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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (369,592)
  • Public Library of Science  (275,023)
  • IEEE
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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Online: 2019 –
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Electronic ISSN: 2643-6515
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Online: 2020 –
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Electronic ISSN: 2765-8031
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 3
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2687-7910
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 4
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-1292
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
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    IEEE
    Online: 1(1).2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-125X
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 6
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2637-6431
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 7
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-1314
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 8
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-1322
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 9
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2687-7813
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 10
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-1349
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 11
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    IEEE | Industrial Electronics Society
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE , Industrial Electronics Society
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-1284
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 12
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    IEEE
    Online: (1).2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2689-1808
    Topics: Technology
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  • 13
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-1241
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 14
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-1268
    Topics: Computer Science
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  • 15
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    IEEE
    Online: 1.2020 –
    Publisher: IEEE
    Electronic ISSN: 2644-1330
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 16
    Call number: AR 97/18
    Classification:
    Geodetic Measurement Systems
    Language: English
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 17
    Call number: M 91.1285
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: S. 153 - 162
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The anomaly of SLHF, which is a key component of the Earth's energy balance and represents the heat flux from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere associated with evaporation or transpiration of water on the surface and subsequent condensation of water vapor in the troposphere, has been widely reported as a possible earthquake precursor. The causes are generally attributed to the increase in infrared thermal (IR) temperature and the air ionization produced by increased emanation of radon from the Earth's crust. In this paper, the theoretical analysis and case study show that there is close relationship between soil moisture and SLHF anomalies. For inland earthquakes, the increase of soil moisture due to the rising of groundwater level will bring with higher potential evaporation, leading to the increase of latent heat flux. Further study with more accurate soil moisture product after the new satellite mission will help us to better understand the influence of soil moisture on SLHF variation and their relations with seismogenic process.
    Description: Published
    Description: Munich, Germany
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: earthquake anomaly recognition (EAR) ; SLHF ; soil moisture lithosphere-coversphere-atmosphere (LCA) coupling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-10-27
    Description: The Pan-European Consortium for Aviation Space Weather User Services (PECASUS) is one of the three global Space Weather Centers appointed by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to generate Space Weather advisories for aviation users. One of the key operational 24/7 products developed by INGV for the HF domain is the MUF(3000) nowcasting, based on a mapping procedure over Europe, which makes use of the available real-time measurements in different locations, and the Ordinary Kriging method for spatial interpolation. The outputs of this procedure have been analysed during three strong geomagnetic storms, and the results have been compared on the basis of the Root Mean Square Error values obtained between predicted and measured MUF(3000) values at two different test stations. A good accuracy is achieved during the considered storm periods, being the overall Root Mean Square Error values at the test stations less than 2 MHz. However, particular cases show that this method could miss possible sudden ionospheric perturbations, and the effect of erroneous data on the accuracy estimation.
    Description: Published
    Description: Rome (Italy)
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Keywords: ionosonde ; nowcasting service ; space weather ; aviation ; HF COM
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-12-21
    Description: BREVIA
    Description: We report on the discovery in southern Egypt of an impact crater 45 m in diameter with a pristine rayed structure. Such pristine structures have been previously observed only on atmosphereless rocky or icy planetary bodies in the Solar System. This feature and the association with an iron meteorite impactor and shock metamorphism provides a unique picture of small-scale hypervelocity impacts on the Earth's crust. Contrary to current geophysical models, ground data indicate that iron meteorites with masses of the order of tens of tons can penetrate the atmosphere without significant fragmentation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 804
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Impact crater ; Egypt ; geophysical exploration ; ataxite ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: We assess the accuracy and the precision of the TanDEM-X digital elevation model (DEM) of the western Gulf of Corinth, Greece. We use for that a dense set of accurate ground coordinates obtained by kinematic GNSS observations. Between 2001 and 2019, 148 surveys were made, at 1 s sampling rate, along highways, roads and tracks, with a total traveled distance of ~25,000 km. The data are processed with the on-line Canadian Spatial Reference System precise point positioning software. From the output files, we select 885,252 coordinates from epochs with theoretical uncertainty below 0.1 m in horizontal and 0.2 m in vertical. Using specific calibration surveys we estimate the mean vertical accuracy of the GNSS coordinates at 0.2 m. Resampling the DEM by a factor of ten allows to compare it with the GNSS in pixels of metric size, thus smaller than the width of the roads, even the small trails. The best fit is obtained by shifting the DEM by 0.47 ± 0.03 m upward, 0.10 ± 0.1 m westward, and 0.36 ± 0.1 m southward. Those values are twenty times below the nominal resolution of the DEM. Once the shift is corrected, the root mean square deviation between TanDEM-X DEM and GNSS elevations is 1.125 m. In forest and urban areas, the shift between the DEM and the GNSS increases by ~0.5 m. The metric accuracy of the TanDEM-X DEM paves the way for new applications for long-term deformation monitoring of this area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3016 - 3025
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GNSS ; Kinematic GNSS
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: The GEOSS under construction is providing space-,aero-,ground/sea-based multiple observations on planet Earth for the seismogenic process monitoring and earthquake precaution. The stress enhancement and energy accumulation in seismic activity area change locally the physical parameters of lithosphere with the developing of a series of effects that can comprise most of the following ones: initial cracks, the fracturing of rockmass, the changing of electromagnetic properties, the decreasing of dielectric constant, the re-activation of P-holes, the leaking of poregas, and the rise of water-level. The physical states of coversphere and atmosphere are to be affected due to the lithosphere-coversphere-atmosphere (LCA) coupling, and the signals from the underground, surface, and atmosphere to satellites are to be changed with parameter anomaly. We suggested that the LCA coupling is important for understanding GEOSS observations, especially for earthquake anomaly recognition (EAR). Using deviation-time-space-thermal (DTS-T) method for EAR, three recent major earthquakes (2009 Italy L'Aquila earthquake, 2010 China Yushu earthquake and 2010-2011 New Zealand earthquake sequence) are taken as typical cases for analysis to the multi-parameters anomalies, preceding the shocking, with quasi-synchronism and geoconsistency. The specific LCA coupling effects related with the earthquakes are also discussed in brief.
    Description: Published
    Description: Munich, Germany
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: earthquake anomaly recognition (EAR) ; GEOSS ; lithosphere-coversphere-atmosphere (LCA) coupling ; multiple parameters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We analyze the scalability of a spin–orbit torque random access memory (SOT-MRAM)-based physical unclonable function (PUF) at the nanoscale size by means of a hybrid CMOS/spintronics simulation framework. The properties of the SOT-MRAM device (diameters from 100 nm down to 25 nm) are computed via micromagnetic simulations, whereas their implications for PUF applications are evaluated at the circuit level in terms of energy characteristics and security metrics. Obtained results prove that the implementation of 2 b xor operations in the designed PUF circuit achieves randomness and uniqueness very close to the ideality.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4505205
    Description: 7TM.Sviluppo e Trasferimento Tecnologico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Spin electronics ; physical unclonable function ; spin–orbit torque ; micromagnetics ; CMOS/spintronic circuit ; 03.01. General
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Dinoflagellates are microbial eukaryotes that have exceptionally large nuclear genomes; however, their organelle genomes are small and fragmented and contain fewer genes than those of other eukaryotes. The genus Amoebophrya (Syndiniales) comprises endoparasites with high genetic diversity that can infect other dinoflagellates, such as those forming harmful algal blooms (e.g., Alexandrium). We sequenced the genome (~100 Mb) of Amoebophrya ceratii to investigate the early evolution of genomic characters in dinoflagellates. The A. ceratii genome encodes almost all essential biosynthetic pathways for self-sustaining cellular metabolism, suggesting a limited dependency on its host. Although dinoflagellates are thought to have descended from a photosynthetic ancestor, A. ceratii appears to have completely lost its plastid and nearly all genes of plastid origin. Functional mitochondria persist in all life stages of A. ceratii, but we found no evidence for the presence of a mitochondrial genome. Instead, all mitochondrial proteins appear to be lost or encoded in the A. ceratii nucleus.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-08-03
    Description: NOMAD is an autonomous benthic crawler carrying scientific instrumentation for scanning a continuous track of the seafloor and performing cyclic oxygen profiles and in-situ measurements of total exchange rates in depth of up to 6000m. It expands the line of preceding crawlers by achieving the highest payload to weight ratio by the application of functionintegrating lightweight design that is instantiated as low-density design in the context of underwater systems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 26
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 369(6499), pp. 65-70, ISSN: 1095-9203
    Publication Date: 2021-05-05
    Description: Species’ vulnerability to climate change depends on the most temperature-sensitive life stages, but for major animal groups such as fish, life cycle bottlenecks are often not clearly defined. We used observational, experimental, and phylogenetic data to assess stage-specific thermal tolerance metrics for 694 marine and freshwater fish species from all climate zones. Our analysis shows that spawning adults and embryos consistently have narrower tolerance ranges than larvae and nonreproductive adults and are most vulnerable to climate warming. The sequence of stage-specific thermal tolerance corresponds with the oxygen-limitation hypothesis, suggesting a mechanistic link between ontogenetic changes in cardiorespiratory (aerobic) capacity and tolerance to temperature extremes. A logarithmic inverse correlation between the temperature dependence of physiological rates (development and oxygen consumption) and thermal tolerance range is proposed to reflect a fundamental, energetic trade-off in thermal adaptation. Scenario-based climate projections considering the most critical life stages (spawners and embryos) clearly identify the temperature requirements for reproduction as a critical bottleneck in the life cycle of fish. By 2100, depending on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario followed, the percentages of species potentially affected by water temperatures exceeding their tolerance limit for reproduction range from ~10% (SSP 1–1.9) to ~60% (SSP 5–8.5). Efforts to meet ambitious climate targets (SSP 1–1.9) could therefore benefit many fish species and people who depend on healthy fish stocks.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 367(6474), pp. 156-156
    Publication Date: 2020-01-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Background The proportion of conserved DNA sequences with no clear function is steadily growing in bioinformatics databases. Studies of sequence and structural homology have indicated that many uncharacterized protein domain sequences are variants of functionally described domains. If these variants promote an organism's ecological fitness, they are likely to be conserved in the genome of its progeny and the population at large. The genetic composition of microbial communities in their native ecosystems is accessible through metagenomics. We hypothesize the co-variation of protein domain sequences across metagenomes from similar ecosystems will provide insights into their potential roles and aid further investigation. Methodology/Principal findings We calculated the correlation of Pfam protein domain sequences across the Global Ocean Sampling metagenome collection, employing conservative detection and correlation thresholds to limit results to well-supported hits and associations. We then examined intercorrelations between domains of unknown function (DUFs) and domains involved in known metabolic pathways using network visualization and cluster-detection tools. We used a cautious “guilty-by-association” approach, referencing knowledge-level resources to identify and discuss associations that offer insight into DUF function. We observed numerous DUFs associated to photobiologically active domains and prevalent in the Cyanobacteria. Other clusters included DUFs associated with DNA maintenance and repair, inorganic nutrient metabolism, and sodium-translocating transport domains. We also observed a number of clusters reflecting known metabolic associations and cases that predicted functional reclassification of DUFs. Conclusion/Significance Critically examining domain covariation across metagenomic datasets can grant new perspectives on the roles and associations of DUFs in an ecological setting. Targeted attempts at DUF characterization in the laboratory or in silico may draw from these insights and opportunities to discover new associations and corroborate existing ones will arise as more large-scale metagenomic datasets emerge.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 29
