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  • Ultrastructure  (1,615)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Springer  (2,348)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (31)
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute  (25)
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  • 1
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Wine has a complex matrix with many volatile compounds present, which evolves over time. These volatile compounds are important to wine quality as they contribute to the aroma and varietal characteristics of wine. Recent development in the analysis of volatile compounds in wine has greatly improved our understanding of the complexity of wine aroma. Analytical methods used for wine aroma fingerprinting have shown potential in determining the origin and quality of wine. Thus, research on volatile compounds responsible for wine aroma and their correlation with wine provenance and wine quality have increasingly attracted great interest from researchers and winegrowers. This Special Issue presents the latest research regarding wine aroma compounds, including, but not limited to, the topics on the characterization of aroma compounds in grapes and wine, factors influencing the production of aroma compounds in wine during fermentation and maturation, and analytical methods for wine aroma analysis.
    Keywords: marselan wine ; aroma compounds ; indigenous yeast strains ; Saccharomyces ; non-Saccharomyces ; icewine ; Vidal ; yeast ; sensory analysis ; amino acid ; fruity ester ; wine aroma ; nitrogen management ; Pearson correlation analysis ; carbon metabolism ; Vitis davidii Foёx ; spend coffee grounds ; fermentation ; sensory property ; volatile profile ; yeast protein hydrolysate ; nitrogen supplementation ; volatile compounds ; wine higher alcohols ; wine esters ; monoterpenes ; triangle test ; check-all-that-apply ; correspondence analysis ; Cochran’s Q-test ; nutrients ; central composite design ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; strain effect ; aromas ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; ethanol tolerance ; ultraviolet irradiation ; diethyl sulfate mutagenesis ; vineyard mechanization ; phenolics ; sensory properties ; anthocyanins ; bentonite ; cold soaking ; colour ; pathogenesis-related proteins ; Pinot noir ; tannin ; antioxidants ; glutathione ; glutathione-enriched inactivated dry yeasts ; methoxypyrazines ; oxidation ; Sauvignon Blanc ; thiols ; aroma profile ; grape pomace ; model juice ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: The eradication of vector-borne diseases is threatened by the limited range of available insecticides, leading, inevitably, to the development of resistance. This is particularly concerning for malaria control, which relies heavily on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS). New chemistries are being developed, and innovative deployment of insecticides may play a role in overcoming resistance, either through new types of tools or new means of distribution. A variety of novel product types and vector control strategies are under development and evaluation, which is to be celebrated, but a strong evidence base is needed to guide effective operational deployment decisions. Novel approaches should be supported by robust data collected using appropriate and validated methods to monitor efficacy, durability, and any emerging resistance. This reprint presents original research into developing and characterizing new vector control products, as well as understanding and monitoring insecticide resistance. Review articles explore the impact of insecticide resistance and offer guidance on insecticide choice in the face of pyrethroid resistance. Consensus methodologies are presented, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) designed to be adopted and used to generate reproducible data that can be compared and interpreted across and between studies. It is hoped that this collection of articles offers inspiration and guidance on how consistent data can be generated to inform more effective development, evaluation, and use of new and existing vector control tools.
    Keywords: prallethrin ; insecticide ; spatial treatment ; mosquito fitness ; protection ; pyrethroids ; Aedes albopictus ; Culex pipiens ; life tables ; mosquito ; bite-proof garment ; model ; textile ; non-insecticidal ; physical barrier ; insecticide selection ; out-crossing ; strain authentication ; laboratory screening ; pyrethroid ; pyrethroid resistance ; insecticide resistance ; insecticide resistance management ; vector control ; malaria ; malaria control ; Anopheles ; host-seeking behavior ; insecticide exposure ; pathogen transmission ; Aedes aegypti ; Anopheles gambiae ; ATSB ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Iroquois ; RNAi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; Anopheles mosquito ; fertility ; ovary development ; pyriproxyfen (PPF) ; side-effects ; machine learning ; image classification ; automated identification ; convolutional neural network ; insecticide-treated net (ITN) ; PBO ITN ; synergist ITN ; dual-AI ITN ; insecticide resistance management (IRM) ; method validation ; durability monitoring ; bioinsecticide ; disease transmission ; insecticide-resistance ; mosquito-borne disease ; mosquito control ; natural compounds ; phytochemical ; malaria vector ; insecticide treated nets ; cytochrome P450s ; kdr ; cuticular resistance ; deltamethrin ; imidacloprid ; bifenthrin ; β-cyfluthrin ; etofenprox ; α-cypermethrin ; λ-cyhalothrin ; thiacloprid ; mosquitoes ; Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; diagnostic bioassay ; resistance monitoring ; insecticide-treated nets (ITN) ; strain characterisation ; method development ; product evaluation ; quality control (QC) ; dual active ingredients (dual-AI) ; bioefficacy ; IRS ; application technology ; broflanilide ; clothianidin ; pirimiphos-methyl ; WHO tube ; WHO tunnel test ; ITNs ; interceptor ; interceptor G2 ; membrane ; human arm ; rabbit ; bioassay ; bio-efficacy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 3
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: The externalization of animals’ genetic potential is determined by a number of external factors, of which feeding plays a major role. Animals’ nourishment is one of the most important levers to ensure the efficiency of animal production due to both the high share of feed costs in the total cost of products and the influence this has on the growth, reproduction, and health of animals as well as the quality of products obtained from these. This field is one of the most dynamic in the field of husbandry sciences due to the takeover and permanent use of numerous results obtained from research on energy metabolism and nutrients related to the composition of feed and its influence on animal products. This is also due to the great advances in genetics, which create new types of animals with increasing productive potential, but also with different food requirements. This Special Issue collated innovative papers on animal nutrition, physiology, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, reproduction, and breeding technologies. The articles covered a wide range of topics related to feed quality, the influence of food on the production level, the quality of production, and also on animals’ health.
    Keywords: carcass yield ; commercial cuts ; low cost ; neutral detergent fiber ; non-fiber carbohydrate ; Yucca schidigera ; antimicrobial ; secondary metabolites ; sustainability ; pollution ; production ; food animals ; Ajuga iva ; chemical composition ; nutritive value ; unconventional feeds ; phenolic ; growing conditions ; dairy buffaloes ; farming environment ; reproductive and productive performances ; feeding trial ; mozzarella cheese ; sensory properties ; alternative feed ; degradability ; fractions ; ram ; sperm quality ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; apparent digestibility ; honey ; quality ; phenolic content ; flavonoid content ; Pearson’s correlation ; female camels ; milk ; minerals ; heavy metals ; winter ; total mixed ration ; paddlefish ; meat quality ; fatty acids ; biological value ; body condition score ; ewes ; reproductive traits ; flushing ; animal production ; genetic diversity ; grey cattle ; mitochondrial DNA ; Podolian cattle ; European catfish ; somatometry ; corporal indice ; flesh yield ; nutritional quality ; lactation ; manganese ; reproductive performance ; sows ; AP monitoring ; IoT ; AP estimation ; decision support ; livestock farming ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; meat ; chicken ; duck ; turkey ; phenols ; flavonoids ; FTIR ; rearing system ; birds’ welfare condition ; biochemical analysis ; productive parameters ; food and feed safety ; yeasts and molds ; Salmonella spp. ; Escherichia coli ; Clostridium perfringens ; rabbit ; hare ; lipid health indices ; water-holding capacity ; cooking loss ; egg weight ; shell weight ; fractional reduction ; deletion method ; reproduction ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Adaptation to external changes is necessary for all cells to survive and thrive in diverse environments. Key to these responses are the MAPK-mediated signaling pathways, intracellular communication routes that sense stimuli at the cell surface, and are ubiquitous in all eukaryotic organisms. In the case of fungi, MAPKs mediate essential processes, such as adaptation to environmental stresses, morphology regulation, or developmental processes. First studied in the early nineties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungal cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway has proven to be a central MAPK-mediated signaling cascade conserved in the fungal kingdom. Cells need to sense cell wall-perturbing conditions and mount the appropriate salvage response. Understanding this CWI pathway-mediated compensatory mechanism is key for the development of cell wall-targeted antifungal therapies. Moreover, its functional roles go beyond the maintenance of this essential structure, reaching many other physiological aspects that have major implications in development or virulence.In this Special Issue, expert researchers in this relevant subject have contributed with seven reviews and eleven original articles to advance our understanding of the CWI pathway by covering different structural, regulatory, and functional aspects in distinct yeasts and filamentous fungi.
    Keywords: Wsc1 ; membrane sensor ; SMALP ; detergent-free extraction ; fluorescence correlation spectroscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; 3D reconstruction ; fission yeast ; MAPK ; cell integrity pathway ; S. japonicus ; S. pombe ; protein kinase C ; Pmk1 ; dimorphism ; hyphae ; yeast ; cell wall integrity ; phosphorylation ; azoles ; clotrimazole ; cytokinesis ; actomyosin ring ; septum ; cell integrity ; fungi ; cell wall ; cell wall proteins ; signaling pathways ; stress tolerance ; mannoprotein ; budding yeast ; morphology ; CalMorph ; cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway ; PKC ; GTPases ; MAP kinase ; morphogenesis ; virulence ; pathogenesis ; Hrr25 ; Mec1 ; Tel1 ; Pkc1 ; hydroxyurea ; UV irradiation ; cell wall integrity (CWI) ; Mtl1 ; autophagy ; glucose ; mitophagy ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; histidine kinase ; Paracoccidioides ; paracoccidioidomycosis ; cell cycle ; Slt2 ; checkpoint ; DNA damage ; conjugation ; ploidy ; lysis ; Cell Integrity Pathway ; stress ; CWI pathway ; UPR ; glucosamine ; tunicamycin ; N-glycosylation ; cell wall integrity pathway ; MAPK substrate ; kinase assay ; fungal cell wall ; cysteine-rich domain ; PAN domain ; aromatic clusters ; filamentous fungi ; signaling pathway ; surface sensor ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; plant pathogen ; application ; fungicide ; drug target ; culture ; productivity ; stress response ; screening ; transcription ; essential genes ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 5
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Explore a decade of groundbreaking research in "10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Plant, Algae, and Fungi Cell Biology." This reprint offers a comprehensive journey into the realms of plant, algae, and fungi cell biology. Delve into the world of genomics, cellular defense mechanisms, mycorrhizal fungi, and the physiology of extremophile algae. A celebration of scientific excellence, this reprint is a valuable resource for researchers, educators, and enthusiasts passionate about these fascinating domains. Join us in commemorating a decade of discovery and advancement in cellular biology.
    Keywords: membrane proteins ; overproduction ; production platform ; protein purification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; solute carrier 39 ; SLC39 ; family ; yeast ; zinc ; zinc transporters ; ZIPs ; Agave americana ; crassulacean acid metabolism ; genetic engineering ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; photosynthesis ; drought tolerance ; salt tolerance ; microalgae ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; starch ; supraoptimal temperature ; cell cycle ; pilot-scale production ; DNA methylation ; Fusarium graminearum ; in vitro subcultures ; virulence reduction ; ddRAD-MCSeEd ; virulence genes ; 13C ; 14C ; aldol ; Calvin-Benson cycle ; light respiration ; isotope labeling ; cytokinin ; endocytosis ; cytoskeleton ; actin ; plant immunity ; induced resistance ; Parachlorella kessleri ; supra-optimal temperature ; energy reserves ; growth processes ; reproduction events ; deuterium ; deuterated starch ; deuterated lipid ; soft scale insects ; Ophiocordyceps ; symbiosis ; transovarial transmission ; Verticillium wilt ; Glomus viscosum Nicolson ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; oxidative stress ; antioxidant systems ; defense ability ; ABI5 ; ABF ; AREB ; abiotic stress response ; abscisic acid ; phytohormone crosstalk ; salinity stress ; chloroplast ; plastid ; osmolytes ; osmotic adjustment ; reactive oxygen species ; herbivory ; membrane potential ; ion channel ; Arthrospira ; haloalkalotolerant cyanobacteria ; metagenomics ; phylogenomics ; fatty acid ; enveloped virus ; Ebola virus ; HIV ; herpes simplex virus ; human cytomegalovirus ; influenza virus ; MERS-CoV ; SARS-CoV-2 ; N-glycosite ; O-glycosite ; high-mannose glycan ; complex N-glycans ; Vicieae man-specific lectin ; T/Tn-specific lectin ; specific interaction ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 6
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue, “Biotechnology Applications of Microalgae”, is focused on the latest novel advances related to the production of different bioactive compounds from microalgae and their biotechnological use.
    Keywords: enzymatic activity ; fluid dynamics ; microalgae ; oxidative stress ; static magnetic fields ; violaxanthin ; reactive oxygen species ; ascorbic acid ; glutathione ; tocopherols ; phenolic compounds ; carotenoids ; thraustochytrids ; antioxidants ; saturated fatty acids ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; transcriptomics ; sustainability ; industrial valorization ; carbon dioxide fixation ; biological activities ; phytosterol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Phaeodactylum tricornutum ; Sparus aurata ; β-glucans ; pulse feeding ; immune tolerance ; salt stress ; seawater cultivation ; Internet of Things ; proteomics ; blue light ; astaxanthin ; fatty acid ; heme ; cell wall ; salicylic acid ; fucoxanthin ; green consumption ; food consumption ; amino acids ; carbohydrates ; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ; RP-HPLC ; Chromochloris zofingiensis ; lutein ; CO2 aeration ; cGMP-dependent kinase ; biodiesel ; microalgal biotechnology ; natural antioxidants ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Chlorella vulgaris ; growth ; fatty acids ; Spirulina ; healthcare ; space missions ; medicine applications ; microgravity effects ; humic substances ; microalgae cultivation ; hormetic effects ; increased nutrient availability ; improved protection against abiotic stress ; higher accumulation of bioactive ingredients ; enhanced microalgal productivity ; Dunaliella salina ; chlorpropham ; herbicide ; phytoene ; Nannochloropsis ; mixotrophy ; photobioreactors ; CHN analysis ; metabolomics ; bioassay ; cell death pathway ; autophagy ; antitumoral activity ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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  • 7
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This reprint presents recent developments in the field of biological liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS, also known as biomolecular condensation). LLPS and related biogenesis of various membraneless organelles (MLOs) and biomolecular condensates (BMCs) represent fundamental molecular mechanisms governing the spatio-temporal organization of the intracellular space. In fact, MLOs and BMCs, being liquid droplets, represent specific compartments within a cell that are not enclosed by a lipid membrane. Most biological LLPS processes are reversible, and many MLOs/BMCs exist transiently; they rapidly emerge when conditions are changed and rapidly disintegrate as soon as the original conditions are restored, thereby showing a characteristic “now you see me, now you don’t” behavior. Numerous MLOs/BMCs are found inside eukaryotic cells, where they exist as liquid droplets (or cellular bodies, puncta, etc.) in the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, and stroma of chloroplasts. Furthermore, MLOs/BMCs are commonly observed in Archaea, bacteria, and, likely, viruses. MLOs/BMCs have numerous crucial functions, and their biogenesis is known to be controlled by various external factors and environmental cues, such as changes in temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the solution. All of these have garnered the close attention of many researchers to biological LLPS, MLOs, and BMCs.
    Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease ; amyloid aggregation ; lipid bilayer ; cholesterol ; time-lapse AFM imaging ; molecular dynamics ; liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) ; membraneless organelles ; phase-separated condensates ; human diseases ; liquid–liquid phase separation ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; proteins with low complexity ; P-body ; Nst1 ; polyampholyte domain ; aggregation-prone domain ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; membrane-less organelle ; nuclear speckle ; nucleolus ; phase separation ; chromatin organization ; nuclear condensate ; intrinsically disordered region ; transcription ; DNA damage repair ; super-enhancer ; quantitative imaging ; CTP synthase ; cytoophidium ; fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) ; stimulated emission depletion (STED) ; Drosophila ; epithelium ; follicle cell ; ingression ; paramyxoviruses ; Hendra virus ; amyloid-like fibrils ; Taylor Dispersion Analysis (TDA) ; negative staining Transmission Electron Microscopy (ns-TEM) ; Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assays ; Congo Red ; Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) ; actin ; actin polymerization ; actin-binding proteins ; coacervate ; membrane ; signaling proteins ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 8
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Tryptophan is a rate-limiting essential amino acid and a unique building block of peptides and proteins. This largest amino acid serves as the precursor for the important endogenous indoleamines serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin that act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones. Kynurenic acid is the most potent endogenous antiexitotoxic agent. Other highly relevant pathways of tryptophan are the reversible transamination to indole-3-pyruvate with formation related indolic acids that act as potent antioxidant agents. Tryptophan metabolites, such as melatonin, and structurally related agents, such as indole-3-propionic acid, act as potent catalytic antioxidants and bioenergetic agents that facilitate regeneration and protection against stress and aging. Several indole compounds act as uremic toxins since these agents can induce radical formation that is associated with enhanced oxidative stress and damage. The exploration of the effects of these protective and toxic tryptophan derived agents has revealed important molecular mechanisms and mediators of adaptation and aging. Research on tryptophan in nutrition and health can facilitate the development of new approaches to extend human health and life span. Amino acids are the building blocks of life that enable repair, as well as recycling and regeneration. Research on nutrients like amino acids, such as tryptophan and its metabolites, as well as peptides and proteins, or extracts containing this molecular metabolism modifiers can improve health. Research into the indololome is a new emerging and rapidly growing field of utmost relevance to science and society.
