/economics/*trends ; Research/economics/*trends ; *Research Design ; *Research Personnel ; Space Flight/economics/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Spacecraft/economics ; Travel/economics/statistics & numerical data/*trends ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; Weightlessness
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    Unify guidelines for reviewing embryonic stem-cell research (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnston, Josephine -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 8;466(7303):179. doi: 10.1038/466179a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20613819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Consent Forms/legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology ; Guidelines as Topic/*standards ; Humans ; Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-29
    Description: Cellular differentiation and lineage commitment are considered to be robust and irreversible processes during development. Recent work has shown that mouse and human fibroblasts can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state with a combination of four transcription factors. This raised the question of whether transcription factors could directly induce other defined somatic cell fates, and not only an undifferentiated state. We hypothesized that combinatorial expression of neural-lineage-specific transcription factors could directly convert fibroblasts into neurons. Starting from a pool of nineteen candidate genes, we identified a combination of only three factors, Ascl1, Brn2 (also called Pou3f2) and Myt1l, that suffice to rapidly and efficiently convert mouse embryonic and postnatal fibroblasts into functional neurons in vitro. These induced neuronal (iN) cells express multiple neuron-specific proteins, generate action potentials and form functional synapses. Generation of iN cells from non-neural lineages could have important implications for studies of neural development, neurological disease modelling and regenerative medicine.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829121/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2829121/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vierbuchen, Thomas -- Ostermeier, Austin -- Pang, Zhiping P -- Kokubu, Yuko -- Sudhof, Thomas C -- Wernig, Marius -- 1018438-142-PABCA/PHS HHS/ -- 5T32NS007280/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009302/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100397/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 25;463(7284):1035-41. doi: 10.1038/nature08797. Epub 2010 Jan 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1050 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20107439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Biomarkers/analysis ; Cell Line ; *Cell Lineage ; *Cell Transdifferentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Fibroblasts/*cytology ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism/*physiology ; POU Domain Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Regenerative Medicine ; Synapses/metabolism ; Tail/cytology ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
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    Islands champion tuna ban (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pala, Christopher -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 9;468(7325):739-40. doi: 10.1038/468739a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21150962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Migration ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; Ecology/legislation & jurisprudence/methods ; Fisheries/*legislation & jurisprudence/*methods ; *Geography ; Hawaii ; *International Cooperation ; Pacific Ocean ; Population Density ; *Tuna/physiology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Science funding: Science for the masses (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lok, Corie -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 27;465(7297):416-8. doi: 10.1038/465416a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Communication ; Public Opinion ; *Research Personnel/economics ; Research Support as Topic/*organization & administration ; Science/*economics/education ; Teaching ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*economics/organization & administration
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    Cities: The century of the city (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 21;467(7318):900-1. doi: 10.1038/467900a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20962819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Asia ; Cities/*statistics & numerical data ; Europe ; Latin America ; Research/*trends ; United States ; Urban Population/*statistics & numerical data/*trends
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    The bridge between lab and clinic. Interview by Meredith Wadman (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins, Francis -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 16;468(7326):877. doi: 10.1038/468877a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Drug Industry ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics/*organization & administration ; Time Factors ; Translational Medical Research/economics/*organization & administration/trends ; United States
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    Collateral damage (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 26;466(7310):1023. doi: 10.1038/4661023a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20739963" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; Periodicals as Topic ; Research Personnel/*ethics ; *Scientific Misconduct ; *Students ; United States ; United States Office of Research Integrity ; Universities/ethics
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    Rule poses threat to museum bones (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dalton, Rex -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):662. doi: 10.1038/464662a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthropology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Archaeology/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Bone and Bones ; Funeral Rites ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*ethnology/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Museums ; United States
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    A new row to hoe (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):650. doi: 10.1038/464650a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360689" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/economics/methods/*trends ; Biofuels ; Child ; Financing, Organized/economics/trends ; Food Supply ; Global Warming/prevention & control ; Humans ; Obesity/prevention & control ; Research/economics/manpower/*trends ; Research Personnel/economics ; Research Support as Topic/economics/trends ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture/economics/*organization & administration