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    IEEE
    In:  EPIC3OCEANS 2019 MTS/IEEE SEATTLE, Seattle, Washington, USA, 2019-10-27-2019-10-31IEEE, pp. 1-5
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: The development and deployment of best practices are playing increasingly important roles in supporting ocean observing. By their nature, well-adopted and reviewed best practices facilitate interoperability, reproducibility and enhance the quality of data and information products. To be effective, best practices must be easy to discover, access and adopt. Unfortunately, a wealth of best practices is undigitized, buried in local repositories or scattered on the web. To reduce this fragmentation and to help meet the urgent and existential global challenges rapidly approaching (see, for example, UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development), the IOC-UNESCO Ocean Best Practices System (OBPS) has been created. The OBPS was recently described from an ocean research perspective [1]. In this paper, we describe the system's underlying technology and its core mission to enable content discovery and management through fine-scale indexing via text-mining and ontology-based semantic search tools. This relies on the reuse of well-adopted community thesauri and ontologies linking knowledge across the marine domain, through to the Sustainable Development Goals. We have implemented a constellation of software modules around the core OBPS repository (OBPS-R) to create a new, powerful, and extensible resource to accelerate best practice co-development, discovery, and access through intuitive user interfaces. While the system is operational, there are still many areas where further development can enhance the support of ocean observing. We address these in this paper and we invite the broader community to contribute to our common mission's open source codebase as well as creating and contributing ocean best practices to the OBPS.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: There is an ever-present need for the identification and dissemination of best practices in the multidisciplinary field of ocean observation. However, the complexity of this domain and the diversity of its stakeholders make discovering relevant best practices (BP) a considerable challenge. Addressing this challenge rests upon a) the creation of a basic resource for the efficient discovery and access of documented best practices and b) the acquisition and management of sufficient best practice documentation. A trusted and stable archive location is needed as a focal point for the community, harmonizing the formats of best practice documents and ensuring their contents are exposed to the Web. Further, the discoverability of content must be augmented using granular indexing while its provenance (including any certification) and value must be exposed to support scientists in their search for appropriate methods. This paper presents our efforts in creating a centralized and well-indexed OceanBestPractices repository, implemented to provide sustained access to community-endorsed methodologies for ocean observation. The repository is being built to expose documents to the Web and semantically index these for improved discovery using established and emerging ontologies. The repository's design will leverage persistent identifiers - such as “Open Researcher and Contributor IDs” (ORCIDs) for human agents and “International Geo Sample Numbers” (IGSNs) for samples - to facilitate distributed and stable searches across repositories. The initial results are described of semantically indexing best practice documents that have been transferred to granular, web-accessible formats, allowing comparison of related methods from multiple communities. The first two focus areas for a pilot demonstration are sensor design and data management and specific examples in each area are selected for presentation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2020-06-17
    Description: Radio echo sounding of polar ice sheets provides important information on the ice bed topography and internal layers. These data have been used by scientists to create 3D maps of polar ice sheets for climate modeling as well as to reconstruct the climate history that dates back to hundreds of thousands of years. In this paper, we present the design, and development of three surface-based multi-channel radars in the VHF and UHF bands. We provide results from radar data multi-frequency and polarization radar data collected over the Greenland ice sheet. All the three radars shared the same digital waveform generator and digitizer, and were installed in and operated on a tracked vehicle. The radars are operated with 3 different antenna arrays designed for operation over 170-230 MHz, 180-340 MHz and 600-900 MHz. The results we sounded more than 2.7 km thick ice with radars operating at frequencies as high as 850 MHz with more than 40 dB signal-to-noise ratio.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2020-09-07
    Description: We developed a high-performance, multichannel, ultra-wideband radar system for measurements of the base and interior of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. We designed the radar to be of high power (4000-W peak) yet portable and to be able to operate with 60-MHz bandwidth at a center frequency of 200 MHz, providing high sensitivity and fine vertical resolution relative to current technology. We used the radar to perform extensive mea- surements as a part of a multinational collaboration. We collected data onboard a tracked vehicle outfitted with an array of high-gain antennas. We sounded 2- to 3-km thick ice near Dome Fuji. Prelim- inary ice thickness data match those obtained via semicoincident measurements performed with a different surface-based pulse- modulated radar system operated during the same field campaign, as well as previous airborne measurements. In addition, we mapped internal reflection horizons with fine vertical resolution from 300 m below the ice surface to ∼100 m above the bed. In this article, we provide a detailed overview of the radar instrument design, implementation, and field measurement setup. We present sample data to illustrate its capabilities and discuss how the data collected with it will be valuable for the assessment of promising drilling sites to recover ice cores that are 0.9–1.5 million years old.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2021-01-25
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2017-01-21
    Description: Permafrost soils have been shown to respond rapidly to warming temperatures. When ice-rich permafrost soils thaw, the melting ground ice reduces the volume and stability of the soils, inducing changes in the topography. We monitor surface elevation changes in three test sites in Northern Eurasia using single-pass TanDEM-X Science Phase data with submetre vertical precision. The results indicate the suitability of single-pass InSAR data for monitoring thaw-induced topographic changes (e.g. coastal erosion) but they also reveal the spurious impact of late-lying snow packs and water bodies, both of which are common in lowland permafrost areas. Furthermore, the coherence and hence the precision with which elevation changes can be estimated is found to be limited by the noise level in certain cases. As some of these influences could be mitigated using appropriate mission and acquisition designs, we conclude that single-pass interferometry has considerable potential for monitoring thaw-induced surface elevation changes in permafrost areas, which in turn could contribute to assessing their vulnerability, fate, and climate system feedback in a warming climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2017-02-01
    Description: Innovative robotic technologies are a key to study ocean processes in space and time. The work carried out during the ROBEX-Demonstration Mission on RV Polarstern will test the capability of new and innovative technologies, developed during the HGF Alliance ROBEX, in deep-sea environments. Investigations will include Arctic benthic and pelagic ecosystems strongly influenced by climate change, such as marine arctic sediments hosting gas hydrates and arctic deep-sea benthic communities. Different robotic platforms, including 3 types of crawler, glider, AUV, UAVs and senor systems (like Lab-on-a- Chip and multi-O2-profiler) are described and mission scenarios presented. The use of these new underwater technologies will improve our capabilities to improve our knowledge on the effects of climate change on the Arctic ecosystem and ocean observation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2017-02-01
    Description: TRAMPER is an autonomous benthic crawler equipped with oxygen sensors to perform long-term flux time series measurements at abyssal depth. The crawler is developed within the HGF-Alliance ROBEX. TRAMPER has five main subsystems: the titanium frame with the flotation, the caterpillar drive system, recovery and communication systems, energy and electronics and a multi-optode profiler as the scientific payload. A lithium-ion battery pack provides the energy to run an oxygen profiling system performing consecutive measurements (〉52 cycles) along its transecting moving on the seafloor. This new generation of optode-based oxygen monitoring system allows using 18 oxygen optodes and is able to perform in situ calibrations. A video-guided launching system is used to deploy the crawler at the seafloor. At the seafloor the pre-programmed mission scenario is performed consisting of consecutive sleeping, moving and measurement cycles. The aim is to cover a seasonal cycle of settling organic matter on the seafloor and to resolve the impact on the benthic community respiration activity.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper presents the development and uncertainty characterization of a system for the direct measurement of heat transfer in cooling lava. The system continuously measures the parameters involved in the cooling process and, particularly, in the formation of the crust. The aim is to allow the future development of a physical model of the cooling process itself. In order to realize a system that will be effective in such a hostile environment, the principles on which the instruments for radiation thermometry are based have been thoroughly investigated. A virtual instrument has been developed, interfacing the measuring system and the user, processing the incoming data, and producing an estimate of the uncertainty of the measurement chain. The various sources of uncertainty have been taken into account to produce an accurate estimate of the uncertainty associated with the measured data. The results of experimental tests are presented.
    Description: Published
    Description: 507-513
    Description: open
    Keywords: Cooling lava measurement ; field point ; radiation thermometry ; whole system uncertainty estimate ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The continuous volcanic and seismic activity at Mount Etna makes this volcano an important laboratory for seismological and geophysical studies. We used repeated three-dimensional tomography to detect variations in elastic parameters during different volcanic cycles, before and during the October 2002–January 2003 flank eruption. Well-defined anomalous low P- to S-wave velocity ratio volumes were revealed. Absent during the pre-eruptive period, the anomalies trace the intrusion of volatile-rich (Q4 weight percent) basaltic magma, most of which rose up only a few months before the onset of eruption. The observed time changes of velocity anomalies suggest that four-dimensional tomography provides a basis for more efficient volcano monitoring and shortand midterm eruption forecasting of explosive activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 821-823
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 39
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: BREVIA
    Description: Current emission inventories require an additional "unknown" source to balance the global atmospheric budgets of ethane (C2H6). Here, we provide evidence that a substantial part of the missing source can be attributed to natural gas seepage from petroliferous, geothermal, and volcanic areas. Such geologic sources also inject propane (C3H8) into the atmosphere. The analysis of a large data set of methane (CH4), ethane, and propane concentrations in surface gas emissions of 238 sites from different geographic and geologic areas, coupled with published estimates of geomethane emissions, suggests that Earth's degassing accounts for at least 17% and 10% of total ethane and propane emissions, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: 478
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ethane ; Propane ; Geologic emissions ; Seepage ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Using satellite sensors to detect urban damage and other surface changes due to earthquakes is gaining increasing interest. Optical images at different resolutions and radar images represent useful tools for this application, particularly when more frequent revisit times will be available with the implementation of new missions and future possible constellations of satellites. Very high resolution (VHR) images (on the order of 1 m or less) may provide information at the scale of a single building, whereas images at resolutions on the order of tens of meters may give indications of damage levels at a district scale. Both types of information may be extremely important if provided with sufficient timeliness to rescue teams. The earthquake that hit the city of Bam, Iran, has been taken as a test case, where QuickBird VHR optical images and advanced synthetic aperture radar data were available both before and after the event. Methods to process these data in order to detect damage and to extract features used to estimate damage levels are investigated in this paper, pointing out the significant potential of these satellite data and their possible synergy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 145 - 152
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Damage detection ; earthquake ; synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ; very high resolution (VHR) optical image ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
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  • 41
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Episodes of nonvolcanic tremor and accompanying slow slip recently have been observed in the subduction zones of Japan and Cascadia. In Cascadia, such episodes typically last a few weeks, and differ from “normal” earthquakes in their source location and momentduration scaling. The three most recent episodes in the Puget Sound/Southern Vancouver Island portion of the Cascadia subduction zone have been exceptionally well recorded. In each episode, we see clear pulsing of tremor activity with periods of 12.4 and 24-25 hours, the same as the principal lunar and lunisolar tides. This indicates that the small stresses associated with the solid-earth and ocean tides influence the genesis of tremor much more effectively than they do “normal” earthquakes. Because the lithostatic stresses are 105 times larger than those associated with the tides, we argue that tremor occurs on very weak faults.