    Keywords: tryptophan ; kynurenine ; kynurenic acid ; FICZ ; AhR ; melanoma ; proliferation ; cell death ; aryl hydrocarbon receptor ; chronic kidney disease ; developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) ; hypertension ; indole ; melatonin ; serotonin ; uremic toxin ; virus ; immunity ; codon ; depression ; chronic mild stress ; oxidative stress ; tryptophan catabolites pathway ; methylation ; expression ; escitalopram ; 5-hydroxytryptophan ; natural sources ; microbial production ; biosynthetic pathways ; physiological effects ; animal ; human ; kynurenine pathway ; MEL biosynthesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; tryptophan extraction ; LC-MS/MS ; soybean ; skin ; atopic dermatitis ; psoriasis ; severe acute respiratory syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; malignant melanoma ; urine ; autofluorescence ; transplantation ; ischemia-reperfusion ; tolerance ; rejection ; indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase ; L-tryptophan ; amino acids ; MAC-T cell ; proteomics ; omics ; β-casein ; mTOR ; systemic inflammation ; dysbiosis ; gut ; microbiota ; obesity ; mice ; tyrosine ; cytokines ; behavior ; inflammation ; liver morphology ; color ; cell culture media ; LC-MS ; antioxidant ; cytotoxicity ; biomanufacturing ; 5-hydroxytryptamine ; secretion ; metabolism ; nitrofurantoin ; antibiotics ; human serum albumin ; molecular interactions ; FTIR ; fluorescence ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: The eradication of vector-borne diseases is threatened by the limited range of available insecticides, leading, inevitably, to the development of resistance. This is particularly concerning for malaria control, which relies heavily on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS). New chemistries are being developed, and innovative deployment of insecticides may play a role in overcoming resistance, either through new types of tools or new means of distribution. A variety of novel product types and vector control strategies are under development and evaluation, which is to be celebrated, but a strong evidence base is needed to guide effective operational deployment decisions. Novel approaches should be supported by robust data collected using appropriate and validated methods to monitor efficacy, durability, and any emerging resistance. This reprint presents original research into developing and characterizing new vector control products, as well as understanding and monitoring insecticide resistance. Review articles explore the impact of insecticide resistance and offer guidance on insecticide choice in the face of pyrethroid resistance. Consensus methodologies are presented, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) designed to be adopted and used to generate reproducible data that can be compared and interpreted across and between studies. It is hoped that this collection of articles offers inspiration and guidance on how consistent data can be generated to inform more effective development, evaluation, and use of new and existing vector control tools.
    Keywords: prallethrin ; insecticide ; spatial treatment ; mosquito fitness ; protection ; pyrethroids ; Aedes albopictus ; Culex pipiens ; life tables ; mosquito ; bite-proof garment ; model ; textile ; non-insecticidal ; physical barrier ; insecticide selection ; out-crossing ; strain authentication ; laboratory screening ; pyrethroid ; pyrethroid resistance ; insecticide resistance ; insecticide resistance management ; vector control ; malaria ; malaria control ; Anopheles ; host-seeking behavior ; insecticide exposure ; pathogen transmission ; Aedes aegypti ; Anopheles gambiae ; ATSB ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Iroquois ; RNAi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; Anopheles mosquito ; fertility ; ovary development ; pyriproxyfen (PPF) ; side-effects ; machine learning ; image classification ; automated identification ; convolutional neural network ; insecticide-treated net (ITN) ; PBO ITN ; synergist ITN ; dual-AI ITN ; insecticide resistance management (IRM) ; method validation ; durability monitoring ; bioinsecticide ; disease transmission ; insecticide-resistance ; mosquito-borne disease ; mosquito control ; natural compounds ; phytochemical ; malaria vector ; insecticide treated nets ; cytochrome P450s ; kdr ; cuticular resistance ; deltamethrin ; imidacloprid ; bifenthrin ; β-cyfluthrin ; etofenprox ; α-cypermethrin ; λ-cyhalothrin ; thiacloprid ; mosquitoes ; Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; diagnostic bioassay ; resistance monitoring ; insecticide-treated nets (ITN) ; strain characterisation ; method development ; product evaluation ; quality control (QC) ; dual active ingredients (dual-AI) ; bioefficacy ; IRS ; application technology ; broflanilide ; clothianidin ; pirimiphos-methyl ; WHO tube ; WHO tunnel test ; ITNs ; interceptor ; interceptor G2 ; membrane ; human arm ; rabbit ; bioassay ; bio-efficacy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
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  • 10
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-05-11
    Description: Toxins are biologically active substances produced by most kinds of living organisms, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They present a vast diversity of molecular structures and target a wide variety of receptors involved in a range of physiological processes. As toxins are selected during evolution to acquire/improve their disabling/lethal effects, they display finely tuned functional properties often associated with high affinities and selectivity. Moreover, toxins are valuable tools to unravel cellular processes due to their extreme specificity for cell surface and/or intracellular targets. Therefore, toxins are very attractive compounds because of their Janus-like character; while they mostly act as deadly poisons like monstrous Mr. Hyde, they can also be tamed into good remedies like admirable Dr. Jekyll. As such, they have been primarily investigated not only for the light they can throw on fundamental physiological processes but also for their potential therapeutic applications. This reprint, emerging from the 27th Annual Meeting of the French Society of Toxinology (SFET, http://sfet.asso.fr/international), will be of great interest for those in the scientific community who want to know more about the fascinating world of toxins.
    Keywords: toxins ; peptide chemistry ; native chemical ligation ; α-bungarotoxin ; click chemistry ; automated patch-clamp ; fluorescent peptide ; TE671 cells ; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ; animal toxin ; bacterial toxin ; marine toxin ; medical application ; plant toxin ; toxin function/activity ; toxin receptor/target ; toxin structure ; Debaryomyces hansenii ; Wickerhamomyces anomalus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDR transporters ; killer toxin ; fetal adrenomedullary chromaffin cell ; gambierol ; potassium currents ; calcium-activated K+ channels ; ATP-sensitive K+ channels ; catecholamine release ; Clostridium tetani ; Clostridium botulinum ; botulinum neurotoxin ; tetanus neurotoxin ; toxin gene regulation ; two-component system ; small RNA ; adenylate cyclase toxin ; Bordetella pertussis ; cyclic nucleotide ; cAMP ; spectrophotometric enzymatic assay ; ASIC ; sodium channels ; peptide ; PcTx1 ; APETx2 ; MitTx ; mambalgin ; pain ; nociception ; clostridial C3 toxin ; C3bot ; C3botE174Q ; dendritic cells ; macrophages ; monocytes ; stimulated emission depletion (STED) ; super-resolution microscopy ; trained immunity ; effector-triggered immunity ; effector-triggered trained immunity ; staphylococcal superantigen ; enterotoxin ; toxin pathogenicity ; immunomodulation ; molecular and cellular targets ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology::MMGT Medical toxicology
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  • 11
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Food waste is becoming an important and growing concern at both local and global levels. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), one-third of all food production is wasted globally, and in particular, 1.3 billion tons of food produced for human consumption is wasted per year, representing an economic loss of EUR 800 billion. The main foods wasted are represented by vegetables, fruits, meat, and fish. Considering the high availability and the composition of food waste, there is an increasing interest in their bio-valorization. Moreover, according to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 12 and 13), an appropriate waste management represents an essential prerequisite for the sustainable development.This reprint collects interesting manuscripts regarding innovative research focused on food waste valorization through fermentation processes for obtaining value-added products such as enzymes, feed additives, biofuels, animal feeds as well as other useful chemicals or products, food-grade pigments, and single-cell protein (SCP), enhancing food security and environmentally sustainable development.
    Keywords: industrial food waste ; valorization ; biorefinery ; bioenergy ; biobased materials ; promotion policy ; rice husk ; pyrolysis ; porous biochar ; pore property ; surface composition ; microbial red pigment ; Monascus purpureus ; simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation ; sustainability ; whey ; RSM ; bioethanol ; yeast fermentation ; sugar beet molasses ; industrial by-product ; scale-up ; agricultural waste ; wastewater ; microbial fuel cell ; techno-economic ; commercialization ; life cycle assessment ; Neurospora intermedia ; bread ; process development ; cheese whey ; Aspergillus awamori ; β-galactosidase ; lactose hydrolysis ; Acetobacter xylinum ; bacterial cellulose ; biosurfactant ; bioemulsifier ; waste frying oil ; Bacillus cereus ; food additives ; cookie ; microalgae ; DHA ; lignocellulosic biomass ; organosolv fractionation ; liquid fraction ; solid pulp ; omega-3 fatty acids ; soap ; olives ; olive oil ; fermentation ; food waste ; fish waste ; citrus peel ; aquafeed ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Lactobacillus reuteri ; whey product ; proteins ; ultrafiltration ; nanofiltration ; keratinocytes scratch assay ; mozzarella cheese manufacturing ; pressing residue ; grape ; apple ; silage ; animal production ; enzyme production ; polyphenols ; Juglans regia L. ; walnut green husk ; agricultural wastes ; soil conditions ; glucans ; pectins ; Aspergillus oryzae ; rice hull ; paper mill wastewater ; bioremediation ; amylase ; solid-state fermentation (SSF) ; goat feeding ; durian peel ; silage additives ; propionate ; methane mitigation ; nitrogen balance ; waste management ; biofuel production ; circular economy ; single cell protein ; value-added product ; food and feed production ; yeast ; probiotics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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  • 12
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: In this book, the performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts applied in biomass processing was assessed, paying special attention to the main advantages and challenges related to their use. Indeed, these challenges are opportunities to develop new research lines that could be fruitful in the near future. Thus, different studies are included, dealing with diverse subjects, with one main goal in common: the improvement of different aspects related to biomass processing through the use of catalysts.
    Keywords: nanospheroids ; zinc-doped CaO ; natural triglycerides ; aminolysis ; heterogeneous catalyst ; recyclability ; catalyst ; sodium hydroxide ; fatty acid methyl ester ; central composite rotatable design ; operational conditions ; aerated irrigation ; soil enzyme activity ; soil microbial biomass ; soil respiration ; bio-derived phenol ; Ni-Cu-Co/Al2O3 ; in-situ hydrodeoxygenation ; cyclohexane ; hydrogenolysis ; biomass ; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ; 2,5-furandicrboxylic acid ; aerobic oxidation ; metal catalysts ; acid catalysis ; biodiesel ; biofuel ; esterification ; fatty acid ; methanolysis ; molybdenum oxide ; transesterification ; vegetable oil ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol ; 1-heptanol ; 4-methyl-2-pentanol ; viscosity ; flash and combustion points ; methyl oleate ; methyl ricinoleate ; cellulase ; cellulose ; paper sludge ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; synergism ; furfural ; carbon-supported catalyst ; xylose conversion ; iron ; heterogeneous catalysts ; thermoset polymer ; epoxy ; cellulose nanofiber ; curing characteristics ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; RSM ; numerical optimization ; keratinase ; feather ; Bacillus sp. ; amino acids ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 13
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Mitochondria play an increasingly central role in the context of cellular physiology. These organelles possess their own genome (mtDNA), which is functionally coordinated with the nuclear genome. Mitochondrial gene expression is mediated by molecular processes (replication, transcription, translation, and assembly of respiratory chain complexes) that all take place within the mitochondria. Several aspects of mtDNA expression have already been well characterized, but many more either are under debate or have yet to be discovered. Understanding the molecular processes occurring in mitochondria also has clinical relevance. Dysfunctions affecting these important metabolic ‘hubs’ are associated with a whole range of severe disorders, known as mitochondrial diseases. In recent years, significant progress has been made to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction; however, to date, mitochondrial diseases are complex genetic disorders without any effective therapy. Current therapeutic strategies and clinical trials are aimed at mitigating clinical manifestations and slowing the disease progression to improve the quality of life of patients. The goal of the Special Issue ‘Mitochondria: from Physiology to Pathology’ published in Life (ISSN: 2075-1729) was to collect research and review articles covering the physiological and pathological aspects related to mtDNA maintenance and gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein import, organelle metabolism, and quality control.
    Keywords: atherosclerosis ; carotid intima-media thickness ; mitochondrial mutations ; cardiovascular risk factors ; mitochondria ; mtDNA ; cristae ; mitochondrial fission ; mitochondrial fusion ; mitochondrial diseas ; mitochondrial dynamics ; mitoenergetics ; mitosteroidogenesis ; LH ; cAMP ; Leydig cell ; mitochondrial DNA segregation ; heteroplasmy ; selective elimination ; mitophagy ; mitochondrial engineered nucleases ; kinases ; phosphorylation ; disease ; PINK1 ; Parkinson’s disease ; mitochondria homeostasis ; Cterm ; MELAS ; transmitochondrial cybrids ; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ; LARS2 ; mitochondrial disease ; therapeutic peptides ; FAD synthase ; FAD1 ; mitochondria localization ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mRNA ; mitochondrial localization motif ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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  • 14
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Fermented foods are consumed all over the world and their consumption shows an increasing trend. They play many roles, from preservation to food security, improved nutrition and social well-being. Different microorganisms are involved in the fermentation process and the diversity of the microbiome is high.Fermented foods are food substrates that are invaded or overgrown by edible microorganisms whose enzymes hydrolyze polysaccharides, proteins and lipids to nontoxic products with flavors, aromas, and textures that are pleasant and attractive to the human consumer. Fermentation plays different roles in food processing, including the development of a wide diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food, lactic acid, alcoholic, acetic acid, alkaline and high salt fermentations for food preservation purposes, biological enrichment of food substrates with vitamins, protein, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids and detoxification during food fermentation processing.
    Keywords: fermented foods ; nutritional guidelines ; legislation ; national food guides ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; biomass ; date extract ; optimization ; response surface methodology ; kinetic models ; antifungal ; bioprotection ; bread ; Lactobacillus plantarum ; phenyllactic acid ; Aspergillus ; Penicillium ; Fusarium ; sauerkraut ; microbiome ; fermentation ; probiotics ; high-throughput sequencing ; nutrition ; health benefits ; microbiology ; health ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 15
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The purpose of this book was not to provide a comprehensive overview of the vast arena of how fungi and fungal metabolites are able to improve human and animal nutrition and health; rather, we, as Guest Editors, wished to encourage authors working in this field to publish their most recent work in this rapidly growing journal in order for the large readership to appreciate the full potential of wonderful and beneficial fungi. Thus, this Special Issue welcomed scientific contributions on applications of fungi and fungal metabolites, such as bioactive fatty acids, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, etc., with great potential in human and animal nutrition and health.
    Keywords: fungal pigment ; natural dye ; spalting ; Scytalidium cuboideum ; dramada ; sustainable clothing ; selenium ; biofortification ; transporters ; mycorrhizal fungi ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) ; fungal pigments ; textile dyeing ; toxicity testing ; biotechnological approaches ; challenges ; limits ; Saccharomyces boulardii ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; probiotics ; gastrointestinal tract ; Alginate ; β-glucan ; oligosaccharides ; elicitation ; Sargassum species ; Sparassis latifolia ; polyphenol ; antioxidant ; agave mezcalero bagasse ; apple bagasse ; solid-state fermentation ; secondary metabolites ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; Endophytic fungi ; Hyptis dilatata ; Pestalotiopsis mangiferae ; Pestalotiopsis microspora ; chemical elicitors ; antibacterial activity ; LC–ESI–Q–TOF–MS ; yeast ; biological control ; postharvest decay ; fruit ; mycorrhizae ; elevated CO2 ; Thymus vulgare ; growth ; photosynthesis ; metabolites ; biological activity ; Candida albicans ; non-albicans Candida species ; Candida auris ; aromatic alcohols ; fungi ; metabolomics ; NTCD ; additives ; functional foods ; nutraceuticals ; sustainability ; healthy aging ; Mortierella alpina ; animal fat by-product ; arachidonic acid ; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy ; Mucor circinelloides ; high-throughput screening ; metal ions ; phosphorus ; lipids ; biofuel ; FTIR spectroscopy ; bioremediation ; co-production ; natural colorants ; filamentous fungi ; stirred-tank bioreactor ; biodegradable films ; food package ; bioactive compounds ; FIP ; human health ; immunomodulation ; induced apoptosis ; lectin ; medicinal mushrooms ; polysaccharide ; terpenes and terpenoids ; melanin ; carotenoids ; polyketides ; azaphilones ; antitumor ; medical roles ; sphinganine-analog mycotoxins ; fumonisins ; AAL-toxin ; chemical structure ; toxicity ; genetics and evolution ; biosynthesis ; livestock ; ewes ; energy ; cytokines ; yeasts ; liquid swine diets ; MALDI-TOF ; biochemical identification ; growth temperature Ancom Gas Production System ; Candida krusei ; Candida lambica ; M. purpureus ; red yeast rice ; cholesterol reduction ; probiotic potential ; natural colorant ; extraction ability ; marine fungi ; Talaromyces albobiverticillius ; aqueous two-phases system extraction ; ionic liquids ; feed additive ; probiotic ; Sporidiobolus ruineniae ; tannase ; micro-fungi ; macro-fungi ; Ganoderma ; kombucha ; anticancer ; carotenoid ; medicinal mushroom ; mycobiome ; antimicrobial ; antifungal ; bioconversion ; cheese ; dairy ; Sclerotinia ; secondary metabolite ; endophytic fungi ; uncommon secondary metabolites ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 16
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: The milk industry is largely based on dairy cattle production. After decades of great advancements in genetics, nutrition, and management, today, one cow can reach unprecedented levels of milk production. New challenges have been posed to preserving the health and welfare of these domestic animals. “High-Yielding Dairy Cows” is a collection of scientific papers focusing on three main areas: metabolic diseases, reproduction diseases, and herd (heath) management in confined and pasture production systems. This book aggregates knowledge from a molecular level to a more holistic approach on disease prevention and management, giving the reader an accurate overview of the current state of the art of this topic. It intends to contribute to ensuring the supply of ethical and responsible animal protein for about eight billion of people.