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    Timeline: Lindau and the zeitgeist (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simmons, John Galbraith -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):S14-5. doi: 10.1038/467S14a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Factors ; Blogging ; Congresses as Topic/*history/*trends ; Conservation of Natural Resources/trends ; Germany ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; *Nobel Prize ; Nuclear Warfare ; *Research Personnel/history/trends ; Science/*history/*trends
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    Temporary reprieve for stem cells (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wadman, Meredith -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 16;467(7313):258-9. doi: 10.1038/467258a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Embryonic Stem Cells ; Financing, Organized/economics/*organization & administration ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    Buyer beware (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):465-6. doi: 10.1038/464465b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Dietary Supplements/economics/*standards ; Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; United States
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    US stem-cell chaos felt abroad (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wadman, Meredith -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 9;467(7312):138-9. doi: 10.1038/467138a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cooperative Behavior ; Embryo Research/*economics ; Humans ; Internationality ; Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    US school ranking names no winners (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 30;467(7315):510. doi: 10.1038/467510a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Education, Graduate/*standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Faculty/standards/statistics & numerical data ; Schools/*standards/*statistics & numerical data ; United States
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    Science in court (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 18;464(7287):325. doi: 10.1038/464325a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20237517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Education, Graduate/trends ; Forensic Sciences/economics/education/organization & administration/*trends ; Reproducibility of Results ; Research/economics/organization & administration/trends ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/economics/organization & administration/trends
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    Francis Collins: One year at the helm (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wadman, Meredith -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 12;466(7308):808-10. doi: 10.1038/466808a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20703281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act/economics ; Biomedical Research/economics/organization & administration/trends ; Budgets/trends ; Comparative Effectiveness Research ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/history ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/*organization & ; administration/trends ; Religion and Science ; Translational Medical Research ; United States
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    Obituary: Stephen Henry Schneider (1945-2010) (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mastrandrea, Michael D -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 19;466(7309):933. doi: 10.1038/466933a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group II, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. mikemas@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20725032" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Climate Change/*history ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Policy Making ; United States
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    Transgenic fish go large (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marris, Emma -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 16;467(7313):259. doi: 10.1038/467259a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Drug Approval/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Food, Genetically Modified/standards/supply & distribution ; *Salmon/genetics ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-01-22
    Description: In the lowermost layer of the atmosphere-the troposphere-ozone is an important source of the hydroxyl radical, an oxidant that breaks down most pollutants and some greenhouse gases. High concentrations of tropospheric ozone are toxic, however, and have a detrimental effect on human health and ecosystem productivity. Moreover, tropospheric ozone itself acts as an effective greenhouse gas. Much of the present tropospheric ozone burden is a consequence of anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors resulting in widespread increases in ozone concentrations since the late 1800s. At present, east Asia has the fastest-growing ozone precursor emissions. Much of the springtime east Asian pollution is exported eastwards towards western North America. Despite evidence that the exported Asian pollution produces ozone, no previous study has found a significant increase in free tropospheric ozone concentrations above the western USA since measurements began in the late 1970s. Here we compile springtime ozone measurements from many different platforms across western North America. We show a strong increase in springtime ozone mixing ratios during 1995-2008 and we have some additional evidence that a similar rate of increase in ozone mixing ratio has occurred since 1984. We find that the rate of increase in ozone mixing ratio is greatest when measurements are more heavily influenced by direct transport from Asia. Our result agrees with previous modelling studies, which indicate that global ozone concentrations should be increasing during the early part of the twenty-first century as a result of increasing precursor emissions, especially at northern mid-latitudes, with western North America being particularly sensitive to rising Asian emissions. We suggest that the observed increase in springtime background ozone mixing ratio may hinder the USA's compliance with its ozone air quality standard.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cooper, O R -- Parrish, D D -- Stohl, A -- Trainer, M -- Nedelec, P -- Thouret, V -- Cammas, J P -- Oltmans, S J -- Johnson, B J -- Tarasick, D -- Leblanc, T -- McDermid, I S -- Jaffe, D -- Gao, R -- Stith, J -- Ryerson, T -- Aikin, K -- Campos, T -- Weinheimer, A -- Avery, M A -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 21;463(7279):344-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08708.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. owen.r.cooper@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20090751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/analysis/chemistry ; Asia ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; North America ; Ozone/*analysis/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Sample Size ; Seasons