    Description: Published
    Description: 186 -189
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Nonvolcanic ; tremor ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.02. Earthquake interactions and probability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Parametric and nonparametric approaches to evaluate land-cover change detection using very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery are applied to the analysis of the demolition of the Rocky Flats nuclear weapons facility located near Denver, CO. Both maximum-likelihood and neural network classifiers are used to validate a new parallel architecture which improves the accuracy when applied to VHR satellite imagery for the study of land-cover change between sequential satellite acquisitions. An enhancement of about 14% was found between the single-step classification and the new parallel architecture, confirming the advantage and the robust improvement obtained with this architecture regardless of the classification algorithm used. In this paper, we demonstrate and document the demolition and removal of hundreds of buildings taken down to bare soil between 2003 and 2005 at the Rocky Flats site.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1812-1821
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Maximum likelihood (ML) ; neural networks (NNs) ; urban change detection ; very high resolution (VHR) satellite images ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: IEEE 802.16/WiMAX is one of the most promising technologies for Broadband Wireless Access, both for fixed and mobile use. This paper presents the structure of some testbeds, set up in the framework of the European project WEIRD, about novel applications running on top of a WiMAX-based end-to-end architecture. The presented testbeds are based on real use case scenarios, including monitoring of impervious areas, tele-medicine and tele-hospitalization.
    Description: IEEE Communication Society
    Description: Published
    Description: Las Vegas, NV USA
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: open
    Keywords: WiMAX ; environmental monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Radio Echo Sounding (RES) system is one of the most widely used active remote sensing techniques for polar ice sheet exploration, including bedrock morphology studies and subglacial lake investigations. Recently, bedrock characterization has been improved through the analysis of radar echo strength. The analysis of the RES signal amplitude has been used to highlight areas of high reflectivity variation, attributable to wet ice-bedrock interfaces. In a previous paper the authors described a method to distinguish a wet or dry bedrock-ice interface by analyzing RES data and introducing a linear model for internal ice absorption. In the following paper this subject is reconsidered in greater depth, taking into account important aspects not considered in the previous paper. In particular, a comparison between the ice absorption rate from RES measurements and from EPICA ice core conductivity data was proposed. Moreover, the signal amplitude contributions of internal ice layers and different kinds of rock interface were evaluated. Encouraged by these results, further data analysis produced a new version of the bedrock reflectivity variation map of the Dome C area. The map confirms a wide dispersion of wet/dry rock interfaces in the area studied, indicating the possibility of flowing water along both sides of the Concordia Trench.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-7
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: RES systems ; ice absorption ; bedrock reflectivity ; internal ice layers ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.10. Instruments and techniques ; 02. Cryosphere::02.03. Ice cores::02.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We perform a quantitative assessment of the accuracy of Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) time series in volcanic areas, retrieved through “first” and “second generation” SAR data. In particular, we analyze the impact that the wavelengths and looking geometries may have in the DInSAR measurement retrieval depending on the radar system. To this aim, we focus on the DInSAR algorithm referred to as Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) to generate mean deformation velocity maps and corresponding time series starting from sequences of SAR images. Moreover, we consider collections of SAR data acquired by the ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT (C-band), and COSMO-SkyMed (Xband) sensors over the volcanic area of the Campi Flegrei caldera, Southern Italy. We invert these SAR data sequences through the SBAS-DInSAR technique, thus obtaining C- and X- band deformation time series that we compare to continuous GPS measurements, the latter assumed as reference. The achieved results provide, in addition to a clear picture of the surface deformation phenomena already occurred and occurring in the selected case study, relevant indications for the analysis of the SBAS-DInSAR time series accuracies in volcanic areas passing from the first to second generation SAR sensors.
    Description: Published
    Description: Münich
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry ; Small BAseline Subset ; surface deformation ; Global Positioning System ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent times, the GPR technique has assumed an important role in glacial environment exploration. Ice thickness, bedrock description, internal water floods or underground channel, glacial structures (as snow layering and crevasses detection) form part of our experience in Antarctica and in high alpine glacier ski areas. In this paper, we present some results of these investigations exploring the possibility of combining our technical expertise on Radio Echo Sounding (RES) instrumentation to develop a system for subglacial environment exploration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-6
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: GPR ; snow layering ; Antarctica ; alpine glaciers ; crevasses ; water channels ; 02. Cryosphere::02.02. Glaciers::02.02.10. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Background: Trace elements have been hypothesised to be involved in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis and volcanic degassing is the major natural sources of trace elements. Both incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in Catania and volcanic activity of Mount Etna have been significantly increased during the last 30 years. Due to prevailing trade winds direction, volcanic gases from Etna summit craters are mostly blown towards the eastern and southern sectors of the volcano. Objective: To evaluate the possible association between Multiple Sclerosis and exposure to volcanogenic trace elements. Methods: We evaluated prevalence and incidence of Multiple Sclerosis in four communities (47,234 inhabitants) located in the eastern flank and in two communities (52,210 inhabitants) located in the western flank of Mount Etna, respectively the most and least exposed area to crater gas emissions. Results: A higher prevalence was found in the population of the eastern flank compared to the population of the western one (137.6/100,000 versus 94.3/100,000; p-value 0.04). We found a borderline significantly higher incidence risk during the incidence study period (1980–2009) in the population of the eastern flank 4.6/100,000 (95% CI 3.1–5.9), compared with the western population 3.2/100,000 (95% CI 2.4–4.2) with a RR of 1.41 (95% CI 0.97–2.05; p-value 0.06). Incidence risks have increased over the time in both populations reaching a peak of 6.4/100,000 in the eastern flank and of 4.4/100.000 in the western flank during 2000–2009. Conclusion: We found a higher prevalence and incidence of Multiple Sclerosis among populations living in the eastern flank of Mount Etna. According to our data a possible role of TE cannot be ruled out as possible co-factor in the MS pathogenesis. However larger epidemiological study are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
    Description: Published
    Description: e74259
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Mt. Etna volcano ; Multiple Sclerosis ; trace elements ; volcanic activity ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.01. Environmental risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: NEMO-SN1, located in the central Mediterranean Sea, Western Ionian Sea, off Eastern Sicily Island (Southern Italy) at 2100 m water depth, 25 km from the harbour of the city of Catania, is a prototype of a cabled deep-sea multiparameter observatory and the first operating with real-time data transmission in Europe since 2005. NEMO-SN1 is also the first-established node of EMSO (European Multidisciplinary Seafloor Observatory, http://emso-eu.org), one of the incoming European large-scale research infrastructure included since 2006 in the Roadmap of the ESFRI (European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures, http://cordis.europa.eu/esfri/roadmap.htm), which will specifically address long-term monitoring of environmental processes related to Marine Ecosystems, Climate Change and Geo-hazards. NEMO-SN1 has been deployed and developed over the last decade thanks to Italian resources and to the EC project ESONET-NoE (European Seas Observatory NETwork - Network of Excellence, 2007-2011) that funded the LIDO-DM (Listening to the Deep Ocean - Demonstration Mission) and a technological interoperability test (http://www.esonet-emso.org/esonet-noe/). NEMO-SN1 is performing geophysical and environmental long-term monitoring by acquiring seismological, geomagnetic, gravimetric, accelerometric, physico-oceanographic, hydro-acoustic, bioacoustic measurements specifically related to earthquakes and tsunamis generation and ambient noise characterisation in term of marine mammal sounds, environmental and anthropogenic sources. A further main feature of NEMO-SN1 is to be an important test-site for the construction of KM3NeT (Kilometre-Cube Underwater Neutrino Telescope, http://www.km3net.org/), another large-scale research infrastructure included in the ESFRI Roadmap constituted by a large volume neutrino telescope. The description of the observatory and the most recent data acquired will be presented and framed in the general objectives of EMSO.
    Description: Published
    Description: Tokio, 5-8 April 2011
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: 4.6. Oceanografia operativa per la valutazione dei rischi in aree marine
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: NEMO-SN1 cabled observatory ; Geo-hazards ; Bio-acoustics ; High-energy astrophysics ; EMSO ; KM3NeT ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Description: The recent technological realization of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with two reference layers has opened a new route for scaling the overall size of spin-transfer torque magnetic random-access memory. This is because, for an antiparallel configuration of the magnetization of the reference layers, the two spin-transfer torques add constructively, giving rise to more efficient switching processes of the free layer magnetization as compared to a single MTJ. We use full micromagnetic simulations to study the magnetization switching of a double MTJ. The probability distribution function (PDF) of the switching time is the same for both switching processes (parallel to antiparallel and vice versa), and the PDF approaches a Gaussian shape for switching time smaller than 1 ns. The dynamical performance (achieved for switching time below 1 ns) of double MTJs with circular shape and diameter ranging from 30 to 14 nm is comparable. Compared to full micromagnetic data, computations of the PDF within the macrospin approximation show an overestimation of the skewness for MTJ with circular shape and diameter of 30 and 20 nm, whereas they are very close for 14 nm diameter, as expected. The proper micromagnetic model and a PDF comparison can drive the design of hybrid magnetic-CMOS systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 3102105
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent years, an increasing number of surveys have definitively confirmed the seasonal presence of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in highly productive regions of the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this, very little is yet known about the routes that the species seasonally follows within the Mediterranean basin and, particularly, in the Ionian area. The present study assesses for the first time fin whale acoustic presence offshore Eastern Sicily (Ionian Sea), throughout the processing of about 10 months of continuous acoustic monitoring. The recording of fin whale vocalizations was made possible by the cabled deep-sea multidisciplinary observatory, “NEMO-SN1”, deployed 25 km off the Catania harbor at a depth of about 2,100 meters. NEMO-SN1 is an operational node of the European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory (EMSO) Research Infrastructure. The observatory was equipped with a low-frequency hydrophone (bandwidth: 0.05 Hz–1 kHz, sampling rate: 2 kHz) which continuously acquired data from July 2012 to May 2013. About 7,200 hours of acoustic data were analyzed by means of spectrogram display. Calls with the typical structure and patterns associated to the Mediterranean fin whale population were identified and monitored in the area for the first time. Furthermore, a background noise analysis within the fin whale communication frequency band (17.9–22.5 Hz) was conducted to investigate possible detection-masking effects. The study confirms the hypothesis that fin whales are present in the Ionian Sea throughout all seasons, with peaks in call detection rate during spring and summer months. The analysis also demonstrates that calls were more frequently detected in low background noise conditions. Further analysis will be performed to understand whether observed levels of noise limit the acoustic detection of the fin whales vocalizations, or whether the animals vocalize less in the presence of high background noise.
    Description: Published
    Description: e0141838
    Description: 3A. Ambiente Marino
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Whales ; Bioacoustics ; Background noise (acoustics) ; Acoustic signals ; Sperm whales ; Vocalization ; Acoustics ; Data acquisition ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2018-03-06
    Description: In this paper, we exploited satellite remote sensing data, acquired by SAR and optical sensors to map the lava emplacement during the eruption of Pi co do Fogo volcano, in Cape Verde. The eruption took place in November 2014, and lasted for about 2 months. The event was imaged by several satellite missions. In particular, the ESA Sentinel-IA platform operated in that area, collecting several images with its novel acquisition mode, the so-called TOPSAR. SAR images have been processed to extract changes automatically and to infer the advancement of the lava emitted from November 23, 2014 to January 2017, by using an adaptive parametric thresholding and a hierarchical split based approach. This automatic procedure allowed mapping the evolution of the lava coverage. The results obtained thanks to this method were compared to the ones derived by using the optical images collected by Landsat-8 and EO-l optical sensors
    Description: Published
    Description: Bruges, Belgium
    Description: 5V. Dinamica dei processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Keywords: SAR ; Sentinel-1 ; change detection ; hierarchical split-based approach
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: This work presents specific applications of techniques based on the Independent Component Analysis to the seismicity recorded at Campi Flegrei caldera. We show the capability of that technique in discriminating different kinds of signals and extracting high-quality waveforms from a noisy background. The approach is suitable for real time implementation in monitoring practice. Moreover, the results provided by these methodologies can be used to improve the knowledge of the volcano dynamics.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7-12
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-10-25
    Description: Copyright notice: © 2019 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.