    Keywords: dairy cow ; fatty liver ; lipid metabolism ; oxidative stress ; SIRT1 ; dairy cows ; PPARγ ; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ; genetic factor ; dairy industry ; milking system ; work routine ; parlor ; milking model ; small dairy ; reproductive strategy ; parity ; season ; rank of AI ; type of AI ; heat stress ; whole transcript sequencing ; immune response ; stress response ; myostatin gene ; variation ; milk ; fatty acid ; cattle ; milk production ; metabolomics ; biomarkers ; flaxseed ; dry period ; enterolactone ; milk fatty acids ; peak of lactation ; lipolysis ; fatty acids ; casein ; postpartum diseases ; activin ; inhibin ; cytokines ; endometrium ; subclinical endometritis ; cow ; milk beta-hydroxybutyrate ; fat to protein content ratio ; left displaced abomasum ; negative energy balance ; alpha-tocopherol/vitamin E-related gene ; calving ; colostrum ; high-yield dairy cows ; inflammation ; health ; lactation ; liver ; mammary gland ; ultrasonography ; pregnancy proteins ; embryonic mortality ; fetal mortality ; body condition score ; urea ; β-hydroxybutyrate ; metabolism ; urea in milk ; primiparous cows ; lactation curves ; feeding system ; herd management ; protein metabolism ; amino acids ; milk protein ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; high-yield cows ; pH ; VFA ; inflammatory cytokines ; transition period ; ketosis ; RNA-Seq ; clustering ; liver metabolism ; Jersey ; oral calcium bolus ; calcium ; hypocalcemia ; mastitis ; culling ; reproduction ; herd health ; milking management ; production systems ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 17
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: Among gluten-related disorders, coeliac disease (CD) is the best-known one to date, a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by exposure to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. It is a common disease, occurring at all ages and characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, affecting any organ or tissue. The diagnosis rate of this pathology has increased in the last 10 years, so worldwide epidemiologic data are now available that show that CD is ubiquitous, with a prevalence of 1.4%, higher in female than male individuals. Currently, the only effective treatment for CD is strict and lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, CD research is changing rapidly due to the continuous advancing of knowledge. For this reason, the main goal of this Special Issue has been to address the existing knowledge gaps and help advance such important aspects as the pathophysiology, diagnosis, follow-up, and therapeutic options of this pathology. This Special Issue includes 12 peer-reviewed articles reporting on the latest research findings in and evidence related to CD. The published articles cover a range of topics central to CD and GFDs.
    Keywords: celiac disease ; relatives ; microbiota ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Bacteroides caccae ; coeliac disease ; oral diseases ; oral prevention ; gingival bleeding ; sleep-related breathing disorders ; oral health ; enamel defects ; interceptive orthodontics ; data mining gluten free diet ; gluten proteins ; immunogenicity ; evidence-based practice ; case management ; treatment adherence and compliance ; anemia ; iron transporter ; IgA nephropathy ; tissue transglutaminase autoantibody ; tissue transglutaminase-targeted IgA deposits ; flow cytometry ; age ; sex ; lesion grade ; intraepithelial lymphocytes TCRγδ+ ; functional bowel disease ; gluten-free diet ; tissue biomarkers ; non-coeliac gluten sensitivity ; FODMAP diet ; dietitian ; rural health services ; gluten ; gliadin ; gluten immunogenic peptides ; non-dietary therapies ; gluten cross-contaminations ; dietary adherence ; vital gluten ; oat ; hidden gluten ; patients with CD ; symptoms ; gluten excretion urine ; gluten-free diet monitoring ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 18
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on the effects of hydrostatic pressure on biological systems and the use of these effects for exploring the structure, function, and molecular dynamics of biological macromolecules and their ensembles. Here, we present a selection of papers highlighting new experimental findings and new theoretical concepts in high-pressure biosciences. In these studies, the authors combine pressure perturbation approaches with NMR and optical spectroscopy, kinetic and thermodynamic techniques, functional genomics and transcriptomics, and molecular dynamics simulations to gain new insights into the conformational dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids and to better understand the mechanisms of high-pressure adaptation in piezophiles. The articles collected in this issue demonstrate the unique exploratory potential of the pressure perturbation approach for biochemistry, biophysics, mechanistic enzymology, and evolutionary biology.
    Keywords: protein folding ; NMR ; high hydrostatic pressure ; thermodynamic stability ; protein–ligand binding ; high pressure ; Martian salts ; perchlorate ; BSA ; ANS ; viroid ; hydrostatic pressure ; temperature ; structure–activity relationship ; RNA World ; n/a ; G-quadruplex ; i-motif ; volumetric properties ; pressure-temperature phase diagram ; thermodynamics ; hepatitis B ; DNA ; oligo ; FRET ; FTIR ; spectroscopy ; pressure ; volume change ; TMPyP4 ; deep-sea adaptations ; compressibility ; cavities ; potential energy landscape ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; high-pressure response ; genetic manipulation ; transcriptomics ; piezophysiology ; Anfinsen’s dogma ; native state N ; unfolded state U ; fibril state F ; protofibrils ; hen lysozyme ; circular dichroism ; 1H NMR spectroscopy ; atomic force microscopy ; cytochrome P450 reductase ; conformational change ; pressure-perturbation spectroscopy ; protein hydration ; reduction kinetics ; stop-flow spectroscopy ; Sorghum bicolor ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 19
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which uses numerical analysis to predict and model complex flow behaviors and transport processes, has become a mainstream tool in engineering process research and development. Complex chemical processes often involve coupling between dynamics at vastly different length and time scales, as well as coupling of different physical models. The multiscale and multiphysics nature of those problems calls for delicate modeling approaches. This book showcases recent contributions in this field, from the development of modeling methodology to its application in supporting the design, development, and optimization of engineering processes.
    Keywords: pumped hydroelectric storage ; inlet/outlet ; surrogate model selection ; multi-objective optimization process ; thermal environment ; numerical simulations ; ventilation cooling ; duct position ; the heat dissipation of LHD ; auxiliary ventilation ; triboelectric separation ; particle size distribution ; particle charge ; binary mixture ; in situ particle size measurement ; charge estimation ; computational fluid dynamics ; membrane module ; gas separation ; concentration polarization ; coal mining ; radon concentration ; ventilation ; occupational exposure assessment ; gasification ; fluidized bed ; CFD ; hydrodynamics ; multiphase flow ; surface tension modelling ; VOF ; rising bubbles ; capillary rise ; high pressure bubble column ; the critical bubble diameter ; the gas holdup ; the large bubbles ; the small bubbles ; Stirred fermenter ; dual-impeller ; Segment impeller ; Optimization ; rotating packed bed ; natural gas desulfurization ; droplet characteristic ; Eulerian–Lagrangian approach ; heat transport ; optimized design ; dynamic numerical simulation ; evaporative cooling system ; water recycling ; temperature ; humidity ; n/a ; gas–solid ; cyclone separator ; elevated temperature process ; pneumatic conveying ; large coal particles ; Euler–Lagrange approach ; DPM ; pressure drop ; swirling burner ; combustion characteristics ; industrial pulverized coal furnace ; scale-up ; scale-down ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mechanistic kinetic model ; bioreactor ; concentration gradients ; digital twin ; bioprocess engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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  • 20
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The Special issue "Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Plant Natural Compounds II" is continuing the intriguing research on the use of natural plant products. The second edition follows the aim of the first one.
    Keywords: Bergenia species ; botanical description ; traditional uses ; phytochemistry ; pharmacology ; anti-urolithiatic activity ; bergenin ; Flaxseed oil ; linusorb B3 ; anti-cancer ; apoptosis ; actin polymerization ; Src ; glioblastoma ; chlorogenic acid ; coffee ; cyclooxygenase ; espresso ; instant coffee ; platelet aggregation ; Rubia tinctorum L. ; antioxidants ; polyphenols ; ethylene glycol ; urolithiasis ; histophatology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; β-glucan ; antimicrobial and anticancer activities ; detoxification ability ; immunomodulatory effect ; Aquilaria sinensis ; pheophorbide A ; MMP-2 ; MMP-9 ; HT-1080 ; advanced glycation end product (AGE) ; oxidative stress ; epithelial to mesenchymal transition ; AGE-inhibitor ; swertiamarin ; diabetic nephropathy ; astragaloside IV ; Astragalus membranaceus ; huang qi ; Astragali Radix ; liver ; liver regeneration ; 70% partial hepatectomy ; proliferation ; rat ; memory ; object recognition ; Ginkgo biloba ; dorsal hippocampus formation ; brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; Diclofenac ; γ-lactone ; nano-emulsion ; methylcellulose ; Ostrich oil ; Struthio camelus ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; leaf extract ; neuroprotection ; antioxidant activity ; DAF-16 ; Clerodendrum infortunatum ; terpenoids ; phenylpropanoids ; antidiabetic ; breast cancer ; Combretum indicum L. ; antidiabetic activity ; histopathology ; UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS ; network pharmacology ; Biebersteinia heterostemon ; galegine ; hypotensive ; toxicity ; Sage ; Salvia officinalis ; cytotoxicity ; hepatoprotection ; MDA ; TAOxC ; MCF-7 ; HeLA cells ; HepG-2 cells ; Peganum harmala ; anti-inflammatory activity ; antioxidant ; LC-ESI-MS/MS ; traditional medicine ; rheumatoid arthritis ; rosmanol ; carnosol ; Callicarpa longissima ; TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK ; synergistic effect ; diabetes mellitus ; anti-diabetic drugs ; monoterpenes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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  • 21
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells; however, mitochondrial dysfunction causes energy depletion and cell death in a variety of diseases. Altered oxidative phosphorylation and ion homeostasis are associated with ROS production resulting from the disassembly of respiratory supercomplexes and the disruption of electron transfer chains. In pathological conditions, the dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis promotes Ca2+ overload in the matrix and ROS accumulation, which induces the mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation responsible for mitochondrial morphological changes linked to membrane dynamics, and ultimately, cell death. Finally, studies on the impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in pathology could provide molecular tools to counteract diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
    Keywords: aging heart ; Bcl-2 family ; mitochondria ; programmed cell death ; fatty acid oxidation ; palmitate ; oleate ; m.3243A&gt ; G mutation ; MT-ATP6 ; m.8909T&gt ; C ; ATP synthase ; nephropathy ; oxidative phosphorylation ; mitochondrial disease ; cardiolipin ; Barth syndrome ; Sengers syndrome ; respiratory chain ; Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia ; cardiomyopathy ; mammalian complex I ; NADH dehydrogenase ; complex I assembly ; complex I structure ; complex I deficiency ; supernumerary subunits ; electron transport chain ; mitochondrial dysfunction ; Leigh syndrome ; mitochondrial diseases ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; pet mutants ; pancreatic endocrine cells ; mathematical model ; cellular bioenergetics ; diabetes ; glucagon ; insulin ; exercise ; immune system ; metabolic disease ; COVID-19 ; mitochondrial dynamics ; viral infections ; MAVS ; RIG-I ; MDA5 ; innate immune response ; SARS CoV-2 ; RSV ; influenza ; respiratory supercomplexes ; ROS ; ATP synthase/hydrolase ; mitochondrial permeability transition pore ; cristae ; cellular signaling ; human disease ; mitochondrial dynamic ; cell signaling ; cancer ; respiratory complexes ; oxidative stress ; mitochondrial DNA ; MTCYB mutations ; cytochrome b ; complex III ; aging ; energy metabolism ; entorhinal cortex ; lipoxidation-derived damage ; neurodegeneration ; oxidative damage ; protein import ; respiratory complex assembly ; supercomplexes ; mitochondrial proteostasis ; heart failure ; bioenergetics ; assembly factor ; atypical myopathy ; high-resolution respirometry ; toxicity assays ; cell culture ; equine primary myoblasts ; fibroblasts ; frozen tissue ; leukocytes ; oxygen consumption ; platelets ; respirometry ; skeletal muscle ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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  • 22
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Almost 25 years ago, the first mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channel was cloned and published. TRP channels now represent an extended family of 28 members fulfilling multiple roles in the living organism. Identified functions include control of body temperature, transmitter release, mineral homeostasis, chemical sensing, and survival mechanisms in a challenging environment. The TRP channel superfamily covers six families: TRPC with C for “canonical”, TRPA with A for “ankyrin”, TRPM with M for “melastatin”, TRPML with ML for “mucolipidin”, TRPP with P for “polycystin”, and TRPV with V for “vanilloid”. Over the last few years, new findings on TRP channels have confirmed their exceptional function as cellular sensors and effectors. This Special Book features a collection of 8 reviews and 7 original articles published in “Cells” summarizing the current state-of-the-art on TRP channel research, with a main focus on TRP channel activation, their physiological and pathophysiological function, and their roles as pharmacological targets for future therapeutic options.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; n/a ; transient receptor potential channels ; photochromic ligands ; elementary immunology ; Purkinje cell ; EPSC ; substance P ; chemicals ; organ toxicity ; lymphocytes ; HSP70 ; physiology ; bioavailable ; inflammatory bowel disease ; platelets ; pollutants ; yeast ; regulatory T cells ; kinase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; manganese ; cerebellum ; TRP channel ; NHERF ; inflammation ; nanoHPLC-ESI MS/MS ; TRPM7 ; chemical probes ; TRPM8 ; dorsal column nuclei ; TRPV2 ; TRPV3 ; calcitonin gene-related peptide ; TRPV1 ; ion channels ; transient receptor potential ; 2D gel electrophoresis ; MALDI-TOF MS(/MS) ; TRPV4 ; overproduction ; sulfur mustard ; oxidative stress ; graft versus host disease ; menthol ; topical ; chemosensor ; AP18 ; calcium signalling ; mucosal epithelium ; cuneate nucleus ; production platform ; TRPC channels ; ulcerative colitis ; channel structure ; xerostomia ; neutrophils ; cardiovascular system ; TRPC5 ; TRPC6 ; TRPC3 ; TRPC4 ; calcium signaling ; protein purification ; adipose tissue ; transient receptor potential (TRP) channels ; sodium ; TH17 ; diacylglycerol ; hypersensitivity ; TRPY1 ; GABAB ; HEK293 ; thrombosis ; ion channel ; TRPC ; pathophysiology ; SMAD ; toxicology ; endothelium ; calcium ; proteomics ; TRPA1 ; salivary glands ; TRP channels ; lipid mediators ; sensors ; radiation ; TRPM4 channel ; human medulla oblongata ; mGluR1 ; small molecules ; TRPC3 pharmacology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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  • 23
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels, and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewers’ or bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by humans. Saccharomyces is a top-choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications. This Special Issue “Yeast Biotechnology 2.0” is a continuation of the first Special Issue, “Yeast Biotechnology” (https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/324). It compiles the current state-of-the-art of research and technology in the area of “yeast biotechnology” and highlights prominent current research directions in the fields of yeast synthetic biology and strain engineering, new developments in efficient biomolecule production, fermented beverages (beer, wine, and honey fermentation), and yeast nanobiotechnology.]
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; TP248.13-248.65 ; bioethanol production ; mead ; nanobiotechnology ; fermentation-derived products ; flavor ; citric acid production ; enzyme production ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; fermented beverages ; bioreactors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; beer ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 24
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: During the last few years, industrial fermentation technologies have advanced in order to improve the quality of the final product. Some examples of those modern technologies are the biotechnology developments of microbial materials, such as Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts or lactic bacteria from different genera. Other technologies are related to the use of additives and adjuvants, such as nutrients, enzymes, fining agents, or preservatives and their management, which directly influence the quality and reduce the risks in final fermentation products. Other technologies are based on the management of thermal treatments, filtrations, pressure applications, ultrasounds, UV, and so on, which have also led to improvements in fermentation quality in recent years. The aim of the issue is to study new technologies able to improve the quality parameters of fermentation products, such as aroma, color, turbidity, acidity, or any other parameters related to improving sensory perception by the consumers. Food safety parameters are also included.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; low-ethanol wines ; wine-related fungi ; non-Saccharomyces ; yeasts ; narince ; wine quality ; tryptophol ; low ethanol wine ; serotonin ; non-conventional yeasts ; Bombino bianco ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; volatile compounds ; ethyl carbamate ; phthalates ; autochthonous ; meta-taxonomic analysis ; Pichia kluyveri ; pH control ; IAA ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; chemical analyses ; aroma profile ; yeast ; enzymatic patterns ; wine flavor ; fermentation ; must replacement ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; malolactic fermentation ; wine ; HACCP ; food quality ; sequential inoculation ; alcoholic beverages ; itaconic acid ; biocontrol application ; white wine ; hydroxytyrosol ; tryptophan ; glucose ; kinetic analysis ; wine aroma ; amino acid decarboxylation ; lactic acid bacteria ; vineyard soil ; wine color ; tyrosol ; Saccharomyces ; Gompertz-model ; sequential culture ; biogenic amines ; SO2 reduction ; climate change ; Vineyard Microbiota ; A. terreus ; sulfur dioxide ; human health-promoting compounds ; Hanseniaspora guilliermondii ; non-Saccharomyces screening ; aromatic/sensorial profiles ; Malvar (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) ; probiotics ; Yeasts ; native yeast ; color ; glutathione ; hot pre-fermentative maceration ; technological characterization ; wine-related bacteria ; Riesling ; Torulaspora microellipsoides ; Lachancea thermotolerans ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; cashew apple juice ; resveratrol ; biocontrol ; shiraz ; Tannat ; ochratoxin A ; aroma compound ; trehalose ; wine composition ; Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast ; food safety ; acidity ; sensory evaluation ; viticulture ; melatonin ; alcoholic fermentation ; aroma ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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  • 25
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    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by man. Saccharomyces is a top choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes for antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals, technical enzymes, and ethanol and biofuels. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications, such as e.g. Saccharomyces species, Pichia pastoris and other Pichia species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida species, Phaffia rhodozyma, wild yeasts for beer brewing, etc. This Special Issue is focused on recent developments of yeast biotechnology with topics including recent techniques for characterizing yeast and their physiology (including omics and nanobiotechnology techniques), methods to adapt industrial strains (including metabolic, synthetic and evolutionary engineering) and the use of yeasts as microbial cell factories to produce biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, alcohols, organic acids, flavours and fine chemicals, and advances in yeast fermentation technology and industrial fermentation processes.