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    A population-specific HTR2B stop codon predisposes to severe impulsivity (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-24
    Description: Impulsivity, describing action without foresight, is an important feature of several psychiatric diseases, suicidality and violent behaviour. The complex origins of impulsivity hinder identification of the genes influencing it and the diseases with which it is associated. Here we perform exon-focused sequencing of impulsive individuals in a founder population, targeting fourteen genes belonging to the serotonin and dopamine domain. A stop codon in HTR2B was identified that is common (minor allele frequency 〉 1%) but exclusive to Finnish people. Expression of the gene in the human brain was assessed, as well as the molecular functionality of the stop codon, which was associated with psychiatric diseases marked by impulsivity in both population and family-based analyses. Knockout of Htr2b increased impulsive behaviours in mice, indicative of predictive validity. Our study shows the potential for identifying and tracing effects of rare alleles in complex behavioural phenotypes using founder populations, and indicates a role for HTR2B in impulsivity.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183507/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183507/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bevilacqua, Laura -- Doly, Stephane -- Kaprio, Jaakko -- Yuan, Qiaoping -- Tikkanen, Roope -- Paunio, Tiina -- Zhou, Zhifeng -- Wedenoja, Juho -- Maroteaux, Luc -- Diaz, Silvina -- Belmer, Arnaud -- Hodgkinson, Colin A -- Dell'osso, Liliana -- Suvisaari, Jaana -- Coccaro, Emil -- Rose, Richard J -- Peltonen, Leena -- Virkkunen, Matti -- Goldman, David -- AA-09203/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA-12502/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AA000301-09/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z01 AA000301-10/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- Z99 AA999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 23;468(7327):1061-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09629.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21179162" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Cell Line ; Female ; Finland ; Founder Effect ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knockout Techniques ; Genotype ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior/*genetics ; Male ; Mental Disorders/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, 129 Strain ; Mice, Knockout ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/*genetics/*metabolism ; Testosterone/blood/cerebrospinal fluid
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    Ease public concern over oil pipeline (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gates, John B -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 9;468(7325):765. doi: 10.1038/468765a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21150980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada ; Chemical Hazard Release ; Disclosure ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects ; *Mining ; Petroleum/*adverse effects ; *Public Opinion ; *Research Personnel ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; Water Supply
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    Cheap shots (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 12;466(7308):797. doi: 10.1038/466797b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20703262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *American Recovery and Reinvestment Act/economics ; Animals ; *Dissent and Disputes ; Economic Recession ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; *Politics ; Science/*economics ; United States
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    Can controversies be put to REST? (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-03
    Description: The contribution of REST to embryonic stem (ES) cell pluripotency has been uncertain. Two years ago, Singh et al. claimed that Rest(+/-) and REST knock-down ES cells expressed reduced levels of pluripotency markers, in contrast to a prior and subsequent reports. To understand the basis of this difference, we analysed the YHC334 (YHC) and RRC160 (RRC) gene-trap ES cell lines used by Singh et al., obtained directly from BayGenomics. Both REST mutant lines generated REST-betaGeo fusion proteins, but expressed pluripotency genes at levels similar to appropriately matched parental wild ES cells, consistent with expression being REST-independent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jorgensen, Helle F -- Fisher, Amanda G -- MC_U120027516/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 2;467(7311):E3-4; discussion E5. doi: 10.1038/nature09305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK. amanda.fisher@csc.mrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20811409" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology ; Mice ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics ; Repressor Proteins/*genetics
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    Reprogramming towards pluripotency requires AID-dependent DNA demethylation (2009)
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    Publication Date: 2009-12-23
    Description: Reprogramming of somatic cell nuclei to yield induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells makes possible derivation of patient-specific stem cells for regenerative medicine. However, iPS cell generation is asynchronous and slow (2-3 weeks), the frequency is low (〈0.1%), and DNA demethylation constitutes a bottleneck. To determine regulatory mechanisms involved in reprogramming, we generated interspecies heterokaryons (fused mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and human fibroblasts) that induce reprogramming synchronously, frequently and fast. Here we show that reprogramming towards pluripotency in single heterokaryons is initiated without cell division or DNA replication, rapidly (1 day) and efficiently (70%). Short interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown showed that activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID, also known as AICDA) is required for promoter demethylation and induction of OCT4 (also known as POU5F1) and NANOG gene expression. AID protein bound silent methylated OCT4 and NANOG promoters in fibroblasts, but not active demethylated promoters in ES cells. These data provide new evidence that mammalian AID is required for active DNA demethylation and initiation of nuclear reprogramming towards pluripotency in human somatic cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906123/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2906123/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhutani, Nidhi -- Brady, Jennifer J -- Damian, Mara -- Sacco, Alessandra -- Corbel, Stephane Y -- Blau, Helen M -- AG009521/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG024987/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AI007328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG009521/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG009521-25/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG024987/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG024987-05/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI007328/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 HL100397/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 25;463(7284):1042-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08752.