    Description: The first instrument that exploited the radar principle was used to investigate the properties of the ionospheric reflecting layers. Over the decades since then, the techniques have improved and many other types of probing have been developed. The presentation summarizes various methodologies, with particular focus on the vertical sounding, and describes the recent improvements, taking into account that in the last years the classic vertical soundings have been joined by new measures of the attenuation undergone by the signal, that are useful to improve the knowledge of the characteristics of the medium.
    Description: Published
    Description: Torino, Italy
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Keywords: ionospheric measurements ; ionosonde ; ionogram ; ionospheric attenuation ; ionosonde calibration ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Hule and Rı´o Cuarto are maar lakes located 11 and 18 km N of Poa´s volcano along a 27 km long fracture zone, in the Central Volcanic Range of Costa Rica. Both lakes are characterized by a stable thermic and chemical stratification and recently they were affected by fish killing events likely related to the uprising of deep anoxic waters to the surface caused by rollover phenomena. The vertical profiles of temperature, pH, redox potential, chemical and isotopic compositions of water and dissolved gases, as well as prokaryotic diversity estimated by DNA fingerprinting and massive 16S rRNA pyrosequencing along the water column of the two lakes, have highlighted that different bio-geochemical processes occur in these meromictic lakes. Although the two lakes host different bacterial and archaeal phylogenetic groups, water and gas chemistry in both lakes is controlled by the same prokaryotic functions, especially regarding the CO2-CH4 cycle. Addition of hydrothermal CO2 through the bottom of the lakes plays a fundamental priming role in developing a stable water stratification and fuelling anoxic bacterial and archaeal populations. Methanogens and methane oxidizers as well as autotrophic and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria responsible of organic carbon recycling resulted to be stratified with depth and strictly related to the chemical-physical conditions and availability of free oxygen, affecting both the CO2 and CH4 chemical concentrations and their isotopic compositions along the water column. Hule and Rı´o Cuarto lakes were demonstrated to contain a CO2 (CH4, N2)-rich gas reservoir mainly controlled by the interactions occurring between geosphere and biosphere. Thus, we introduced the term of bio-activity volcanic lakes to distinguish these lakes, which have analogues worldwide (e.g. Kivu: D.R.C.-Rwanda; Albano, Monticchio and Averno: Italy; Pavin: France) from volcanic lakes only characterized by geogenic CO2 reservoir such as Nyos and Monoun (Cameroon).
    Description: Published
    Description: e102456
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: bio activity, volcanic lakes, costa rica ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems
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  • 55
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    IEEE
    In:  EPIC32014 Oceans - St. John's, Oceans - St. John's, 2014, Oceans'14 - St. John's, NL, Canada, IEEE, 10 p., pp. 1-10, ISBN: 978-1-4799-4920-5
    Publication Date: 2015-12-06
    Description: This paper presents a research software solution specifically developed to allow marine scientists to produce geo-referenced visual maps of the seafloor, known as mosaics, from a set of underwater images and navigation data. LAPMv2 is a suite of tools, which provides the users with the current state-of-the-art methods for automatic feature detection and matching, as well as with powerful tools for registering images, constructing and geo-referencing photomosaics, and importing them into geographic information systems such as ArcGIS. The main key strengths of LAPMv2 include (1) its robust false-match rejection method, which allows the application to run fully autonomously without producing aberrant results caused by erroneous matches, (2) the total control of the user over the mosaicking workflow, (3) the possibility to intuitively create matches between unlinked images, and (4) the graphical interface that guides the user through the different steps of the mosaicking workflow.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 56
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    Unknown
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3New York, American Association for the Advancement of Science
    Publication Date: 2016-01-07
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 57
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    Unknown
    IEEE
    In:  EPIC3OCEANS 2015 Genova, IEEE
    Publication Date: 2015-09-23
    Description: Timely access to quality data and linkage of data beyond disciplinary boundaries is essential for the marine research community. Therefore the national "Marine Network for Integrated Data Access" is establishing the "Data Portal German Marine Research" to facilitate seamless access to marine data and services and to promote the exchange and dissemination of marine data interlinked with corresponding scientific publications. In that course the data portal was conceptualized and developed to provide a "one-stop-shop" approach to marine research data from various data providers in terms of coherent discovery, view, download and dissemination of scientific data and publications. The data portal is based on a central harvesting and interfacing approach by connecting distributed data sources. To achieve interoperability the data portal makes use of internationally endorsed standards (e.g., ISO, OGC, OAI-PMH). In this paper we provide information on details of content, functionality, services, architecture, interfaces and standards of the data portal and the network of contributing data providers.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2020-01-16
    Description: The increasing number and complexity of research platforms and respective devices and sensors along with heterogeneous project-driven requirements towards satellite communication, sensor monitoring, quality assessment and control, processing, analysis and visualization has recently lead us to build a generic and cost-effective framework (O2A) to enable the flow of sensor observations to archives. O2A is comprised of several extensible and exchangeable components as well as various interoperability services and is meant to offer practical solutions towards supporting the typical scientific workflow ranging from data acquisition activities until the very last data publication activities. The web-based sensor monitoring component built within O2A offers a dashboard-oriented approach for displaying near real-time and delayed-mode sensor output parameters including simultaneous map and diagram viewing. This module allows project administrators and data specialists to monitor individual sensors in near real-time as well as to view the data values within a wished temporal range and/or geographical coverage. Additional examples of O2A components are the AWI-specific SensorML profile and raw data ingest solutions, the various data workspace areas and dispatcher middleware, the GIS infrastructure, and the ticket and data curation system as central hub supporting the final data publication activity. Finally, in the context of the large-scale multi-disciplinary project "Frontiers of Arctic Monitoring" Project (FRAM), we illustrate how the proposed O2A framework will assist scientists in developing enhanced data products and facilitate data re-use in the future.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An integrated study, concerning the experimental observations, was performed during the oceanographic cruises on-board the two NURC research vessels, in the period between 2008 and 2010 in the Marine Protected Area of Cinque Terre (North-West Mediterranean Sea, Italy). The aim of the research is to describe the environmental features using both hydrological parameters and AUV navigation tracks, acquired respectively by a multi-parametric platform (MEDUSA) and AUV MUSCLE. The innovative contribution of this work is the possibility to evaluate the bottom stream without direct current measurements, but using the navigation data recorded by AUV. This work is a complementary analysis to environmental support of the ENI S.p.A. Exploration and Production Division project.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Seattle, USA
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Hydrology ; AUV ; Cinque Terre ; Ligurian Sea ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The integrated study, concerning the experimental observations, was performed during the oceanographic cruises on-board the two NURC research vessels, in the period between 2008 and 2010 in the Marine Protected Area of Cinque Terre (North-West Mediterranean Sea, Italy). The aim of the research is to describe the environmental features using both hydrological parameters and AUV navigation tracks, acquired respectively by a multi-parametric platform (MEDUSA) and AUV MUSCLE. The innovative contribution of this work is the possibility to evaluate the bottom stream without direct current measurements, but using the navigation data recorded by AUV. This work is a complementary analysis to environmental support of the ENI S.p.A. Exploration and Production Division project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Hydrology ; AUV ; Cinque Terre ; Ligurian Sea ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Book , peerRev
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2015-01-30
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 63
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    IEEE
    In:  EPIC3IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 2012, Munich, Germany, 2012-07-22-2012-07-27on CD ROM, IEEE
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 64
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    IEEE
    In:  EPIC3Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions, IEEE, 99, pp. 1-13, ISSN: 0196-2892
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Considering the sea ice decline in the Arctic during the last decades, polynyas are of high research interest since these features are core areas of new ice formation. The determination of ice formation requires accurate retrieval of polynya area and thin-ice thickness (TIT) distribution within the polynya. We use an established energy balance model to derive TITs with MODIS ice surface temperatures $(T_{s})$ and NCEP/DOE Reanalysis II in the Laptev Sea for two winter seasons. Improvements of the algorithm mainly concern the implementation of an iterative approach to calculate the atmospheric flux components taking the atmospheric stratification into account. Furthermore, a sensitivity study is performed to analyze the errors of the ice thickness. The results are the following: 1) 2-m air temperatures $(T_{a})$ and $T_{s}$ have the highest impact on the retrieved ice thickness; 2) an overestimation of $T_{a}$ yields smaller ice thickness errors as an underestimation of $T_{a}$; 3) NCEP $T_{a}$ shows often a warm bias; and 4) the mean absolute error for ice thicknesses up to 20 cm is $pm$4.7 cm. Based on these results, we conclude that, despite the shortcomings of the NCEP data (coarse spatial resolution and no polynyas), this data set is appropriate in combination with MODIS $T_{s}$ for the retrieval of TITs up to 20 cm in the Laptev Sea region. The TIT algorithm can be applied to other polynya regions and to past and future time periods. Our TIT product is a valuable data set for verification of other model and remote sensing ice thickness data.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2014-10-07
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 66
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    IEEE
    In:  EPIC3Energy and our changing planet, 2014 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2014) : Québec City, Québec, Canada, 13 -18 July 2014; [proceedings], Piscataway, NJ, IEEE, 5203 p., pp. 4876-4879, ISBN: 978-1-4799-5775-0, ISSN: 978-1-4799-5774-3
    Publication Date: 2014-11-27
    Description: In this paper, we explore the capabilities of an algorithm for ice type classification. Our main motivation and exemplary application was the recent incident of the research vessel Akademik Shokalskiy, which was trapped in pack ice for about two weeks. Strong winds had driven ice floes into a way, forming an area of pack ice, blocking the ship's advancement. High-resolution satellite images helped to assess the ice conditions at the location. To extract relevant information automatically from the images, we apply an algorithm that is aimed to generate an ice chart, outlining the different ice type zones such as pack ice, fast ice, open water. The algorithm is based on texture analysis. Textures are selected that allow recognition of different structures in ice. Subsequently, a neural network performs the classification. Since results are output in near real time, the algorithm offers new opportunities for ship routing in ice infested areas.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 67
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    IEEE
    In:  EPIC3Energy and our Changing Planet, IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), 2014 : 13-18 July 2014, Québec City, Québec, Canada; proceedings, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA, IEEE, pp. 274-277, ISBN: 978-1-4799-5775-0
    Publication Date: 2015-01-14
    Description: Antarctica is surrounded by ice shelves and glaciers of different sizes. Satellite imagery shows different feature patterns (e.g. crevasses, rifts) at their surfaces, which control the shape and the size of icebergs that calve from their seaward edges. An edge detection method was used to map and classify the surface features, considering their orientation relative to the calving front. Calved icebergs can automatically be detected and then tracked on their way through the ocean using single and multi-polarized Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. Temporal gaps between subsequent SAR imagery can be closed by applying a simple wind-driven iceberg drift model.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 68
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 345(6202), pp. 1354-1358
    Publication Date: 2019-01-15
    Description: Grounding zones, where ice sheets transition between resting on bedrock to full floatation, help regulate ice flow. Exposure of the sea floor by the 2002 Larsen-B Ice Shelf collapse allowed detailed morphologic mapping and sampling of the embayment sea floor. Marine geophysical data collected in 2006 reveal a large, arcuate, complex grounding zone sediment system at the front of Crane Fjord. Radiocarbon-constrained chronologies from marine sediment cores indicate loss of ice contact with the bed at this site about 12,000 years ago. Previous studies and morphologic mapping of the fjord suggest that the Crane Glacier grounding zone was well within the fjord before 2002 and did not retreat further until after the ice shelf collapse. This implies that the 2002 Larsen-B Ice Shelf collapse likely was a response to surface warming rather than to grounding zone instability, strengthening the idea that surface processes controlled the disintegration of the Larsen Ice Shelf .