    Keywords: coffee processing ; coffee fermentation ; starter culture ; coffee beverage ; yeast ; Icewine ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; hyperosmotic stress ; CRISPR-Cas9 ; glycerol transport ; STL1 ; brewing ; Cyberlindnera ; NABLAB ; non-alcoholic beer ; non-conventional yeast ; non-Saccharomyces yeast ; response surface methodology ; Ustilago ; itaconic acid ; process improvement ; lignocellulosic feedstock ; yeasts ; grape ; federweisser ; wine ; microbiota identification ; MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; craft beer ; microbrewery plant ; mixed fermentation ; aroma profile ; strain collection ; aroma profiling ; gas chromatography ; wine yeast ; Saccharomyces ; fermentation ; volatile aroma compounds ; Simultaneous inoculation ; Alcoholic fermentation ; Malolactic fermentation ; Sacccharomyces cerevisiae ; Oenococcus oeni ; PN4TM ; OmegaTM ; Aroma profile ; antioxidant ; coffee ; W. anomalus ; industrial brewer’s strains ; adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ; snowflake phenotype ; beer fermentation ; wine yeasts ; lactic acid bacteria ; co-inoculation ; sequence inoculation ; flavor compounds ; color pigments ; cell printing ; piezoelectric dispensing ; GFP-tagged yeast clone collection ; living cell microarrays ; microfluidic chip ; dynamic single-cell analysis ; Candida albicans ; adhesion ; fibronectin ; nanomotion ; atomic force microscope (AFM) ; xylose metabolism ; genetic engineering ; biofuel ; Spathaspora passalidarum ; Pichia stipitis ; volatile organic compounds ; proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; flavor ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; fermentation-derived products ; fermented beverages ; beer ; coffee bean fermentation ; itaconic acid production ; bioethanol production ; bioreactors ; yeast micro- and nanobiotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2015-09-05
    Description: Fusion of intracellular transport vesicles requires soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) and Sec1/Munc18-family (SM) proteins. Membrane-bridging SNARE complexes are critical for fusion, but their spontaneous assembly is inefficient and may require SM proteins in vivo. We report x-ray structures of Vps33, the SM subunit of the yeast homotypic fusion and vacuole protein-sorting (HOPS) complex, bound to two individual SNAREs. The two SNAREs, one from each membrane, are held in the correct orientation and register for subsequent complex assembly. Vps33 and potentially other SM proteins could thus act as templates for generating partially zipped SNARE assembly intermediates. HOPS was essential to mediate SNARE complex assembly at physiological SNARE concentrations. Thus, Vps33 appears to catalyze SNARE complex assembly through specific SNARE motif recognition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727825/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4727825/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, Richard W -- Jeffrey, Philip D -- Zick, Michael -- Phillips, Ben P -- Wickner, William T -- Hughson, Frederick M -- GM071574/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM23377/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM071574/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007388/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 4;349(6252):1111-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7906.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. ; Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. ; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. hughson@princeton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26339030" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Munc18 Proteins/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Qa-SNARE Proteins/*metabolism ; R-SNARE Proteins/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25/chemistry/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2013-11-10
    Description: The last step in eukaryotic translational initiation involves the joining of the large and small subunits of the ribosome, with initiator transfer RNA (Met-tRNA(i)(Met)) positioned over the start codon of messenger RNA in the P site. This step is catalyzed by initiation factor eIF5B. We used recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine a structure of the eIF5B initiation complex to 6.6 angstrom resolution from 〈3% of the population, comprising just 5143 particles. The structure reveals conformational changes in eIF5B, initiator tRNA, and the ribosome that provide insights into the role of eIF5B in translational initiation. The relatively high resolution obtained from such a small fraction of a heterogeneous sample suggests a general approach for characterizing the structure of other dynamic or transient biological complexes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836175/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836175/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez, Israel S -- Bai, Xiao-Chen -- Hussain, Tanweer -- Kelley, Ann C -- Lorsch, Jon R -- Ramakrishnan, V -- Scheres, Sjors H W -- 096570/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- MC_U105184332/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_A025_1013/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- WT096570/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):1240585. doi: 10.1126/science.1240585. Epub 2013 Nov 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24200810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analytic Sample Preparation Methods ; Cryoelectron Microscopy/methods ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factors/*chemistry ; Humans ; *Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Transfer, Met/chemistry ; Ribosomes/*chemistry ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: In different phases of the transcription cycle, RNA polymerase (Pol) II recruits various factors via its C-terminal domain (CTD), which consists of conserved heptapeptide repeats with the sequence Tyr(1)-Ser(2)-Pro(3)-Thr(4)-Ser(5)-Pro(6)-Ser(7). We show that the CTD of transcribing yeast Pol II is phosphorylated at Tyr(1), in addition to Ser(2), Thr(4), Ser(5), and Ser(7). Tyr(1) phosphorylation stimulates binding of elongation factor Spt6 and impairs recruitment of termination factors Nrd1, Pcf11, and Rtt103. Tyr(1) phosphorylation levels rise downstream of the transcription start site and decrease before the polyadenylation site, largely excluding termination factors from gene bodies. These results show that CTD modifications trigger and block factor recruitment and lead to an extended CTD code that explains transcription cycle coordination on the basis of differential phosphorylation of Tyr(1), Ser(2), and Ser(5).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayer, Andreas -- Heidemann, Martin -- Lidschreiber, Michael -- Schreieck, Amelie -- Sun, Mai -- Hintermair, Corinna -- Kremmer, Elisabeth -- Eick, Dirk -- Cramer, Patrick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1723-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1219651.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalytic Domain ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Peptide Termination Factors/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism ; Transcriptional Elongation Factors/metabolism ; Tyrosine/*metabolism
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: DNA topoisomerase II completely removes DNA intertwining, or catenation, between sister chromatids before they are segregated during cell division. How this occurs throughout the genome is poorly understood. We demonstrate that in yeast, centromeric plasmids undergo a dramatic change in their topology as the cells pass through mitosis. This change is characterized by positive supercoiling of the DNA and requires mitotic spindles and the condensin factor Smc2. When mitotic positive supercoiling occurs on decatenated DNA, it is rapidly relaxed by topoisomerase II. However, when positive supercoiling takes place in catenated plasmid, topoisomerase II activity is directed toward decatenation of the molecules before relaxation. Thus, a topological change on DNA drives topoisomerase II to decatenate molecules during mitosis, potentially driving the full decatenation of the genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baxter, J -- Sen, N -- Martinez, V Lopez -- De Carandini, M E Monturus -- Schvartzman, J B -- Diffley, J F X -- Aragon, L -- MC_U120074328/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 11;331(6022):1328-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1201538.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. Jon.Baxter@sussex.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Cycle ; Chromosome Segregation ; DNA Replication ; DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/*metabolism ; DNA, Catenated/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA, Fungal/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA, Superhelical/*chemistry/metabolism ; Dimerization ; *Mitosis ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Plasmids ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-06-11
    Description: It is not known whether evolution will usually be rapid enough to allow a species to adapt and persist in a deteriorating environment. We tracked the eco-evolutionary dynamics of metapopulations with a laboratory model system of yeast exposed to salt stress. Metapopulations experienced environmental deterioration at three different rates and their component populations were either unconnected or connected by local dispersal or by global dispersal. We found that adaptation was favored by gradual deterioration and local dispersal. After further abrupt deterioration, the frequency of evolutionary rescue depended on both the prior rate of deterioration and the rate of dispersal. Adaptation was surprisingly frequent and rapid in small peripheral populations. Thus, evolutionary dynamics affect both the persistence and the range of a species after environmental deterioration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bell, Graham -- Gonzalez, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 10;332(6035):1327-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1203105.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21659606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; *Biological Evolution ; Directed Molecular Evolution ; *Environment ; Models, Biological ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2009-06-27
    Description: Communication between organelles is an important feature of all eukaryotic cells. To uncover components involved in mitochondria/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) junctions, we screened for mutants that could be complemented by a synthetic protein designed to artificially tether the two organelles. We identified the Mmm1/Mdm10/Mdm12/Mdm34 complex as a molecular tether between ER and mitochondria. The tethering complex was composed of proteins resident of both ER and mitochondria. With the use of genome-wide mapping of genetic interactions, we showed that the components of the tethering complex were functionally connected to phospholipid biosynthesis and calcium-signaling genes. In mutant cells, phospholipid biosynthesis was impaired. The tethering complex localized to discrete foci, suggesting that discrete sites of close apposition between ER and mitochondria facilitate interorganelle calcium and phospholipid exchange.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933203/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2933203/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kornmann, Benoit -- Currie, Erin -- Collins, Sean R -- Schuldiner, Maya -- Nunnari, Jodi -- Weissman, Jonathan S -- Walter, Peter -- R01 GM032384/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM032384-27/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM062942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Jul 24;325(5939):477-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1175088. Epub 2009 Jun 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. benoit.kornmann@ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19556461" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium Signaling/genetics ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*physiology ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*metabolism ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: Ferritins are the main iron storage proteins found in animals, plants, and bacteria. The capacity to store iron in ferritin is essential for life in mammals, but the mechanism by which cytosolic iron is delivered to ferritin is unknown. Human ferritins expressed in yeast contain little iron. Human poly (rC)-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) increased the amount of iron loaded into ferritin when expressed in yeast. PCBP1 bound to ferritin in vivo and bound iron and facilitated iron loading into ferritin in vitro. Depletion of PCBP1 in human cells inhibited ferritin iron loading and increased cytosolic iron pools. Thus, PCBP1 can function as a cytosolic iron chaperone in the delivery of iron to ferritin.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505357/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2505357/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, Haifeng -- Bencze, Krisztina Z -- Stemmler, Timothy L -- Philpott, Caroline C -- R01 DK068139/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK068139-01A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Z01 DK054510-03/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1207-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1157643.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cytosol/metabolism ; Ferritins/metabolism ; Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Iron/metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: Transport of metabolites across the mitochondrial inner membrane is highly selective, thereby maintaining the electrochemical proton gradient that functions as the main driving force for cellular adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Mitochondria import many preproteins via the presequence translocase of the inner membrane. However, the reconstituted Tim23 protein constitutes a pore remaining mainly in its open form, a state that would be deleterious in organello. We found that the intermembrane space domain of Tim50 induced the Tim23 channel to close. Presequences overcame this effect and activated the channel for translocation. Thus, the hydrophilic cis domain of Tim50 maintains the permeability barrier of mitochondria by closing the translocation pore in a presequence-regulated manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meinecke, Michael -- Wagner, Richard -- Kovermann, Peter -- Guiard, Bernard -- Mick, David U -- Hutu, Dana P -- Voos, Wolfgang -- Truscott, Kaye N -- Chacinska, Agnieszka -- Pfanner, Nikolaus -- Rehling, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1523-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biophysik, Universitat Osnabruck, FB Biologie/Chemie, D-49034 Osnabruck, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Membrane Permeability ; Liposomes ; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 34
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: Real-time fluorescence microscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for examining chromatin dynamics. The initial lesson is that much of the genome, particularly in yeast, is highly dynamic. Its movement within the interphase nucleus is correlated with metabolic activity. Nonetheless, the nucleus is an organelle with conserved rules of organization. Determining the distribution and regulation of mobile domains in interphase chromosomes, and characterizing sites of anchorage, will undoubtedly shed new light on the function of nuclear order.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gasser, Susan M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1412-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. susan.gasser@molbio.unige.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleus/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Centromere/physiology/ultrastructure ; Chromatin/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Chromosomes/*physiology/ultrastructure ; DNA/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Interphase ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Telomere/physiology/ultrastructure ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 35
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Important human pathogens invade and harm simple organisms. What's more, these infections require many of the same bacterial genes needed to make mammals sick. These observations suggest that even though simple organisms aren't perfect models for complex hosts such as mammals, the basic mechanisms by which bacteria establish infections in the various organisms may be similar. As a result, the work may help microbiologists identify the host proteins involved in infections, thereby providing potential new targets for antibacterial drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strauss, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188717" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arabidopsis/*microbiology ; Bacteria/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*microbiology ; Dictyostelium/*microbiology ; Drosophila/genetics/immunology/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Immunity, Innate ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Proteins/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Virulence
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: The seven-subunit Arp2/3 complex choreographs the formation of branched actin networks at the leading edge of migrating cells. When activated by Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (WASp), the Arp2/3 complex initiates actin filament branches from the sides of existing filaments. Electron cryomicroscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Arp2/3 complexes bound to the WASp carboxy-terminal domain reveal asymmetric, oblate ellipsoids. Image analysis of actin branches indicates that the complex binds the side of the mother filament, and Arp2 and Arp3 (for actin-related protein) are the first two subunits of the daughter filament. Comparison to the actin-free, WASp-activated complexes suggests that branch initiation involves large-scale structural rearrangements within Arp2/3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Volkmann, N -- Amann, K J -- Stoilova-McPhie, S -- Egile, C -- Winter, D C -- Hazelwood, L -- Heuser, J E -- Li, R -- Pollard, T D -- Hanein, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 28;293(5539):2456-9. Epub 2001 Aug 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acanthamoeba ; Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Actin-Related Protein 2 ; Actin-Related Protein 3 ; Actins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; *Cytoskeletal Proteins ; Fourier Analysis ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: major facilitator superfamily ; iron transport ; siderophores ; enterobactin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract While in fungi iron transport via hydroxamate siderophores has been amply proven, iron transport via enterobactin is largely unknown. Enterobactin is a catecholate-type siderophore produced by several enterobacterial genera grown in severe iron deprivation. By using the KanMX disruption module in vector pUG6 in a fet3Δ background of Saccharomyces cerevisiae we were able to disrupt the gene YOL158c Sce of the major facilitator super family (MFS) which has been previously described as a gene encoding a membrane transporter of unknown function. Contrary to the parental strain, the disruptant was unable to utilize ferric enterobactin in growth promotion tests and in transport assays using 55Fe-enterobactin. All other siderophore transport properties remained unaffected. The results are evidence that in S. cerevisiae the YOL158c Sce gene of the major facilitator super family, now designated ENB1, encodes a transporter protein (Enb1p), which specifically recognizes and transports enterobactin.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 186 (2000), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Crustacean ; Sensorimotor ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellar sheath ; Myelinated axons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Speed of nerve impulse conduction is greatly increased by myelin, a multi-layered membranous sheath surrounding axons. Myelinated axons are ubiquitous among the vertebrates, but relatively rare among invertebrates. Electron microscopy of calanoid copepods using rapid cryofixation techniques revealed the widespread presence of myelinated axons. Myelin sheaths of up to 60 layers were found around both sensory and motor axons of the first antenna and interneurons of the ventral nerve cord. Except at nodes, individual lamellae appeared to be continuous and circular, without seams, as opposed to the spiral structure of vertebrate and annelid myelin. The highly organized myelin was characterized by the complete exclusion of cytoplasm from the intracellular spaces of the cell generating it. In regions of compaction, extracytoplasmic space was also eliminated. Focal or fenestration nodes, rather than circumferential ones, were locally common. Myelin lamellae terminated in stepwise fashion at these nodes, appearing to fuse with the axolemma or adjacent myelin lamellae. As with vertebrate myelin, copepod sheaths are designed to minimize both resistive and capacitive current flow through the internodal membrane, greatly speeding nerve impulse conduction. Copepod myelin differs from that of any other group described, while sharing features of every group.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Citrinin ; Pet mutants ; Mitochondrial biogenesis ; Vacuolar ATPase ; YKL118W disruption ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In countries with a hot climate the mycotoxin citrinin represents a serious problem in fungal food-poisoning. In humans the renal system is affected the most and the mitochondrial respiratory chain was identified as a possible sensitive target for this toxin. In addition, citrinin has an antifungal activity that also inhibits the growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. So far the precise mode of action and the subcellular targets for citrinin have not been identified. Therefore, we decided to use the model organism yeast for a genetic approach to identify genes that play a role in the sensitivity against this mycotoxin. A large collection of conditional respiratory deficient yeast mutants was screened for sensitivity against citrinin. One special pet-ts mutant was identified that exhibited a higher sensitivity against citrinin. The genetic system of yeast allowed the isolation of the respective wild-type gene. This yeast gene encodes the Vph2p subunit that is essential for the correct assembly of the vacuolar ATPase. Isolation of the mutated gene and gene-disruption experiments of VPH2 and the partially overlapping small YKL118W gene verified this finding. The wild-type VPH2 gene restores all defects of the mutants. In contrast to this, YKL118W gave no complementation and the null mutant showed no phenotype. Thereby the yeast vacuolar ATPase was found to be important for the toxic effect of citrinin in yeast cells. The consequences of this finding for the molecular mechanism of citrinin action and its relation to the mitochondrial respiratory chain are discussed.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key wordsPOL32 ; SRS2 ; DNA repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pol32 is a subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA polymerase δ required in DNA replication and repair. To gain insight into the function of Pol32 and to determine in which repair pathway POL32 may be involved, we extended the analysis of the pol32Δ mutant with respect to UV and methylation sensitivity, UV-induced mutagenesis; and we performed an epistasis analysis of UV sensitivity by combining the pol32Δ with mutations in several genes for postreplication repair (RAD6 group), nucleotide excision repair (RAD3 group) and recombinational repair (RAD52 group). These studies showed that pol32Δ is deficient in UV-induced mutagenesis and place POL32 in the error-prone RAD6/REV3 pathway. We also found that the increase in the CAN1 spontaneous forward mutation of different rad mutators relies entirely or partially on a functional POL32 gene. Moreover, in a two-hybrid screen, we observed that Pol32 interacts with Srs2, a DNA helicase required for DNA replication and mutagenesis. Simultaneous deletion of POL32 and SRS2 dramatically decreases cellular viability at 15 °C and greatly increases cellular sensitivity to hydroxyurea at the permissive temperature. Based on these findings, we propose that POL32 defines a link between the DNA polymerase and helicase activities, and plays a role in the mutagenic bypass repair pathway.