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5175, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20027182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cellular Reprogramming/genetics/*physiology ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Cytidine Deaminase/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; DNA Replication ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/*cytology/enzymology/*metabolism ; Lung/cytology/embryology ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Time Factors
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    Peers nip misconduct in the bud (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koocher, Gerald P -- Keith-Spiegel, Patricia -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 22;466(7305):438-40. doi: 10.1038/466438a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Simmons College, 300 The Fenway, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. koocher@simmons.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Ethics, Research/education ; Guidelines as Topic ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Personnel/education/*ethics/psychology/*statistics & numerical data ; Scientific Misconduct/psychology/*statistics & numerical data ; United States
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    Flood of oil, drought of research (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schrope, Mark -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 27;465(7297):404-5. doi: 10.1038/465404a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505701" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Disaster Planning/trends ; Disasters/economics/*statistics & numerical data ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring/methods/standards/*statistics & numerical data ; Marine Biology/economics/trends ; Petroleum/*analysis/poisoning/toxicity ; Research/economics/standards/*statistics & numerical data/trends ; Seawater/*chemistry ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/organization & administration
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    NIH set to tighten financial rules for researchers (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-05-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wadman, Meredith -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 27;465(7297):407. doi: 10.1038/465407a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conflict of Interest/*legislation & jurisprudence ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Personnel/economics/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    Oxidative stress induces angiogenesis by activating TLR2 with novel endogenous ligands (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-12
    Description: Reciprocity of inflammation, oxidative stress and neovascularization is emerging as an important mechanism underlying numerous processes from tissue healing and remodelling to cancer progression. Whereas the mechanism of hypoxia-driven angiogenesis is well understood, the link between inflammation-induced oxidation and de novo blood vessel growth remains obscure. Here we show that the end products of lipid oxidation, omega-(2-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP) and other related pyrroles, are generated during inflammation and wound healing and accumulate at high levels in ageing tissues in mice and in highly vascularized tumours in both murine and human melanoma. The molecular patterns of carboxyalkylpyrroles are recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), but not TLR4 or scavenger receptors on endothelial cells, leading to an angiogenic response that is independent of vascular endothelial growth factor. CEP promoted angiogenesis in hindlimb ischaemia and wound healing models through MyD88-dependent TLR2 signalling. Neutralization of endogenous carboxyalkylpyrroles impaired wound healing and tissue revascularization and diminished tumour angiogenesis. Both TLR2 and MyD88 are required for CEP-induced stimulation of Rac1 and endothelial migration. Taken together, these findings establish a new function of TLR2 as a sensor of oxidation-associated molecular patterns, providing a key link connecting inflammation, oxidative stress, innate immunity and angiogenesis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2990914/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2990914/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉West, Xiaoxia Z -- Malinin, Nikolay L -- Merkulova, Alona A -- Tischenko, Mira -- Kerr, Bethany A -- Borden, Ernest C -- Podrez, Eugene A -- Salomon, Robert G -- Byzova, Tatiana V -- CA126847/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM021249/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL071625/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL073311/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL077213/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL071625/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL071625-07/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL071625-08/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL077213/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 21;467(7318):972-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09421. Epub 2010 Oct 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Cardiology, J. J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, NB50, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20927103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/metabolism ; Animals ; Antigens, CD31/metabolism ; Aorta/cytology/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Hindlimb/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Ischemia/metabolism ; Ligands ; Melanoma/blood supply/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/metabolism ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/*metabolism ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress/*physiology ; Propionates ; Pyrroles/chemistry/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Receptors, Scavenger/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Toll-Like Receptor 2/agonists/*metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism ; Wound Healing/drug effects/physiology ; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