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2021-08-16
    Description: Displacements of the Earth's surface can be estimated using differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar. The estimates are derived from the phase difference between two radar acquisitions. When at least three such acquisitions are available, one can compute the displacement between the first and the third acquisition and compare it with the sum of the two intermediate displacements. These two are expected to be equal for a piston-like spatially uniform deformation. However, this is not necessarily the case in measured data. Such lack of phase closure can be due to decorrelation noise alone. It has also been attributed to complex scattering processes such as soil moisture changes or multiple scattering sources. However, the nature of these nonrandom effects is only poorly understood in cold regions, as the role of snow and freeze/thaw processes has not been studied to date. To distinguish the noise-like and the systematic effects, an asymptotic Wald significance test is proposed. It detects situations when the observed closure error cannot solely be explained by noise. Such situations with p 〈; 0.05 are observed at the Ku-band during snow metamorphism and melt and following a summer precipitation event in Sodankylä, Finland. They can also be prevalent (〉 25%) in the X-band observations of ice-rich permafrost regions in the Lena Delta, Russia, indicating the presence of processes that can have systematic and deleterious impacts on the estimation of surface movements. Satellite-based monitoring of these displacements is thus possibly subject to complex error sources in high-latitude regions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2022-04-08
    Description: We present new high-resolution snow depth data on Arctic sea ice derived from airborne microwave radar measurements from the IceBird campaigns of the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) together with a new retrieval method using signal peakiness based on an intercomparison exercise of colocated data at different altitudes. We aim to demonstrate the capabilities and potential improvements of radar data, which were acquired at a lower altitude (200 ft) and slower speed (110 kn) and had a smaller radar footprint size (2-m diameter) than previous airborne snow radar data. So far, AWI Snow Radar data have been derived using a 2-18-GHz ultrawideband frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar in 2017-2019. Our results show that our method in combination with thorough calibration through coherent noise removal and system response deconvolution significantly improves the quality of the radar-derived snow depth data. The validation against a 2-D grid of in situ snow depth measurements on level landfast first-year ice indicates a mean bias of only 0.86 cm between radar and ground truth. Comparison between the radar-derived snow depth estimates from different altitudes shows good consistency. We conclude that the AWI Snow Radar aboard the IceBird campaigns is able to measure the snow depth on Arctic sea ice accurately at higher spatial resolution than but consistent with the existing airborne snow radar data of NASA Operation IceBridge. Together with the simultaneous measurements of the total ice thickness and surface freeboard, the IceBird campaign data will be able to describe the whole sea-ice column on regional scales.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2022-04-27
    Description: © 2022 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
    Description: Soiling can significantly reduce the performance of photovoltaic (PV) modules. One source of soiling is volcano eruptions that eject dust contaminants, which can detrimentally affect PV systems. A microtextured fluoropolymer cover film for a PV module was evaluated as a passive antisoiling solution. In this case, the wind was investigated as a natural force to determine whether it can realize the desired self-cleaning functionality instead of the more commonly employed water droplets. Removal of dust particles of different size categories was investigated inside a wind tunnel. The results demonstrate dust removal of up to∼90% from wind speeds of 8 m/s. Removal of small dust particles requires higher wind speeds compared with larger dust particles. Smaller dust particles were observed to be trapped within the microtexture cavities. Based on a multicrystalline PV minimodule, a performance recovery between 9.7%–24.0% in terms of short-circuit current density (JSC), relative to the soiled device, was projected. Utilization of wind for dust removal shows potential but would require further optimization of the microtexture design to enhance the self-cleaning function
    Description: Published
    Description: 453 - 460
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: volcanic ash
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 29 (2004): 920-928, doi:10.1109/JOE.2005.843159.
    Description: The Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX) included two major field programs, one in the South China Sea and the other in the East China Sea (ECS). This paper presents an overview of research results from ASIAEX ECS conducted between May 28 and June 9, 2001. The primary emphasis of the field program was shallow-water acoustic propagation, focused on boundary interaction and geoacoustic inversion. The study area's central point was located at 29/spl deg/ 40.67'N, 126/spl deg/ 49.39'E, which is situated 500 km east of the Chinese coastline off Shanghai. The acoustic and supporting environmental measurements are summarized, along with research results to date, and references to papers addressing specific issues in more detail are given.
    Description: This work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Code 321 OA and by sponsoring agencies within China. Primary guidance and sponsorship for ASIAEX East China Sea came from the U.S. Office of Naval Research and significant financial support was also received from sponsoring agencies within China.
    Keywords: Propagation ; Reverberation ; Seabed ; Sea surface ; Shallow water acoustics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 29 (2004): 1264-1279, doi:10.1109/JOE.2004.836997.
    Description: We present analyses of fluctuations seen in acoustic signals transmitted by two 400-Hz sources moored as part of the ASIAEX 2001 South China Sea (SCS) experiment. One source was near the bottom in 350-m deep water 31.3 km offshore from the receiving array, and the other was near the bottom in 135-m deep water 20.6 km alongshore from the array. Time series of signal intensity measured at individual phones of a 16-element vertical line array are analyzed, as well as time series of intensity averaged over the array. Signals were recorded from 2 May to 17 May 2001. Fluctuations were observed at periods ranging from subtidal (days) to the shortest periods resolved with our signaling (10 s). Short-period fluctuations of depth- and time-averaged intensity have scintillation indexes (computed within 3-h long windows) which peak at values near 0.5 during an interval of numerous high-amplitude internal gravity waves, and which are lower during intervals with fewer internal waves. The decorrelation times of the averaged intensity (energy level) are also closely related to internal wave properties. Scintillation indexes computed for unaveraged pulses arriving at individual phones often exceed unity.
    Description: This work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Acoustic intensity ; Fluctuation ; Underwater acoustic propagation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 29 (2004): 1249-1263, doi:10.1109/JOE.2004.834173.
    Description: Between late April and May 23, 2001, a suite of acoustic and oceanographic sensors was deployed by a team of U.S., Taiwan, and Singapore scientists in the northeastern South China Sea to study the effects of ocean variability on low-frequency sound propagation in a shelfbreak environment. The primary acoustic receiver was an L-shaped hydrophone array moored on the continental shelf that monitored a variety of signals transmitted along and across the shelfbreak by moored sources. This paper discusses and contrasts the fluctuations in the 400-Hz signals transmitted across the shelfbreak and measured by the vertical segment of the listening array on two different days, one with the passage of several huge solitons that depressed the shallow isotherms to near the sea bottom and one with a much less energetic internal wavefield. In addition to exhibiting large and rapid temporal changes, the acoustic data show a much more vertically diffused sound intensity field as the huge solitons occupied and passed through the transmission path. Using a space-time continuous empirical sound-speed model based on the moored temperature records, the observed acoustic intensity fluctuations are explained using coupled-mode physics.
    Description: This work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Intensity fluctuations ; Nonlinear internal waves ; Shallow water acoustics ; South China Sea (SCS)
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 29 (2004): 1157-1181, doi:10.1109/JOE.2004.840839.
    Description: A moored array of current, temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors was deployed across the Chinese continental shelf and slope in support of the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment. The goal of the observations was to quantify the water column variability in order to understand the along- and across-shore low-frequency acoustic propagation in shallow water. The moorings were deployed from April 21–May 19, 2001 and sampled at 1–5 min intervals to capture the full range of temporal variability without aliasing the internal wave field. The dominant oceanographic signal by far was in fact the highly nonlinear internal waves (or solitons) which were generated near the Batan Islands in the Luzon Strait and propagated 485 km across deep water to the observation region. Dubbed trans-basin waves, to distinguish them from other, smaller nonlinear waves generated locally near the shelf break, these waves had amplitudes ranging from 29 to greater than 140 m and were among the largest such waves ever observed in the world’s oceans. The waves arrived at the most offshore mooring in two clusters lasting 7–8 days each separated by five days when no waves were observed.Within each cluster, two types of waves arrived which have been named type-a and type-b. The type-a waves had greater amplitude than the type-b waves and arrived with remarkable regularity at the same time each day, 24 h apart. The type-b waves were weaker than the type-a waves, arrived an hour later each day, and generally consisted of a single soliton growing out of the center of the wave packet. Comparison with modeled barotropic tides from the generation region revealed that: 1) The two clusters were generated around the time of the spring tides in the Luzon strait; and 2) The type-a waves were generated on the strong side of the diurnal inequality while the type-b waves were generated on the weaker beat. The position of the Kuroshio intrusion into the Luzon Strait may modulate the strength of the waves being produced. As the waves shoaled, the huge lead solitons first split into two solitons then merged together into a broad region of thermocline depression at depths less than 120 m. Elevation waves sprang up behind them as they continued to propagate onshore. The elevation waves also grew out of regions where the locally-generated internal tide forced the main thermocline down near the bottom. The “critical point” where the upper and lower layers were equal was a good indicator of when the depression or elevation waves would form, however this was not a static point, but rather varied in both space and time according to the presence or absence of the internal tides and the incoming trans-basin waves themselves.
    Description: The planning, execution, and analysis of this work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research Ocean Acoustics and Physical Oceanography Programs. Significant funding contributions were also made by the National Science Council of Taiwan.
    Keywords: Baroclinic tides ; Nonlinear internal waves ; Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 29 (2004): 1308-1315, doi:10.1109/JOE.2004.836999.
    Description: This correspondence presents a preliminary examination of the low frequency ambient noise field measured in the South China Sea component of the Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX), concentrating on the frequencies of 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1200 Hz. A two-week-long time series of the noise at these frequencies is examined for structure in both the time and frequency domains. Three features of particular interest in these series are: 1) the noise due to a typhoon, which passed near the experimental site, 2) the weak tidal frequency variability of the noise field, which is probably due to internal tide induced variability in the propagation conditions, and 3) the vertical angle dependence of the noise, particularly as regards the shallow water "noise notch" phenomenon. The acoustic frequency dependence and the vertical dependence of the noise field are also examined over the course of the time series. A simple look at the noise variability statistics is presented. Finally, directions for further analysis are discussed.
    Description: This work was supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research under Grants N0001498-1-0413, N00014-00-0931, and N00014-01-0772 and by the NSC of Taiwan under Grant NSC92-2611-E110-004-CCS.
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 1991. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 16 (1991): 3-11, doi:10.1109/48.64880.
    Description: Numerical calculation of acoustic field perturbation expressions can be used to predict fluctuations after propagation through ocean sound-speed structures, but before the onset of multipath. The general form of the expressions for signal spectra or correlation functions allow numerical evaluation for an unlimited quantity of vector wave-number spectral models of refractive index. In order to help define the bounds of applicability of the theory, log-intensity fluctuation variances have been calculated for three major situations: ocean internal waves, ocean turbulence, and continuous strong large-scale turbulence. Propagation through ocean thermocline internal waves, realistically weak thermocline turbulence, and unrealistically strong turbulence show that scintillations of intensity can be predicted and understood to first order up to ranges of tens of kilometers, given the proper transmission geometry. Internal wave effects dominate over any effects from expected microstructure. Nonhorizontal transmission yields small fluctuations, but eventually refractive effects of the sound channel will contribute some additional spatial variability and multipath, complicating the use of the theory. Multipath due to the sound channel can exist at ranges where the random small-scale structures would contribute only small perturbations (no multipath from small structures)
    Description: This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research, Ocean Acoustics Program.