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  • 41
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    Current genetics 38 (2000), S. 264-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Endopolygalacturonase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Kluyveromyces marxianus ; Pectinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gene encoding endopolygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15) has been cloned, sequenced and expressed from three strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (including non-secretors) and three strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus. Both control and coding regions showed small differences within each species, one including loss of a potential glycosylation site. Two non-secreting S. cerevisiae strains (FY1679 and var. uvarum) had non-transcribed copies of functional genes. Maximum enzyme activity was achieved with the S. cerevisiae FY1679 gene in an expressing vector, with an enzyme activity of 51 μmol of reducing sugar released from polygalacturonic acid μg protein−1 min−1, the highest so far reported for a yeast.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Translation release factors ; Chromosome stability ; Microtubules ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome stability in suppressor mutants for SUP35 and SUP45 genes coding for translation release factors was studied. We obtained spontaneous and UV-induced sup35 or sup45 mutants in a haploid strain disomic for chromosome III and tested the stability of an extra copy of this chromosome. The majority of the mutants showed increased chromosome instability. This phenotype was correlated with an increased sensitivity to the microtubule-poisoning drug benomyl which affects chromosome segregation at anaphase. Our data suggest that termination-translation factors eRF3 and eRF1 control chromosome transmission at mitotic anaphase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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  • 43
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 59 (2000), S. 643-648 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: drying ; intracellular water ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular water content of a microorganism is an important parameter which is a determinant factor of its physiological properties. It is usually measured by complex and time consuming procedures. Thermogravimetry using infrared balance has been used for this purpose, through the identification of different drying steps occurring during the analysis. This work employs the same method with much smaller samples, using conventional thermogravimetric equipment in a simpler and faster way than other conventional procedures. Commercial yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) washed samples are analyzed in isothermal procedures which are run in about 30 min. The drying rate curve, when plotted as a function of the residual mass of the cells, allows the identification of the step where the intracellular water is lost and the determination of its content. The obtained values, on extracellular water free basis, are in the range of 65 to 69% and agree with those measured by other techniques.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Homology modeling ; rotational energy barrier ; simulated annealing ; pyridoxal 5′-diphosphoadenosine ; pyridoxal 5′-triphosphoadenosine ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular mechanics calculations have been employed to obtain models of the complexes between Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) kinase and the ATP analogs pyridoxal 5′-diphosphoadenosine (PLP-AMP) and pyridoxal 5′-triphosphoadenosine (PLP-ADP), using the crystalline coordinates of the ATP-pyruvate-Mn2+-Mg2+ complex of Escherichia coli PEP carboxykinase [Tari et al. (1997), Nature Struct. Biol. 4, 990–994]. In these models, the preferred conformation of the pyridoxyl moiety of PLP-ADP and PLP-AMP was established through rotational barrier and simulated annealing procedures. Distances from the carbonyl-C of each analog to ε-N of active-site lysyl residues were calculated for the most stable enzyme-analog complex conformation, and it was found that the closest ε-N is that from Lys290, thus predicting Schiff base formation between the corresponding carbonyl and amino groups. This prediction was experimentally verified through chemical modification of S. cerevisiae PEP carboxykinase with PLP-ADP and PLP-AMP. The results here described demonstrate the use of molecular modeling procedures when planning chemical modification of enzyme-active sites.
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  • 45
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    Mycorrhiza 10 (2000), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Anthoceros punctatus ; Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Bryophytes ; Glomus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Glomus claroideum (Schenck & Smith emend. Walker & Vestberg) were investigated for ability to form arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbioses with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus (L.). Spores were transferred to a cellulose acetate filter on water agar and a small portion of an Anthoceros thallus was placed directly upon the spores. Light-microscope observations 20 days after inoculation revealed branched hyphae growing within the thallus. After 45 days, arbuscules and vesicles were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. After 60 days in water agar culture, the colonised Anthoceros thalli were transferred to a low-nutrient medium agar. Hyphae spread in the agar and newly formed spores were observed 5 weeks after the transfer. After 4 months, about 1000 spores were formed in each Petri dish. This is the first report of an experimentally established arbuscular mycorrhiza-like symbiosis between an identified fungus belonging to the Glomales and a bryophyte.
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  • 46
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 263 (2000), S. 81-89 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Flp recombinase ; Site-specific recombination ; Homologous recombination ; RAD52 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Site-specific recombination within the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2-micron DNA plasmid is catalyzed by the Flp recombinase at specific Flp Recognition Target (FRT) sites, which lie near the center of two precise 599-bp Inverted Repeats (IRs). However, the role of IR DNA sequences other than the FRT itself for the function of the Flp reaction in vivo is not known. In the present work we report that recombination efficiency differs depending on whether the FRT or the entire IR serves as the substrate for Flp. We also provide evidence for the involvement of the IR in RAD52-dependent homologous recombination. In contrast, the catalysis of site-specific recombination between two FRTs does not require the function of RAD52. The efficiency of Flp site-specific recombination between two IRs cloned in the same orientation is about one hundred times higher than that obtained when only the two FRTs are present. Moreover, we demonstrate that a single IR can activate RAD52-dependent homologous recombination between two flanking DNA regions, providing new insights into the role of the IR as a substrate for recombination and a new experimental tool with which to study the molecular mechanism of homologous recombination.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsYarrowia lipolytica ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ambient pH signalling ; Signal transduction ; Transmembrane protein
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Yarrowia lipolytica, the transcription factor Rim101p mediates both pH regulation and control of mating and sporulation. Like its homologues PacC of Aspergillus nidulans and Rim101p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, YlRim101p is activated by proteolytic C-terminal processing, which occurs in response to a signal transduced by a pathway involving several PAL gene products. We report here the cloning and sequencing of two of these genes, PAL2 and PAL3. PAL2 encodes a putative 632-residue protein with six possible transmembrane segments, which differs from the transmembrane proteins Rim9p of S. cerevisiae and PalI of A. nidulans, but is homologous to A. nidulans PalH and to the product of the ORF YNL294c, a predicted polypeptide of unknown function in S. cerevisiae. PAL3 encodes an 881-residue polypeptide that is homologous to PalF of A. nidulans and to a newly identified putative polypeptide of S. cerevisiae. Both PAL2 and PAL3 are expressed constitutively, regardless of ambient pH. Mutations in these genes affect growth at alkaline pH and sporulation in both Y. lipolytica and in S. cerevisiae. They affect invasiveness of haploid strains in S. cerevisiae only, and conjugation in Y. lipolytica only. These results highlight the conservation of the Pal pathway initially described in A. nidulans.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsGAL regulon ; Transcription ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Galactose suppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A plasmid clone that suppresses galactose toxicity in a gal7 yeast strain has been isolated from a multicopy genomic DNA library. Molecular analysis revealed that the region responsible for the suppression of galactose toxicity corresponds to the ORF YPR030w, which was named MRG19. A CEN-based plasmid carrying the above ORF was unable to suppress the toxicity. Galactokinase activity was substantially reduced in cell extracts obtained from transformants bearing multiple copies of MRG19. Multiple copies of MRG19 were also able to suppress galactokinase expression driven by the CYC1 promoter but not the TEF1 promoter. Multiple copies of MRG19 could not suppress GAL1-driven galactokinase expression in a gal80 strain. However, MRG19-mediated suppression of CYC1-driven galactokinase expression was independent of GAL80 function. These results imply that multiple copies of MRG19 suppress galactokinase expression probably at the level of transcription. In agreement with this idea, multiple copies of MRG19 also suppress β-galactosidase expression driven by the GAL1 promoter in a GAL80-dependent manner. Disruption of MRG19 leads to an increase in the cell density at stationary phase in synthetic complete medium. MRG19 encodes a previously uncharacterised 124-kDa protein that shows no sequence homology to any known proteins.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Cryopreservation ; Dehydration ; Thermal analysis ; Sucrose ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cells were preserved in liquid nitrogen for over three years, using embedding of cells in calcium-alginate prior to subculture in sucrose-enriched medium, air-drying, and direct quenching in liquid nitrogen. Survival of cells reached 34%, yielding regrowth at the surface of all cryopreserved beads in less than 7 days. Following pretreatment and dehydration, the water content dropped from 2300% to 34% with respect to dry weight. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that glass transition occurred on cooling, followed by a slight crystallization event on rewarming. The survival of cells was independent of the cooling rate. The tolerance of the acute dehydration step increased progressively with sucrose pretreatment duration, indicating the requirement for adaptative cellular alterations. Ultrastructural studies revealed several changes in cells after sucrose pretreatment prolonged from 1 to 7 days: reversal of the initially plasmolyzed state, microvacuolation, numerous autophagic structures, scarcity of ribosomes, increase in number and size of starch grains. No cell division seemed to occur during this period. After air-drying and after a freeze-thaw cycle, followed by 24 h rehydration, regenerating cells had recovered a high level of ultrastructural organization and contained numerous polysomes suggesting an intense metabolic activity. Trehalose, a cryoprotective disaccharide not considered to be a metabolic substrate, yielded only 70% regrowth after freezing. Biochemical analysis showed that soluble sugars accumulated during the pretreatment, essentially sucrose or trehalose; the monosaccharide content also increased. In the light of these results, the action of sucrose in inducing freezing tolerance is discussed.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Cyst nematodes ; Histology ; Resistance mechanism ; Syncytium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using susceptible and resistant sugar beet lines, comparative analyses of root histology and ultrastructure were made during invasion by nematodes and the induction and formation of specific feeding structures (syncytia).The resistant line carried the resistance geneHs1pro−1.Nematodes were able to invade and induce functional syncytia in roots of resistant and susceptible lines. However, syncytia in resistant roots were smaller and less hypertrophied. The vacuolar system of syncytia in susceptible plants contained many small vacuoles. In resistant plants vacuoles were larger but less numerous. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum prevailed in syncytial protoplasts of susceptible plants, whereas almost only rough endoplasmic reticulum occurred in syncytia in resistant plants. The most conspicuous and hitherto undescribed trait of syncytia in resistant roots was the initial appearance of loose, and later compact, aggregations of the endomembrane system which composed most of the endoplasmicreticulum system of syncytia at later stages. Syncytia in resistant plants usually degraded before the nematodes reached their adult stage. The appearance of membrane aggregations and the other resistance-specific features are discussed in relation to their possible effects on syncytium function and role in nematode resistance.
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  • 51
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    Protoplasma 211 (2000), S. 94-102 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Androgenesis ; Embryogenesis ; Microspore culture ; Pollen ; Ultrastructure ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have made a detailed cytological examination of the development of wheat embryoids, monitoring their initial divisions from two to ten cells by both light and electron microscopy. According to our observations the first embryogenic division is symmetrical. After the androgenesis induction treatment, there is a decrease in ribosome population with cells that have inactive nucleoli made up almost exclusively of a dense fibrillar component. This population is restored after initial embryogenic divisions. During the initial divisions the embryogenic pollen grains do not appear to change in size and the pollen wall remains intact. The exine undergoes no modification but the intine thickens, and we have observed that the thickness of the intine can be used as a cytological marker of androgenesis. The walls separating the cells obtained after embryogenic division contained numerous plasmodesmata. The beginnings of embryo polarization and cell differentiation could be made out in the very early pollen embryoids.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Glutathione ; Root ; Chromosomal aberration ; Ultrastructure ; Picea abies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Young spruce seedlings (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) grown in hydroponic culture were exposed to three different concentrations (50,100, and 500 μM) of reduced glutathione for 24 h. These physiologically relevant concentrations of glutathione had a multiple effect on the investigated tissue. Feeding of glutathione to roots increased the concentrations of thiols (glutathione, cysteine, and γ-glutamyl-cysteine) in roots, decreased the rate of cell divisions, induced mitotic abnormalities, and affected the cell ultrastructure. Electron micrographs showed effects such as advanced vacuolation, dilated rough-endoplasmic-reticulum cisternae, and separations of the plasma membrane from the cell wall.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) ; Anti-bent DNA ; DNA structure ; Replication origin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to better understand the involvement of the DNA molecule in the replication initiation process we have characterized the structure of the DNA at Autonomously Replicating Sequences (ARSs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a new method for anti-bent DNA analysis, which allowed us to take into account the bending contribution of each successive base plate, we have investigated the higher-order structural organization of the DNA in the region which immediately surrounds the ARS consensus sequence (ACS). We have identified left- and right-handed anti-bent DNAs which flank this consensus sequence. The data show that this organization correlates with an active ACS. Analysis of the minimum nucleotide sequence providing ARS function to plasmids reveals an example where the critical nucleotides are restricted to the ACS and the right-handed anti-bent DNA domain, although most of the origins considered contained both left- and right-handed anti-bent DNAs. Moreover, mutational analysis shows that the right-handed form is necessary in order to sustain a specific DNA conformation which is correlated with the level of plasmid maintenance. A model for the role of these individual structural components of the yeast replication origin is presented. We discuss the possible role of the right-handed anti-bent DNA domain, in conjunction with the ACS, in the process of replication initiation, and potentialities offered by the combination of left- and right-handed structural components in origin function.
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  • 54
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 263 (2000), S. 877-888 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Staurosporine ; Vacuolar-type proton pumping ATPase ; Vacuolar protein sorting ; ATP-binding cassette transporter ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutations at several loci affect the sensitivity of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to staurosporine. We report here the characterization of novel staurosporine- and temperature-sensitive mutants (stt). Cloning and integration mapping showed that the genes STT2/STT6, STT5, STT7, STT8 and STT9 are allelic to VPS18, ERG10, GPI1, VPS34 and VPS11, respectively. The products of ERG10 and GPI1, respectively, catalyze mevalonate and glycosyl phosphatidylinositol anchor synthesis, while VPS18 and VPS11 genes belong to the class C VPS (Vacuolar Protein Sorting) genes, and the VPS34 gene is classified as a class D VPS. Therefore, staurosporine sensitivity is affected by ergosterol and glycolipid biosynthesis and by vacuolar functions. We found that other vps mutants belonging to classes C and D exhibit staurosporine sensitivity, and that they show calcium sensitivity and fail to grow on glycerol as the sole carbon source; both of the last two characteristics are shared by vacuolar H+-ATPase mutants (vma). As vma mutants were also found to show staurosporine-sensitive growth, staurosporine sensitivity is likely to be affected by acidification of the vacuole. Moreover, wild type yeast cells are more sensitive to staurosporine in alkaline media than in acidic media, suggesting that staurosporine is exported from the cytosol by H+/drug antiporters. Pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) genes also provide some resistance to staurosporine, because Δpdr5, Δsnq2 and Δyor1 strains are more sensitive to staurosporine than the wild-type strain. This suggests that staurosporine is also exported by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters on the plasma membrane. vma mutants and vps mutants of classes C and D vps are sensitive to hygromycin B and vanadate, while ABC transporter-depleted mutants do not show such sensitivity, indicating that two systems differ in their ability to protect the cell against different types of drug.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words DNA repair ; Helix-hairpin-Helix motif ; Methylmethane sulfonate (MMS) ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; UV radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The gene MUS81 (Methyl methansulfonate, UV sensitive) was identified as clone 81 in a two-hybrid screen using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad54 protein as a bait. It encodes a novel protein with a predicted molecular mass of 72,316 (632 amino acids) and contains two helix-hairpin-helix motifs, which are found in many proteins involved in DNA metabolism in bacteria, yeast, and mammals. Mus81p also shares homology with motifs found in the XPF endonuclease superfamily. Deletion of MUS81 caused a recessive methyl methansulfonate- and UV-sensitive phenotype. However, mus81Δ cells were not significantly more sensitive than wild-type to γ-radiation or double-strand breaks induced by HO endonuclease. Double mutant analysis suggests that Rad54p and Mus81p act in one pathway for the repair of, or tolerance to, UV-induced DNA damage. A complex containing Mus81p and Rad54p was identified in immunoprecipitation experiments. Deletion of MUS81 virtually eliminated sporulation in one strain background and reduced sporulation and spore viability in another. Potential homologs of Mus81p have been identified in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Caenorhabditis elegans and Arabidopsis thaliana. We hypothesize that Mus81p plays a role in the recognition and/or processing of certain types of DNA damage (caused by UV and MMS) during repair or tolerance processes involving the recombinational repair pathway.