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    Functional genomic screen for modulators of ciliogenesis and cilium length (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-16
    Description: Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved cellular organelles that organize diverse signalling pathways. Defects in the formation or function of primary cilia are associated with a spectrum of human diseases and developmental abnormalities. Genetic screens in model organisms have discovered core machineries of cilium assembly and maintenance. However, regulatory molecules that coordinate the biogenesis of primary cilia with other cellular processes, including cytoskeletal organization, vesicle trafficking and cell-cell adhesion, remain to be identified. Here we report the results of a functional genomic screen using RNA interference (RNAi) to identify human genes involved in ciliogenesis control. The screen identified 36 positive and 13 negative ciliogenesis modulators, which include molecules involved in actin dynamics and vesicle trafficking. Further investigation demonstrated that blocking actin assembly facilitates ciliogenesis by stabilizing the pericentrosomal preciliary compartment (PPC), a previously uncharacterized compact vesiculotubular structure storing transmembrane proteins destined for cilia during the early phase of ciliogenesis. The PPC was labelled by recycling endosome markers. Moreover, knockdown of modulators that are involved in the endocytic recycling pathway affected the formation of the PPC as well as ciliogenesis. Our results uncover a critical regulatory step that couples actin dynamics and endocytic recycling with ciliogenesis, and also provides potential target molecules for future study.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929961/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2929961/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, Joon -- Lee, Ji Eun -- Heynen-Genel, Susanne -- Suyama, Eigo -- Ono, Keiichiro -- Lee, Kiyoung -- Ideker, Trey -- Aza-Blanc, Pedro -- Gleeson, Joseph G -- GM070743/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA023100/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA23100/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS047101/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 NS057096/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070743/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS052455/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS052455-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 15;464(7291):1048-51. doi: 10.1038/nature08895.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurosciences, Institute for Genomic Medicine, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393563" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cilia/drug effects/*genetics/pathology/*physiology ; Cytochalasin D/pharmacology ; Endocytosis ; Humans ; RNA Interference ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism
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    US midterm elections: A chilly season for climate crusaders (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2010 Oct 14;467(7317):762. doi: 10.1038/467762a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20944703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conservation of Energy Resources/legislation & jurisprudence ; Environmental Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Federal Government ; Global Warming/*legislation & jurisprudence/prevention & control ; *Politics ; United States
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    Give up the ghosts (2010)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 9;468(7325):732. doi: 10.1038/468732a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21150948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation ; Authorship/*standards ; *Conflict of Interest ; *Drug Industry/ethics ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; Paroxetine ; Research Personnel/ethics/standards ; Research Support as Topic/organization & administration/standards ; Textbooks as Topic/standards ; United States
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    US seeks solar flair for fuels (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 29;466(7306):541. doi: 10.1038/466541a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20671682" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomimetics/trends ; Conservation of Energy Resources/*methods/trends ; Electrolysis ; Nuclear Power Plants ; *Photosynthesis ; *Solar Energy ; United States
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    Stimulus funds are being well spent (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-09-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Inouye, David W -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 23;467(7314):400. doi: 10.1038/467400c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20864979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act/*economics ; *Federal Government ; Flowers/classification/physiology ; Peer Review, Research/*standards ; United States
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    US prepares for climate burden (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 3;465(7298):535. doi: 10.1038/465535a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20520681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; Disaster Planning/*organization & administration ; Ecosystem ; *Federal Government ; Fires ; Global Warming/*statistics & numerical data ; Public Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Social Planning ; United States ; Water Supply
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    The party's over (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 25;468(7323):475. doi: 10.1038/468475a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21107380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Alcoholic Beverages ; *Alcoholic Intoxication ; *Caffeine ; Europe ; Humans ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Young Adult
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    Chagas disease 101 (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clayton, Julie -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jun 24;465(7301):S4-5. doi: 10.1038/nature09220.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20571553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Disease ; Animals ; Carrier State/epidemiology/immunology/parasitology ; *Chagas Disease/drug therapy/epidemiology/parasitology/transmission ; Chronic Disease/drug therapy/epidemiology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; History, 16th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/parasitology ; Latin America/epidemiology/ethnology ; Neglected Diseases/economics ; Nitroimidazoles/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Trypanosoma cruzi/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology
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    Comprehensive methylome map of lineage commitment from haematopoietic progenitors (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-20
    Description: Epigenetic modifications must underlie lineage-specific differentiation as terminally differentiated cells express tissue-specific genes, but their DNA sequence is unchanged. Haematopoiesis provides a well-defined model to study epigenetic modifications during cell-fate decisions, as multipotent progenitors (MPPs) differentiate into progressively restricted myeloid or lymphoid progenitors. Although DNA methylation is critical for myeloid versus lymphoid differentiation, as demonstrated by the myeloerythroid bias in Dnmt1 hypomorphs, a comprehensive DNA methylation map of haematopoietic progenitors, or of any multipotent/oligopotent lineage, does not exist. Here we examined 4.6 million CpG sites throughout the genome for MPPs, common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs), common myeloid progenitors (CMPs), granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (GMPs), and thymocyte progenitors (DN1, DN2, DN3). Marked epigenetic plasticity accompanied both lymphoid and myeloid restriction. Myeloid commitment involved less global DNA methylation than lymphoid commitment, supported functionally by myeloid skewing of progenitors following treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Differential DNA methylation correlated with gene expression more strongly at CpG island shores than CpG islands. Many examples of genes and pathways not previously known to be involved in choice between lymphoid/myeloid differentiation have been identified, such as Arl4c and Jdp2. Several transcription factors, including Meis1, were methylated and silenced during differentiation, indicating a role in maintaining an undifferentiated state. Additionally, epigenetic modification of modifiers of the epigenome seems to be important in haematopoietic differentiation. Our results directly demonstrate that modulation of DNA methylation occurs during lineage-specific differentiation and defines a comprehensive map of the methylation and transcriptional changes that accompany myeloid versus lymphoid fate decisions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2956609/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2956609/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ji, Hong -- Ehrlich, Lauren I R -- Seita, Jun -- Murakami, Peter -- Doi, Akiko -- Lindau, Paul -- Lee, Hwajin -- Aryee, Martin J -- Irizarry, Rafael A -- Kim, Kitai -- Rossi, Derrick J -- Inlay, Matthew A -- Serwold, Thomas -- Karsunky, Holger -- Ho, Lena -- Daley, George Q -- Weissman, Irving L -- Feinberg, Andrew P -- CA09151/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI058521/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32 AI058521-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- F32AI058521/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG003233/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG003233-07/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG003233-08/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50HG003233/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R00 AG029760/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R00 AG029760-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R00AGO29760/PHS HHS/ -- R01 AI047457/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI047457-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI047457-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI047458/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA086065/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083084/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083084-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01AI047457/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01AI047458/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA054358/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA054358-18/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37 CA054358-19/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R37CA053458/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Sep 16;467(7313):338-42. doi: 10.1038/nature09367. Epub 2010 Aug 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Epigenetics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 570 Rangos, 725 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20720541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; *Cell Lineage/genetics ; CpG Islands/genetics ; *DNA Methylation/genetics ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome/genetics ; *Hematopoiesis/genetics ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Lymphocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Metabolome ; Metabolomics ; Mice ; Myeloid Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism
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    States or the union (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):133-4. doi: 10.1038/468133b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21068782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; Canada ; *Climate Change/economics ; Environmental Policy/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Federal Government ; Leadership ; *State Government ; United States
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    Drug development needs a new brand of science (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fitzgerald, Garret -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 16;468(7326):869. doi: 10.1038/468869a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, USA. garret@exchange.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164436" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Drug Discovery/economics/methods/*organization & administration/*trends ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; Translational Medical Research/*organization & administration/trends ; United States
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    A genome-wide RNAi screen reveals determinants of human embryonic stem cell identity (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-10-19