    Keywords: Wave propagation ; Forward scattering ; Internal waves ; Microstructure
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 1993. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 18 (1993): 87-94, doi:10.1109/48.219528.
    Description: A group of amplitude and frequency modulated signals which generate narrow synthesized pulses are described. The pulse-compression properties of these signals should approach those of maximal (M) sequence phase-modulated signals now commonly used in ocean experiments. These amplitude-tapered linear frequency-sweep (chirp) type signals should be accurately reproducible with most acoustic sources since they have controllable limited-bandwidth frequency content and differentiable phase. The Doppler response of the signals is calculated using a wideband approach, where the frequency shift from relative motion is not constant throughout the waveform. The resultant Doppler effect on the matched-filter output is a function of the signal duration. The signals are suitable for use with tunable resonant transducers, and have adequate Doppler response for use with Lagrangian ocean drifters
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 2006. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceedings Oceans 2006, Boston, MA, USA, 3 pp, doi:10.1109/OCEANS.2006.306792.
    Description: Unlike smaller marine mammals that lack the mass and power to break free from serious entanglements in fixed fishing gear, right whales can do so, but they are not always rope free. The remaining rope can gradually constrict one or more body parts and the resulting debilitation and ultimate death can take many months. Thus the practices that lead to these mortalities need to be viewed not only as a conflict between the cultural and socioeconomic value of a fishery versus a potential species extinction process, but also in terms of an extreme animal welfare issue.
    Description: Supported by NOAA NA04NMF4720392, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ocean Life Institute, and the North Pond Foundation.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 33 (2008): 489-50, doi:10.1109/JOE.2008.2005338.
    Description: In resource limited, large scale underwater sensor networks, cooperative communication over multiple hops offers opportunities to save power. Intermediate nodes between source and destination act as cooperative relays. Herein, protocols coupled with space-time block code (STBC) strategies are proposed and analyzed for distributed cooperative communication. Amplify-and-forward-type protocols are considered, in which intermediate relays do not attempt to decode the information. The Alamouti-based cooperative scheme proposed by Hua (2003) for flat-fading channels is generalized to work in the presence of multipath, thus addressing a main characteristic of underwater acoustic channels. A time-reversal distributed space-time block code (TR-DSTBC) is proposed, which extends the dual-antenna TR-STBC (time-reversal space-time block code) approach from Lindskog and Paulraj (2000) to a cooperative communication scenario for signaling in multipath. It is first shown that, just as in the dual-antenna STBC case, TR along with the orthogonality of the DSTBC essentially allows for decoupling of the vector intersymbol interference (ISI) detection problem into separate scalar problems, and thus yields strong performance (compared with single-hop communication) and with substantially reduced complexity over nonorthogonal schemes. Furthermore, a performance analysis of the proposed scheme is carried out to provide insight on the performance gains, which are further confirmed via numerical results based on computer simulations and field data experiments.
    Keywords: Cooperative diversity methods ; Multiple-input– multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels ; Underwater sensor networks
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 58 (2010): 1708-1721, doi:10.1109/TSP.2009.2038424.
    Description: In this paper, we investigate various channel estimators that exploit channel sparsity in the time and/or Doppler domain for a multicarrier underwater acoustic system. We use a path-based channel model, where the channel is described by a limited number of paths, each characterized by a delay, Doppler scale, and attenuation factor, and derive the exact inter-carrierinterference (ICI) pattern. For channels that have limited Doppler spread we show that subspace algorithms from the array processing literature, namely Root-MUSIC and ESPRIT, can be applied for channel estimation. For channels with Doppler spread, we adopt a compressed sensing approach, in form of Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) and Basis Pursuit (BP) algorithms, and utilize overcomplete dictionaries with an increased path delay resolution. Numerical simulation and experimental data of an OFDM block-by-block receiver are used to evaluate the proposed algorithms in comparison to the conventional least-squares (LS) channel estimator.We observe that subspace methods can tolerate small to moderate Doppler effects, and outperform the LS approach when the channel is indeed sparse. On the other hand, compressed sensing algorithms uniformly outperform the LS and subspace methods. Coupled with a channel equalizer mitigating ICI, the compressed sensing algorithms can effectively handle channels with significant Doppler spread.
    Description: C. Berger, S. Zhou, and P. Willett are supported by ONR grants N00014-09-10613, N00014-07-1-0805, and N00014-09-1-0704.
    Keywords: Basis Pursuit ; Doppler spread ; ESPRIT ; ICI ; MUSIC ; OFDM ; Orthogonal Matching Pursuit
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Authors, 2010. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 5 (2010): e10741, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010741.
    Description: Bisphenol A (BPA), used in the manufacture of plastics, is ubiquitously distributed in the aquatic environment. However, the effect of maternal transfer of these xenobiotics on embryonic development and growth is poorly understood in fish. We tested the hypothesis that BPA in eggs, mimicking maternal transfer, impact development, growth and stress performance in juveniles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Trout oocytes were exposed to 0, 30 and 100 µg.mL−1 BPA for 3 h in ovarian fluid, followed by fertilization. The embryos were maintained in clean water and sampled temporally over 156-days post-fertilization (dpf), and juveniles were sampled at 400-dpf. The egg BPA levels declined steadily after exposure and were undetectable after 21- dpf. Oocyte exposure to BPA led to a delay in hatching and yolk absorption and a consistently lower body mass over 152-dpf. The growth impairment, especially in the high BPA group, correlated with higher growth hormone (GH) content and lower GH receptors gene expression. Also, mRNA abundances of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2) and their receptors were suppressed in the BPA treated groups. The juvenile fish grown from the BPA-enriched eggs had lower body mass and showed perturbations in plasma cortisol and glucose response to an acute stressor. BPA accumulation in eggs, prior to fertilization, leads to hatching delays, growth suppression and altered stress response in juvenile trout. The somatotropic axis appears to be a key target for BPA impact during early embryogenesis, leading to long term growth and stress performance defects in fish.
    Description: This work was supported by funds from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada Discovery grant and the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 6 (2011): e23259, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023259.
    Description: The ChEss project of the Census of Marine Life (2002–2010) helped foster internationally-coordinated studies worldwide focusing on exploration for, and characterization of new deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystem sites. This work has advanced our understanding of the nature and factors controlling the biogeography and biodiversity of these ecosystems in four geographic locations: the Atlantic Equatorial Belt (AEB), the New Zealand region, the Arctic and Antarctic and the SE Pacific off Chile. In the AEB, major discoveries include hydrothermal seeps on the Costa Rica margin, deepest vents found on the Mid-Cayman Rise and the hottest vents found on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It was also shown that the major fracture zones on the MAR do not create barriers for the dispersal but may act as trans-Atlantic conduits for larvae. In New Zealand, investigations of a newly found large cold-seep area suggest that this region may be a new biogeographic province. In the Arctic, the newly discovered sites on the Mohns Ridge (71°N) showed extensive mats of sulfur-oxidisng bacteria, but only one gastropod potentially bears chemosynthetic symbionts, while cold seeps on the Haakon Mossby Mud Volcano (72°N) are dominated by siboglinid worms. In the Antarctic region, the first hydrothermal vents south of the Polar Front were located and biological results indicate that they may represent a new biogeographic province. The recent exploration of the South Pacific region has provided evidence for a sediment hosted hydrothermal source near a methane-rich cold-seep area. Based on our 8 years of investigations of deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems worldwide, we suggest highest priorities for future research: (i) continued exploration of the deep-ocean ridge-crest; (ii) increased focus on anthropogenic impacts; (iii) concerted effort to coordinate a major investigation of the deep South Pacific Ocean – the largest contiguous habitat for life within Earth's biosphere, but also the world's least investigated deep-ocean basin.
    Description: Alfred P. Sloan Foundation for the ChEss-Census of Marine Life programme (2002–2010) and the SYNDEEP synthesis project (2009–2010) (www.coml.org). Fondation Total for the ChEss synthesis phase and SYNDEEP synthesis project (2007–2010) (http://fondation.total.com/). Petersen Fellowship in IFM-GEOMAR to CRG.
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 6 (2011): e22913, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022913.
    Description: The barnacle Balanus amphitrite is a globally distributed biofouler and a model species in intertidal ecology and larval settlement studies. However, a lack of genomic information has hindered the comprehensive elucidation of the molecular mechanisms coordinating its larval settlement. The pyrosequencing-based transcriptomic approach is thought to be useful to identify key molecular changes during larval settlement. Using 454 pyrosequencing, we collected totally 630,845 reads including 215,308 from the larval stages and 415,537 from the adults; 23,451 contigs were generated while 77,785 remained as singletons. We annotated 31,720 of the 92,322 predicted open reading frames, which matched hits in the NCBI NR database, and identified 7,954 putative genes that were differentially expressed between the larval and adult stages. Of these, several genes were further characterized with quantitative real-time PCR and in situ hybridization, revealing some key findings: 1) vitellogenin was uniquely expressed in late nauplius stage, suggesting it may be an energy source for the subsequent non-feeding cyprid stage; 2) the locations of mannose receptors suggested they may be involved in the sensory system of cyprids; 3) 20 kDa-cement protein homologues were expressed in the cyprid cement gland and probably function during attachment; and 4) receptor tyrosine kinases were expressed higher in cyprid stage and may be involved in signal perception during larval settlement. Our results provide not only the basis of several new hypotheses about gene functions during larval settlement, but also the availability of this large transcriptome dataset in B. amphitrite for further exploration of larval settlement and developmental pathways in this important marine species.
    Description: This work was supported by grants (N-HKUST602/09 and AoE/P-04/04-II) from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and an award (SA-C0040/UK-C0016) made by KAUST to P-Y Qian.
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 6 (2011): e27205, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027205.
    Description: Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is a molecular chaperone providing tolerance to heat and other challenges at the cellular and organismal levels. We sequenced a genomic cluster containing three hsp70 family genes linked with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region from an extremely heat tolerant animal, camel (Camelus dromedarius). Two hsp70 family genes comprising the cluster contain heat shock elements (HSEs), while the third gene lacks HSEs and should not be induced by heat shock. Comparison of the camel hsp70 cluster with the corresponding regions from several mammalian species revealed similar organization of genes forming the cluster. Specifically, the two heat inducible hsp70 genes are arranged in tandem, while the third constitutively expressed hsp70 family member is present in inverted orientation. Comparison of regulatory regions of hsp70 genes from camel and other mammals demonstrates that transcription factor matches with highest significance are located in the highly conserved 250-bp upstream region and correspond to HSEs followed by NF-Y and Sp1 binding sites. The high degree of sequence conservation leaves little room for putative camel-specific regulatory elements. Surprisingly, RT-PCR and 5′/3′-RACE analysis demonstrated that all three hsp70 genes are expressed in camel's muscle and blood cells not only after heat shock, but under normal physiological conditions as well, and may account for tolerance of camel cells to extreme environmental conditions. A high degree of evolutionary conservation observed for the hsp70 cluster always linked with MHC locus in mammals suggests an important role of such organization for coordinated functioning of these vital genes.