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  • 56
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 32 (2000), S. 391-400 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: ATP synthase ; F1-ATPase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; petite mutants ; epistasis ; mitochondrion ; pet mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial ATP synthase is a molecular motor that drives the phosphorylation ofADP to ATP. The yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase is composed of at least 19 differentpeptides, which comprise the F1 catalytic domain, the F0 proton pore, and two stalks, oneof which is thought to act as a stator to link and hold F1 to F0, and the other as a rotor.Genetic studies using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have suggested the hypothesis thatthe yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase can be assembled in the absence of 1, and even 2, ofthe polypeptides that are thought to comprise the rotor. However, the enzyme complexassembled in the absence of the rotor is thought to be uncoupled, allowing protons to freelyflow through F0 into the mitochondrial matrix. Left uncontrolled, this is a lethal process andthe cell must eliminate this leak if it is to survive. In yeast, the cell is thought to lose ordelete its mitochondrial DNA (the petite mutation) thereby eliminating the genes encodingessential components of F0. Recent biochemical studies in yeast, and prior studies in E. coli,have provided support for the assembly of a partial ATP synthase in which the ATP synthaseis no longer coupled to proton translocation.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: electron microscopy ; killer effect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mesophilic wine yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CSIR Y217 K − R − was subjected to the K2 killer effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae T206 K + R + in a liquid grape medium. The lethal effect of the K2 mycoviral toxin was confirmed by methylene blue staining. Scanning electron microscopy of cells from challenge experiments revealed rippled cell surfaces, accompanied by cracks and pores, while those unaffected by the toxin, as in the control experiments, showed a smooth surface. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the toxin damaged the cell wall structure and perturbed cytoplasmic membranes to a limited extent.
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  • 58
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 78 (2000), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: cAMP ; pseudohyphae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae pseudohyphae formation may be triggered by nitrogen deprivation and is stimulated by cAMP. It was observed that even in a medium with an adequate nitrogen supply, cAMP can induce pseudohyphal growth when S. cerevisiae uses ethanol as carbon source. This led us to investigate the effects of the carbon source and of a variety of stresses on yeast morphology. Pseudohyphae formation and invasive growth were observed in a rich medium (YP) with poor carbon sources such as lactate or ethanol. External cAMP was required for the morphogenetic transition in one genetic background, but was dispensable in strain Σ1278b which has been shown to have an overactive Ras2/cAMP pathway. Pseudohyphal growth and invasiveness also took place in YPD plates when the yeast was subjected to different stresses: a mild heat-stress (37 °C), an osmotic stress (1 m NACl), or addition of compounds which affect the lipid bilayer organization of the cell membrane (aliphatic alcohols at 2%) or alter the glucan structure of the cell wall (Congo red). We conclude that pseudohyphal growth is a physiological response not only to starvation but also to a stressful environment; it appears to require the coordinate action of a MAP kinase cascade and a cAMP-dependent pathway.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; heterologous expression ; H+/hexose symporter ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; quantitative PCR ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length (LeHT2) and two partial (LeHT1 and LeHT3) cDNA clones, encoding hexose transporters, were isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit and flower cDNA libraries. Southern blot analysis confirmed the presence of a gene family of hexose transporters in tomato consisting of at least three members. The full-length cDNA (LeHT2) encodes a protein of 523 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 57.6 kDa. The predicted protein has 12 putative membrane-spanning domains and belongs to the Major Facilitator Superfamily of membrane carriers. The three clones encode polypeptides that are homologous to other plant monosaccharide transporters and contain conserved amino acid motifs characteristic of this superfamily. Expression of the three genes in different organs of tomato was investigated by quantitative PCR. LeHT1 and LeHT3 are expressed predominantly in sink tissues, with both genes showing highest expression in young fruit and root tips. LeHT2 is expressed at relatively high levels in source leaves and certain sink tissues such as flowers. LeHT2 was functionally expressed in a hexose transport-deficient mutant (RE700A) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LeHT2-dependent transport of glucose in RE700A exhibited properties consistent with the operation of an energy-coupled transporter and probably a H+/hexose symporter. The K m of the symporter for glucose is 45 μM.
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  • 60
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    Chemistry of natural compounds 36 (2000), S. 88-89 
    ISSN: 1573-8388
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast invertase ; active enzyme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The substrate specificity of purified yeast invertase isolated fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae in transglycosylation reactions was determined. The enzyme is specific for primary alcohols. The yeast activity is a function of the alkyl length and substrate hydrophobicity (n-butyl, isobutyl, isoamyl alcohols).
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: iron ; siderophores ; transport ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Transport proteins of microorganisms may either belong to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily or to the major facilitator (MFS)-superfamily. MFS transporters are single-polypeptide membrane transporters that transport small molecules via uniport, symport or antiport mechanisms in response to a chemiosmotic gradient. Although Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a non-siderophore producer, various bacterial and fungal siderophores can be utilized as an iron source. From yeast genome sequencing data six genes of the unknown major facilitator (UMF) family were known of which YEL065w Sce was recently identified as a transporter for the bacterial siderophore ferrioxamine B (Sit1p). The present investigation shows that another UMF gene, YHL047c Sce, encodes a transporter for the fungal siderophore triacetylfusarinine C. The gene YHL047c Sce (designated TAF1) was disrupted using the kanMX disruption module in a fet3 background (strain DEY 1394 Δfet3), possessing a defect in the high affinity ferrous iron transport. Growth promotion assays and transport experiments with 55Fe-labelled triacetylfusarinine C showed a complete loss of iron utilization and uptake in the disrupted strain, indicating that TAF1 is the gene for the fungal triacetylfusarinine transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and possibly in other siderophore producing fungi.
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  • 62
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    BioMetals 12 (1999), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: accumulation ; gold ; proton efflux ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the effects of ionic gold on Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as determined by long-term (growth in gold-containing media) and short-term interactions (H+ efflux activity). An increasing gold concentration inhibited growth and at 〈0.2 mM Au, growth was not observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed no differences in ultrastructure but fine electron dense particles were observed in unstained preparations from gold-containing medium. After glucose addition (to 10mM) to starved suspensions of S. cerevisiae, glucose-dependent reduction of external pH occurred as the cells extruded protons. In the presence of increasing gold concentrations, the lag time before proton extrusion did not change but the rate and duration decreased significantly with a marked influence on proton efflux rate being observed at ≤ 10 μM. Extension of preincubation time of yeast cells in gold-containing medium resulted in a decreasing proton efflux rate and colloidal phase formation in the cell suspensions, the time between gold addition and the beginning of colloidal phase formation depending on the gold concentration used. Both Ca and Mg enhanced the inhibitory effect of gold on the yeast cells with Ca showing a stronger inhibitory effect than Mg.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Imaginal disc ; Axonal trajectories ; Ultrastructure ; Chaoborus (Insecta ; Diptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In one of his classical studies on insect metamorphosis, Weismann compared the imaginal anlagen of the ancestral phantom midge, Chaoborus, with those of advanced brachycerans. We have expanded his findings on the relationships between larval and imaginal organs using electron microscopy and cobalt backfilling of the antenna and leg anlagen and the axonal trajectories of corresponding larval sensilla. We show that both primordia are confluent with the larval antennae and ”leg” sensilla (an ancestral Keilin organ), respectively. These fully developed larval organs represent the distal tips of the imaginal anlagen rather than separate cell clusters. The axons of the larval antenna and leg sensilla project across the corresponding anlagen to their target neuromeres within the central nervous system (CNS). Within the discs, nerves composed of these larval axons, developing afferent fibres and efferences ascending from the CNS are found. Both the structure of the primordia and the axonal trajectories thus relate the situation found in advanced brachycerans with that seen in more ancestral insects. In addition, the larval antennae, legs, wings and even the eyes possess very similar afferent pioneer trajectories supporting the idea that the described pattern is generally used in the ontogeny of sensory systems.
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  • 64
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    Sexual plant reproduction 12 (1999), S. 99-109 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Arabidopsis thaliana ; Megasporogenesis ; Meiosis ; Ultrastructure ; Cellular polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In this study, megasporogenesis of the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated by electron microscopy for the first time. The data described here could constitute a reference for future investigations of Arabidopsis mutants. During the beginning of meiosis the megaspore mother cell shows a polarity created by unequal distribution of organelles in the cytoplasm. Plastids accumulate in the chalazal region and long parallel saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, small vacuoles and some dictyosomes are found in the micropylar region. Plasmodesmata are abundant in the chalazal cell wall. The nucleus is almost centrally localized and contains a prominent excentric nucleolus and numerous typical synaptonemal complexes. After the second division of meiosis the four megaspores are separated by thin cell walls crossed by numerous plasmodesmata and do not show significant cellular organization. The young functional megaspore is characterized by a large nucleus and a large granular nucleolus. The cytoplasm is very electron dense due to the abundance of free ribosomes and contains the following randomly distributed organelles: mitochondria, a few short saccules of endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes and undifferentiated plastids. However, there is no apparent polarity, except for the distribution of some small vacuoles which are more abundant in the micropylar region of the cell. The degenerating megaspores are extremely electron dense and do not show any substructure.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Cysteine uptake ; Amino-acid permeases ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the sulphur-containing amino acid L-cysteine was found to be non-saturable under various conditions, and uptake kinetics suggested the existence of two or more transport systems in addition to the general amino-acid permease, Gap1p. Overexpression studies identified BAP2, BAP3, AGP1 and GNP1 as genes encoding transporters of cysteine. Uptake studies with disruption mutants confirmed this, and identified two additional genes for transporters of cysteine, TAT1 and TAT2, both very homologous to BAP2, BAP3, AGP1 and GNP1. While Gap1p and Agp1p appear to be the main cysteine transporters on the non-repressing nitrogen source proline, Bap2p, Bap3p, Tat1p, Tat2p, Agp1p and Gnp1p are all important for cysteine uptake on ammonium-based medium. Furthermore, whereas Bap2p, Bap3p, Tat1p and Tat2p seem most important under amino acid-rich conditions, Agp1p contributes significantly when only ammonium is present, and Gnp1p only contributes under the latter condition.
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  • 66
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    Current genetics 35 (1999), S. 77-81 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Adaptive mutations ; 6-N-hydroxylaminopurine ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The frequency of reversion in a histidine-requiring mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases about ten-fold in stationary cells during histidine starvation. Histidine starvation enhances a similar frequency of reversion in a tryptophan-requiring mutant. Starvation, therefore, enhances mutation frequencies in a non-adaptive manner. The base analogue 6-N-hydroxylaminopurine (HAP) added prior to plating on medium with limited histidine strongly increases reversion of the histidine mutant. HAP-induced reversion increases further in stationary starving cells with the same kinetics as that which increases spontaneous reversion. Adding HAP to the stationary starving cells does not produce any effect.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Heteroduplex repair ; Strand discrimina-tion ; Strand interruptions ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct yeast centromere plasmids in which a strand nick or gap could be placed 5′ or 3′, on either strand, to a reporter gene (SUP4-o) carrying defined base mismatches. The plasmids were then transformed into yeast cells and the direction and efficiency of mismatch repair were assayed by scoring colouring of the transformant colonies. Strands that were nicked were consistently corrected more often than intact strands, but the effect was very small. However, placement of a small gap at the same positions as the nicks resulted in a marked increase in selection for the gapped strand and an enhanced efficiency of mismatch repair. Both the preference for the gapped strand and correction of the mismatch were offset by deletion of the mismatch repair gene PMS1. Together, the results suggest that strand interruptions can direct intracellular mismatch correction of plasmid-borne base mispairs in yeast.
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  • 68
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    Current genetics 36 (1999), S. 256-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key wordsFLO8 ; Transcriptional regulation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is thought that the FLO8 gene encodes a transcriptional activator of the dominant flocculation gene FLO1 in Saccharomycescerevisiae. To determine other genes which are regulated by FLO8, a detailed comparison of the transcripts from the FLO8 and Δflo8 strains was carried out. In addition to the FLO1 gene, it was found that transcription of the FLO11 and STA1 genes is positively regulated by FLO8. In flo8 strains, not only transcripts of the FLO11, STA1, and FLO1 genes but also invasive growth, extracellular glucoamylase production, and flocculation were undetected. From these results, it is suggested that FLO8 regulates these characteristics via the transcriptional regulation of the FLO11, STA1, and FLO1 genes.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Psoralen sensitivity ; Cytochrome oxidase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Oxidative stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast gene PSO7 was cloned from a genomic library by complementation of the pso7-1 mutant's sensitivity phenotype to 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). Sequence analysis revealed that PSO7 is allelic to the 1.1-kb ORF of the yeast gene COX11 which is located on chromosome XVI and encodes a protein of 28-kDa localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Allelism of PSO7/COX11 was verified by non-complementation of 4NQO-sensitivity in diploids homo- and hetero-allelic for the pso7-1 and cox11::TRP1 mutant alleles. Sensitivity to 4NQO was the same in exponentially growing cells of the pso7-1 mutant and the cox11::TRP1 disruptant. Allelism of COX11 and PSO7 indicates that the pso7 mutant's sensitivity to photoactivated 3-carbethoxypsoralen and to 4NQO is not caused by defective DNA repair, but rather is due to an altered metabolism of the pro-mutagen 4NQO in the absence of cytochrome oxidase (Cox) in pso7-1/cox11::TRP1 mutants/disruptants. Lack of Cox might also lead to a higher reactivity of the active oxygen species produced by photoactivated 3-carbethoxypsoralen. The metabolic state of the cells is important for their sensitivity phenotype since the largest enhancement of sensitivity to 4NQO between wild-type (WT) and the pso7 mutant occurs in exponentially growing cells, while cells in stationary phase or growing cells in phosphate buffer have the same 4NQO resistance, irrespective of their WT/mutant status. Strains containing the pso7-1 or cox11::TRP1 mutant allele were also sensitive to the oxidative stress-generating agents H2O2 and paraquat. Mutant pso7-1, as well as disruptant cox11::TRP1, harboured mitochondria that in comparison to WT contained less than 5% and no detectable Cox activity, respectively.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Plasma membrane H+-ATPase ; PMA1 ; ATPase ; PMA2 ATPase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Copper stress ; Copper tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The major yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase is encoded by the essential PMA 1 gene. The PMA 2 gene encodes an H+-ATPase that is functionally interchangeable with the one encoded by PMA 1 , but it is expressed at a much lower level than the PMA 1 gene and it is not essential. Using genetically manipulated strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that exclusively synthesize PMA1 ATPase or PMA2 ATPase under control of the PMA1 promoter, we found that yeast cultivation under mild copper stress leads to a similar activation of PMA2 and PMA1 isoforms. At high inhibitory copper concentrations (close to the maximum that allowed growth), ATPase activity was reduced from maximal levels; this decrease in activity was less important for PMA2 ATPase than for PMA1 ATPase. The higher tolerance to high copper stress of the artificial strain synthesizing PMA2 ATPase exclusively, as compared to that synthesizing solely PMA1 ATPase, correlated both with the lower sensitivity of PMA2 ATPase to the deleterious effects of copper in vivo and with its higher apparent affinity for MgATP, and suggests that plasma membrane H+-ATPase activity plays a role in yeast tolerance to copper.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsClostridium xylanolyticum ; Cinnamic acid ; Esterase ; Lignocellulose ; Sporogenesis ; Ultrastructure ; Cell envelope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microorganisms that hydrolyse the ester linkages between phenolic acids and polysaccharides in plant cell walls are potential sources of enzymes for the degradation of lignocellulosic waste. An anaerobic, mesophilic, spore-forming, xylanolytic bacterium with high hydroxy cinnamic acid esterase activity was isolated from the gut of the grass-eating termite Tumilitermes pastinator. The bacterium was motile and rod-shaped, stained gram-positive, had an eight-layered cell envelope, and formed endospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA indicated that the bacterium is closely related to Clostridium xylanolyticum and is grouped with polysaccharolytic strains of clostridia. A wide range of carbohydrates were fermented, and growth was stimulated by either xylan or cellobiose as substrates. The bacterium hydrolysed and then hydrogenated the hydroxy cinnamic acids (ferulic and p-coumaric acids), which are esterified to arabinoxylan in plant cell walls. Three cytoplasmic enzymes with hydroxy cinnamic acid esterase activity were identified using non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. This bacterium possesses an unusual multilayered cell envelope in which both leaflets of the cytoplasmic membrane, the peptidoglycan layer and the S layer are clearly discernible. The fate of all these components was easily followed throughout the endospore formation process. The peptidoglycan component persisted during the entire morphogenesis. It was seen to enter the septum and to pass with the engulfing membranes to surround the prespore. It eventually expanded to form the cortex, verification for the peptidoglycan origin of the cortex. Sporogenic vesicles, which are derived from the cell wall peptidoglycan, were associated with the engulfment process. Spore coat fragments appeared early, in stage II, though spore coat formation was not complete until after cortex formation.