    Description: The derivation of human ES cells (hESCs) from human blastocysts represents one of the milestones in stem cell biology. The full potential of hESCs in research and clinical applications requires a detailed understanding of the genetic network that governs the unique properties of hESCs. Here, we report a genome-wide RNA interference screen to identify genes which regulate self-renewal and pluripotency properties in hESCs. Interestingly, functionally distinct complexes involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin remodelling are among the factors identified in the screen. To understand the roles of these potential regulators of hESCs, we studied transcription factor PRDM14 to gain new insights into its functional roles in the regulation of pluripotency. We showed that PRDM14 regulates directly the expression of key pluripotency gene POU5F1 through its proximal enhancer. Genome-wide location profiling experiments revealed that PRDM14 colocalized extensively with other key transcription factors such as OCT4, NANOG and SOX2, indicating that PRDM14 is integrated into the core transcriptional regulatory network. More importantly, in a gain-of-function assay, we showed that PRDM14 is able to enhance the efficiency of reprogramming of human fibroblasts in conjunction with OCT4, SOX2 and KLF4. Altogether, our study uncovers a wealth of novel hESC regulators wherein PRDM14 exemplifies a key transcription factor required for the maintenance of hESC identity and the reacquisition of pluripotency in human somatic cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chia, Na-Yu -- Chan, Yun-Shen -- Feng, Bo -- Lu, Xinyi -- Orlov, Yuriy L -- Moreau, Dimitri -- Kumar, Pankaj -- Yang, Lin -- Jiang, Jianming -- Lau, Mei-Sheng -- Huss, Mikael -- Soh, Boon-Seng -- Kraus, Petra -- Li, Pin -- Lufkin, Thomas -- Lim, Bing -- Clarke, Neil D -- Bard, Frederic -- Ng, Huck-Hui -- England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 11;468(7321):316-20. doi: 10.1038/nature09531. Epub 2010 Oct 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gene Regulation Laboratory, Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20953172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cellular Reprogramming/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics ; Fibroblasts/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Humans ; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Mice ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/metabolism ; *RNA Interference ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors/metabolism
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    Difference between interim and final acid-rain reports (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oreskes, Naomi -- Conway, Erik M -- England -- Nature. 2010 Aug 12;466(7308):815. doi: 10.1038/466815d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20703283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acid Rain/*statistics & numerical data ; Federal Government ; History, 20th Century ; Peer Review ; United States
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    Adiponectin and AdipoR1 regulate PGC-1alpha and mitochondria by Ca(2+) and AMPK/SIRT1 (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-02
    Description: Adiponectin is an anti-diabetic adipokine. Its receptors possess a seven-transmembrane topology with the amino terminus located intracellularly, which is the opposite of G-protein-coupled receptors. Here we provide evidence that adiponectin induces extracellular Ca(2+) influx by adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), which was necessary for subsequent activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta (CaMKKbeta), AMPK and SIRT1, increased expression and decreased acetylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), and increased mitochondria in myocytes. Moreover, muscle-specific disruption of AdipoR1 suppressed the adiponectin-mediated increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, and decreased the activation of CaMKK, AMPK and SIRT1 by adiponectin. Suppression of AdipoR1 also resulted in decreased PGC-1alpha expression and deacetylation, decreased mitochondrial content and enzymes, decreased oxidative type I myofibres, and decreased oxidative stress-detoxifying enzymes in skeletal muscle, which were associated with insulin resistance and decreased exercise endurance. Decreased levels of adiponectin and AdipoR1 in obesity may have causal roles in mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance seen in diabetes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iwabu, Masato -- Yamauchi, Toshimasa -- Okada-Iwabu, Miki -- Sato, Koji -- Nakagawa, Tatsuro -- Funata, Masaaki -- Yamaguchi, Mamiko -- Namiki, Shigeyuki -- Nakayama, Ryo -- Tabata, Mitsuhisa -- Ogata, Hitomi -- Kubota, Naoto -- Takamoto, Iseki -- Hayashi, Yukiko K -- Yamauchi, Naoko -- Waki, Hironori -- Fukayama, Masashi -- Nishino, Ichizo -- Tokuyama, Kumpei -- Ueki, Kohjiro -- Oike, Yuichi -- Ishii, Satoshi -- Hirose, Kenzo -- Shimizu, Takao -- Touhara, Kazushige -- Kadowaki, Takashi -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 29;464(7293):1313-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08991. Epub 2010 Mar 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Adiponectin/*metabolism ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Glucose/metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Muscle Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/cytology/metabolism ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Receptors, Adiponectin/deficiency/*metabolism ; Sirtuin 1/*metabolism ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; Xenopus laevis
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    Unmanned planes take wing for science (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tollefson, Jeff -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):14-5. doi: 10.1038/464014b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203574" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aircraft/economics/instrumentation ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/economics/*instrumentation/trends ; Ozone/analysis ; Robotics/methods/*trends ; Science/economics/*instrumentation/trends ; United States ; United States Government Agencies ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economics
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    Galileo's send-off (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 Nov 4;468(7320):6. doi: 10.1038/468006a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21048719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomy/history ; Famous Persons ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Italy ; *Jupiter ; *Space Flight ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/trends
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    Multiple personal genomes await (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-04-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Venter, J Craig -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):676-7. doi: 10.1038/464676a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California 92121, USA. jcventer@jcvi.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Continental Population Groups/genetics ; Diploidy ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genetics, Medical/*trends ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Genomics/economics/history/*trends ; Haploidy ; Haplotypes/genetics ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Human Genome Project/economics/history ; Humans ; Male ; Phenotype ; Precision Medicine/*trends ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics/history/instrumentation/methods