    Description: This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 09-04-00643 and 09-04-00660, project from ‘‘Genofond dynamics’’ program, and Grant of the Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology RAN to Dr. Evgen’ev; and by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russian Federation (State contract 14.740.11.0757 and Russia President Grant to young scientists MK-1418.2010.4. The research was supported by State Contract N16.552.11.7034 of Ministry of Education and Science.
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © IEEE, 1999. This article is posted here by permission of IEEE for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 24 (1999): 16-32, doi:10.1109/48.740153.
    Description: Propagation of 400-Hz sound through continental-shelf internal solitary wave packets is shown by numerical simulation to be strongly influenced by coupling of normal modes. Coupling in a packet is controlled by the mode coefficients at the point where sound enters the packet, the dimensions of the waves and packet, and the ambient depth structures of temperature and salinity. In the case of a moving packet, changes of phases of the incident modes with respect to each other dominate over the other factors, altering the coupling over time and thus inducing signal fluctuations. The phasing within a moving packet varies with time scales of minutes, causing coupling and signal fluctuations with comparable time scales. The directionality of energy flux between high-order acoustic modes and (less attenuated) low-order modes determines a gain factor for long-range propagation. A significant finding is that energy flux toward low-order modes through the effect of a packet near a source favoring high-order modes will give net amplification at distant ranges. Conversely, a packet far from a source sends energy into otherwise quiet higher modes. The intermittency of the coupling and of high-mode attenuation via bottom interaction means that signal energy fluctuations and modal diversity fluctuations at a distant receiver are complementary, with energy fluctuations suggesting a source-region packet and mode fluctuations suggesting a receiver-region packet. Simulations entailing 33-km propagation are used in the analyses, imitating the SWARM experiment geometry, allowing comparison with observations
    Description: This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research under Grant N00014-95-1- 0029 and Grant N00014-95-1-0051.
    Keywords: Coupled mode analysis ; Underwater acoustic propagation ; Underwater acoustics
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 7 (2012): e38249, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038249.
    Description: Arsenic (As) exposure is a significant worldwide environmental health concern. Chronic exposure via contaminated drinking water has been associated with an increased incidence of a number of diseases, including reproductive and developmental effects. The goal of this study was to identify adverse outcomes in a mouse model of early life exposure to low-dose drinking water As (10 ppb, current U.S. EPA Maximum Contaminant Level). C57B6/J pups were exposed to 10 ppb As, via the dam in her drinking water, either in utero and/or during the postnatal period. Birth outcomes, the growth of the F1 offspring, and health of the dams were assessed by a variety of measurements. Birth outcomes including litter weight, number of pups, and gestational length were unaffected. However, exposure during the in utero and postnatal period resulted in significant growth deficits in the offspring after birth, which was principally a result of decreased nutrients in the dam's breast milk. Cross-fostering of the pups reversed the growth deficit. Arsenic exposed dams displayed altered liver and breast milk triglyceride levels and serum profiles during pregnancy and lactation. The growth deficits in the F1 offspring resolved following separation from the dam and cessation of exposure in male mice, but did not resolve in female mice up to six weeks of age. Exposure to As at the current U.S. drinking water standard during critical windows of development induces a number of adverse health outcomes for both the dam and offspring. Such effects may contribute to the increased disease risks observed in human populations.
    Description: This work was supported by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences at the National Institutes of Health grants 1F32 ES019070 (CDK-H) and P42 ES007373 (BPJ, JWH, RIE and CDK-H, Dartmouth Superfund Research Program Project Grant, Project 2 and Pilot Project).
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2012. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 7 (2012): e42535, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042535.
    Description: Some beaked whale species are susceptible to the detrimental effects of anthropogenic noise. Most studies have concentrated on the effects of military sonar, but other forms of acoustic disturbance (e.g. shipping noise) may disrupt behavior. An experiment involving the exposure of target whale groups to intense vessel-generated noise tested how these exposures influenced the foraging behavior of Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) in the Tongue of the Ocean (Bahamas). A military array of bottom-mounted hydrophones was used to measure the response based upon changes in the spatial and temporal pattern of vocalizations. The archived acoustic data were used to compute metrics of the echolocation-based foraging behavior for 16 targeted groups, 10 groups further away on the range, and 26 nonexposed groups. The duration of foraging bouts was not significantly affected by the exposure. Changes in the hydrophone over which the group was most frequently detected occurred as the animals moved around within a foraging bout, and their number was significantly less the closer the whales were to the sound source. Non-exposed groups also had significantly more changes in the primary hydrophone than exposed groups irrespective of distance. Our results suggested that broadband ship noise caused a significant change in beaked whale behavior up to at least 5.2 kilometers away from the vessel. The observed change could potentially correspond to a restriction in the movement of groups, a period of more directional travel, a reduction in the number of individuals clicking within the group, or a response to changes in prey movement.
    Description: The research reported here was financially supported by the United States (U.S.) Office of Naval Research (www.onr.navy.mil) grants N00014-07-10988, N00014-07-11023, N00014-08-10990; the U.S. Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (www.serdp.org) grant SI-1539, the Environmental Readiness Division of the U.S. Navy (http://www.navy.mil/local/n45/), the U.S. Chief of Naval Operations Submarine Warfare Division (Undersea Surveillance), the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology) (http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/), U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Ocean Acoustics Program (http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/acoustics/), and the Joint Industry Program on Sound and Marine Life of the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (www.soundandmarinelife.org).
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e56393, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056393.
    Description: Evolutionary constraints which limit the forces produced during bell contractions of medusae affect the overall medusan morphospace such that jet propulsion is limited to only small medusae. Cubomedusae, which often possess large prolate bells and are thought to swim via jet propulsion, appear to violate the theoretical constraints which determine the medusan morphospace. To examine propulsion by cubomedusae, we quantified size related changes in wake dynamics, bell shape, swimming and turning kinematics of two species of cubomedusae, Chironex fleckeri and Chiropsella bronzie. During growth, these cubomedusae transitioned from using jet propulsion at smaller sizes to a rowing-jetting hybrid mode of propulsion at larger sizes. Simple modifications in the flexibility and kinematics of their velarium appeared to be sufficient to alter their propulsive mode. Turning occurs during both bell contraction and expansion and is achieved by generating asymmetric vortex structures during both stages of the swimming cycle. Swimming characteristics were considered in conjunction with the unique foraging strategy used by cubomedusae.
    Description: This work was supported by an ONR MURI award (N000140810654) and National Science Foundation grant OCE 0623508 to JHC, SPC, JOD. And the work was supported by the Roger Williams University Foundation to Promote Scholarship.
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Public Domain. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e55273, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055273.
    Description: Georges Bank is a large, shallow feature separating the Gulf of Maine from the Atlantic Ocean. Previous studies demonstrated a strong tidal-mixing front during the warm season on the northern bank margin between thermally stratified water in the Gulf of Maine and mixed water on the bank. Tides transport warm water off the bank during flood tide and cool gulf water onto the bank during ebb tide. During 10 days in August 2009, we mapped frontal temperatures in five study areas along ~100 km of the bank margin. The seabed “frontal zone”, where temperature changed with frontal movment, experienced semidiurnal temperature maxima and minima. The tidal excursion of the frontal boundary between stratified and mixed water ranged 6 to 10 km. This “frontal boundary zone” was narrower than the frontal zone. Along transects perpendicular to the bank margin, seabed temperature change at individual sites ranged from 7.0°C in the frontal zone to 0.0°C in mixed bank water. At time series in frontal zone stations, changes during tidal cycles ranged from 1.2 to 6.1°C. The greatest rate of change (−2.48°C hr−1) occurred at mid-ebb. Geographic plots of seabed temperature change allowed the mapping of up to 8 subareas in each study area. The magnitude of temperature change in a subarea depended on its location in the frontal zone. Frontal movement had the greatest effect on seabed temperature in the 40 to 80 m depth interval. Subareas experiencing maximum temperature change in the frontal zone were not in the frontal boundary zone, but rather several km gulfward (off-bank) of the frontal boundary zone. These results provide a new ecological framework for examining the effect of tidally-driven temperature variability on the distribution, food resources, and reproductive success of benthic invertebrate and demersal fish species living in tidal front habitats.
    Description: This study was supported by salary funds from the regular annual salary budget from Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) and United States Geological Survey Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (USGS WH C&MSC), respectively; ship time funds from the NEFSC annual budget for days-at-sea ship operations; equipment from the NEFSC and USGS WH C&MSC annual equipment budgets.
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e54443, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054443.
    Description: Species-range expansions are a predicted and realized consequence of global climate change. Climate warming and the poleward widening of the tropical belt have induced range shifts in a variety of marine and terrestrial species. Range expansions may have broad implications on native biota and ecosystem functioning as shifting species may perturb recipient communities. Larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera constitute ubiquitous and prominent components of shallow water ecosystems, and range shifts of these important protists are likely to trigger changes in ecosystem functioning. We have used historical and newly acquired occurrence records to compute current range shifts of Amphistegina spp., a larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera, along the eastern coastline of Africa and compare them to analogous range shifts currently observed in the Mediterranean Sea. The study provides new evidence that amphisteginid foraminifera are rapidly progressing southwestward, closely approaching Port Edward (South Africa) at 31°S. To project future species distributions, we applied a species distribution model (SDM) based on ecological niche constraints of current distribution ranges. Our model indicates that further warming is likely to cause a continued range extension, and predicts dispersal along nearly the entire southeastern coast of Africa. The average rates of amphisteginid range shift were computed between 8 and 2.7 km year−1, and are projected to lead to a total southward range expansion of 267 km, or 2.4° latitude, in the year 2100. Our results corroborate findings from the fossil record that some larger symbiont-bearing foraminifera cope well with rising water temperatures and are beneficiaries of global climate change.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from the German Science Foundation (DFG; www.dfg.de) to ML and SL (LA 884/10-1, LA 884/5-1).
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e56993, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056993.
    Description: The mxaF gene, coding for the large (α) subunit of methanol dehydrogenase, is highly conserved among distantly related methylotrophic species in the Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria. It is ubiquitous in methanotrophs, in contrast to other methanotroph-specific genes such as the pmoA and mmoX genes, which are absent in some methanotrophic proteobacterial genera. This study examined the potential for using the mxaF gene as a functional and phylogenetic marker for methanotrophs. mxaF and 16S rRNA gene phylogenies were constructed based on over 100 database sequences of known proteobacterial methanotrophs and other methylotrophs to assess their evolutionary histories. Topology tests revealed that mxaF and 16S rDNA genes of methanotrophs do not show congruent evolutionary histories, with incongruencies in methanotrophic taxa in the Methylococcaceae, Methylocystaceae, and Beijerinckiacea. However, known methanotrophs generally formed coherent clades based on mxaF gene sequences, allowing for phylogenetic discrimination of major taxa. This feature highlights the mxaF gene’s usefulness as a biomarker in studying the molecular diversity of proteobacterial methanotrophs in nature. To verify this, PCR-directed assays targeting this gene were used to detect novel methanotrophs from diverse environments including soil, peatland, hydrothermal vent mussel tissues, and methanotroph isolates. The placement of the majority of environmental mxaF gene sequences in distinct methanotroph-specific clades (Methylocystaceae and Methylococcaceae) detected in this study supports the use of mxaF as a biomarker for methanotrophic proteobacteria.
    Description: This work was supported in part by grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation Ecosystems Studies program (awards # DEB9708092 and DEB0089738).
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e61065, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061065.