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  • 72
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 190 (1999), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calmodulin ; yeast calmodulin ; Ca2+ binding ; Ca2+ binding protein ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; interdomain interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Calmodulin of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has different Ca2+ binding properties from other calmodulins. We previously reported that the maximum number of Ca2+ binding was 3 mol/mol and the fourth binding site was defective, which was different from 4 mol/mol for others. Their macroscopic dissociation constants suggested the cooperative three Ca2+ bindings rather than a pair of cooperative two Ca2+ bindings of ordinary calmodulin. Here we present evidence for yeast calmodulin showing the intramolecular close interaction between the N-terminal half domain and the C-terminal half domain, while the two domains of ordinary calmodulin are independent of each other. We will discuss the relationship of the shape and the shape change caused by the Ca2+ binding to the enzyme activation in yeast. The functional feature of calmodulin in yeast will also be considered, which might be different from the one of vertebrate calmodulin.
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  • 73
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 202 (1999), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: NF1 mutations ; IRA1 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; RAS2 ; GAP activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The 2818 amino acids of neurofibromin, the product of the human NF1 gene, include a 230 amino acid Ras-GAP related domain (GRD). Functions which may be associated with the rest of the protein remain unknown. However, many NF1 mutations in neurofibromatosis 1 patients are found downstream of the GRD, suggesting that the C-terminal region of the protein is also functionally important. Since the C-terminal region of neurofibromin encompassing these mutations is homologous with the corresponding regions in the two Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ras-GAPs, Ira1p and Ira2p, we chose yeast as a model system for functional exploration of this region (Ira-C region). Three missense mutations that affect the Ira-C region of NF1 were used as a model for the mutagenesis of IRA1. The yeast phenotypes of heat shock sensitivity, iodine staining, sporulation efficiency, pseudohyphae formation, and GAP activity were scored. Even though none of the mutations directly affected the Ira1p-GRD, mutations at two of the three sites resulted in a decrease in the GAP activity present in ira1 cells. The third mutation appeared to disassociate the phenotypes of sporulation ability and GAP activity. This and other evidence suggest an effector function for Ira1p.
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  • 74
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 201 (1999), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; atomic force microscope ; bioscope ; organic synthesis ; molecular biology ; oxidative stress ; pore enlargement ; cell wall ; baker's yeast ; biotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We imaged pores on the surface of the cell wall of three different industrial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using atomic force microscopy. The pores could be enlarged using 10 mM diamide, an SH residue oxidant that attacks surface proteins. We found that two strains showed signs of oxidative damage via changes in density and diameter of the surface pores. We found that the German strain was resistant to diamide induced oxidative damage, even when the concentration of the oxidant was increased to 50 mM. The normal pore size found on the cell walls of American strains had diameters of about 200nm. Under conditions of oxidative stress the diameters changed to 400nm. This method may prove to be a useful rapid screening process (45-60 min) to determine which strains are oxidative resistant, as well as being able to screen for groups of yeast that are sensitive to oxidative stress. This rapid screening tool may have direct applications in molecular biology (transference of the genes to inside of living cells) and biotechnology (biotransformations reactions to produce chiral synthons in organic chemistry.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ; oxaloacetate decarboxylase ; pyruvate kinase-like activity ; Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two members of the ATP-dependent class of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinases (PEPCKs) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens) have been comparatively studied with regard to their oxaloacetate (OAA) decarboxylase and pyruvate kinase-like activities. The pyruvate kinase-like activities were dependent on the presence of Mn2+; at the same concentrations Mg2+ was not effective. These activities were synergistically activated by a combination of both metal ions. V max for these activities in A. succiniciproducens and S. cerevisiae PEPCKs was 0.13% and 1.2% that of the principal reaction, respectively. The OAA decarboxylase activity was nucleotide independent and, with decreasing order of effectiveness, these activities were supported by Mn2+ and Mg2+. AMP is an activator of these reactions. V max for the OAA decarboxylase activities in A. succiniciproducens and S. cerevisiae PEPCKs was 4% and 0.2% that of the PEP-forming reaction, respectively.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chondrocyte ; Synoviocyte ; Co-culture ; Proliferation ; Lipid peroxidation ; Cytotoxicity ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Objective: A new co-culture system of rat articular chondrocytes and synoviocytes (HIG-82; cell line) was incubated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), H2O2 or a combination of Fe2+ and ascorbic acid to simulate inflammation-like radical attacks in articular joints. Methods: Chondrocytes were characterized by immunocytochemistry against collagen type II, transmission electron (TEM) and light microscopy. Lipid peroxidation was investigated by measuring thiobarbituric-acid-reactive material in the supernatants, cytotoxicity by determining release of lactate dehydrogenase and proliferation by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation, culture protein and DNA. Results: PMA or Fe2+ and ascorbic acid induced lipid peroxidation in chondrocytes and synoviocytes that was decreased significantly in co-cultures. PMA and H2O2 dose dependently induced release of lactate dehydrogenase in chondrocytes, which was lowered in co-cultures or in previously co-cultured chondrocytes to a nearly basal level. In contrast, conditioned media of synoviocyte cultures showed no lowering effect on the radical-induced toxicity. Protection against H2O2-induced damage of cellular membranes by co-culturing was also shown by TEM. Synoviocytes released chondrocyte-stimulating growth factors spontaneously without previous interaction. Conclusion: Chondrocytes establish protective mechanisms against reactive oxygen species via an interaction with synoviocytes. Our co-culture model presents a possible way to study mechanisms of inflammation in articular joints under defined conditions.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chloride cells (mitochondria-rich cells) ; Teleost larvae ; Osmoregulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantification ; Ultrastructure ; Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Integumental and branchial chloride cells of tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus) were studied at the light-microscopical and ultrastructural level. Total numbers and distribution of chloride cells were quantified after immunostaining of cross sections of the entire larvae with an antibody against the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. The majority (66%) of Na+/K+-ATPase-immunoreactive (ir) cells, i.e. chloride cells, of freshwater tilapia larvae were located extrabranchially up to 48 h after hatching. Five days after hatching, the majority (80%) of chloride cells were found in the buccal cavity. Transfer of 24-h-old larvae to 20% sea water speeded up this process; 24 h after transfer (i.e. 48 h after hatching), the majority (59%) of chloride cells were located in the buccal cavity. The branchial chloride cell population of 24-h- and 120-h-old larvae consisted of immature, mature, apoptotic and necrotic chloride cells. However, relatively more immature chloride cells were observed in freshwater larvae (42–63%) than in (previously studied) freshwater adults (21%), illustrating the developmental state of the gills. After transfer to sea water, the incidence of degenerative chloride cells did not change. Furthermore, the incidence of immature cells had decreased and a new subtype of chloride cells, the ”mitochondria-poor” cells, appeared more frequently. These mitochondria-poor chloride cells were characterised by an abundant tubular system and relatively few mitochondria, which were aligned at the border or concentrated in one part of the cytoplasm. Most of these cells did not contact the water. The function of their enhanced appearance after seawater transfer is unknown.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Mechanoreceptors ; Synaptic proteins ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Slit sensilla ; Hair sensilla ; Cupiennius salei (Chelicerata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Indirect immunocytochemical tests were used at the light- and electron-microscopic levels to investigate peripheral chemical synapses in identified sensory neurons of two types of cuticular mechanosensors in the spider Cupiennius salei Keys.: (1) in the lyriform slit-sense organ VS-3 (comprising 7–8 cuticular slits, each innervated by 2 bipolar sensory neurons) and (2) in tactile hair sensilla (each supplied with 3 bipolar sensory cells). All these neurons are mechanosensitive. Application of a monoclonal antibody against Drosophila synapsin revealed clear punctate immunofluorescence in whole-mount preparations of both mechanoreceptor types. The size and overall distribution of immunoreactive puncta suggested that these were labeled presynaptic sites. Immunofluorescent puncta were 0.5–6.8 μm long and located 0.5–6.6 μm apart from each other. They were concentrated at the initial axon segments of the sensory neurons, while the somata and the dendritic regions showed fewer puncta. Western blot analysis with the same synapsin antibody against samples of spider sensory hypodermis and against samples from the central nervous system revealed a characteristic doublet band at 72 kDa and 75 kDa, corresponding to the apparent molecular mass of synapsin in Drosophila and in mammals. Conventional transmissionelectron-microscopic staining demonstrated that numerous chemical synapses (with at least 2 vesicle types) were present at these mechanosensory neurons and their surrounding glial sheath. The distribution of these synapses corresponded to our immunofluorescence results.Ultrastructural examination of anti-synapsin-stained neurons confirmed that reaction product was associated with synaptic vesicles. We assume that the peripheral synaptic contacts originate from efferents that could exert a complex modulatory influence on mechanosensory activity.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Teleost fish ; Puberty ; Testes ; Sex steroids ; Ultrastructure ; Steroidogenesis ; Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present report focuses on the mechanism(s) involved in the steroid-induced decrease of androgen production in immature African catfish testes that was observed in previous studies. Juvenile animals were implanted with Silastic pellets containing different 11-oxygenated androgens (11-ketotestosterone, KT; 11β- hydroxyandrostenedione, OHA; 11-ketoandrostenedione, KA), testosterone (T) or estradiol-17β (E2). Control groups received steroid-free pellets. Two weeks later, testis tissue fragments were either incubated with increasing concentrations of catfish luteinizing hormone (LH), or incubated with [3H]-pregnenolone ([3H]-P5) or [3H]-androstenedione ([3H]-A). Tissue fragments were also prepared for the quantitative assessment of Leydig cell morphology. Most of the parameters studied were not affected significantly by implantation of E2. Implantation of all androgens inhibited both the basal and the LH-stimulated androgen secretory capacity in vitro. This was associated with a reduced size of the Leydig cells and loss of half of their mitochondria. The studies on the metabolism of tritiated steroid hormones indicated that steroidogenic steps prior to 11β-hydroxylation, probably C17–20 lyase activity, were affected by all androgens. Although the effects of 11-oxygenated androgens and T on Leydig cells were mostly similar, previous work showed that only the 11-oxygenated androgens stimulated spermatogenesis, suggesting that distinct mechanisms of action are used by 11-oxygenated androgens and T. These mechanisms, however, seem to merge on the same target(s) to impair Leydig cell androgen production. Such a negative feedback mechanism may be of relevance in the context of the decline in androgen secretion per milligram testis tissue that accompanies the first wave of spermatogenesis in pubertal African catfish.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 151-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Class II MHC-positive cells ; Human leukocyte antigen-DR ; Dental pulp ; Dendritic cells ; Macrophages ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution and ultrastructure of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-positive cells were investigated in human dental pulp, employing immunohistochemistry using an anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR-monoclonal antibody. HLA-DR-immunopositive cells, appearing spindle-like or dendritic in profile, were densely distributed throughout the dental pulp. Under the electron microscope, these cells exhibited various sizes of vesicles containing clear or opaque contents, multivesicular bodies and characteristic fine tubulovesicular structures in their cytoplasm. Some reactive cells possessed coated pits and vesicles including electron-dense materials, indicating an active endocytosis. At the periphery of the pulp tissue, the HLA-DR-immunopositive cells were predominantly situated in the subodontoblastic layer, with some located in the odontoblast layer and/or predentin and extending their cytoplasmic processes into the dentinal tubules. Cell processes of these cells occasionally made contact with several odontoblast processes in the same way as the nerve fibers in the predentin. These cells never contained the typical phagosomes frequently observed in the HLA-DR-immunoreactive macrophages in the subodontoblastic layer and the pulp core. The results suggest that the HLA-DR-immunopositive cells in the odontoblast layer and/or predentin have some regulatory function on the odontoblasts under physiological conditions, in addition to their involvement in the initial defense reaction after tooth injury.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Neuromelanin ; Neuron ; Peroxidase ; Oxygen metabolism ; High-definition light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Cytochemistry ; Substantia nigra ; Lumbricusterrestris (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Histochemical examination of 1-μm tissue sections from the dorsal nerve plexus of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, reveals multiple brown intraneuronal granules. These granules contain material morphologically and histochemically consistent with neuromelanin. When viewed with transmission electron microscopy, these were seen as single membrane-enclosed biphasic granules with diameters of 370–730 nm. Exposure of L. terrestris to high-level environmental oxygen resulted in an increase in the number of neuromelanin-like pigment granules within the neurons of the circular muscle layer. As measured by ortho-phenylenediamine hydrochloride, the endogenous peroxidase activity of extracts from worms incubated in high-level environmental oxygen was 51% more than controls. The endogenous peroxidase activity was localized in situ with 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and was found to increase in and around the neuromelanin-like pigment-containing neurons within the circular muscle layer. These studies suggest that the nerve net of L. terrestris may serve as a model to study the role of neuromelanin production in oxidative stress and its relationship to endogenous peroxidases.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons ; Lateral hypothalamic slice culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; In situ hybridization ; Competitive RT-PCR ; Leptin assay ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Hypothalamic slices containing the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) were prepared from 6- to 8-day-old rats and maintained in stationary culture for up to 35 days in order to analyse how well the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons survived. As previously reported for other brain areas, this method yielded a long-term well-preserved organotypic organization. Light- and electron-microscopic investigations showed that differentiation continued and that synaptic contacts developed in vitro. After a period of elimination of damaged cells and fibres, most of the remaining neurons and glial cells retained a normal morphology throughout the culture period. MCH neurons, in particular, survived well as attested by the strong immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization signals still observed after several weeks. In a comparison with the day of explantation, competitive reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction demonstrated the remarkable stability of the level of MCH mRNA at least until the 20th day in culture; after 30 days, the clear decrease in this level seemed to be correlated with a loss of MCH neurons, rather than with a decrease in MCH expression. After 10 days of culture, the incubation of slices in the presence of the hormone leptin (50 ng/ml) resulted in a strong decrease of MCH gene expression, suggesting that MCH neurons retained their physiological properties. Thus, the LHA slice stationary culture, especially between one and three weeks (i.e. after tissue stabilization and before extensive cell loss), appears to be a suitable method for physiological and pharmacological studies of these neurons.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words ECL cells ; Gastrin ; Reserpine ; Organelles ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The histamine-storing ECL cells in the stomach play a key role in the control of acid secretion. They contain granules, secretory vesicles and microvesicles, and sustained gastrin stimulation results in the additional formation of vacuoles and lipofuscin bodies. The cells are rich in the vesicle monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT-2), which can be inhibited by reserpine. The present study examines the effect of reserpine on ECL-cell ultrastructure and histamine compartmentalization. Rats received reserpine and/or gastrin. Reserpine was given twice by the intraperitoneal route (25 mg/kg once daily). Gastrin-17 was given by subcutaneous infusion (5 nmol/kg/h), starting at the time of the first reserpine injection and continuing for 4 days when the rats were killed. At this stage, histamine in the oxyntic mucosa was unaffected by reserpine but elevated by gastrin. Immunocytochemical analysis (confocal microscopy) showed ECL-cell histamine in control and gastrin-treated rats to be localized in cytoplasmic organelles (e.g., secretory vesicles). After treatment with reserpine alone or reserpine+gastrin, ECL-cell histamine occurred mainly in the cytosol. Planimetric analysis (electron microscopy) of ECL cells showed reserpine to increase the number, size and volume density of the granules and to reduce the size and volume density of the secretory vesicles. Gastrin reduced the number and volume density of granules and secretory vesicles, increased the number and volume density of microvesicles and caused vacuoles and lipofuscin bodies to appear. Reserpine+gastrin increased the number, volume density and size of the granules. Reserpine prevented the effects of gastrin on secretory vesicles, vacuoles and microvesicles, but did not prevent the development of lipofuscin. Our findings are in line with the views: (1) that preformed cytosolic histamine is taken up by granules/secretory vesicles via VMAT-2, that histamine is instrumental in the transformation of granules into secretory vesicles and in their consequent enlargement and (2) that vacuoles are formed by the fusion of large secretory vesicles.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Proteasome ; Synthetic lethality ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; AAA-ATPase ; 19S Regulatory particle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 19S regulatory particle of the yeast 26S proteasome consists of six related ATPases (Rpt proteins) and at least 11 non-ATPase proteins (Rpn proteins). RPN12 (formerly NIN1) encodes an Rpn component of the 19S regulatory particle and is essential for growth. To determine which subunit(s) of the 26S proteasome interact(s) with Rpn12, we attempted to screen for mutations that cause synthetic lethality in the presence of the rpn12-1 (formerly nin1-1) mutation. Among the candidates recovered was a new allele of RPT1 (formerly CIM5). This mutant allele was designated rpt1-2; on its own this mutation caused no phenotypic change, whereas the rpn12-1 rpt1-2 double mutant was lethal, suggesting a strong interaction between Rpn12 and Rpt1. The site of the rpt1-2 mutation was determined by DNA sequencing of the RPT1 locus retrieved from the mutant, and a single nucleotide alteration was found. This changes amino acid 446 of the RPT1 product from alanine to valine. The alanine residue is conserved in all Rpt proteins, except Rpt5, but no function has yet been assigned to the region that contains it. We propose that this region is necessary for Rpt1 to interact with Rpn12. The terminal phenotype of the rpn12-1 rpt1-2 double mutant was not cell cycle specific, suggesting that in the double mutant cells the function of the 26S proteasome is completely eliminated, thereby inducing multiple defects in cellular functions.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsCAT8 ; Transcriptional regulation ; IDP2 ; JEN1 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast transcriptional activator Cat8p has been identified as a factor that is essential for the derepression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis (like FBP1, PCK1, ACR1, ICL1 and MLS1) when only non-fermentable carbon sources are provided. Cat8p-dependent expression is mediated by cis-acting elements in the respective promoters, which are named UAS/CSREs (upstream activating sequence/carbon source responsive element). To establish whether the function of Cat8p is restricted to the activation of gluconeogenesis or is also involved in the regulation of a greater variety of genes, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of two genes, IDP2 and JEN1, which exhibit a similar expression pattern to gluconeogenic genes, although IDP2 at least is not linked directly to the gluconeogenic pathway. We identified functional UAS/CSRE elements in the promoters of both genes. Expression studies revealed that JEN1 is regulated negatively by the repressors Mig1p and Mig2p, and that Cat8p is needed for full derepression of the gene under non-fermentative growth conditions. Furthermore, we showed that Mig2p is also involved in the repression of CAT8 itself. The results presented in this study support a model in which Cat8p-dependent gene activation is not restricted to gluconeogenesis, but targets a wide variety of genes which are strongly derepressed under non-fermentative growth conditions.