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    PHF8 mediates histone H4 lysine 20 demethylation events involved in cell cycle progression (2010)
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    Publication Date: 2010-07-14
    Description: While reversible histone modifications are linked to an ever-expanding range of biological functions, the demethylases for histone H4 lysine 20 and their potential regulatory roles remain unknown. Here we report that the PHD and Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing protein, PHF8, while using multiple substrates, including H3K9me1/2 and H3K27me2, also functions as an H4K20me1 demethylase. PHF8 is recruited to promoters by its PHD domain based on interaction with H3K4me2/3 and controls G1-S transition in conjunction with E2F1, HCF-1 (also known as HCFC1) and SET1A (also known as SETD1A), at least in part, by removing the repressive H4K20me1 mark from a subset of E2F1-regulated gene promoters. Phosphorylation-dependent PHF8 dismissal from chromatin in prophase is apparently required for the accumulation of H4K20me1 during early mitosis, which might represent a component of the condensin II loading process. Accordingly, the HEAT repeat clusters in two non-structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) condensin II subunits, N-CAPD3 and N-CAPG2 (also known as NCAPD3 and NCAPG2, respectively), are capable of recognizing H4K20me1, and ChIP-Seq analysis demonstrates a significant overlap of condensin II and H4K20me1 sites in mitotic HeLa cells. Thus, the identification and characterization of an H4K20me1 demethylase, PHF8, has revealed an intimate link between this enzyme and two distinct events in cell cycle progression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059551/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059551/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Wen -- Tanasa, Bogdan -- Tyurina, Oksana V -- Zhou, Tian Yuan -- Gassmann, Reto -- Liu, Wei Ting -- Ohgi, Kenneth A -- Benner, Chris -- Garcia-Bassets, Ivan -- Aggarwal, Aneel K -- Desai, Arshad -- Dorrestein, Pieter C -- Glass, Christopher K -- Rosenfeld, Michael G -- R01 CA097134/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA097134-09/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018477/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK018477-35/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK039949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK039949-18/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL065445/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034934/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034934-21/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK039949/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jul 22;466(7305):508-12. doi: 10.1038/nature09272. Epub 2010 Jul 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20622854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/chemistry/metabolism ; Cell Cycle/*physiology ; Cell Line ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Histone Demethylases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism ; Histones/chemistry/*metabolism ; Host Cell Factor C1/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Lysine/*metabolism ; Methylation ; Multiprotein Complexes/chemistry/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    All at sea (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-05-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉England -- Nature. 2010 May 27;465(7297):397-8. doi: 10.1038/465397b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Disaster Planning/organization & administration ; *Ecosystem ; Mexico ; Oceans and Seas ; Petroleum/*analysis/poisoning/toxicity ; Relief Work/*organization & administration ; Research/economics/*trends ; Seawater/*chemistry ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/*organization & administration
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Structural basis of oligomerization in the stalk region of dynamin-like MxA (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-04-30
    Description: The interferon-inducible dynamin-like myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MxA; also called MX1) GTPase is a key mediator of cell-autonomous innate immunity against pathogens such as influenza viruses. MxA partially localizes to COPI-positive membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. At the point of infection, it redistributes to sites of viral replication and promotes missorting of essential viral constituents. It has been proposed that the middle domain and the GTPase effector domain of dynamin-like GTPases constitute a stalk that mediates oligomerization and transmits conformational changes from the G domain to the target structure; however, the molecular architecture of this stalk has remained elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of the stalk of human MxA, which folds into a four-helical bundle. This structure tightly oligomerizes in the crystal in a criss-cross pattern involving three distinct interfaces and one loop. Mutations in each of these interaction sites interfere with native assembly, oligomerization, membrane binding and antiviral activity of MxA. On the basis of these results, we propose a structural model for dynamin oligomerization and stimulated GTP hydrolysis that is consistent with previous structural predictions and has functional implications for all members of the dynamin family.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gao, Song -- von der Malsburg, Alexander -- Paeschke, Susann -- Behlke, Joachim -- Haller, Otto -- Kochs, Georg -- Daumke, Oliver -- England -- Nature. 2010 May 27;465(7297):502-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08972. Epub 2010 Apr 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Delbruck-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Crystallography, Robert-Rossle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20428112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antiviral Agents/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Binding Sites ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Dynamins/*chemistry/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/drug effects/physiology ; Models, Molecular ; Myxovirus Resistance Proteins ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Multimerization ; Virus Replication/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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