    Description: Ocean acidification, characterized by elevated pCO2 and the associated decreases in seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω), has a variable impact on the growth and survival of marine invertebrates. Larval stages are thought to be particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors, and negative impacts of ocean acidification have been seen on fertilization as well as on embryonic, larval, and juvenile development and growth of bivalve molluscs. We investigated the effects of high CO2 exposure (resulting in pH = 7.39, Ωar = 0.74) on the larvae of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians from 12 h to 7 d old, including a switch from high CO2 to ambient CO2 conditions (pH = 7.93, Ωar = 2.26) after 3 d, to assess the possibility of persistent effects of early exposure. The survival of larvae in the high CO2 treatment was consistently lower than the survival of larvae in ambient conditions, and was already significantly lower at 1 d. Likewise, the shell length of larvae in the high CO2 treatment was significantly smaller than larvae in the ambient conditions throughout the experiment and by 7 d, was reduced by 11.5%. This study also demonstrates that the size effects of short-term exposure to high CO2 are still detectable after 7 d of larval development; the shells of larvae exposed to high CO2 for the first 3 d of development and subsequently exposed to ambient CO2 were not significantly different in size at 3 and 7 d than the shells of larvae exposed to high CO2 throughout the experiment.
    Description: This work was funded by a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Interdisciplinary Award to Mullineaux & McCorkle; and awards to Mullineaux & White, to McCorkle, and to Cohen & McCorkle through NOAA (National Oceanic and Admosphereic Administration) Sea Grant #NA10OAR4170083. White was funded through a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship through the American Society for Engineering Education.
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS ONE 8 (2013): e76096, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076096.
    Description: DNA samples derived from vertebrate skin, bodily cavities and body fluids contain both host and microbial DNA; the latter often present as a minor component. Consequently, DNA sequencing of a microbiome sample frequently yields reads originating from the microbe(s) of interest, but with a vast excess of host genome-derived reads. In this study, we used a methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) to separate methylated host DNA from microbial DNA based on differences in CpG methylation density. MBD fused to the Fc region of a human antibody (MBD-Fc) binds strongly to protein A paramagnetic beads, forming an effective one-step enrichment complex that was used to remove human or fish host DNA from bacterial and protistan DNA for subsequent sequencing and analysis. We report enrichment of DNA samples from human saliva, human blood, a mock malaria-infected blood sample and a black molly fish. When reads were mapped to reference genomes, sequence reads aligning to host genomes decreased 50-fold, while bacterial and Plasmodium DNA sequences reads increased 8–11.5-fold. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index was calculated for 149 bacterial species in saliva before and after enrichment. Unenriched saliva had an index of 4.72, while the enriched sample had an index of 4.80. The similarity of these indices demonstrates that bacterial species diversity and relative phylotype abundance remain conserved in enriched samples. Enrichment using the MBD-Fc method holds promise for targeted microbiome sequence analysis across a broad range of sample types.
    Description: LAZ and VS were funded by a Brown University Office of the Vice President of Research SEED grant (LAZ) entitled “Tracking disease spread through the wildlife trade: New techniques to identify infectious microbes in aquarium fishes.” SOO and MQ were funded by Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute grant numbers 098051 and 079355/Z/06/Z.
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 8 (2013): e83994, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083994.
    Description: Gas bubbles in marine mammals entangled and drowned in gillnets have been previously described by computed tomography, gross examination and histopathology. The absence of bacteria or autolytic changes in the tissues of those animals suggested that the gas was produced peri- or post-mortem by a fast decompression, probably by quickly hauling animals entangled in the net at depth to the surface. Gas composition analysis and gas scoring are two new diagnostic tools available to distinguish gas embolisms from putrefaction gases. With this goal, these methods have been successfully applied to pathological studies of marine mammals. In this study, we characterized the flux and composition of the gas bubbles from bycaught marine mammals in anchored sink gillnets and bottom otter trawls. We compared these data with marine mammals stranded on Cape Cod, MA, USA. Fresh animals or with moderate decomposition (decomposition scores of 2 and 3) were prioritized. Results showed that bycaught animals presented with significantly higher gas scores than stranded animals. Gas composition analyses indicate that gas was formed by decompression, confirming the decompression hypothesis.
    Description: This study was funded by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Marine Mammal Center, and Wick and Sloan Simmons.
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This article is distributed under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e87720, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087720.
    Description: The abundance of the subarctic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, and temperate, shelf copepod, Centropages typicus, was estimated from samples collected bi-monthly over the Northeast U.S. continental shelf (NEUS) from 1977–2010. Latitudinal variation in long term trends and seasonal patterns for the two copepod species were examined for four sub-regions: the Gulf of Maine (GOM), Georges Bank (GB), Southern New England (SNE), and Mid-Atlantic Bight (MAB). Results suggested that there was significant difference in long term variation between northern region (GOM and GB), and the MAB for both species. C. finmarchicus generally peaked in May – June throughout the entire study region and Cen. typicus had a more complex seasonal pattern. Time series analysis revealed that the peak time for Cen. typicus switched from November – December to January - March after 1985 in the MAB. The long term abundance of C. finmarchicus showed more fluctuation in the MAB than the GOM and GB, whereas the long term abundance of Cen. typicus was more variable in the GB than other sub-regions. Alongshore transport was significantly correlated with the abundance of C. finmarchicus, i.e., more water from north, higher abundance for C. finmarchicus. The abundance of Cen. typicus showed positive relationship with the Gulf Stream north wall index (GSNWI) in the GOM and GB, but the GSNWI only explained 12–15% of variation in Cen. typicus abundance. In general, the alongshore current was negatively correlated with the GSNWI, suggesting that Cen. typicus is more abundant when advection from the north is less. However, the relationship between Cen. typicus and alongshore transport was not significant. The present study highlights the importance of spatial scales in the study of marine populations: observed long term changes in the northern region were different from the south for both species.
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 9 (2014): e112134, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112134.
    Description: Annual Emiliania huxleyi blooms (along with other coccolithophorid species) play important roles in the global carbon and sulfur cycles. E. huxleyi blooms are routinely terminated by large, host-specific dsDNA viruses, (Emiliania huxleyi Viruses; EhVs), making these host-virus interactions a driving force behind their potential impact on global biogeochemical cycles. Given projected increases in sea surface temperature due to climate change, it is imperative to understand the effects of temperature on E. huxleyi’s susceptibility to viral infection and its production of climatically active dimethylated sulfur species (DSS). Here we demonstrate that a 3°C increase in temperature induces EhV-resistant phenotypes in three E. huxleyi strains and that successful virus infection impacts DSS pool sizes. We also examined cellular polar lipids, given their documented roles in regulating host-virus interactions in this system, and propose that alterations to membrane-bound surface receptors are responsible for the observed temperature-induced resistance. Our findings have potential implications for global biogeochemical cycles in a warming climate and for deciphering the particular mechanism(s) by which some E. huxleyi strains exhibit viral resistance.
    Description: This study was supported by funding from the National Science Foundation (OCE-1061883 to KDB, BVM, and OCE-1061876 to GRD) and in part by grants from The Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (to BVM and KDB).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 10 (2015): e0124505, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124505.
    Description: Oceanic protist grazing at mesopelagic and bathypelagic depths, and their subsequent effects on trophic links between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, are not well constrained. Recent studies show evidence of higher than expected grazing activity by protists down to mesopelagic depths. This study provides the first exploration of protist grazing in the bathypelagic North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Grazing was measured throughout the water column at three stations in the South Atlantic using fluorescently-labeled prey analogues. Grazing in the deep Antarctic Intermediate water (AAIW) and NADW at all three stations removed 3.79% ± 1.72% to 31.14% ± 8.24% of the standing prokaryote stock. These results imply that protist grazing may be a significant source of labile organic carbon at certain meso- and bathypelagic depths.
    Description: Funding for the cruise was provided by the National Science Foundation (OCE-1154320) to EBK. Funding for the laboratory work was provided by contributions from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Director of Research, Ocean Life Institute, and Deep Ocean Exploration Institute to VE.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is an open access article, free of all copyright. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 10 (2015): e0139904, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139904.
    Description: The continental margin off the northeastern United States (NEUS) contains numerous, topographically complex features that increase habitat heterogeneity across the region. However, the majority of these rugged features have never been surveyed, particularly using direct observations. During summer 2013, 31 Remotely-Operated Vehicle (ROV) dives were conducted from 494 to 3271 m depth across a variety of seafloor features to document communities and to infer geological processes that produced such features. The ROV surveyed six broad-scale habitat features, consisting of shelf-breaching canyons, slope-sourced canyons, inter-canyon areas, open-slope/landslide-scar areas, hydrocarbon seeps, and Mytilus Seamount. Four previously unknown chemosynthetic communities dominated by Bathymodiolus mussels were documented. Seafloor methane hydrate was observed at two seep sites. Multivariate analyses indicated that depth and broad-scale habitat significantly influenced megafaunal coral (58 taxa), demersal fish (69 taxa), and decapod crustacean (34 taxa) assemblages. Species richness of fishes and crustaceans significantly declined with depth, while there was no relationship between coral richness and depth. Turnover in assemblage structure occurred on the middle to lower slope at the approximate boundaries of water masses found previously in the region. Coral species richness was also an important variable explaining variation in fish and crustacean assemblages. Coral diversity may serve as an indicator of habitat suitability and variation in available niche diversity for these taxonomic groups. Our surveys added 24 putative coral species and three fishes to the known regional fauna, including the black coral Telopathes magna, the octocoral Metallogorgia melanotrichos and the fishes Gaidropsarus argentatus, Guttigadus latifrons, and Lepidion guentheri. Marine litter was observed on 81% of the dives, with at least 12 coral colonies entangled in debris. While initial exploration revealed the NEUS region to be both geologically dynamic and biologically diverse, further research into the abiotic conditions and the biotic interactions that influence species abundance and distribution is needed.
    Description: Funding for the ship and ROV time was provided by NOAA’s Office of Ocean Exploration and Research with support from NOAA’s Deep Sea Coral Research and Technology Program, Northeast Initiative.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in PLoS One 11 (2016): e0147808, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147808.
    Description: The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a causal agent in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and is a transmembrane protein that associates with membrane-limited organelles. APP has been shown to co-purify through immunoprecipitation with a kinesin light chain suggesting that APP may act as a trailer hitch linking kinesin to its intercellular cargo, however this hypothesis has been challenged. Previously, we identified an mRNA transcript that encodes a squid homolog of human APP770. The human and squid isoforms share 60% sequence identity and 76% sequence similarity within the cytoplasmic domain and share 15 of the final 19 amino acids at the C-terminus establishing this highly conserved domain as a functionally import segment of the APP molecule. Here, we study the distribution of squid APP in extruded axoplasm as well as in a well-characterized reconstituted organelle/microtubule preparation from the squid giant axon in which organelles bind microtubules and move towards the microtubule plus-ends. We find that APP associates with microtubules by confocal microscopy and co-purifies with KI-washed axoplasmic organelles by sucrose density gradient fractionation. By electron microscopy, APP clusters at a single focal point on the surfaces of organelles and localizes to the organelle/microtubule interface. In addition, the association of APP-organelles with microtubules is an ATP dependent process suggesting that the APP-organelles contain a microtubule-based motor protein. Although a direct kinesin/APP association remains controversial, the distribution of APP at the organelle/microtubule interface strongly suggests that APP-organelles have an orientation and that APP like the Alzheimer’s protein tau has a microtubule-based function.
    Description: Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number P20GM103430.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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