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  • 86
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 262 (1999), S. 589-599 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Ras/cAMP pathway ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Snf1 ; Mig1 ; Mediator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclin C and the cyclin C-dependent protein kinase are associated with the RNA polymerase II Mediator complex, which regulates initiation of transcription in response to signals from activators and repressors bound to upstream promoter elements. Disruption of the corresponding genes, SRB11 and SRB10, in budding yeast causes a reduction in expression of the GAL genes, which is particularly pronounced in a mig1 snf1 background. We have screened two yeast genomic libraries for genes that can suppress this phenotype when overexpressed. Seven suppressor genes were identified, GIS1–7. GIS1 encodes one of two related zinc-finger proteins, which also share two other highly conserved domains present in several eukaryotic transcription factors. GIS2 encodes a homologue of the mammalian CNBP and fission yeast Byr3 proteins. GIS3 and GIS4 predict proteins with no obvious similarities to any known proteins. GIS5–7 are identical to the previously described genes PDE2, SGE1 and TUB3, respectively. None of the suppressor genes seem to be involved in Mediator function. Instead, we find that the GIS1, GIS2 and GIS4 genes interact with the CDC25 gene, indicating a possible involvement of these genes in the RAS/cAMP signaling pathway.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cumulus oophorus ; Ovarian follicle ; Fertilization ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the human cumulus oophorus has been reviewed on the basis of scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations as well as of immunofluorescence data. Tissues sampled from preovulatory ovarian follicles and cumulus-enclosed oocytes and fertilized eggs (collected from the oviduct or obtained during in vitro fertilization procedures) have been evaluated from a microtopographic and morphodynamic point of view in order to better clarify the possible role of this population of cells. In particular, the following aspects have been studied and discussed: the presence of multiple close contacts (modulated by the interposition of the zona pellucida) between the oocyte surface and the long microvillous evaginations projecting from the inner aspect of corona cells surface (through these structures the intraovarian cumulus oophorus may control oocyte growth and metabolism up until the time of ovulation); the occurrence of different subpopulations of cells (steroid-synthetic cells, cells producing adhesive proteins, leukocytes, macrophages) in the postovulatory, extraovarian cumulus oophorus surrounding oocytes, zygotes and early developing embryos. All these elements found in the cumulus mass may positively act, through their paracrine activities, on the chemical composition of the microenvironment in which fertilization occurs.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Plasmalemmic cord ; Pollen grain ; Ultrastructure ; Magnolia ×soulangeana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InMagnolia ×soulangeana pollen grains the generative cell (GC) does not become totally free within the vegetative cell (VC), at least until the pollen tube emergence. Due to a deviation in its detachment process from the sporoderm, the opposing ends of the VC plasmalemma do not fuse themselves when the GC moves away from the intine. Consequently, the interplasmalemmic space surrounding the GC does not become isolated but rather maintains continuity with the sporoderm through a complex formation that we have called plasmalemmic cord. The real existence of this formation was confirmed through serial sectioning showing the plasmalemmic cord to consist of the VC plasmalemma. In its initial portion it is occupied by a reasonably accentuated wall ingrowth of the inner layer of the intine (intine 3). In the remainder portion, neither of the cytochemical tests used in this work have revealed the presence of a significant amount of wall material. However, ultrathin sections of samples processed either chemically or by cryofixation showed the existence of an intricate system of tubules and vesicles, some of which are evaginations of the VC plasmalemma. The hypothesis that the plasmalemmic cord may have a role in the complex interactions between the two pollen cells is discussed.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Floral nectary ; Modified stomata ; Phloem ; Pisum sativum ; Stereology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The floral nectary ofPisum sativum L. is situated on the receptacle at the base of the gynoecium. The gland receives phloem alone which departed the vascular bundles supplying the staminal column. Throughout the nectary, only the companion cells of the phloem exhibited wall ingrowths typical of transfer cells. Modified stomata on the nectary surface served as exits for nectar, but stomatal pores developed well before the commencement of secretion. Furthermore, stomatal pores on the nectary usually closed by occlusion, not by guard-cell movements. Pore occlusion was detected most frequently in post-secretory and secretory glands, and less commonly in pre-secretory nectaries. A quantitative stereological study revealed few changes in nectary fine structure between buds, flowers secreting nectar, and post-secretory flowers. Dissolution of abundant starch grains in plastids of subepidermal secretory cells when secretion commenced suggests that starch is a precursor of nectar carbohydrate production. Throughout nectary development, mitochondria were consistently the most plentiful organelle in both epidermal and subepidermal cells, and in addition to the relative paucity of dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and their associated vesicles, the evidence suggests that floral nectar secretion inP. sativum is an energy-requiring (eccrine) process, rather that granulocrine.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Cse1p ; Srp1p ; Importin ; Nuclear transport ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The yeast Srp1p protein functions as an import receptor for proteins bearing basic nuclear localization signals. Cse1p, the yeast homolog of mammalian CAS, recycles Srp1p back to the cytoplasm after import substrates have been released into the nucleoplasm. In this report we describe genetic interactions between SRP1 and CSE1. Results from genetic suppression and synthetic lethality studies demonstrate that these gene products interact to ensure accurate chromosome segregation. We also describe new mutant alleles of CSE1 and analyze a new temperature-sensitive allele of CSE1, cse1-2. This allele causes high levels of chromosome missegregation and cell cycle arrest during mitosis at the nonpermissive temperature.
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  • 91
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 262 (1999), S. 332-341 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Leucine transport ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Trifluoroleucine resistance ; LEP1 ; SAC3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Leucine uptake by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by three transport systems, the general amino acid transport system (GAP), encoded by GAP1, and two group-specific systems (S1 and S2), which also transport isoleucine and valine. A new mutant defective in both group-specific transport activities was isolated by employing a gap1 leu4 strain and selecting for trifluoroleucine-resistant mutants which also showed greatly reduced ability to utilize l-leucine as sole nitrogen source and very low levels of [14C]l-leucine uptake. A multicopy plasmid containing a DNA fragment which complemented the leucine transport defect was isolated by selecting for transformants that grew normally on minimal medium containing leucine as nitrogen source and subsequently assaying [14C]l-leucine uptake. Transformation of one such mutant, lep1, restored sensitivity to trifluoroleucine. The complementing gene, designated LEP1, was subcloned and sequenced. The LEP1 ORF encodes a large protein that lacks characteristics of a transporter or permease (i.e., lacks hydrophobic domains necessary for membrane association). Instead, Lep1p is a very basic protein (pI of 9.2) that contains a putative bipartite signal sequence for targeting to the nucleus, suggesting that it might be a DNA-binding protein. A database search revealed that LEP1 encodes a polypeptide that is identical to Sac3p except for an N-terminal truncation. The original identification of SAC3 was based on the isolation of a mutant allele, sac3-1, that suppresses the temperature-sensitive growth defect of an actin mutant containing the allele act1-1. Sac3p has been previously shown to be localized in the nucleus. When a lep1 mutant was crossed with a sac3 deletion mutant, no complementation was observed, indicating that the two mutations are functionally allelic.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsKluyveromyces lactis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; GAL1 ; GAL80 ; Protein interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gal1p carries out two functions in the galactose pathway of yeast. It activates Gal4p by interacting with Gal80p – a function that can also served by Gal3p – and it catalyzes the formation of galactose-1-phosphate. Recently, we and others have presented biochemical evidence for complex formation between Gal1p and Gal80p. Here, we extend these data and present genetic evidence for an interaction between Gal1p and Gal80p in vivo, using a two-hybrid assay. Interaction between Gal1p and Gal80p depends on the presence of galactose, but not on the catalytic activity of Gal1p. A new class of Kluyveromyces lactis mutants was isolated, designated Klgal1-m, which have lost the derepressing activity but retain galactokinase activity, indicating that the two Gal1p activities are functionally independent. The KlGal1-m proteins are defective in their ability to interact with Gal80p in a two-hybrid assay. The locations of gal1-m mutations identify putative interaction sites in Gal1p and Gal80p. A dominant mutation, KlGAL1-d, leads to a high level of constitutive expression of genes of the galactose pathway. The behavior of chimeric proteins consisting of Gal3p and KlGal1p sequences indicates that both the N-terminal and C-terminal halves of KlGal1p are involved in specific interaction with KlGal80p.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Oxidative stress signalling ; Mitochondria ; Pos9 (Skn7) ; Ccp1 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Saccharomyces cerevisiae two transcription factors, Pos9 (Skn7) and Yap1, are involved in the response to oxidative stress. Fusion of the Pos9 response-regulator domain to the Gal4 DNA-binding domain results in a transcription factor which renders the expression of a GAL1-lacZ reporter gene dependent on oxidative stress. To identify genes which are involved in the oxygen-dependent activation of the Gal4-Pos9 hybrid protein we screened for mutants that failed to induce the heterologous test system upon oxidative stress (fap mutants for factors activating Pos9). We isolated several respiration-deficient and some respiration-competent mutants by this means. We selected for further characterization only those mutants which also displayed an oxidative-stress-sensitive phenotype. One of the respiration-deficient mutants (complementation group fap6) could be complemented by the ISM1 gene, which encodes mitochondrial isoleucyl tRNA synthetase, suggesting that respiration competence was important for signalling of oxidative stress. In accordance with this notion a rho0 strain and a wild-type strain in which respiration had been blocked (by treatment with antimycin A or with cyanide) also failed to activate Gal4-Pos9 upon imposition of oxidative stress. Another mutant, fap24, which was respiration-competent, could be complemented by CCP1, which encodes the mitochondrial cytochrome c peroxidase. Mitochondrial cytochrome c peroxidase degrades reactive oxygen species within the mitochondria. This suggested a possible sensor function for the enzyme in the oxidative stress response. To test this we used the previously described point mutant ccp1 W191F , which is characterized by a 104-fold decrease in electron flux between cytochrome c and cytochrome c peroxidase. The Ccp1W191F mutant was still capable of activating the Pos9 transcriptional activation domain, suggesting that the signalling function of Ccp1 is independent of electron flux rates.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Gene expression ; Glycolysis ; GCR ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To determine whether similar regulatory mechanisms control the expression of glycolytic genes in yeast and human cells, we screened a human brain cDNA library for clones which complement the growth defect of the gcr2 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and isolated hSGT1 (human suppressor of GCR two). Further work confirmed that the rescue of growth was associated with recovery of glycolytic enzyme activities, and that hSGT1 did not complement the growth defect of a gcr1 mutant. A hybrid protein comprising hSgt1p and the DNA-binding domain of Gal4p (GBD) activated a GAL1-lacZ reporter gene fusion, suggesting that the cloned gene may be a transcriptional activator. Two-hybrid experiments in yeast also indicate that hSgt1p interacts with Gcr1p. Northern analysis showed that hSGT1 is highly expressed in muscle and heart. Although the predicted amino acid sequence of hSgt1p does not display significant similarity to Gcr2p, we speculate that their functions may be analogous.
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  • 95
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 260 (1999), S. 551-558 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key wordsRAD54 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Recombination ; Mating-type ; DNA repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Homothallic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains switch their mating-type in a specific gene conversion event induced by a DNA double strand break made by the HO endonuclease. The RAD52 group genes control recombinational repair of DNA double strand breaks, and we examined their role in native homothallic mating-type switching. Surprisingly, we found that the Rad54 protein was important but not essential for mating-type switching under natural conditions. As an upper limit, we estimate that 29% of the rad54 spore clones can successfully switch their mating-type. The RAD55 and RAD57 gene products were even less important, but their presence increased the efficiency of the process. In contrast, the RAD51 and RAD52 genes are essential for homothallic mating-type switching. We propose that mating-type switching in RAD54 mutants occurs stochastically with a low probability, possibly reflecting different states of chromosomal structure.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosymbiont ; Mycetocyte ; Mycetome ; Oocyte ; Transovarial transmission ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary All anoplurans live symbiotically with prokaryotic microorganisms hosted in specialized cells, termed mycetocytes. In nymphs and males mycetocytes are distributed between midgut epithelial cells. In females, besides the midgut, mycetocytes are found in the reproductive organs where they are located at the base of ovarioles in contact with lateral oviducts. The mycetocyte-associated symbionts are transmitted from one generation to the next transovarially. Here, the results of histological and ultrastructural studies on the distribution and transmission of symbiotic microorganisms within the ovaries of the anopluranHaematopinus suis are presented. Interestingly, during advanced oogenesis (i.e., choriogenesis) of this species all symbionts are localized extracellularly and form a tight mass located at the posterior pole of the oocyte just below the hydropyle. In insects studied so far, such localization of transovarially transmitted microorganisms has been reported only in the closely related speciesHaematopinus eurysternus.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; heterologous expression ; isoprenoids ; mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase ; sterols ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sequence comparison with the mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MVD) amino acid sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae identified an EST clone corresponding to a cDNA that may encode Arabidopsis thaliana MVD (AtMVD1). This enzyme catalyses the synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate, the building block of sterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis, and uses mevalonate diphosphate as a substrate. Sequencing of the full-length cDNA was performed. The predicted amino acid sequence presents about 55% identity with the yeast, human and rat MVDs. The sequence of the genomic region of A. thaliana MVD was also obtained and Southern blot analysis on genomic DNA showed that A. thaliana could have at least one homologous MVD gene. In order to allow heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae, the MVD open reading frame (ORF) was then cloned under the control of the yeast PMA1 strong promoter. When expressed in yeast, the A. thaliana cDNA complemented both the thermosensitive MN19-34 strain deficient in MVD, and the lethal phenotype of an ERG19 deleted strain. However, the wild-type sterol content was not fully restored suggesting that the A. thaliana MVD activity may not be optimal in yeast. A two-hybrid assay was also performed to evaluate homodimer formation of the A. thaliana MVD and heterodimer formation between the plant and yeast heterologous enzymes.
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  • 98
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 31 (1999), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: F1-ATPase ; β-barrel domain ; mitochondria ; assembly ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of mitochondrial F1-ATPase indicatesthat the α and β subunits fold into a structure defined by threedomains: the top β-barrel domain, the middle nucleotide-binding domain,and the C-terminal α-helix bundle domain (Abraham et al.1994); Bianchet et al., 1998). The β-barrel domains of theα and β subunits form a crown structure at the top ofF1, which was suggested to stabilize it (Abraham et al.1994). In this study. the role of the β-barrel domain in the α andβ subunits of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae F1,with regard to its folding and assembly, was investigated. The β-barreldomains of yeast F1 α and β subunits were expressedindividually and together in Escherichia coli. When expressedseperately, the β-barrel domain of the β subunit formed a largeaggregate structure, while the domain of the α subunit waspredominately a monomer or dimer. However, coexpression of the β-barreldomain of α subunit domain. Furthermore, the two domains copurified incomplexes with the major portion of the complex found in a small molecularweight form. These results indicate that the β-barrel domain of theα and β subunits interact specifically with each other and thatthese interactions prevent the aggregation of the β-barrel domain of theβ subunit. These results mimic in vivo results and suggest thatthe interactions of the β-barrel domains may be critical during thefolding and assembly of F1.
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  • 99
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 15 (1999), S. 629-630 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Ethanol ; multi-drug resistance ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; trichothecin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Trichothecin-resistant mutants were isolated from saké yeast. These mutants were subjected to saké brewing, and showed a higher ethanol productivity than did the parents. They showed multidrug resistance, and resistance to organic compounds. We considered that the higher ethanol productivity of the mutants was related to their resistance to organic compounds and to their ethanol tolerance.
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  • 100
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    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 117-128 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: LEA protein ; osmotic stress ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; drought ; salt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The biased amino acid composition and aperiodic (random coil) configuration of Group 1 late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) proteins imply that these proteins are capable of binding large amounts of water. While Group 1 LEAs have been predicted to contribute to osmotic stress protection in both embryonic and vegetative tissues, biochemical support has been lacking. We have used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system to test the putative osmoprotective function of a wheat Group 1 LEA protein, Em. We demonstrate that expression of Em protein in yeast cells is not deleterious to growth in media of normal osmolarity and attenuates the growth inhibition normally observed in media of high osmolarity. Enhanced growth is observed in the presence of a variety of osmotically active compounds indicating that Em protein is capable of mitigating the detrimental effect of low water potential in a relatively non-specific manner. These results are the first biochemical demonstration of an osmoprotective function for a Group 1 LEA and suggest that the yeast expression system will be useful in dissecting the mechanism of protection through structure-function studies.
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